Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies Module 4 Associated IoT Technologies & IoT Case Studies = Learning Outcomes After reading this Module, the student will be able to: © Understand the concept of cloud computing and its features o Understand virtualization, different cloud models, and service-level agreements (SLAs) © Identify the salient features of various cloud computing models © Understand the concept of sensor-clouds © Relate to the applicability of IoT in real scenarios © List the salient features of agricultural loT © Understand the requirements, challenges, and advantages of implementing loT in agriculture © Relate to the appropriate use of various loT technologies through real-life use ° Cases on loT-based leaf area index assessment and an loT-based irrigation system Chapter 10: Cloud Computing (Textbook: Page 237-250) = Introduction * Virtualization: Advantages of virtualization, Types of virtualization = Cloud Models: Service-Level Agreement in Cloud Computing, Importance of SLA, Metrics for SLA * Cloud Implementation - Cloud simulation - An open-source cloud: OpenStack = Acommercial cloud: Amazon web services (AWS) = Sensor-Cloud: Sensors-as-a-Service = Importance of sensor-cloud = The architecture of a sensor-cloud platform Chapter 12: Agricultural loT (Textbook: Page 271-280) = Introduction: Components of an agricultural loT, Advantages of loT in agriculture + Case Studies: In-situ assessment of leaf area index using loT-based agricultural System, Smart irrigation management system Text Book: Sudip Misra, Anandarup Mukherjee, Arijit Roy, “Introduction to IoT", Cambridge University Press 2021. Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. K VGC E, Sullia, D. Page 1Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies Chapter 10: Cloud Computing 1, Introduction: Sensor nodes are the key components of loT and these nodes are generates an enormous amount of data during practice. Handling these massive heterogeneous data by resource-constrained loT devices is an extremely difficult task. Cloud computing is the better solution for these problems. Hence Cloud computing is an essential building block of the IoT architecture. + Definition of Cloud Computing: Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence over the Internet. * Difference between Network computing and Cloud computing. (©) Cloud computing Figure 1.1 Network computing versus cloud computing © Cloud computing comprises a pool of multiple resources such as servers, storage, and network from single/multiple organizations. © These resources are allocated to the end users as per requirement, on a payment basis. Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of ERC. K VGC E, Sullia, D. Page 2Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies © In cloud computing architecture, an end user can request customized resources from a Cloud Service Provider (CSP) as shown in fig 1.1 © Cloud computing comprises a shared pool of computing resources, which are accessible dynamically, ubiquitously, and on-demand basis by the users. © These resources are accessible by multiple users through a regular command-line terminal at the same or different time instants. © Cloud services are accessible from anywhere and at any time by an authorized user through Internet connectivity. © The services of cloud computing are based on the pay-per-use model. © The concept is the same as paying utility bills based on consumption. © Gmail, Facebook, and Twitter are some examples of cloud computing applications © Currently, many companies such as Amazon Web Service(AWS) and Microsoft Azure provide cloud services. 2. Virtualization © The technique of sharing a single resource among multiple end users is known as “Virtualization”. It is the key concept of cloud computing. © In the virtualization process, a physical resource is logically distributed among multiple users. However, a user realizes that the resource is unlimited and is dedicatedly provided to him/her. (@) Desktop (&) Vietualization Figure 2.1 Traditional desktop versus virtualization © Figure 2.2(a) represents a traditional desktop, where an application (App) is running on top of an OS, and resources are utilized only for that particular application. © Figure 2.2(b) virtualization software separates the resources logically so that there is no conflict among the users during resource utilization. © Typically, there are different software such as VMware, hypervisor, and virtual machines which enable the concept of virtualization. ————————————————————————————— Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. KV GCE, Sullia, D.K-57432 Page 3Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies 2.1 Advantages of virtualization: There are TWO main entities in a cloud computing architecture: (1) End users and (2) Cloud Service providers (CSPs). Both are benefited in several aspects through the process of virtualization. The (1). Advantages of virtualization for End Users: They are as follows (a) Variety (b) Availability (©) Portability (a) Elasticity (@) Variety: = Itenables various types of applications based on the requirements. = It enables end users to access applications, hardware, or software virtually from a variety of devices and networks, regardless of their operating system (0S). (b) Availability: - Virtualization creates a logical separation of the resources of multiple entities without any intervention from end users. - Itmakes available a