Python
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SujithRGM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi.
Accredited by NAAC with A+ Grade.
Affiliated to J.N.T.University, Ananthapuram.
Nandyal – 518501. Kurnool (dist.), A.P.
YEAR/SEMESTER: II/I REGULATIONS: R-19
PYTHON PROGRAMMING (A0503193)
COURSE MATERIAL
PREPARED BY:
Mr. P. PRATHAP NAIDU
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CSE
RGMCET (Autonomous)
NANDYAL - 518501
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
CSE-R-2019 SYLLABUS
R G M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, NANDYAL
AUTONOMOUS
COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING
II B.Tech. I-Sem (CSE) T C
2+1 3
PYTHON PROGRAMMING (A0503193)
(Common to all Branches)
COURSE OBJECTIVES: This course will enable students to:
Learn Syntax and Semantics of various Operators used in Python.
Understand about Various Input, Output and Control flow statements of Python.
Handle Strings and Files in Python.
Understand Lists, Tuples in Python.
Understand Sets, Dictionaries in Python.
Understand Functions, Modules and Regular Expressions in Python.
COURSE OUTCOMES: The students should be able to:
Examine Python syntax and semantics and be fluent in the use of various Operators
of Python.
Make use of flow control statements and Input / Output functions of Python.
Demonstrate proficiency in handling Strings and File Systems.
Create, run and manipulate Python Programs using core data structures like Lists
and Tuples.
Apply the core data structures like Sets and Dictionaries in Python Programming.
Demonstrate the use of functions, modules and Regular Expressions in Python.
MAPPING OF COs & POs
CO/ PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO PSO
PO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
CO1 3 1 1 1 1
CO2 2 3 1 1 1 1
CO3 1 2 1 1 1 1
CO4 2 2 1 1 1 1
CO5 2 2 1 1 1 1
CO6 2 2 1 1 1 1
UNIT – I:
Introduction: History of Python, Need of Python Programming, Applications Basics of
Python Programming Using the REPL(Shell), Running Python Scripts, Variables,
Assignment, Keywords, Input-Output, Indentation. Overview on data types: Numbers,
Strings, Lists, Set, Tuple and Dictionaries.
Operators in Python: Arithmetic Operators, Comparison (Relational) Operators,
Assignment Operators, Logical Operators, Bitwise Operators, Shift Operators, Ternary
operator, Membership Operators, Identity Operators, Expressions and order of evaluations.
Illustrative examples on all the above operators.
UNIT – II:
Input and Output statements: input() function, reading multiple values from the keyboard
in a single line, print() function, ‘sep’ and ‘end’ attributes, Printing formatted string,
replacement operator ({}). Illustrative examples on all the above topics.
Control flow statements: Conditional statements – if, if-else and if-elif-else statements.
Iterative statements – for, while. Transfer statements – break, continue and pass.
Illustrative examples on all the above topics.
UNIT – III:
Strings: Introduction to strings, Defining and Accessing strings, Operations on string -
String slicing, Mathematical Operators for String, Membership operators on string,
Removing spaces from the string, Finding Substrings, Counting substring in the given
String, Replacing a string with another string, Splitting of Strings, Joining of Strings,
Changing case of a String, Checking starting and ending part of the string, checking type of
characters present in a string. Illustrative examples on all the above topics.
Files: Opening files, Text files and lines, Reading files, Searching through a file, Using try,
except and open, Writing files, debugging.
CSE-R-2019
R G M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, NANDYAL
AUTONOMOUS
COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING
UNIT – IV:
Lists: Creation of list objects, Accessing and traversing the elements of list. Important
functions of list – len(), count(), index(), append(), insert(), extend(), remove(), pop(),
reverse() and sort(). Basic Operations on list: Aliasing and Cloning of List objects,
Mathematical Operators for list objects, Comparing list objects, Membership operators on
list, Nested Lists, List Comprehensions. Illustrative examples on all the above topics.
Tuples: Creation of Tuple objects, Accessing elements of tuple, Mathematical operators for
tuple, Important functions of Tuple – len(),count(),index(), sorted(), min(), max(), cmp().Tuple
Packing and Unpacking. Illustrative examples on all the above topics.
UNIT – V:
Sets: Creation of set objects, Accessing the elements of set. Important functions of set –
add(), update(), copy(), pop(),remove(),discard(),clear(). Basic Operations on set -
Mathematical Operators for set objects, Membership operators on list, Set Comprehensions.
Illustrative examples on all the above topics.
Dictionaries: Creation of Dictionary objects, Accessing elements of dictionary, Basic
operations on Dictionary - Updating the Dictionary, Deleting the elements from Dictionary.
Important functions of Dictionary – dict(), len(), clear(), get(), pop(), popitem(), keys(),
values(), items(), copy(), setdefault(). Illustrative examples on all the above topics.
UNIT – VI:
Functions - Defining Functions, Calling Functions, Types of Arguments - Keyword
Arguments, Default Arguments, Variable-length arguments, Anonymous Functions, Fruitful
functions (Function Returning Values), Scope of the Variables in a Function - Global and
Local Variables. Recursive functions, Illustrative examples on all the above topics.
Modules: Creating modules, import statement, from Import statement.
Regular Expressions: Character matching in regular expressions, Extracting data using
regular expressions, Combining searching and extracting, Escape character.
TEXT BOOKS
1) Python for Everybody: Exploring Data Using Python 3, 2017 Dr. Charles R.
Severance
REFERENCE BOOKS
1) Think Python, 2 Edition, 2017 Allen Downey, Green Tea Press
2) Core Python Programming, 2016 W.Chun, Pearson.
3) Introduction to Python, 2015 Kenneth A. Lambert, Cengages
4) https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_reference.asp
1) https://www.python.org/doc/
UNIT - 1
Python Language Fundamentals
Topics Covered:
Introduction
Application areas of Python
Features of Python
Limitations of Python
Flavours of Python
Python Versions
Identifiers
Reserved Words
Datatypes
Typecasting
NOTE: If you really strong in the basics, then remaining things will become so easy
L1: What is Pyhton?
It is a Programming Language.
- We can develop applications by using this programming language.
We can say that, Python is a High-Level Programming Language. Immediately you may get doubt that,
What is the meaning of High-Level Programming Language.
- High-Level means Programmer friendly Programming Language. This means we are not
required to worry about Low-level things [i.e., Memory management, security, d
estroying the objects and so on.]
- By simply seeing the code programmer can understand the program. He can write th
e code vey easily.
- High level languages are Programmer friendly languages but not machine friendly
languages.
Let's take the following example,
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Python Language Fundamentals
Let s take the following example,
a = 10
b = 20
c = 30 if a>b else 40
print(c)
Do you Know, if we can take this code, are in a position to understand this code?
You are not required to have any programming knowledge.
By observing the code you can say that, the value stored in C is 40
If you have the kid, can you please show this 4 lines code and ask what is the ouput, your kid is able to answer
without having any hesitation. This type of thing is called as High level programming.
