BIOLOGY UNIT BIOLOGY 2 SB025
KOLEJ MATRIKULASI SEMESTER 2
MELAKA SESSION 2019/2020
CHAPTER 1:
BIODIVERSITY
1.1 BIODIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION.
1.2 DOMAIN BACTERIA AND DOMAIN
ARCHAES.
1.3 DIVERSITY OF BACTERIA.
1.4 DOMAIN EUKARYA: KINGDOM
PROTISTA
1.5 DOMAIN EUKARYA: KINGDOM
FUNGI
1.6 DOMAIN EUKARYA: KINGDOM
PLANTAE
1.7 DOMAIN EUKARYA: KINGDOM
ANIMALIA
BIOLOGY UNIT BIOLOGY 2 SB025
KOLEJ MATRIKULASI SEMESTER 2
MELAKA SESSION 2019/2020
1.1 BIODIVERSITY
AND
CLASSIFICATION
CHAPTER 6: BIOLOGY 2 SB025
SEMESTER 2
EXPRESSION OF BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SESSION 2019/2020
1.1 BIODIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION.
Learning outcomes
a) State types of biodiversity
(genetic, species and ecosystem )
b) State hierarchical classification
c) Explain briefly classification systems
i. Five-kingdom system (Robert Harding Whittaker 1969)
based on level of organization , types of organism and
modes of nutrition
ii. Three-domain system (Carl Woese,1977) - Bacteria,
Archaea and Eukarya based on rRNA base sequence.
3
TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
• Genetic diversity
• Species diversity
• Ecosystem diversity
Genetic diversity
• The combination of different genes found
within a population of a single species or
within different populations of the same
species
Species diversity
• The variety of species in an
ecosystem or throughout the entire
biosphere
Ecosystem diversity
• The variety of ecosystems and
ecological processes in the biosphere
as well as the diversity within
ecosystems
TAXONOMY
Definition :
- The science of naming, describing
and classifying organisms.
It includes White oak:
identification Quercus alba
classification
nomenclature
(naming)
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
& NOMENCLATURE
Biological classification based on the taxon
(Taxon: a group of organism at a particular
level in a classification system)
Called taxonomic hierarchy
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
& NOMENCLATURE
Biological nomenclature is
based on the binomial system
Pioneered by Swedish naturalist
Carl Linnaeus (1707-78)
BINOMIAL SYSTEM
Every organism is given a scientific name.
The name has two parts;
- the first part is the genus (generic name)
- the second part is the species (specific
name).
BINOMIAL SYSTEM
A genus includes one or more physically
similar species
- Species in the same genus are thought to
be closely related
(e.g. leopard Panthera pardus; African lion
Panthera leo; Tiger Panthera tigris)
- The first alphabet of the genus is written in
capital letter.
BINOMIAL SYSTEM
A species is the second part of a scientific
name
- All letters in the species are lowercases
-Always follows genus name; never written
alone
Both parts of scientific name are italicized (if
typed) or underlined (if handwritten).
BINOMIAL SYSTEM
EXAMPLE :
• Rana temporaria @ Rana temporaria
(common frog)
- Rana is the generic name and temporaria
the specific name.
• Homo sapiens @ Homo sapiens (human)
WHY NOT USE COMMON NAMES?
• Misleading
• Starfish
• Dragonfly
• Koala bear
• Some species have very similar common name
• Some species have many common names
HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION
Taxonomic Group :
• The named taxonomic unit at any level of the
hierarchy is called a taxon
17
HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION
Examples:
Domain : Eukarya
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Mammalia
Order : Carnivora
Family : Felidae
Genus : Panthera
Species : Panthera pardus
@
Panthera pardus
18
HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION
Examples:
Domain : Eukarya
Kingdom : Plantae
Phylum : Tracheophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Order : Malvales
Family : Malvaceae
Genus : Hibiscus
Species : Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
@
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
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INCREASINGLY SPECIFIC
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
1. Five-kingdom system based on the Whittaker
(1969)
2. Three-domain system (Bacteria, Archaea and
Eukarya)
FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM
Five kingdoms classification :
(introduced by Robert Whittaker 1969)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM
• Whittaker has classified living organism
based on 3 criteria
• Level of cell organization
o Prokaryote and eukaryote
o Prokaryote belongs to Kingdom Monera
o comprising bacteria and cyanobacteria
• Types of organism
o Unicellular and multicellular
o Unicellular organism/unicellular
eukaryotes belong to Kingdom Protista
o Including protozoa and algae
• Mode of nutrition of multicellular
o Autotrophic and heterotrophic
o Autotrophic nutritional mode belongs to
Kingdom Plantae
o Heterotrophic is either saprophytic or
holozoic
o Multicellular eukaryote that is saprophytic
(heterotrophic absorptive) nutritional mode
belongs to Kingdom Fungi
o Multicellular eukaryote that is holozoic
(heterotrophic ingestive) nutritional mode
belongs to Kingdom Animalia
The Whittaker’s 5-Kingdom System
Living organisms
Levels of cell organization
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
MONERA Organism
Unicellular Multicellular
PROTISTA Mode (type) of nutrition
Photosynthetic Heterotrophic
(Autotrophic)
types of nutrition
PLANTAE
Saprophytic Holozoic
(absorptive) (ingestive)
FUNGI ANIMALIA
The 5-Kingdom System: Summary
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM
• Introduced by Carl Woese (1977)
• Based on differences in ribosomal RNA
(rRNA) sequence between
microorganisms (prokaryotes)
• rRNA – molecular building block for
ribosomes
• 3 domains:
• Domain Bacteria
• Domain Archaea
• Domain Eukarya
• Domain Bacteria and Archaea
• Prokaryotes
• Mostly single cell and microscopic
• Domain Eukarya
• Eukaryotes
• Include both unicellular and
multicellular organisms
• Unicellular: Protists/ Kingdom Protista
• Multicellular: Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom
Plantae and Kingdom Animalia
• Domain Bacteria includes prokaryotes in the
kingdom Monera.
– one of largest groups
on Earth
• Domain Archaea includes prokaryotes in the
kingdom Monera.
– cell walls chemically
different from bacteria
– differences discovered
by studying RNA
– known for living in
extreme environments
• Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes.
– kingdom Protista
– kingdom Plantae
– kingdom Fungi
– kingdom Animalia
