legis POLYNOMIALS y e@ TRY YOURSELF 1. (i) 2v2y3 +3y* isa polynomial in y, since exponent of yin each term is a whole number. (i) 2Ve-+22 can be written as 2x1? + J2x. Herey the exponent of variable in 2x'/? is 1/2, which is not a whole number. Therefore, the given expression is not a polynomial. (5 22+ 3-44 canbe waite on 2245074. the exponent of variable in term 3x°? is - 2, which is not a whole number. Therefore, the given expression is not a polynomial 2. There are three terms in the given polynomial, namely, 22,2 and -7. 3. The given polynomial, p(x) = 13x! + 12x! 1123 + 10x”? + 9x" can be written as 13x"? + 122! + 11x!* + 10x! + 9x!" + 0x", Coefficient of.xis 0. 4. Monomial = 4s*and binomial = 2x+7 5. We have, (x* + 5) (4 - x°) = 4x* - x° + 20 - 5x° Clearly, the highest power of the variable is 8. Therefore, the degree of the given polynomial is 8 6. The only term here is 100, which can be written as 100s", And exponent of x is 0. Therefore, the degree of the given polynomial is 0. 7. @5 +3 (i) 209 + 6x47 8. i Clearly, 5x? + 8x is a polynomial of degree 2. So, it isa quadratic polynomial Gi) Clearly, 2¢ 22° is a polynomial of degree 3. So, itis a cubic polynomial. (ii) Clearly, 3 +2risa polynomial of degree 1.So, itisa linear polynomial. (iv) Clearly, 5x° is @ polynomial of degree 3. So, itis a cubic polynomial 9. i) Clearly, 5 x -xis a polynomial of degeoe 2.50, itis a quadratic polynomial (i) Clearly, p* is a polynomial of degree 4. So, it is a biquadratic polynomial 40. We have, p(x)= Vx? + V3e+6 (2) = V2(V2)? + V2(v2) +6 = 22 +2+6=2y2+8 11, We have, ply) = 3y! ~ 24° + 15y +k p(t) = -1 = 3(1)*~ 20+ 15(1) +k=-1 = 3-245 +k=-1 = 16+k=-1> SOLUTIONS 12. We have, p(t) = 38 +1 (0) +1 =3x041=1, 3 +1=3%1+1=4, pi-1)=3C- 141 "314184, 7 x 814 1= 244 and 3x81+1=244 13. Let p(x) =x +2. Then p2)=2+2=4, p(-2)=-2+2 = 0. Therefore, -2 is a zero of the polynomial x + 2, but 2 isnot. TA. Let pls) = 7-2-3 Now, (3) =3°-2(3)-3=9-6-3=0 Since, p(3) = 0, therefore x= 3 isa root of the polynomial equation x*=2r=3 = 15. Wehave, q(x) = 2x-7. To find its zero, put q(x) ~ 0. We-7=0 > 2-7 Thus, zero of polynomial q(x) is Z 16. We have, ply) = lym 14 0. To find its zero, put ply) - 0. fysm=0> yam = y= is the zero of the polynomial p(y) = ly - m. 17. Here, degree of p(x) = 4 and degree of g(x) = 1. So slegree of g(x)-< degree of p(@). By long division method, we get a+ 3) 7x4 + x8 = xt + x A (7a? - 1897 + 52x - 155 7st +218 Boa —F <155x ~ 465 wl ‘Thus, quotient is 7x4 - 182 + 52x ~ 155 and remainder is 461 18. To check if x +1 is a factor of x° + 1, we divide x8 +1 by x + 1. Therefore, by long division method, we getPax 41 So, we find that the remainder is 0. Therefore, x + 1 is a factor of x° +1. 19. x+1)5r42-1 5x? + 5x Sx - 4 Here, Dividend p(s) = 5x2 + x - 1, Divisor gi) = #1 Quotient g(x) ~ 5x ~4, Remainder rx) = 3 RHS. = g(3) g(a) + r(x) = (e+ 1) Gx 4) +3 = 5x? de tSx-d +3=5e tx-1=LHS. 20, Let pla) = x24 4x24 3x4 and g(a) = 27 —4x + abe. the given polynomials. Since zero of (x ~ 3) is3, therefore remainders when p(s), and q(x) are divided by (¢=3) are given by p(3) and 4(3) respectively. By the given condition, we have p(3) = 4(3) = axD+4x3+3x3-4=3 4x3 4a = %a+%6+9-4-27 ed 26a +26=0 = %6a= 26 a=. 