Examples of High Level Programming Languages :
C++
Java
C#
Python
You may get doubt that, you are writing just 4 lines code, is it really a Python code? Is it going to Work?
Let's execute and see what happens,
In [1]:
a = 10
b = 20
c = 30 if a>b else 40
print(c)
40
It is perfectly Python code. This is called High level programming.
Python is a General Purpose High Level Programming Language.
Here, General Purpose means Python is not specific to a particular area, happily we can use Python for any
type of application areas. For example,
Desktop Applications
Web Applications
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Data Science Applications
Machine learning applications and so on.
Everywhere you can use Python.
L2: Who Developed Pyhton?
Who provides food for most of the programmers across the worldwide.
Guido Van Rossum developed Python language while working in National Research Institute (NRI) in
Netherland.
When he developed this Language?
Most of the people may think that so far we are heared about Java, C and C++ and we are recently knowing
about python (especially in our INDIA) and they may assume that Python is a new programming language and
Java is a old programming language.
Java came in 1995 and officially released in 1996.
Python came in 1989, this means that Python is Older programming language tha Java. Even it is
developed in 1989, but it is not released to the public immediately.
In 1991, Pyhton made available to the public. Officially Python rleased into the market on 21-02-1991 (i.e.,
First version).
Then, Immediately you may have a doubt that, Why Python suddenly (in 2019) became Popular?
Generally Market rquirements are keep on changing from time to time.
Current market situation is, every one talks about
- I need Simple Language (i.e., Easy to understandable)
- I have to write very less (or) concise code to fulfill my requirement.
- In these days, everyone talks about AI, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Neural
networks, Data Science, IOT.For these trending requirements, best suitable program
ming language is Python.
That's why in these days, Python becomes more popular programming language.
For example, Suppose you have a diamond. When there is a value for that diamond is, if the market
requirement is good for that, then automatically this diamond value grows.
Date: 10-04-2020 - Day 2
L3. Easyness of Python compared to other programming languages
If you want to learn Python programming, what is the prerequisite knowledge required?
The answer for the above Question is:
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Nothing is required, If you are in a position to read English statements, that is enough to learn Pyhton
programming.
Eg:
If you are learning any programming language, the first application which we discuss is Hello World
application.
In 'C'
1) #include <stdio.h>
2) void main()
3) {
4) printf("Hello World");
5) }
In 'Java'
1) public class HelloWorld
2) {
3) public static void main(String[] args)
4) {
5) System.out.println("Hello world");
6) }
7) }
In 'Python
In [1]:
print("Hello World");
Hello World
In [3]:
print("Hello World") # ';' is also optional
Hello World
Just to print 'Hello World',
C language takes 5 lines of code
Java takes 7 lines of code
But, Python takes only one line of code.
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ut, yt o ta es o y o e e o code
When compared with any other prgramming language (C, C++, C## or Java), the easiest programming
langague is Python.
Let us take another example,
To print the sum of Two numbers
Java
1) public class Add
2) {
3) public static void main(String[] args)
4) {
5) int a,b;
6) a =10;
7) b=20;
8) System.out.println("The Sum:"+(a+b));
9) }
10) }
1) #include <stdio.h>
2) void main()
3) {
4) int a,b;
5) a =10;
6) b=20;
7) printf("The Sum:%d",(a+b));
8) }
Python
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In [6]:
a=10
b=20
print("The Sum:",(a+b)) # 3 line of code
The Sum: 30
Even we can combine first two lines of the above code into a single line
In [8]:
a,b=10,20
print("The Sum: ",a+b) # 2 linesof code
The Sum: 30
This is the biggest advantage of python programming. We can do many things with very less code.
a=10
b=20
print("The Sum:",(a+b))
By seeing the above code, you may get one doubt that, In C & Java we declared variables 'a' and 'b' as int
type. But in Python we didn't declare 'a' and 'b' types. You may ask that, in Python we need not to declare the
type of the variables.
In Python, type concept is applicable (int,float .. types are there in Python), but we are not required to declare
type explicitly.
In Python, whenever we are assigning some value to a variable, based on the provided value, automatically
type will be considered. Such type of programming languages are known as Dynamically Typed
Programming Languages.
In [9]:
a = 10
print(type(a))b
<class 'int'>
In [11]:
a = 10.5
print(type(a))
<class 'float'>
In [13]:
a = True
print(type(a))
<class 'bool'>
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In [15]:
a = "Karthi"
print(type(a))
<class 'str'>
In python, same variable can be used with mutiple types of data.
In [17]:
a = 10
print(type(a))
a = 10.5
print(type(a))
a="Karthi"
print(type(a))
<class 'int'>
<class 'float'>
<class 'str'>
Examples of Dynamically Typed Programming Languages:
Python
JavaScript etc.,
Examples of Statically Typed Programming Languages:
C
C++
Java etc.,
There is no prerequisite for learning Python programming. So, Python is recommended as first
programming language for beginners.
Key points
1. Python is a general purpose high level programming language.
2. Python was developed by Guido Van Rossam in 1989, while working at National Research Institute at
Netherlands.
3. Officially Python was made available to public in 1991. The official Date of Birth for Python is : Feb
20th 1991.
4. Python is recommended as first programming language for beginners.
5. Python is an Example of Dynamically typed programming language
Why the name 'Python'
Why Guido Van Rossum selected the name Python?
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y y
If you are a fan of any hero or heroine or political leader, generally you are trying to use same name for
your passwords or user ids. It's a very common practice.
In The same, Guido Van Rossum also very much impressed with one fun show, The Complete Monty
Python's Flying Circus, which was broadcasted in BBC from 1969 to 1974. From this show name, he
selected the word Python to his programming language.
L4. Python as All Rounder
C --> Procedural/Functional Programming Language
C++, Java --> Object Oriented Programming Languages
Perl, Shell Script ---> Scripting Languages
C language missing the benefits of Object oriented programming features like, Encapsulation, Inheritance
and Polymorphism etc.,
Similarly OOP languages are not make use of the functional programming feactures up to the maximium
extent.
Scrpting language: Group of lines one by one will have to execute.
Every Programming language having it's own specific behaviour, that specific pradigm benefits only they are
going to get.
What about Python?
Is it Functional Programming language?
(OR)
Is it Object Oriented Programming language?
(OR)
Is it Scripting Language?
While developing Python, Guido Van Rossum borrowed -
Functional programming features from C
Object Oriented Programming features from C++ (Because, Java was not developed at that time)
Scripting language features from Perl,Shell Script.
So, Python is considerd as All Rounder. Python can enjoy the benefits of all types of programming language
paradigms.
1. Python as Scripting Language:
Scripting Language: Scripting language means a grou of lines of code will be there and they will be executed
line by line.
No functions concept, No classes concept, just a group lines will be executed one by one.