considerable amount of resources as per user requirements. - The end users feel that there are unlimited resources present dedicatedly for him/her. (©) Portability: - Ability to transfer applications and data between cloud computing environments. = Itenables migration between public and private clouds - Portability signifies the availability of cloud computing services from anywhere in the world, at any instant in time. = It allows individuals to obtain and reuse their data for their purposes across different services. - It allows them to move, copy or transfer personal data easily from one environment to another in a safe and secure without affecting its usability. - This has been made possible by such as Google Drive. (d) Elasticity: - Elasticity refers to automatically increasing or decreasing cloud resources. = It automatically adapts to match resources with demand as closely as possible, in real-time. = An end user can scale up or scale-down resources like processing, memory, and storage resources to meet changing demands. Page 4 Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. K VGC E, Sullia, D.Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies (ii) Advantages of virtualization for Cloud Service Providers (CSP) (a) Resource Utilization: - Here use the resources on their own or get them from third parties. - Resources are distributed among different users dynamically as per their requirements. - Assegment of a particular resource provided to a user at a time instant can be provided to another user ata different time instant. = Resources can be re-utilized for multiple users. (b) Effective Revenue Generation: - ACSP generates revenue from the end users based on resource utilization, - The resource dynamic reallocation and re-utilizing features of cloud computing enable more revenue generation. 2.2 Types of virtualization***: Based on the requirements of the users, virtualization is categorized into FOUR types as shown in Figure below Virtualization Hardware | | Storage | | Application | | Desktop Figure 2.3 Types of virtualization (i) Hardware Virtualization: Sharing of hardware resources among multiple users. For example, a single processor appears as many different processors in a cloud computing architecture. Different operating systems can be installed in these processors and each of them can work as a stand-alone machine. It uses a virtual machine manager (VMM) called ahypervisor to provide abstracted hardware to multiple guest operating systems, which can then share the physical hardware resources more efficiently. Gi). Storage Virtualization: In this virtualization, the storage space from different devices is accumulated virtually, and seems like a single storage location. Through storage virtualization, a user’s documents or files exist in different locations in a distributed fashion. However, the users are under the impression that they have a single dedicated storage space provided to them. SSS Dr, Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. K V GCE, Sullia, D. Page 5Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies (ii). Application Virtualization: Application virtualization software allows users to access and use an application from a separate computer from the one on which the application is installed. For example, a single application is stored at the cloud end, but, as per requirement, a user can use the application on his/her local computer without ever actually installing the application. (iv). Desktop Virtualization: This type of virtualization allows a user to access and utilize the services of a desktop that resides in the cloud. The users can use the desktop from their local desktop. 3. Cloud Models: The cloud model can be divided into two parts: (1) Service model: It is further categorized as Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) Infrastructure-as-a-Service (laaS) (2) Deployment model: It is further categorized as Private cloud Community cloud Public cloud Hybrid cloud. | Software-as-a-service | Service 17>|_Platform-as-a-service + infrastructure-as-a-service oud model Private cloud vd LJ Deployment Public Cloud model y | Hybrid Cloud Figure 3.1 Cloud model (4) Service model: i. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS): This service provides access to different software applications to an end user through Internet connectivity. Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. K VGC E, Sullia, D. Page 6Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies y - For accessing the service, a user does not need to purchase and install the software applications on his/her local desktop. The software is located in a cloud server, from where the services are provided to multiple end users. = SaaS offers scalability, by which users have the provision to use multiple software applications as per their requirements. User does not need to worry about the update of the software applications. - This software is accessible from any location. - Example of SaaS is Microsoft Office 365, Netflix, salesforce, G-suite, etc. bea * 2 ie ; we BER ooo | 2, EA LO vee were me \ | ba gee (0 toss Figure 3.2 Service models Gi) Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS): = It provides a user can develop and run different applications. - The cloud user need not go through the burden of installing and managing the infrastructure such as operating systems, storage, and networks. — An example of PaaS is Google App Engine and Microsoft Azure. (iii) Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS): - laaS provides infrastructure such as storage, networks, and computing resources. — A user uses the infrastructure without purchasing the software and other network components. An example of IaaS is Google Compute Engine. Page 7 Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. K VGC E, Sullia, D.Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies 2. Deployment Model: (@ Private Cloud: This type of cloud is owned explicitly by an end-user organization. The internal resources of the organization maintain the private cloud. (b) Community Cloud: This cloud forms with the collaboration of a set of organizations for a specific community. For a community cloud, each organization has some shared interests. (c) Public Cloud: The public cloud is owned by a third-party organization, which provides services to the common public. The service of this cloud is available for any user, on a payment basis. (d) Hybrid Cloud: This type of cloud comprises two or more clouds (private, public, or community). 4. Service-Level Agreement in Cloud Computing *** ice-level agreement (SLA) is a contract between a service provider and its - Aser customers that documents what services the provider will furnish and defines the service standards the provider is obligated to meet. - An SLA provides a detailed description of the services that will be received by the customer. - Based on the SLA, a customer can be aware of every term and condition of the services before availing of them - An SLA may include multiple organizations for making the legal contract with the customers. 4.1 Importance of SLA: It is important in cloud computing architecture because of the following reasons © Customer Point of View: Each CSP has its SLA. The customer can compare the SLAs of different organizations and choose a preferred CSP based on the SLAs. © CSP Point of View: In many cases, certain performance issues for a particular service CSP may not be able to provide efficiently. In such a situation, a CSP can explicitly mention in the SLA that they are not responsible for inefficient service. 4.2 Metrics for SLA: Depending on the type of services, an SLA is constructed with different metrics. Some of the common metrics used to construct SLA are @ Availability: This metric signifies the amount of time the service will be accessible for the customer. SSS SSS Dr, Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. K V GCE, Sullia, D. Page 8Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies (ii) Response Time: It is the maximum time that will be taken for responding to a customer request. (iii) Portability: This metric indicates the flexibility of transferring the data to another service. (iv) Problem Reporting: How to report a problem, whom, and how to be contacted, explained in this metric. (¥) Penalty: The penalty for not meeting the promises mentioned in the SLA. 5. Cloud Implementation: Topic will be covered in this section are 5.1 Cloud simulation 5.2 An open-source cloud: OpenStack 5.3 A commercial cloud: Amazon web services (AWS) 5.1 Cloud simulation: Due to the following reasons cloud system simulation is required before real implementation. = Real deployment of the cloud is a complex and costly procedure. = Itis challenging to estimate the performance of an IoT system with the cloud before real implementation. = Typically, a cloud simulator provides the following advantages to a customer: ° Pre-deployment test before real implementation ° System testing at no cost Repeatable evaluation of the system ° © Pre-detection of issues that may affect the system performance © Flexibility to control the environment = Some of the popular cloud simulators listed are: a) Cloudsim b) CloudAnalyst ©) GreenCloud (a). Cloudsim: "Description: - Itis a popular cloud simulator developed at the University of Melbourne. - This simulator is written in a Java-based environment. - Here a user is allowed to add or remove resources dynamically during the simulation and evaluate the performance of the scenario. Page 9 Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. K VGC E, Sullia, D.Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies = Features of cloudSim:*** © It provides various cloud computing data centers along with different data center network topologies in a simulation environment. © Virtualization of server hosts can be done in a simulation. © Auser can allocate virtual machines (VMs) dynamically. © Itallows users to define their policies for the allocation of host resources to VMs. © It provides flexibility to add or remove simulation components dynamically. © Auser can stop and resume the simulation at any instant in time. (b). CloudAnalyst: * Description: = CloudAnalyst is based on CloudSim. = This simulator provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for simulating a cloud environment. T = Itis used for simulating large-scale cloud applications. = Features: © This simulator is easy to use due to the presence of the GUI. © Itallows a user to add components and provides a flexible and high level of configuration. © Auser can perform repeated experiments, considering different parameter values. © Itcan provide a graphical output, including a chart and table. (0). GreenCloud: = Descriptio’ - It is developed as an extension of a packet-level network simulator, NS2. - This simulator can monitor the energy consumption of different network components such