21. Clearly, 4() will be a multiple of 2¢—1 only if 24-1 divides q() leaving remainder zero. 1 Now, zero of 24-1 is 5. Since the remainder obtained on dividing q(t) by 2t- Lis, not 0. Therefore, @(#) isnot a multiple of 2¢= 1 22. Let pla) =a Py? + 2x -k Zero of the polynomial x - k is k, therefore by remainder theorem, reminder when p(3) is divided by (x -K) is given by pil). pe) = 2@)?2+ 2k kat ek So, the remainder isk 23. Let p(x) = 3x? + kx + 6 be the given polynomial. As, (+) isa factor of p(x), therefore p(-3) + k(-3) +6=0 = 27-3k + k=0>k= 1 24, Let pla) = 4x" — hr on As (x2) isa factor of p(x), therefore p(a) = 0. 4? ba-ca=0 = > [ aeo) = = 25. Let p(x) = 2x° + 6x +8. In order to prove that (& + 1) is a factor of pia), it is sufficient to show that p(-1) = 0. Now, p(-1) =2(-1)' +61) +8=-2-6+ Hence, (x + 1) is a factor of the given polynomial 2b» Let plx) = 3° Ax? 10x + 24 Inorder to prove that (x - 2), (e+ 3) and (x4) are factors, of p(a), it is sufficient to show that p(2), p(-3) and p(4) are - 3(2)? - 10(2) + 24 = 8- 12- 20+ 24 =0, 1 = 3(- 3)? —10(-3) +24 ~ 27-27 + 30+ 2: 3(4)? - 10(4) + 24= 64 - 48 40+ 24=0 Hence, (x ~ 2), (x +3) and (x ~ 4) are factors of the given polynomial 27. Given polynomial is 27 + 5r-3 (On comparing it with ax + x +c, we get b=Bandc=-3 Here, ac=-6 So, we need to find two numbers whose sum is 5 and product is - 6. One such pair is 6 and (- 1). So, 27? +5r=-3=2P + (6-1)r-3=2P + 6r-r-3 =2(r +3) -1(r+3) =r (r 3) 28. Given polynomial is x7 +3V3x +6 ‘On comparing it with ax? +hx + c, we get 1 b= B/Fand c=6 Here, ac= 6 So, we need to find two numbers whose sum is 3/3. and ‘product is 6. One such pair is V3 and 2V3. Sopt?+3V3x-+6-—27+ (JB+2v3r+6 = x2 + Bx + 05x +6 = x(x +-¥3) + 2N3(x +3) (0+ 203)(2+ V3) So, factorsof x7 + 3V8x+6 are (x +2V3) and (x + V3). 29, Area = 160-322 +15 = 16q'- 202-122 +15 (By splitting the middle term) = 4a(da - 5) - 3(4a —5) = (4a 3)(4a- 5) [Here, 4a -3> Oand 4a -5> 0 because we ] = (Length) * (Breadth) Length = 443 and Breadth = 4a-5 (4a=3> da- 5) 30, Let p(y) = 15y*— By +1Polynomials Now, factors of 1 are #1 and factors of 15 are 41, 33, 35, £15. So, some possibilities for the zeroes of q(y) are 144 # Aid. Hey 515 Now, we find that (9-0) -96) i} O)-8 ime B15 75 By factor theorem, factors of q(y) 31, Let pla) = 27-22 +120 Now, if p(x) = (x - a) (&- B), we know that constant term, will be as = 120, So, look for the factors of 120. Some of these are#1,42,43,+4,£5,+6,410, £12, £20 Now, p(10) = (10}?= 22(10) + 120 =0 (10) is a factor of p(x). Now to find, the other factor, divide p(x) by (~ 10). Dx+ 120 x-12 0x ~ Te + 120 ~12e+120 0 So, other factor of p(s) = (x 12) Hence p(x) = (x ~ 12) (x ~ 10). 