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In [18]:
print("Python as Scripting language")
print("Python as Scripting language")
print("Python as Scripting language")
print("Python as Scripting language")
print("Python as Scripting language")
print("Python as Scripting language")
Python as Scripting language
Python as Scripting language
Python as Scripting language
Python as Scripting language
Python as Scripting language
Python as Scripting language
2. Python as Functional Programming Language:
In [21]:
def f1():
print("Python as Functional Programming language")
print("Python as Functional Programming language")
print("Python as Functional Programming language")
print("Python as Functional Programming language")
f1()
Python as Functional Programming language
Python as Functional Programming language
Python as Functional Programming language
Python as Functional Programming language
3. Python as Object Oriented Programming Language:
In [22]:
class Test:
def m1(self):
print("Python as Object Oriented Programming Language")
test = Test()
test.m1()
Python as Object Oriented Programming Language
Note:
Most of the syntax used in Python borrowed from 'C' & 'ABC' Programming Language.
L5. Where We Can Use Python
We can use Python everywhere. The most common important application areas are as follows:
1. For developing Desktop Applications
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p g p pp
The Applications which are running on a single systems (i.e., Stand alone applications)
Eg: Simple Calculator application
2. For developing Web Applications
Eg: Gmail Application, Online E-commerce applications, Facebook application, Blog applications etc.,
3. For Network Applications
Eg: Chatting applications, Client-Server applictaions etc.,
4. For Games development
5. For Data Analysis Applications
6. For Machine Learning applications
7. For developing Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, Neural Network Applications
8. For IOT
9. For Data Sciene
That's why Python is called as General Purpose Programming Language.
Which Software companies are using Python
Internally Google and Youtube use Python coding
NASA and Nework Stock Exchange Applications developed by Python.
Top Software companies like Google, Microsoft, IBM, Yahoo, Dropbox, Netflix, Instagram using Python.
L6. Features of Python
1. Simple and easy to learn
Consider English Language, how many words are there in english? Crores of words are there in english
language. If you want to be perfect in english, you should aware about all these words.
If you consider Java, You should aware of 53 words. That means when compared to English, learning Java
is easy.
If you consider Python Programming language, You should aware about 33 Words (Reserved Words). The
person who can understand these 33 words, then he will become expert in Python.
So, Python is a simple programming language. When we read Python program, we can feel like reading
english statements.
For example, if you consider ternary operator in Java,
x = (10>20)?30:40; ---> Java Statement
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If we ask any person, what this line is doing? 99% of Non-programming people are going to fail unless and
until if they know Java.
If I write the same thing in python,
x = 30 if 10>20 else 40 ----> Python Statement
If Iwe ask any person, what this line is doing? 99% of Non programming people are going to give correct
answer.
When compared with other languages, we can write programs with very less number of lines (i.e, Concise
Code) . Hence more readability and simplicity in the python code.
Because of the concise code, we can reduce development and cost of the project.
Let us take an example,
Assume that We have one file (abc.txt) with some data in it. Write a Python program to read the data
from this file and print it on the console.
If you want to write the code for the above problem in C or Java we need to make use of more lines of code.
But if you write program in Python, just 1 line is more enough.
In [ ]:
# Execution pending
2. Freeware and Open Source
Freeware and Open source are not same.
Freeware:
To use Python, How much Licence fee we need to paid?
We need not pay single rupee also to make use of Python. It is freeware, any person can use freely, even
for business sake also.
If you consider Java, Java is vendered by Oracle. (Commercial)
If you consider C# , C# is vendered by MicroSoft. (Commercial)
If you consider Python, who is vendor for Python? There is no vendor for Python, there is one charitable
Foundation, Python Software Foundation (PSF) is responsible for maintainane of Python. PSF is Non-Profit
oriented Organization.
To use Python, you need not pay any money to PSF. If you want to donate voluntarily for this foundation,
you can pay.
The corresponding Website for PSF is python.org, from where you have to download Python software.
But for Java, from it's 11 version onwards it is the paid version. If you want to use for your personal use or
business sake, compulsory licence must be required.
C# & .Net also requires licence to use.
Open Source:
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The Source code of the Python is open to everyone, so that we can we can customize based on our
requirement. Because of this multiple flovours of Python is possible.
Eg:
1. Jython is customized version of Python to work with Java Applications.
2. Iron Python is customized version of Python to work with C## & .Net Applications.
3. Anaconda Python is customized version of Python to work with Bigdata Applications.
One main advantage of Python is for every requirement specific version is availble in the market.
We can use our specific version of python and fulfill our requirement.
3. High Level Programmimg Language
High level programming language means Programmer friendly language.
Being a programmer we are not required to concentrate low level activities like memory management and
security etc..
Any programmer can easily read and understand the code. Let's see the below example,
In [3]:
a = 20
b = 30
print(a+b)
50
4. Platform Independent
Assume that one C program is there, We have three machines are there which are working on three platforms
(i.e., Windows,Linux, MAC). Now, we want to distribute One C application to the clients who are working on
different platforms. Then what we need to do is,
For Windows, a seperate C program must be reqired. A C program for Windows system can't run on Linux
machine or MAC machine.
For Linux, a seperate C program must be reqired. A C program for Linux system can't run on Windows
machine or MAC machine.
For MAC, a seperate C program must be reqired. A C program for MAC system can't run on Linux machine
or Windows machine.-
So, Compulsory for every platform you have to write the platform specific application. Now we have three
applications and three platforms.
So, C programming language is platform dependent language.
Assume that one Python program is there, We have three machines are there which are working on three
platforms (i.e., Windows,Linux, MAC). Now, we want to distribute One Python application to the clients who are
working on different platforms. Then what we need to do is,
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Write the Python program once and run it on any machine. This is the concept of Platform Independent
nature.
So, Python programming language is Platform Independent Language.
How platform independent nature is implemented in Python?
If you want to run Python application on Windows platform, what must be required is Python Virtual Machine
(PVM) for Windows is required. If we provide Python application to the PVM for Windows, PVM is responsible
to convert the python program into Windows specific and execute it.
In the same way, If you want to run Python application on Linux platform, what must be required is Python
Virtual Machine (PVM) for Linux is required. If We provide Python application to the PVM for Linux, PVM is
responsible to convert the python program into Linux specific and execute it.
In the same way, If you want to run Python application on MAC platform, what must be required is Python
Virtual Machine (PVM) for MAC is required. If We provide Python application to the PVM for MAC, PVM is
responsible to convert the python program into MAC specific and execute it.
Platform specific conversions are taken care by PVM.
Python program is Platform independent
Python Virtual Machine is Platform dependent
5. Portability
In general poratble means movable. In our childhood days, we heard about portable TV (14 inches), which
can be moved from one place to another place very easily.
Another place where we commonly used the term Portablity is mobile number portability.
Now Python application Portability means,
- Assume that one windows machine is there, in this machine your python applicatio
n is running without any difficulty. Because of licence issue or security issue y
ou want to move to Linux machine. If you are migrating to Linux machine from Windo
ws is it possible to migrate your python application or not? Yes, because Python
application never talks about underlying platform. Without performing any changes
in your Python application, you can migrate your Python application from one platf
orm to another platform. This is called Portability.