as servers and switches. = Features: GreenCloud is an open-source simulator with a user-friendly GUI. ° ° It provides the facility for monitoring the energy consumption of the network and its various components. © It supports the simulations of cloud network components. © Itallows a user to manage and configure devices, dynamically, in simulation. SSS Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. K V GCE, Sullia, D.K-57432 Page 10Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies 5.2 An open-source cloud: For the real implementation of the cloud, there are various open-source cloud platforms available such as OpenStack, CloudStack, and Eucalyptus. = The OpenStack = Description: = Itis free software, which provides a cloud laaS to users. ~ Auser can easily use this cloud with the help of a GUI-based web interface. — It supports a vastly scalable cloud system, in which different pre- configured software suites are available. = The service components of OpenStack along with their functions are depicted in Table 5.1 below Table 5.1 Components in OpenStack Component Function Nova Compute Neutron Networking Cinder Block storage Keystone _| Identity Glance Image Swift Object storage Horizon Dashboard Trove Database Sahara Elasticmap reduce Manila Shared file system DNS Searchlight _| Search Barbican Key manager © Features of OpenStack*** = OpenStack allows a user to create and deploy virtual machines. ~ It provides the flexibility of setting up a cloud management environment. = It supports an easy horizontal scaling: dynamic addition or removal of instances for providing services to multiple numbers of users. - This cloud platform allows users to access the source code and share their code to the community. —————————————————————————— Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. K V GCE, Sullia, D.K-57432 Page 11Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies 5.3 A commercial cloud: Few of the popular commercial cloud infrastructures are Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google App Engine. = Amazon web services (AWS) © Description: = Auser can launch and manage server instances in AWS. ~ Aweb interface is used to handle the instances. - AWS provides different APIs (application programming interfaces), tools, and utilities for users. = It follows the pay-per-use model. - It provides a virtual computing environment, where different configurations, such as CPU, memory, storage, and networking capacity are available. © Features of AWS***** = It provides flexibility to scale and manage the server capacity. - AWS provides control of OS and deployment software. = It follows the pay-per-use model. = Itallows a user to establish connectivity between the physical network and the private virtual network. = Ithelps a user with fast development and deployment of the software. - AWS provides excellent management tools, which help a user to monitor and automate different components of the cloud. - The cloud provides machine learning facilities, which are very useful for data scientists and developers. = AWS also provides a data analytics platform. 6. Sensor-Cloud: Sensors-as-a-Service: Topic to be covered in this section are 6.1 Importance of sensor-cloud 6.2 Architecture of a sensor-cloud platform 6.1 Importance of sensor-cloud: © Sensor-Cloud can play a huge role in the provision of the Sensors-as-a- Service (Se-aaS) platform. o In a sensor cloud, the virtualization of sensors provides services to multiple users. © Here sensor may be used for serving multiple user applications, simultaneously. Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. K VGC E, Sullia, D.1 Page 12Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies © The main aim of sensor-cloud infrastructure is to provide an opportunity for the common mass to use Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) on a payment basis. © Sensor-cloud architecture also follows the pay-per-use model. © In the sensor, the cloud user application is served by a set of homogeneous or heterogeneous sensor nodes. These sensor nodes are selected from a common pool of sensor nodes, as per the requirement of user applications. © Using the sensor-cloud infrastructure, a user receives data for an application from multiple sensor nodes without owning them. = Advantages of sensor-cloud over traditional WSN*** Scalability: sensor cloud supports the massive scalability of physical sensors that can be accessed by multiple services and multiple users without any intervention. Cost: The services can be made cheaper for individual users since no cost incurring tasks such as sensor deployment, maintenance, and system up- gradation. iii, Lifetime: The overall network lifetime also increases due to optimal duty scheduling of the deployed sensor nodes. Reconfigurability: Based on the available services, the user can choose to switch applications, and virtually reconfigure the sensor nodes as per their demand. v. Fault-tolerance: It provides high fault-tolerance guarantees to end-users through service-level agreements (SLA). Information Security: Virtualization techniques enable the sensor cloud to provide access control to users with various levels of higher security. vii Dynamic management: The sensor-cloud framework facilitates dynamic resource sharing and it is dynamically allocated to services in synchronization with the change in the requirements Figures 6. 