ENGLISH 10

Lesson 29: Parts of

3rd Quarter Week 8
Research Paper

General Content

In-depth Discussion
Preliminaries

Title Page
Approval Sheet
Acknowledgment
Dedication
Abstract
List of Figures

Chapter 1 The Problem and Its Background

Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Paradigm
Null Hypothesis
Assumptions
Scope and Limitation
Significance of the Study
Definition of Terms

Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies

Related Literature
 Related Studies
Local Studies
Foreign Studies
Synthesis

Chapter 3 Research Methodology

Research Design
Research Locale
Population and Sampling Technique
Sampling Technique
Research Instrument
Validation of Questionnaire
Data-Gathering Technique
Statistical Treatment of Data

Chapter 4 Presentation, Analysis Interpretation of Data

Chapter 5 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Summary and Findings
Conclusion
Recommendations

References

Appendices

How to Write Chapter 1 The Problem and Its Background

Writing an Introductory Paragraph

To have a well-created introductory paragraph as the “reader’s doorway” into your
paper needs to be strong and interesting.
The wordings should be clear and concise. The introductory paragraphs should talk
about concepts in which will be discussed in the body of the pages.
The introductory paragraphs should grab should grab the readers’ attention and make
them want to read the rest of your paper.
Orient them with the problem you want to solve, and make them understand what the
problem is coming from.
Avoid beginning your paper with statements such as “The study is about… or “In this
study … I will prove…” or “The problem is all about..”

How to Write an Introduction

1. Introduce your topic. Your first task is to provide a brief description of the research
question. What is the experiment or study attempting to demonstrate? What
phenomena are you studying? Provide also a brief history of your topic relating it to
your current research.

2. Summarize Previous Research. The second task of your introductions is to provide an

encompassing summary of previous research that is relevant to your study. Even
 before you begin to write this summary. It is important to thoroughly research your
topic.

3. Finding appropriate sources. Amid thousands of journal articles can daunting task.
There are a number of steps you can take to simplify your research

4. Researching Your Topic. Search a journal

database by verifying through the internet,
such as Psychinfo or ERIC, to find articles
on your subject. Once you have located
an article, look at the reference sections to
locate other studies cited in the article. As
you take notes from these articles, write
down where you found the information. A
simple note detailing the author’s name,
journal and date of publication can help
you keep track of sources and avoid
plagiarism.

5. Provide Hypothesis. Once you have summarized the previous research you may ask:
Where the research is lacking or potentially flawed. What is missing from the previous
studies on your topic? What research questions have yet to be answered? Your own
hypothesis should be lead from these questions. At the end of your introduction, offer
hypothesis and describe what you expected to find in your experiment study/

Background of the Study

The background of the study specifies the present general scenario in the relation to be
identified research problem. The background should also indicate the geographical condition
of the locality. This part of the research should clearly establish the justification of the need to
study the problem. Consequently, the researcher should also be able to explain the basis for
decision to investigate the problem, and show the linkage between the introduction and the
statement of the problem.

Statement of the Problem

The main problem is the central focus of the study. Answers to the given sub-problems,
are taken complete together to give the answers to the main problem.
This portion includes the objectives of the study. The general statement of the problem is
usually a reiteration of the title of the study. The specific problem should be quantifiable and
measurable. It should be specifically stated.
The specific questions should be stated using the following guide questions/words:
“How”, “Will”, “Is there” et cetera. The problem should not be monotonously presented using a
single expression of the questions like the following:

Example: In the study entitled,

The Perception on the Implementation of the K+12 Basic

Education Program: Status Problems and Prospects
in Public High School of Makati City
 This study attempts to determine and analyze the perception on the implementation of
K+12 basic education program, its status problem and prospects in public high school of Makati.
Specifically, it seeks answer to the following problems:

1. What is the profile of the teacher respondents as regards to the following:

1.1 age;
1.2 gender;
1.3 socio-economic status;
1.4 educational attainment and
1.5 length of service
2. How do the teacher respondents perceive the implementation of K+12 basic education
program in public high school in terms of:
2.1 Curriculum
2.2 Administration and Supervision
3. What are the problems encountered in the implementation of the K+12 basic education
program when grouped according to their profile?
4. Are there significant differences between the overall perception of the respondent s of
the implementation of K+12 basic education program when grouped according to their
profile?
5. Based on the findings of the study, what impact to Philippine education may be drawn?

Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a statement that researchers can empirically test. It is a conjectural
statement that deals with the nature of relationships between two or more variable expressed in
the form of testable statements.
It is tentative explanation for certain behavior, phenomena or events which have
occurred or will occur. Accordingly, hypothesis consists of independent and dependent
variables. The dependent variable is the outcome that the researcher is interested in studying
the effect. The independent variable, on the other hand, is the variable that is producing a
change in the independent variable – the cause.

TWO FORMS OF HYPOTHESIS

1. Alternative Hypothesis. This hypothesis is stated in the affirmative. This states that there is
difference between the two phenomena.

2. Null Hypothesis. Null hypothesis is stated in the negative. This states that there is no
difference between the two phenomena.

Hypotheses are usually in the null form. The null form of hypothesis is commonly used.

Assumptions
It is closely related to hypothesis and part of the formulation of the problem. The general
purposes of the assumption are investigation will take place.
This attempts to:
a. delimit the scope of the problem,
b. establish the proper frame of reference, setting forth certain conditions,
c. aid in the development of testable hypotheses,
d. help establish the population and extent of future generalization and
e. determine the statistical limits for the acceptance or rejection of the
hypotheses tested
Theoretical Framework/Conceptual Framework
Several definitions of concepts have been formed and written. Theories and conceptual
frameworks are developed to account for abstract phenomena that occur under similar
conditions.
Concepts, basic building blocks of scientific investigation are creations of the human
mind used in the classification and communication of same set of observations. Cooper and
Schindies (2001) defined concept as generally accepted bundle of meanings or characteristics
associated with certain events, condition, situations and behaviors.

Davis (2005) defined it as abstract ideas generalized from particular facts. He believes that there
can be no theory without concepts.
New concepts may even be invented to express new ideas as Cooper and Schindles
(2001) asserted that the success of research hinges on (1) how clearly we conceptualize and (2)
how well others understand the concepts we use.

The definitions of concepts stated above are useful towards formulating conceptual
frameworks.
The theoretical framework of a thesis or dissertation shows which generally accepted
principles or theory(ies) the research study is anchored on. It is a less develop form of theory
which consists of statements that link abstract concepts.
Thus, to identify a conceptual framework for a research study involves immersing oneself
in the research and theoretical literature adhered to by the researcher within the boundary of
his/her academic discipline as applied in the current study.

A. Theoretical Framework B. Conceptual Framework

(existing theories, principle) (no theories available but you have these in
+ your mind)
Research Paradigm +
Research Paradigm

❖ Theoretical Framework

Every research study framework needs a theoretical/conceptual framework. The framework

is a theory/theories where the study can be anchored and served as a basis for the formulation
of the research hypothesis.

The theoretical framework consists of the investigator’s own positions om a problem after
the exposure to various other theories that have bearing to the problem. It is the researcher’s
new model for a study.

The theoretical framework is necessary because it becomes the central focus of the
study. This framework is used as a guide in conducting an investigation.

The framework is better understood when it is illustrated in a schematic paradigm. A

paradigm. A paradigm is a diagrammatic presentation of the theoretical framework. It is depicts
in a varied way what the framework wants to convey. Here is an example of a theoretical
framework taken from a research study titled:

“Computer and Module-Assisted

Instruction (CMAI)”
In Teaching Technology and Livelihood
Education: Its Implication On The
Performance In T.L.E

The paradigm of the study is illustrated in the next page using the Input(I), Process(P) and
Output(O).

1. Teaching Approaches 1. Identification and analysis of the Pre-

test achievement scores in TLE under
the:
1.1 Computer and Module- 1.1 CMAI
Assisted Instruction (CMAI)
1.2 Traditional (Lecture Mode) Implication of Computer and
Instruction Module-Assisted Instruction
1.2 Traditional(Lecture (CMAI) in Teaching Technology
Mode)Instruction and Livelihood Education on the
2. Identification and Analysis of the Performance of Fourth Year High
achievement scores in TLE under the: School students
2. Teacher-Made Test 2.1 CMAI
2.1 Pre-Test 2.2 Traditional (Lecture Mode)
2.2 Post Test Instruction

Schematic Diagram of the Study

Figure 1. “Computer and Model-Assisted Instruction (CMAI) in Teaching Technology and
Livelihood Education. Its implication on the Performance in TLE”

Based on the above diagram, the researcher conceptualizes the research paradigm of
the study as illustrated in Figure 1.
The first block, which is the input (I), contains the two teaching approaches utilized by
the researcher in teaching TLE; the Computer and Module Assisted Instruction (CMAI) and the
traditional (Lecture Mode) Instruction, and the teacher-made test, which are the Pre-test and
the Post-tests.
The second block, which is the process (P), consists of the identification and analysis of
the pre-tests and post-tests achievement scores in TLE under the CMAI and Traditional (Lecture
Mode) instruction.
The third block, which is the Output (O), produces the Implication of Computer and
Module-Assisted Instruction (CMAI) in teaching technology and livelihood education on the
performance of the Fourth Year High School students.