6. Dynamically Typed
In Python we are not required to declare type for variables. Whenever we are assigning the value, based on
value, type will be allocated automatically.Hence Python is considered as dynamically typed language.
But Java, C etc are Statically Typed Languages because we have to provide type at the beginning only.
This dynamic typing nature will provide more flexibility to the programmer.
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7. Python is both Procedure oriented and Object orieted
Python language supports both Procedure oriented (like C, pascal etc) and object oriented (like C++,Java)
features. Hence we can get benefits of both like security and reusability etc.
8. Interpretted
We are not required to compile Python code.
If you consider C program, we have to compile and execute the code.
If you consider Java program, we have to compile and execute the code.
If you consider Python program, we have execute the code. We are not required to compile. Internally
Interpretter is responsible for compilation of the Python code.
If compilation fails interpreter raised syntax errors. Once compilation success then PVM (Python Virtual
Machine) is responsible to execute.
9. Extensible
You can extend the functionality of Python application with the some other languages applications. what it
means that -
Let us assume that some C program is there, some Java program is there, can we use these applications in our
Python program or not?
yes, we can use other language programs in Python.
What is the need of that?
1. Suppose We want to develop a Python application, assume that some xyz functionality is required to
develop the Python application.
2. There is some java code is already there for this xyz functionality. It is non python code. Is it possible to
use this non-python code in side our python application.
Yes, No problem at all.
The main advantages of this approach are:
1. We can use already existing legacy non-Python code
2. We can improve performance of the application
10. Embedded
Embedded means it is same as extensible in reverse.
We can use Python programs in any other language programs. i.e., we can embedd Python programs
anywhere.
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11. Extensive Library
In Python for every requirement, a readymade library is availbale.
Lakhs of libraries are there in Python.No other programming language has this much of librrary support.
Python has a rich inbuilt library.
Being a programmer we can use this library directly and we are not responsible to implement the
functionality.
Eg: Write a Python program to generate 6 digit OTP
In Python to generate random numbers already a library is availbale. By make use of that library we can
write the code in easy manner.
In [11]:
from random import randint
print(randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9))
5 0 8 8 3 1
If dont want space between numbers, include sep = '' at the end. sep means seperator, that is assigned with
empty.
In [10]:
from random import randint
print(randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),sep =''
836593
Suppose, if we want 10 OTPs, then Python code looks like this:
In [8]:
from random import randint
for i in range(1,11):
print(randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),sep
650052
666097
558558
743920
295868
950438
319213
198749
795225
269510
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In [9]:
from random import randint
for i in range(10): # another way of using 'range()'
print(randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),sep
587659
654352
508094
836302
761498
517296
116376
704038
937445
920345
Conclusion:
1. These are the 11 key features of Python programming language.
2. Among various features of Python discussed above, the following 3 features are specific to Python
- Dynamically Typed
- Both Procedural Oriented and Object Oriented
- Extensive Library
These 3 Features are not supported by any other programming languages like C,C++ a
nd Java etc.,
Date: 11-04-2020 - Day 3
L7: Limitations and Flavours of Python
Limitaions of Python:
Eventhough Python is effective programming language, there are some areas where Python may not work up to
the mark.
Now a days, Machine Learning (ML) is the trending word. To develop ML application, Python is the best choice.
The reason is Python contains several libraries, using those libraries we can develop ML applicatios very easily.
For example, in Python we have the following modules to perform various operations:
There is a module called as numpy, which adds mathematical functions to Python.
To import and read data set, we have another module in Python called as pandas.
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To project the data in the form of Graphs, there is an another module is available in Python called as
mathplotlib.
1.Suppose We want to develop mobile applications, Python is the worst choice. Why?
The main reason for this is, Python, as of now, not having library support to develop mobile applications.
Which programming language is the best choice for mobile applications?
Android, IOs Swift are thekings in Mobile application development domain.
2.Suppose We want to develop Enterprise applications such as Banking, Telecom applications where
multiple services are required (For ex, transaction management, Security, Messaging etc.,).
To develop these end-to-end applications Python is not best suitable, because, Python doesn't have that
much Library support to develpo these applications as of now.
3.We are already discussed that, Python is interpretted programing language, here execution can be
done line by line. That's why performance wise Python is not good. Usually Interpreted programming
languages are performance wise not up to the mark.
To improve performance, Now people are added JIT compiler to the PVM. This works in the following manner:
Instead of interpreting line by line everytime, a group of lines will be interprtted only once and everytime
that interpretted code is going to used directly. JIT compiler is responsible to do that.
JIT compiler + PVM flovour is called pypy. If you want better performance then you should go for
pypy(Python for speed) version.
Note : These 3 are the various limitations of the Python.
Flavours of Python:
As we are already discussed that Python is an Open source. That means it's source code is available to
everyone. Assume that the standard Pyhthon may not fulfill our requirement. So, what we need to do is, we
have to access the source code and make some modifications and that customized Python version can fulfill
my requirement.
For Python, multiple floavours are available, each flavour itself is a customized version tofulfill a particular
requirement.
Folowwing are the various flavours of Python:
1. CPython:
It is the standard flavor of Python. It can be used to work with C lanugage Applications
2. Jython or JPython:
It is for Java Applications. It can run on JVM
3. IronPython:
It is for C#.Net platform
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4. PyPy:
The main advantage of PyPy is performance will be improved because JIT compiler is available inside
PVM.
5. RubyPython
For Ruby Platforms
6. AnacondaPython
It is specially designed for handling large volume of data processing.
L8: Python Identifiers
What is an Identifier?
A name in Python program is called identifier. It can be class name or function name or module name or
variable name.
Eg: a = 20
It is a valid Python statement. Here 'a' is an identifier.
Rules to define identifiers in Python:
1. The only allowed characters in Python are
alphabet symbols(either lower case or upper case)
digits(0 to 9)
underscore symbol(_)
In [5]:
cash =10 # it is a valid identifier
In [4]:
cash$ = 10 # '$'is not allowed as valid identifier
File "<ipython-input-4-e65405076c1e>", line 1
cash$ = 10 # '$'is not allowed as valid identifier
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
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In [9]:
all!hands = 30 # '!'is not allowed as valid identifier
File "<ipython-input-9-1d588afcae49>", line 1
all!hands = 30 # '@'is not allowed as valid identifier
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
2. Identifier should not starts with digit
In [10]:
total123 = 33
In [11]:
123total = 122
File "<ipython-input-11-e0b9e967153d>", line 1
123total = 122
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
3. Identifiers are case sensitive. Of course Python language itself is case sensitive language.
In [12]:
total=10
TOTAL=999
print(total) #10
print(TOTAL) #999
10
999
4. There is no length limit for Python identifiers. But not recommended to use too lengthy identifiers.
In [13]:
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
In [14]:
print(xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
9999
5. We cannot use reserved words as identifiers
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In [15]:
x = 10 # Valid
In [16]:
if = 33 # 'if' is a keyword in Python
File "<ipython-input-16-0abaf39d7bbf>", line 1
if = 33
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
Q. Which of the following are valid Python identifiers?
In [17]:
123total = 22
File "<ipython-input-17-eaf314d05be5>", line 1
123total
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
In [20]:
total1234 = 22 # Valid
In [21]:
java2share = 'Java' # Valid
In [22]:
ca$h = 33
File "<ipython-input-22-d315f9380372>", line 1
ca$h = 33
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
In [23]:
_abc_abc_ = 22 # Valid
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In [24]:
def = 44
File "<ipython-input-24-be1255e3d0b6>", line 1
def = 44
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
In [25]:
for = 3
File "<ipython-input-25-c8ee3642ab3d>", line 1
for = 3
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
In [26]:
__p__ = 33 # Valid
L9: Reserved words (or) Keywords in Python
In Python some words are reserved to represent some meaning or functionality. Such type of words are called
Reserved words.