1 depicts the usage of sensor nodes using traditional WSN and sensor cloud infrastructure. We know that virtualization is the backbone of cloud computing. Similarly in the sensor cloud by using the same concept, the service providers of the sensor-cloud infrastructure may serve multiple users with the same sensors and earn profit. Through the use of sensor-cloud, users can easily switch applications without any manual intervention. SSS Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. KV GCE, Sullia, D. Page 13) Sensor cloud Traditional WSN versus sensor-cloud Figure 6. 6.2 Architecture of a sensor-cloud platform: The THREE main components of a sensor-cloud architecture are (i) End-user (ii) Sensor Owner (iii) Sensor-Cloud Service Provider (SCSP). The detailed architecture of a sensor cloud is depicted in Figure 6.2 (@ End User: - The end user is also known as a customer of the sensor-cloud services. ~ Anend user registers him/herself with the infrastructure through a Web portal. - He/she chooses the template of the services that are available in the sensor- cloud architecture to which he/she is registered. - Through the Web portal, the end user receives the services, as shown in Fig 6.2 Based on the type and usage duration of service, the end user pays the charges to the SCSP. Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. K VGC E, Sullia, D.1 Page 14Figure 6.2 Architecture of a sensor-cloud platform (ii) Sensor Owner: = A particular sensor owner can own multiple homogeneous or heterogeneous sensor nodes. - Based on the requirements of the users, these sensor nodes are virtualized and assigned to serve multiple applications at the same time. - The sensor owner receives rent depending upon the duration and usage of his/her sensor node(s). (iii) Sensor-Cloud Service Provider (SCSP): — An SCSP is responsible for managing the entire sensor-cloud infrastructure. - The SCSP receives rent from end users with the help of a pre-defined pricing model. - The pricing scheme may include the infrastructure cost, sensor owners’ rent, and the revenue of the SCSP. - The SCSP receives the rent from the end users and shares a partial amount with the sensor owners. The remaining amount is used for maintaining the infrastructure. ———————————————————————————— Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. K V GCE, Sullia, D.K-57432 Page 15Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies Chapter 12: IOT CASE STUDIES: Agricultural IoT 1. Introduction: The development of agricultural loT has helped farmers enhance crop ‘ultural productivity and reduce the overhead of manual operations of ag) equipment in the fields. Finally, the loT paradigm helps in precision farming, hence generating significant revenue and efficient farming. The development of the loT Agricultural loT systems perform - Crop health monitoring - Water management = Crop Security - Farming vehicle tracking = Automatic seeding = Automatic pesticide spraying over the agricultural fields. + Figure 1.1 depicts a basic architecture of an agricultural loT. Here different sensors necessarily have to be deployed over agricultural fields, and the sensed data from these sensors need to be transmitted to a centralized entity such as a server, cloud, or fog device. Further, these data have to be processed and analyzed to provide various agricultural services. Finally, a user should be able to access these services from handheld devices or computers Figure 1.1 Architecture of agricultural IoT 1.1 Components of an agricultural loT*** Main components of agricultural [oT are "Cloud computing, Sensors, Cameras = Satellites, Analytics, Wireless connectivity "Handheld devices, Drones. Page 16 Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. K VGC E, Sullia, D.Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies Handheld Wireless device Connectivity [om bY me Agricultural Field Cloud q Figure 1.2 Components of agricultural oT © The description of components is as follows @ Cloud computing: - It processes and analyzes huge amounts of agricultural data like soil moisture, humidity, soil pH level, and plant images produced by sensors. Based on the data analysis, action needs to be taken, such as switching on the water pump for irrigation. = It stores analyzed data on a long-term basis since it may be useful for serving future applications. Gi) Sensors: = Sensors are the major backbone of any IoT application and these sensors are indispensable components. = A few of the common sensors used in agriculture are sensors for soil moisture, humidity, water level, and temperature. (iii) Cameras: = Imaging is one of the main components of agriculture used for crop security = Multispectral, thermal, and RGB cameras are commonly used for scientific agricultural IoT. - These cameras are used for estimating the nitrogen status, thermal stress, water stress, and crop damage due to infestation. - Video cameras are used for crop security. —SSSSaaaaaaaSSSSSSSSSS Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. K VGC E, Sullia, D.K-57432 Page 17Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies (iv) Satellites: ~ Satellite images are used in agricultural applications to monitor different aspects of the crops such as crop health monitoring and dry zone assessment over a large area. (¥) Analytics: - Analytics is the systematic computational analysis of data or statistics. = It is used for the discovery, interpretation, effective decision-making, and communication of meaningful patterns in data. = Analytics contribute