32. Since, (2x + 3) is a factor of the given polynomial, therefore lot udldivide 4x? + 12%? + 5x = 6 by.2x + 3 to get the other factors 2e + 3)Ax De + Se 6 (2x? + 3x2 Ax? + x 6x2 + 5x 6x7 + 9x ~ay-6 0 Ax? + 12x? + 5x - 6 = (2x +3) (2x7 + 3x -2) Now, we will factorise 2x7 + 3x ~ 2 to find the other two. factors, by splitting its middle term. sD + 3x 2=2x? + de 2 = 2x (x +2)-1 (e+ 2)= 2x- 1) +2) Hence, 4x? +1217 + 5-6 = 2x +3)2x- I(x +2) 33. Let plx) #3962 + 3x +10 Al possible factors of 10 are 1, £2, 45 and +10 Now, we find that p(-1) = (-1)° - 6-1)? + 3-1) +10 -1-6-3+10=0, » 6(2)? + 3(2) + 10= 8-24 +6 + 10=Oand 6(6)? + 3(5) + 10 ~ 125 - 150 + 15+ 10-0 So, by factor theorem, (x + 1), (r~ 2) and (x ~ 5) are the factors of p(x). 34, Let p(t) = 2P - 54-1914 42, = of2-8¢ Pisa] 290, 609 ao wag = °° Bren aso o(2 a2 1,297+ and Now econ a}= 3? 23 -2-ayat 56, (3) iS one of the factor of qt). Let us divide q() by (F+3) to find other factors, = u $0, q(t) = (+3) (e ~"i+7) n Now, F = 2 7 7 =A(-5}2(t-3) z so,pn 2063) (1-2) 2) = (+3) 2-7-2) Short cut method : We have p(?) = 2° 52-198 +42 By hitand trial method, we have (2) = 2(2)°- 52)? - 192) + 42 = 16 - 20-38 + 42 = 0 (¢- 2) is one of the factors of p(). So, 2f - 5? ~ 19t + 42 = 2F(t - 2) - Kt - 2) - 21(t- 2) = (¢- 2) [2P - #21] = (#2) QP -7e+ 6-21) = (t-2)[H2t-7) +3 GE-T]= (t-2Ae-Tie+3) 35. (2x —3y)(2x~9y) = (2x94)? = 2x) -20Gy) + Gy? FE = 4x 1axy + 9° 36. We have, 101 x 103 = (100+ 1) x (100 +3) = (100)? + (1 + 3)(100) + (1)@) [et ae by=x2 + (a+ Bx + ab] = 10000 + 400 +3 = 10408 147: (ey) ay ¥]37. (i) We have, 0.54 « 0.54 - 0.46 x 0.46 = (0.54)? ~ (0.46)*= (0.54 + 0.46)(0.54 -0.46) = 1 x 0.08 = 0.08, bP -¥=6-Yery)l (ii) We have, (0.997 = (1 - 0.0177 = (12-21 x 0.01 + 0.01)? = 1 0.02 + 0.0001 be @-yh=xt-2y + ¥] = 1.0001 002 0.9801 38. We have, (3x + 2y)? = (3x)? + (2y)? +2 * 3x x 2y be @ryPae eye] Gx + 2y)? = 9x2 + 4y? + 12ey 12 = 9x" + dy? +126 [: 3x + 2y = 12 and xy = 6 (Given)] 14d = 9x2 + ay? +72 1d - 72.= 9x" + 4y? = Ox? + dy? =72 gue vy u [On squaring both sides} Te @-yP= 2 -2y tA] os Sapte = Bab ate2-3 40, 4942 + 70a + 2508 (7a)? +2 (7a) (BB) + (6H? = (7a+ 54)? fet +2y 47-6493) = (7a + 5h) (7a + 5h) 41. (i) We have, (x - 2y= 3s? =e C2) + 39P 222 + (Qu) + (Sa)? +2 x (Daye D% (-2y) * +2 Day + 2ye + 222] fe @tytyert ye? = x7 + ay? + 927 —dxy + Lys — 62x We have, (-x + 2y + 2)*= {(-a) + 2y +2)? = (CaP + Qy)? +2? +2 (a)(Qy) #2 2y x 242% Ex) x2 wx? 4+ dy? + 2? — day + dye -2ex 42. We have, 9 + dy? + 1622 + 12xy — 16y2 = Gx)? + Qy)? + (Ae)? + 2x2} 22M (Gx + 2y — 42)? = (Bx + 2y - 42)(3x + 2y— 43. (i) We have, 21° - 15° = (21-15) ((21)? + 21 x 15 + (15))) bet -P=@- We tyr y)] = 6 x (441 + 315 + 225) = 6 x 981 = 5886 Gi) We have, (999)* = (1000 - 1) = (1000)° - (1)° - 3(1000)(1)(1000 - 1) (x-y=2 ~~ 3ry@-y)] = 1000000000 — 1 - 3000000 + 3000 = 997002999 44, We have, 8x" + y+ 272" - 18xyz = 2x)" + (Y"+ G2) —-32NHC2) = xt y+ 39)120)*+ (W? +G2)*- 29) - YG) - G22} E | ana =] = 2x + y+ 3e)(dx + y7 +92? Dey yz 622) 45. We have, 8:° = (2x =)? = (2x) = (2x - )* = [2x — Qe = y)] (2s)? + 2 x x -y) + 2x -y)"] = yf? +2 = Day + ax? +? — do] = yfl2x? - 6xy + yl] axe 2(-42)@x)