There are 33 reserved words available in Python.
True,False,None
and, or ,not,is
if,elif,else
while,for,break,continue,return,in,yield
try,except,finally,raise,assert
import,from,as,class,def,pass,global,nonlocal,lambda,del,with
1. All 33 keywords contains only alphabets symols.
2. Except the following 3 reserved words, all contain only lower case alphabet symbols.
True
False
None
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In [29]:
a = true
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-29-c100e6034b0a> in <module>
----> 1 a = true
NameError: name 'true' is not defined
In [31]:
a = True # Valid
For Boolean values, compulsory you need to use capital letter 'T' in True and capital letter 'F' in False.
Key Points:
switch concept is not there in Python.
Similarly do while loop is not there in Python.
'int','float','char' and 'double' such type of words are not reserved words in python, because Python is
dynamically typed language.
Note : Learning Python language itself learning of all the keywords of Python.
In [30]:
import keyword
for kword in keyword.kwlist:
print(kword, end = ' ') #33 keywords are displaying
False None True and as assert async await break class continue def del elif
else except finally for from global if import in is lambda nonlocal not or p
ass raise return try while with yield
In [31]:
import keyword
print(keyword.kwlist,end=' ')
['False', 'None', 'True', 'and', 'as', 'assert', 'async', 'await', 'break',
'class', 'continue', 'def', 'del', 'elif', 'else', 'except', 'finally', 'fo
r', 'from', 'global', 'if', 'import', 'in', 'is', 'lambda', 'nonlocal', 'no
t', 'or', 'pass', 'raise', 'return', 'try', 'while', 'with', 'yield']
L9. Data types in Python - Introduction
Data Type represent the type of data present inside a variable.
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In Python we are not required to specify the type explicitly. Based on value provided,the type will be assigned
automatically. Hence Python is Dynamically Typed Language.
Among the following two statements, which are correct statements?
1. In Python, 'type' concept is not applicable.
2. In Python, 'type' concept is availbale, but we are not require to declare explicitly.
statement 2 only correct.
Python contains the following in-built data types
1. int
2. float
3. complex
4. bool
5. str
6. bytes
7. bytearray
8. range
9. list
10. tuple
11. set
12. frozenset
13. dict
14. None
Almost about 14 data types we need to discuss in detail.
Before going to discuss about these data types, let us know few imporatant points now.
Note: In Python, every thing is an Object.
Let us take an example,
a = 10
In this statement 10 is an object of class 'int'.
Here, 'a' is the reference variable which is pointing to 'int' object. The vale representing in the 'int' object is
10.
How can you find the type of 'a'?
By using an in-built function type(), we can find the type of any variable.
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In [4]:
a = 10
type(a)
Out[4]:
int
Where the object 10 is stored in the memory? (or) What is the address of the object 'a'?
By using an in-built function id(), we can find the address of an object.
In [5]:
a = 10
id(a)
Out[5]:
140712714015840
How can you print the value of 'a'?
By using an in-built function print(), we can print the value of a variable.
In [3]:
a = 10
print(a)
10
Note:
The most commonly used in-built functions in Python are as follows:
1. type()
It is to check the type of variable
2. id()
It is used to get address of object
3. print()
It is used to print the value
L10. Data types in Python - int data type
1. Integer type
We can use 'int' data type to represent whole numbers (integral values)
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In [6]:
a=10
type(a) #int
Out[6]:
int
Suppose we want to represent the following number, 1234567888897333. Is it Integral number or not? Yes, it is
not taking any fractional part, so it is an integer number.
This number is too long number. To represent too long numbers, we have long data type is there. To represent
small integer numbers, we have int data type is there.
Note:
In Python2 we have long data type to represent very large integral values. But in Python3 there is no long type
explicitly and we can represent long values also by using int type only.
In [8]:
a = 123456788897333333333333333333333333333333333333333
type(a)
Out[8]:
int
We can represent integral values in the following ways:
1. Decimal form (base 10)
2. Binary form (base 2)
3. Octal form (base 8)
4. Hexa decimal form (base 16)
1. Decimal form(base-10):
It is the default number system in Python
The allowed digits are: 0 to 9
Eg: a =10
2. Binary form(base-2):
The allowed digits are : 0 & 1
Literal value should be prefixed with 0b or 0B
Eg:
a = 0B1111
a =0B123
a=b111
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In [10]:
a = 1111 # it is ot treated as binary number, by default every number is treated as decim
print(a)
1111
In [11]:
a = 0b1111
print(a)
15
In [12]:
a = b111
print(a)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-12-08fe5f31f204> in <module>
----> 1 a = b111
2 print(a)
NameError: name 'b111' is not defined
In [13]:
a = 0b111
print(a)
3. Octal Form(base-8):
The allowed digits are : 0 to 7
Literal value should be prefixed with 0o or 0O.
In [15]:
a = 0o123 # 64 + 16 + 3 = 83
print(a)
83
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In [17]:
a = 0o786 # error, because 8 is not an valid octal number
print(a)
File "<ipython-input-17-7f92d3a1f0b2>", line 1
a = 0o786 # error, because 8 is not an valid octal number
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
4. Hexa Decimal Form(base-16):
The allowed digits are : 0 to 9, a-f (both lower and upper cases are allowed)
Literal value should be prefixed with 0x or 0X
In [18]:
a = 0x10
print(a)
16
In [24]:
a = 0xface
print(a)
64206
In [25]:
a = 0xbeef
print(a)
48879
In [26]:
a=0xbeer # 'r' is not valid hexa decimal digit
print(a)
File "<ipython-input-26-b96cba1ff699>", line 1
a=0xbeer # 'r' is not valid hexa decimal digit
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
Note:
Being a programmer we can specify literal values in decimal, binary, octal and hexa decimal forms. But PVM
will always provide values only in decimal form.
L11. Data types: Base conversion functions
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In this lecture, we will learn about how to convert integral values from one base to another base. Python provide
three in-built functions for base conversions.
