PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY

KHWOPA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(A college under Bhaktapur Municipality)

Report on
Maclaurin's Series
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
ofBachelors in Architecture (B.Arch)

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO:

Spandan Suwal Dr.Phabindra Bhandari

Roll No:790139
Architecture First Semester

Date- 2080/02/18
 Acknowledgement
I would like to extend my sincere and heartfelt thanks towards all those
who have helped me in making this project. Without their active
guidance, help, cooperation and encouragement, I would not have been
able to present the project on time.

I extend my sincere gratitude to my Mathematcs sir Dr. Phabindra

Bhandari,Keshav Poudel and Bhimsen Khadka for their moral support
and guidance during the tenure of my project.

I also acknowledge with a deep sense of reverence, my gratitude towards

my parents and my colleagues for their valuable suggestions given to me
in completing the project.

Table of Content

S. N Table of contents Page no.

1 Introduction 1
2 History of Pythagoras 1
3 Application of Pythagoras Theorem 3
4 Engineering Aspect of Theorem 4
5 PythagorasTheorem in Architecture 5
6 Conclusion 5
 Introduction
A Maclaurin series is a way of representing a function as an infinite sum of increasing
integer powers of x (x to the power of 1 comma space x squared comma space x cubed
comma space etc.)If all of the infinite number of terms are included, then the Maclaurin
series is exactly equal to the original function.If we truncate (i.e., shorten) the Maclaurin
series by stopping at some particular power of x, then the Maclaurin series is only an
approximation of the original function.A truncated Maclaurin series will always be exactly
equal to the original function for x equals 0.In general, the approximation from a truncated
Maclaurin series becomes less accurate as the value of x moves further away from zero.

History
Maclaurin series is named after the Scottish mathematician Maclaurin.In mathematics, the
Taylor series is a representation of a function as an infinite sum of terms calculated from the
values of its derivatives at a single point. The Taylor series was formally introduced by the
English mathematician Brook Taylor in 1715. If the series is centered at zero, the series is also
called a Maclaurin series, named after the Scottish mathematician Colin Maclaurin who made
extensive use of this special case of Taylor's series in the 18th century. It is common practice to
use a finite number of terms of the series to approximate a function. The Taylor series may be
regarded as the limit of the Taylor polynomials.

Proofs:
A Maclaurin series is a power series that allows one to calculate an approximation of a function f(x)
for input values close to zero, given that one knows the values of the successive derivatives of the
function at zero. In many practical applications, it is equivalent to the function it represents.
An example where the Maclaurin series is useful is the sine function. The definition of the sine
function does not allow for an easy method of computing output values for the function at arbitrary
input values. On the other hand, it is easy to calculate the values of sin(x) and all of its derivatives
when
X = 0. The Maclaurin series allows one to use
these derivative values at zero to calculate precise approximations of sin(x) for inputs close to but not
equal to zero. The Maclaurin series is used to create a polynomial that matches the values of x
)
sin(x) and a chosen number of its successive derivatives when
x
=
0
x=0. The resulting polynomial matches the sine curve closely.

A Maclaurin series can be used to approximate a function, find the antiderivative of a complicated
function, or compute an otherwise uncomputable sum. Partial sums of a Maclaurin series provide
polynomial approximations for the function.

Fig : Formula of Maclaurin Series

Application of the Maclaurin's Series

• The Maclaurin series can be used to approximate the behavior of physical
systems, such as electrical circuits, near a specific operating point. This can
help engineers to design more efficient and effective systems.
• It can help traders and inverstors to make more informed decisions.
• The Maclaurin series can be used to approximate the behavior of complex
curves and surfaces, which is useful in computer graphics and animation.
• The Maclaurin series can be used to approximate the behavior of physical systems,
such as the motion of a pendulum, near a specific point.
• It can help physicists to make predictions and test theories..
 • The Maclaurin series allows for error analysis by estimating the remainder term
of the series expansion.
• It helps in assessing the precision of the approximation and determining the
number of terms needed for a desired level of accuracy.

Engineering Aspect of Maclaurin Series

In engineering, the Maclaurin series finds several applications that aid in modeling, analysis, and
design processes. Here are some specific engineering aspects where the Maclaurin series is
commonly used:

Control Systems: Control systems engineering deals with the analysis and design of systems
that regulate or control the behavior of dynamic processes. The Maclaurin series can be
employed to linearize nonlinear systems around an operating point, allowing engineers to apply
linear control techniques for stability analysis and controller design.