The Input-Process-Output (IPO) System provides the necessary framework that assisted
and guided the researcher to comprehend fully how the research problem evolved and justified
the study.
 Anticipated output, shows the implication of computer and module assisted instruction in
teaching technology and livelihood education and its implication on the performance of TLE.

The construction of the paradigm helps determine how all the concepts and proportions
of the theory were brought together.

B1. Conceptual Framework. This is the theoretical scheme formulated by the research based on
the related literature and studies. Concepts are the basic building blocks of scientific
investigation. They are creations of human minds used in the classification and communication
of the essence of some set of observations (Baac, 2008). Cooper and Schindler (cited by Baac)
define concept as a generally accepted bundle of meanings or characteristics associated with
certain events and objects, conditions and general uses as well as personal experiences,
concepts which were developed over time.

B2. Conceptual Paradigm. This is a diagrammatic representation of the conceptual framework.

Independent Variable Dependent Variables

Profile of the Respondents

1. Age
2. Gender
3. Grade Level
4. Religion

Time Schedule in Watching Television

Programs

Well-Developed Values of the

Number of Hours spent in watching Elementary Pupils in a Private School
television programs Understudy

Television Programs Watched

1. Cartoon Shows
2. Comedy Shows
3. Educational Shows
4. News Programs
5. Quiz Shows
6. Telenovela
7. Variety Shows
Significance of the Study

The highlights of the research study and their contribution to the wealth of knowledge of
the academic discipline of the research proponent are reflected in the significance of the study.
It describes the benefit that will be acquired in conducting the study and shows the probable
impact, implications, or effects as the case may be. The result of the study on a certain theory or
practice within the academic discipline of the researcher has to be noted considerably.

The significance of the study may contribute to the important implications of the study,
but not limited to: (a) the problem, (b) bringing a knowledge gap, (c) improving social,
economic, educational, political, religious, or health conditions of people, (d) enriching research
investigation and methods, and (e) supporting government thrusts.

To help thesis writers express the significance of the study, phrases such as “the result of
the study could be beneficial to…”, “this study will contribute to…”, “finding may also serve as a
guide to…”, “hopefully, this study will serv…”, or “the research has an insight that the study …”.

Include the result of the study that may contribute to concerned individuals. In writing the
significance of the study, thesis writers should explain the relevance of the study at the present
times. There should also be an explanation on how the study will improve the practice.

This part of the paper also indicates to whom the study will be useful and in what sense,
like the school administrators, the teachers, curriculum planners, and the students of research.

Thesis writers should be able to clearly establish the rationale that there is indeed a
genuine need for the study.

Phrases could help express the significance of the study

The use the following phrases could help express the significance of the study.

❖ “The result of the study could be beneficial to…”

❖ “This study will contribute to…”
❖ “The findings may also serve as a guide to…”
❖ “Hopefully this study will serve…”
❖ “The researcher has an insight that this study…”
❖ “The result of the study could help the following…”
Example from a thesis titled, “Video-Aided Instruction In Teaching Science and Health:
Development of a Proposed Enhance Instructional Program”

Significance of the study

The researcher believed that the results would help the following:

Science Teachers. It would give them better perspective to help the

children gain a wide range of knowledge, skills and attitudes. It would help the
teachers in choosing the approach to make their pupils listen, arouse their
interests, or develop discipline while the class is going on. The researcher
believed that if these aspects in the teaching and learning situations are
attended to, then better learning takes place. It will benefit the teachers in the
sense that they will come to know a better approach to make teaching
effective as well as the pupils to improve their performance.

Students. Using video-Aided instruction in Science and Health VI could

minimize school drop outs, and absenteeism and make science a more
interesting subject, and help develop the potentials and capabilities of the
child to maximize his development.