1. bin():
We can use bin() to convert from any other base to binary
In [1]:
bin(15)
Out[1]:
'0b1111'
In [4]:
bin(0o123)
Out[4]:
'0b1010011'
In [5]:
bin(0xface)
Out[5]:
'0b1111101011001110'
2. oct()
We can use oct() to convert from any other base to octal
In [6]:
oct(0b111101)
Out[6]:
'0o75'
In [7]:
oct(0xface)
Out[7]:
'0o175316'
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In [8]:
oct(100)
Out[8]:
'0o144'
3. hex()
We can use hex() to convert from any other base to hexa decimal
In [9]:
hex(1000)
Out[9]:
'0x3e8'
In [10]:
hex(0b10111111)
Out[10]:
'0xbf'
In [11]:
hex(0o123456)
Out[11]:
'0xa72e'
By using these base conversion functions, we can convert from one base to another base.
Note :
All these base conversion functions are applicable only for Integral numbers.
L12. Data types: float data type
We can use float data type to represent floating point values (Number with decimal values)
In [12]:
f=1.234
type(f)
Out[12]:
float
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Note: We can represent integral values in decimal, binary, octal and hexa decimal forms. But we can
represent float values only by using decimal form.
In [13]:
f=1.234
In [14]:
f = 0b1.234
File "<ipython-input-14-ce35d4648a2f>", line 1
f = 0b1.234
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
In [15]:
f=0o1.234
File "<ipython-input-15-872cc5f22444>", line 1
f=0o1.234
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
In [16]:
f=0x1.23
File "<ipython-input-16-4e3a508aa64c>", line 1
f=0x1.23
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
We can also represent floating point values by using exponential form (scientific notation)
In [17]:
f = 1.2e3
print(f)
1200.0
instead of 'e' we can use 'E'
In [18]:
f = 1.2E3
print(f)
1200.0
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The main advantage of exponential form is we can represent big values in less memory.
Assume that we need to store a value (12000000000000000.0)
In [20]:
f=1.2e16
print(f)
1.2e+16
Even in our calculators also to represent bigger values, we need to go for exponential notation.
L13. Data types: complex data type
In this lecture, we'll discuss about Python specific special data type known as Complex data type.
Why Python having this special data type?
If you want to develop scientific applications, mathematics based applications and Electrical engineering
applications, thiscomplex type is very very helpful.
How can we represent a complex number?
a + bj is the syntax for representing a complex number.
Here, a** is called **real part and b** is called **imaginary part.
j** value is **square of J is -1 and j = square root of -1
you may get one doubt that in the complex number representation is it compulsory j*? In mathematics we
seen *i instead of j.
It is mandatory, it should be j only in Python.
In [38]:
x = 10 + 20j
type(x)
Out[38]:
complex
In [22]:
x = 10 + 20J
type(x)
Out[22]:
complex
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In [23]:
x = 10 + 20i
type(x)
File "<ipython-input-23-f3370a6b6c4b>", line 1
x = 10 + 20i
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
Key Points:
In the real part if we use int value then we can specify that either by decimal,octal,binary or hexa
decimal form.
imaginary part must be specified only by using decimal form.
In [24]:
x = 10 +20j
print(x.real) # prints only real part
10.0
In [25]:
x = 10 +20j
print(x.imag) # prints only imaginary part
20.0
In [26]:
x = 10.5+20j # real part is a float value; Acceptable
In [28]:
x = 10 + 20j # real part is a int value; Acceptable
In [30]:
x = 10.5 +20.6j # Both real and imaginary parts also float values; Acceptable
In [31]:
x = 0b1111 + 20j # Acceptable
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In [32]:
x = 15 + 0b1111j
File "<ipython-input-32-ac01ca58fad6>", line 1
x = 15 + 0b1111j
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
Assume that, we have two complex numbers. Can we perform arithmetic operations between these two
complex numbers?
Yes, we can perform without any difficulty.
In [33]:
x = 10 + 20j
y = 20 + 30j
print(x+y)
(30+50j)
In [34]:
x = 10 + 20j
y = 20 + 30j
print(x-y)
(-10-10j)
In [35]:
x = 10 + 20j
y = 20 + 30j
print(x*y)
(-400+700j)
In [36]:
x = 10 + 20j
y = 20 + 30j
print(x/y)
(0.6153846153846154+0.0769230769230769j)
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In [37]:
x = 10 + 20j
y = 20 + 30j
print(x//y)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-37-d6bb0a6e2dfd> in <module>
2 y = 20 + 30j
3
----> 4 print(x//y)
TypeError: can't take floor of complex number.
Note :
This is about basic introduction about complex data type.
It is not that much frequently used data type in Python.
It is very specific to Scientific, Mathematical and Electrical Engineering Applications.
L14. Data types: bool data type
We can use this data type to represent boolean values.
The only allowed values for this data type are: True and False (true & false are not allowed in Python)
Internally Python represents True as 1 and False as 0
In [39]:
b = True
type(b)
Out[39]:
bool
In [40]:
b = true
type(b)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-40-034f4c6a9dcd> in <module>
----> 1 b = true
2 type(b)
NameError: name 'true' is not defined
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In [42]:
a = 10
b = 20
c = a>b
print(c)
type(c)
False
Out[42]:
bool
In [43]:
print(True + True)
In [44]:
print(True - False)
In [45]:
print(True * False)
L15. Data types: str data type representations by using single, double and triple
quotes
str represents String data type.
It is the most commonly used data type in Python
String: A String is a sequence of characters enclosed within single quotes or double quotes.
In Python to represent a string, can we use a pair of single quotes ('') or double quotes ("")?
The answer is, We can use either single quotes or double quotes.
In [46]:
s = 'Karthi'
print(type(s))
<class 'str'>
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In [47]:
s = "Karthi"
print(type(s))
<class 'str'>
In [48]:
s = 'a'
print(type(s)) # in Python there is no 'char'data type
<class 'str'>
In [49]:
s = "a"
print(type(s))
<class 'str'>
In [51]:
s = 'a'
print(s) # value of 's'
print(type(s)) #type of 's'
a
<class 'str'>
In Python, we can use triple quotes also in the following 3 situations.
1.By using single quotes or double quotes we cannot represent multi line string literals.
For example,
s = "Karthi
sahasra"
For this requirement we should go for triple single quotes(''') or triple double quotes(""").
In [56]:
s = "Karthi
sahasra"
File "<ipython-input-56-cb6a1bde203b>", line 1
s = "Karthi
^
SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal
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In [55]:
s = 'Karthi
sahasra'
File "<ipython-input-55-ad08d7556fbe>", line 1
s = 'Karthi
^
SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal
In [54]:
s = '''Karthi
sahasra'''
print(s)
Karthi
sahasra
In [57]:
s = """Karthi
sahasra"""
print(s)
Karthi
sahasra
2.We can also use triple quotes, to use single quotes or double quotes as normal characters in our
String .
In [59]:
s = 'class by 'durga' is very good'
File "<ipython-input-59-88963cd2f04c>", line 1
s = 'class by 'durga' is very good'
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
In [61]:
s = "class by 'durga' is very good"
s # if you want to include single quotes within the string keep the string in double quo
Out[61]:
"class by 'durga' is very good"
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In [62]:
s = "class by "durga" is very good"
print(s)
File "<ipython-input-62-50981f425bf1>", line 1
s = "class by "durga" is very good"
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
In [63]:
s = 'class by "durga" is very good'
print(s) # if you want to include double quotes within the string keep the str
class by "durga" is very good
Now, if we want to use both single quotes and double quotes as the normal characters in the string, then you
need to enclose the string in triple quotes.