to modern agriculture massively. Currently, with the help of analytics, farmers can take different agricultural decisions, such as estimating the required amount of fertilizer and water in an agricultural field. - Estimating the type of crops that need to be cultivated during the upcoming season. - Data analytics can also be used for estimating crop demand in the market. (vi) Wireless connectivity: - Wireless connectivity enables the transmission of agricultural sensor data from the field to the cloud/server. - It also enables farmers to access various application services over handheld devices, which rely on wireless connectivity for communicating with the cloud/server. (vii) Handheld devices: - One of the fundamental components of e-agriculture is a handheld device such as asmartphone. - Farmers can access different agricultural information, such as soil and crop conditions of their fields and market tendency, over their smartphones. = Additionally, farmers can also control different field equipment, such as pumps, from their phones. (Wii) Drones: - Drones have become very attractive in different applications such as surveillance, healthcare, product delivery, photography, and agriculture. - Drone imaging is an alternative to satellite imaging in agriculture. = Incontinuation to providing better resolution land mapping visuals, drones are used in agriculture for crop monitoring, pesticide spraying, and irrigation. SSS Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. K V GCE, Sullia, D.K-57432 Page 18Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies 1.2 Advantages of IoT in agriculture: Agricultural IoT enables the autonomous execution of different agricultural operations. The specific advantages of agricultural loT are as follows: ()) Automatic seeding: These automated systems significantly reduce manual effort, error probability, and delays in seeding and planting. (ii) Efficient fertilizer and pesticide distribution: Agricultural loT capable of applying and controlling the number of fertilizers and pesticides efficiently. These solutions are based on the analysis of crop health. (iii) Water management: The excess distribution of water in agricultural fields may affect the growth of crops. The loT-enabled agricultural systems are capable of monitoring the water level and moisture in the soil, and accordingly, distributing the water to the agricultural fields. (iv) Real-time and remote monitoring: In loT-based farming, a stakeholder can remotely monitor different agricultural parameters, such as crop and soil conditions, plant health, and weather conditions. using a smart handheld device (eg, a cellphone), a farmer can actuate on-field farming machineries such as a water pump, valves, and other pieces of machinery. (¥) Easy yield estimation: Agricultural loT solutions can be used to record and aggregate data. These records can be used to come up with various estimates related to farming and farm management. (vi) Production overview: It provides a detailed product overview of the farmers’ handheld devices. It includes an analysis of crop production, market rates & demands. 2. Case Studies: It will provide an overview of the real implementation of loT infrastructure for agriculture. 2.4 Assessment of leaf area index (LAI) using loT-based agricultural system. Leaf Area Index (LAD): - The leaf area index is defined as the projected area of leaves over a unit of land. = The formula for LAI = Leaf area / Ground area. = Itis a dimensionless quantity that characterizes plant canopies. - Itis an important parameter in plant ecology. Because it is an important indicator of radiation and precipitation interception, energy conversion, and water balance of a plant. SSS Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. K VGC E, Sullia, D. Page 19Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies * Architecture of Leaf Area Index (LAI) assessment: Its architecture includes = Wireless sensor Network (WSN) = Sensors & gateways = Hardware = Communication modules = Software Figure 2.1 System architecture * Wireless sensor Network (WSN): WSN is a group of sensor devices with a communications infrastructure for monitoring and recording environmental parameters at diverse locations. It is used as the LAI assessment unit. + Sensors and Gateways: The architecture used two types of sensors: (i) ground-level sensor (G) and (ii) reference sensor (R). These sensors are used to measure photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The distance between the two types of sensors must be optimal. In this system, the above-ground sensor (R) acts as a cluster head while the other sensor nodes (Gs) are located below the canopy. These Gs and R connect and form a star topology. A solar panel is used to charge the cluster head. The system is based on loT architecture. Therefore, a cluster head is attached to a central base station, which acts as a gateway. Further, this gateway connects to an IoT infrastructure (see figure 2.1) = Hardware: Following hardware components are used to transmit the sensed data ‘om the deployment fields to a centralized unit, such as a server and a cloud. (i) TelosB motes (ii) Raspberry-Pi board (iii) USB power supply Page 20 Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. K VGC E, Sullia, D.Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies (@ TelosB motes: TelosB platform is used in the system. It is equipped with three types of sensors: temperature, humidity, and light sensors. With the help of an optical filter and diffuser accessory on the light sensors, the PAR is calculated to estimate the LAI. (ii) Raspberry Pi board: The system is based on the cluster concept. A Raspberry Pi is used as a cluster head, which connects with four ground sensor motes. The Raspberry Pi is a tiny single board, which works as a computer and is used to perform different operations in loT. A Raspberry Pi with long-term evolution (LTE) is used as a gateway in this system. (iii) USB power supply: It is used to power up the sensor's motes. Additionally, the USB is used for configuring the sensor board and accessing the failure as per requirement. Communication: LAI may use wired or wireless links for communication. The following wired and wireless technology is used for communication © Wireless PAN(802.15.4): This is used by TelosB motes for internal communication. © Wireless LAN (802.11): It is used for connecting and communicating between the cluster head and a gateway. © The public land mobile network (PLMN): It is a backbone network and it is used to establish connectivity between external IoT networks and the gateway. © Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) Protocol: It is a very lightweight, publish/subscribe messaging protocol, which is widely used for different loT applications. It carries data between the gateway to the server or cloud. MQTT broker runs in the Internet server of the system. This broker is responsible for receiving the data from the WSN. Software: \t is an essential part of the system by which different operations of the system are executed. The following software is used © TinyOS: It is an open-source, low-power operating system. It is used in WSN to operate the TelosB motes. The TinyOS is capable of activating the low-power listening modes of a mote, which is used for switching a mote into low-power mode during its idle state. © Interface software (APP): The server can provide different system-related information to the smartphone of the registered user through interface software. Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. K VGC E, Sullia, D.1 Page 21Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies 2.2 Smart irrigation management system***: It monitors and controls different agricultural parameters, such as water level, soil moisture, fertilizers, soil temperature, weather, evaporation and plant water use to automatically adjust the watering schedule to the actual conditions of the site. It is an affordable solution for farmers to access agricultural field data easily and remotely. The architecture of the Smart irrigation management system: The architecture of this system consists of three layers. Figure 2.2 depicts the architecture of the system, a) Sensing and actuating layer b) Remote processing and service layer ©) Application layer. Powwres Seas nw Gos GB sew Figure 2.2 Architecture: Smart irrigation management system a) Sensing and actuating layer: - This layer deals with different physical devices, such as sensor nodes, actuators, and communication modules. - The cluster head in the system collects data from other sensor nodes, which are deployed on the agricultural field. = A cluster head is equipped with two communication modules: ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) and General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). - The communication between the deployed sensor nodes and the cluster head takes place with the help of ZigBee. ——————————————————————— Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. KV GCE, Sullia, D.K-57432 Page 22Introduction to loT (22ETC15H) - Module 4: Associated lo Technologies & oT Case Studies - The cluster heads use GPRS to transmit data to the remote server. - A predefined threshold value of water levels and soil moisture is stored in memory. When the sensed value of the deployed sensor node drops below this predefined threshold value, a pump activates to start the irrigation process. b). Processing and Service layer: - This layer acts as an intermediate layer between the sensing and actuating layer and the application layer. = The sensed and processed data is stored in the server for future use. These data are accessible at any time from any remote location by authorized users. - Depending on the sensed values from the deployed sensor nodes, the pump actuates to irrigate the field. ©). Application layer: - This layer interfaces the farmer with the smart irrigation management system. - The farmer can access the status of the pump, whether it is in switch on/off, and the value of different soil parameters from his/her cell phone. - This information is accessible with the help of the integrated mobile technology facility of the farmers’ cell phones. = Additionally, an LED array indicator and LCD system are installed in the farmers’ house. - Using the LCD and LED, a farmer can easily track the condition of his respective fields. = The farmer also can manually access field information with the help of a Web- based application. * Acknowledgment: My sincere thanks to the author Prof. Sudip Misra, because the above contents are prepared from his textbook “Introduction to loT” published by Cambridge University Press 2021. Prepared by: Dr. Suresha V Principal & Professor Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering. “ Reach me ai [email protected] WhatsApp: +91 8310992434 Dr. Suresha V, Professor, Dept. of E&C. K VGC E, Sullia, D. Page 23