Signal Processing: In fields like telecommunications and digital signal processing, the
Maclaurin series is utilized for signal approximation, analysis, and synthesis. By truncating the
series, engineers can approximate signals or functions and analyze their frequency content, filter
characteristics, and other properties.

Circuit Analysis: Electrical engineers often use the Maclaurin series to analyze the behavior of
nonlinear electrical circuits. By expressing the nonlinear circuit elements as Maclaurin series
expansions, engineers can approximate the circuit response and solve complex circuit equations
more easily.

Antenna Design: Antenna engineers employ the Maclaurin series to describe and analyze the
radiation patterns of antennas. The series expansion helps in approximating the far-field radiation
pattern and understanding the antenna's performance in different directions.

Mechanical Engineering: In mechanical engineering, the Maclaurin series has applications in

modeling deformations, analyzing stress and strain distributions, and solving boundary value
problems. By expanding the deformation or stress functions as Maclaurin series, engineers can
approximate solutions for complex mechanical systems.

Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics: The Maclaurin series is useful for approximating
temperature distributions, velocity profiles, and other quantities in heat transfer and fluid
dynamics problems. By expressing these quantities as series expansions, engineers can simplify
calculations and analyze system behavior.

Structural Analysis: The Maclaurin series is used in structural engineering to approximate

displacement, stress, and strain fields in structures under different loads. It aids in the analysis of
beam bending, plate bending, and other structural problems.
These are just a few examples of how the Maclaurin series is applied in engineering. Its ability to
approximate functions and simplify complex systems makes it a valuable tool for engineers
across various disciplines.

Maclaurin's Series in Architecture

While the direct application of the Maclaurin series in architecture may not be as prevalent as in
other engineering fields, there are still some ways in which it can be indirectly useful. Here are a
few examples:

Structural Analysis and Design: Architects often work closely with structural engineers to
ensure that buildings are stable and can withstand various loads. Structural analysis involves
calculating the stresses and deformations in structural elements. The Maclaurin series, along with
other mathematical techniques, can be used by structural engineers to simplify calculations and
approximate complex structural behavior.

Geometric Modeling: Architects frequently use computer-aided design (CAD) software to

model and visualize buildings. Geometric modeling involves representing complex curves and
surfaces using mathematical equations. The Maclaurin series can be utilized to approximate
these curves and surfaces, making it easier to create realistic and aesthetically pleasing
architectural designs.

Acoustic Design: Architects are often concerned with the acoustic properties of buildings,
especially in spaces like concert halls, theaters, and recording studios. The Maclaurin series can
be applied indirectly in the field of acoustics to approximate sound reflections, diffraction
patterns, and other acoustic phenomena. This can assist architects in designing spaces with
desired acoustic characteristics.

Lighting Design: Natural lighting is a crucial aspect of architectural design. The Maclaurin
series, in conjunction with other mathematical models, can be employed to simulate and analyze
the behavior of light within a space. This can aid architects in optimizing building layouts,
window placements, and other design elements to maximize natural light penetration.

Energy Efficiency Analysis: Architects are increasingly focused on designing sustainable and
energy-efficient buildings. The Maclaurin series can be utilized as part of energy modeling and
simulation tools to approximate heat transfer, energy consumption, and thermal performance of
building components. This allows architects to evaluate different design options and optimize
energy efficiency.

It's important to note that while the Maclaurin series may not be explicitly mentioned or used by
architects in their day-to-day work, its underlying principles and concepts of mathematical
approximation and modeling can indirectly influence architectural design and analysis processes.
Architects often collaborate with engineers who employ mathematical techniques like the
Maclaurin series to ensure the structural integrity, functionality, and efficiency of their designs.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Maclaurin series is a powerful mathematical tool with wide-ranging

applications in various fields. Its ability to approximate functions, simplify calculations, and
analyze system behavior makes it valuable in areas such as function approximation,
calculus, numerical methods, physics, engineering, and more. Whether it's used to
approximate complex functions, linearize nonlinear systems, analyze structural behavior,
model acoustic phenomena, or optimize energy efficiency, the Maclaurin series plays a
significant role in problem-solving, analysis, and design processes. Its versatility and
usefulness make it a fundamental concept for engineers, scientists, and mathematicians
alike.