In [65]:
s = "classes by 'durga' for "python" is very good"
print(s)
File "<ipython-input-65-aa9719991cfd>", line 1
s = "classes by 'durga' for "python" is very good"
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
In [66]:
s = 'classes by 'durga' for "python" is very good'
print(s)
File "<ipython-input-66-94674ab79602>", line 1
s = 'classes by 'durga' for "python" is very good'
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
In [67]:
s = """classes by 'durga' for "python" is very good"""
print(s)
classes by 'durga' for "python" is very good
3.To define doc string, triple quotations will be used. (We will discuss this later)
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Date: 12-04-2020 - Day 4
L16. Data types: str data type - positive and negative index
One speciality is there in Python indexing, which is not available in C orJava.
The characters of the string is accessed by using it's relative position in the string, that is called as index.
In Python, indexing starts from 0.
In [38]:
s = "karthi"
print(s[0]) # The character locationg at 0 index is displayed
print(s[3])
print(s[100])
k
t
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-38-dc4df5484ca1> in <module>
2 print(s[0]) # The character locationg at 0 index is dis
played
3 print(s[3])
----> 4 print(s[100])
IndexError: string index out of range
Upto this is similar in C or Java like languages. Now we will see what is the speciality regrding indexing in
Python.
Python supports both positive indexing and negative indexing.
As we are already discussed, positive indexing moves in forward direction of string and starts from 0.
Negative indexing moves in reverse direction of string and starts from -1.
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In [42]:
print(s[-1]) # it won't give index error, that is the speciality of Python. It prints the
print(s[-6])
print(s[-7])
i
k
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-42-2c0d90d443f9> in <module>
1 print(s[-1]) # it won't give index error, that is the speciality o
f Python. It prints the last character of the string.
2 print(s[-6])
----> 3 print(s[-7])
IndexError: string index out of range
L17. Data types: str data type - Slice operator
In this lecture, we are going to learn one very important Python specific special operator known as Slice
operator.
What is Slice?
Suppose, if you have an apple and if you cut it into multiple pieces. Each piece is called as a slice.
Similarly, string slice means a part of the string. You will get the part of the string by using slice operator.
In [43]:
s = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
Now, If we wnat to get which character is locating at specific index position, simply writing s[index] will
automaticlly get that character.
If we want to get slice or piece of the string, for example we want the piece of the string from index position 3 to
index position 7 (i.e., total 5 characters). You can get this piece of the string by using slice operator.
Syntax of slice operator:
stringName [beginIndex:endIndex]
This operator returns the substring (slice) from beginIndex to endIndex - 1.
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In [46]:
s = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
slice = s[3:8] # returns characters from 3 to 7 index
print(slice)
defgh
Suppose, If you are not specifying the begin index, then the default value of the begin index is starting index of
the string [i.e,. 0].
In [47]:
s = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
slice = s[:8] # returns characters from 3 to 7 index
print(slice)
abcdefgh
Suppose, If you are not specifying the end index, then the default value of the end index is ending index of the
string [i.e,. -1].
In [48]:
s = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
slice = s[3:] # returns characters from 3 to 7 index
print(slice)
defghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
Suppose, If we are not specifying begin index and end index. What happens?
In [50]:
s = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
slice = s[ : ] # returns characters from 3 to 7 index
print(slice)
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
In [51]:
s = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
slice = s[3:1000]
print(slice)
defghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
slice opertaor never goes to raise index error
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In [54]:
s = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
slice = s[5:1] # it starts from 5 and goes in farward direction and never gets en
print(slice) # Empty string will be displayed
Note : In this lecture, we discussed briefly about slice operator. We will discuss indetail in later.
L17. Data types: str data type - Slice operator Applications
1. Convert the first letter of the string into uppercase letter
In [56]:
s = 'karthi'
output = s[0].upper() + s[1:]
print(output)
Karthi
2. Convert the last letter of the string into uppercase letter
In [59]:
s = 'karthi'
output = s[0:len(s)-1] + s[-1].upper()
print(output)
karthI
3. Convert the first and last letter of the string into uppercase letter
In [61]:
s = 'karthisahasra'
output = s[0].upper() + s[1:len(s)-1] + s[-1].upper()
print(output)
KarthisahasrA
L18. Data types: + and * operators for str data type
Related to strings there are two important points we want to discuss with respect to mathematical operations.
1. '+' operator for the string:
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In [62]:
s = 'karthi' + 'sahasra' # concatenation
print(s)
karthisahasra
In [63]:
s = 'karthi' + 10 # in Java, ouput is karthi10, but in python it gives error
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-63-8225e0d23012> in <module>
----> 1 s = 'karthi' + 10
TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str
In python, if you are performing concatenation operation (i.e., '+' operation on strings), then both
operands must be string type.
2. '*' operator [String repetetion operator] for the string:
This speciality is not there in other programming languages.
In [64]:
s = 'karthi' * 3 #string repetetion operator
print(s)
karthikarthikarthi
In [65]:
s = 3 * 'karthi'
print(s)
karthikarthikarthi
In python, if you are performing string repetetion operation (i.e., '*' operation on strings), one operand
should be an integer type and another one is string type.
In [67]:
s = 'karthi'*'sahasra'
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-67-bd21e5426aca> in <module>
----> 1 s = 'karthi'*'sahasra'
TypeError: can't multiply sequence by non-int of type 'str'
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In [68]:
print('#' * 10)
print("karthi")
print('#' * 10)
##########
karthi
##########
In [73]:
print('#' * 10,end = '')
print("karthi",end='')
print('#' * 10)
##########karthi##########
In [74]:
print('#' * 10,end = ' ')
print("karthi",end=' ')
print('#' * 10)
########## karthi ##########
Important Conclusions :
1. So far, we covered the following datatypes of Python:
1. int
2. float
3. complex
4. bool
5. str
These 5 datatypes are called as fundamental datatypes of Python.
2. long datatype is available in Python-2, but not in Python-3. long values also you can represent by using
int type in Python-3.
3. There is no char datatype in Python, char values also you can represent by using str type.
L19. Type casting : Introduction and int() function
Type casting or Type Coersion:
In this lecture, we will learn about how to convert one type value to another type value. The process of
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converting the value from one type to another type is known as Type casting or Type Coersion.
Python provides 5 in-built functions, which are used to convert the values from one type to another type. These
are listed as below:
1. int()
2. float()
3. complex()
4. bool()
5. str()
1.int() :
We can use this function to convert values from other types to int
In [1]:
int(10.989)
Out[1]:
10
In [2]:
int(10+5j)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-2-aeeb86d69c41> in <module>
----> 1 int(10+5j)
TypeError: can't convert complex to int
In [3]:
int(True)
Out[3]:
In [4]:
int(False)
Out[4]:
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In [5]:
int('10') # string internally contains only integral value and should be specified in dec
Out[5]:
10
In [7]:
int('0b1111')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-7-afa2914aea61> in <module>
----> 1 int('0b1111')
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '0b1111'
In [8]:
int("10.5")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-8-54dd49a25c21> in <module>
----> 1 int("10.5")
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '10.5'
In [10]:
int("ten") # string should contain only integral value and specified with base 10
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-10-2eb201668cfb> in <module>
----> 1 int("ten") # string should contain only integral value and specifi
ed with base 10
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'ten'
Note:
1. We can convert from any type to int except complex type.
2. If we want to convert str type to int type, compulsary str should contain only integral value and should be
specified in base-10
L20. Type casting :float() and complex() functions
2. float() :
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We can use float() function to convert other type values to float type.
In [11]:
float(10)
Out[11]:
10.0
In [12]:
float(10+5j)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-12-d2f956539d9b> in <module>
----> 1 float(10+5j)
TypeError: can't convert complex to float
In [13]:
float(True)
Out[13]:
1.0
In [14]:
float(False)
Out[14]:
0.0
In [15]:
float('10')
Out[15]:
10.0
In [16]:
float('10.5')
Out[16]:
10.5
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In [17]:
float('0b1111')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-17-8a00d88b4550> in <module>
----> 1 float('0b1111')
ValueError: could not convert string to float: '0b1111'
In [18]:
float("ten")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-18-c8abde1341af> in <module>
----> 1 float("ten")
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'ten'
Note:
1. We can convert any type value to float type except complex type.
2. Whenever we are trying to convert str type to float type compulsary str should be either integral or floating
point literal and should be specified only in base-10.
3.complex() :
We can use complex() function to convert other types to complex type.
There are two forms of complex() function is there.
Form 1 : complex(x)
We can use this function to convert x into complex number with real part x and imaginary part 0.
In [19]:
complex(10)
Out[19]:
(10+0j)
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In [27]:
complex(0b1111)
Out[27]:
(15+0j)
In [20]:
complex(10.5)
Out[20]:
(10.5+0j)
In [21]:
complex(True)
Out[21]:
(1+0j)
In [22]:
complex(False)
Out[22]:
0j
In [23]:
complex("10")
Out[23]:
(10+0j)
In [24]:
complex("10.5")
Out[24]:
(10.5+0j)
In [25]:
complex("ten")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-25-b7bf9859d3d9> in <module>
----> 1 complex("ten")
ValueError: complex() arg is a malformed string
Form 2: complex(x,y)
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We can use this method to convert x and y into complex number such that x will be real part and y will be
imaginary part.
In [28]:
complex(10,20)
Out[28]:
(10+20j)
In [29]:
complex(10.5,20.6)
Out[29]:
(10.5+20.6j)
In [32]:
complex("10","20") # Rule 1 is, If you want to pass string in the real part, then second ar
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-32-2223b6237325> in <module>
----> 1 complex("10","20") # Rule 1 is, If you want to pass string in the re
al part, then second argument you can't pass
TypeError: complex() can't take second arg if first is a string
In [33]:
complex(10,"20") #Rule 2 is second argument can't be a string
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-33-a8404f72f6be> in <module>
----> 1 complex(10,"20") #Rule 2 is second argument can't be a string
TypeError: complex() second arg can't be a string
L21. Type casting :bool() and str() functions
4. bool():
We can use this function to convert other type values to bool type.
If we pass integer arguments
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In [35]:
bool(10)
Out[35]:
True
In [36]:
bool(0)
Out[36]:
False
In [37]:
bool(-10)
Out[37]:
True
If we pass float arguments
In [38]:
bool(0.0)
Out[38]:
False
In [39]:
bool(0.1)
Out[39]:
True
In [40]:
bool(0.000000000001)
Out[40]:
True
In [41]:
bool(-0.00000000000001)
Out[41]:
True
If we pass complex type arguments
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In [42]:
bool(0+0j)
Out[42]:
False
In [43]:
bool(0+0.5j)
Out[43]:
True
In [44]:
bool(1+0j)
Out[44]:
True
If we pass string type arguments
In [45]:
bool("True")
Out[45]:
True
In [46]:
bool("False")
Out[46]:
True
In [47]:
bool("yes")
Out[47]:
True
In [48]:
bool('no')
Out[48]:
True
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In [52]:
bool(" ") #space is there, not empty
Out[52]:
True
In [51]:
bool('') # empty string
Out[51]:
False
5. str():
We can use this method to convert other type values to str type
In [53]:
str(10)
Out[53]:
'10'
In [59]:
str(0b1111)
Out[59]:
'15'
In [54]:
str(10.7)
Out[54]:
'10.7'
In [55]:
str(10+34j)
Out[55]:
'(10+34j)'
In [56]:
str(True)
Out[56]:
'True'
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In [57]:
str(False)
Out[57]:
'False'
In [58]:
str(true)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-58-0bd3ca74295a> in <module>
----> 1 str(true)
NameError: name 'true' is not defined
L22. Fundamental Data Types vs Immutablity
All Fundamental Data types are immutable. i.e once we creates an object,we cannot perform any
changes in that object.
If we are trying to change then with those changes a new object will be created. This non-chageable
behaviour is called immutability.
In [67]:
x = 10
print(id(x))
x = x+1
print(id(x))
140714560754784
140714560754816
In [69]:
x = 10
y = x
print(id(x))
print(id(y))
y = y + 1
print(x)
print(y)
print(id(x))
print(id(y))
140714560754784
140714560754784
10
11
140714560754784
140714560754816
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L23. Fundamental Data Types vs Immutablity : Need of Immutability
Why Immutability?
Who is responsible for creating an Object in Python?
Python Virtual Machine (PVM) is responsible for creating an object in Python.
In Python if a new object is required, then PVM wont create object immediately. First it will check is any
object available with the required content or not.
If available then existing object will be reused. If it is not available then only a new object will be created.
The advantage of this approach is memory utilization and performance will be improved.
In [75]:
a = 10
b = 10 # How many objects created? Only one (i.e.,10) with three reference varia
c = 10
print(id(a))
print(id(b))
print(id(c))
140714560754784
140714560754784
140714560754784
In the last example, we have proved that all the reference variables are pointing to single object, we are
used id() function to compare their addresses.
Instead of comparing the addresses, we can use a short-cut approach also. i.e., we can make use of is
operator.
In [18]:
x =15.6
y =15.6
print(x is y) # actually it should return True, BUt this editor is not able to sup
print(id(x)) # If we try same in some standard editor like, 'atom', we will get t
print(id(y))
False
2270650549472
2270650549688
In [81]:
a = True
b = True
print(a is b)
True
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In [84]:
a = 'karthi'
b = 'karthi'
print(a is b)
True
But the problem in this approach is,several references pointing to the same object,by using one reference if
we are allowed to change the content in the existing object then the remaining references will be effected.
To prevent this immutability concept is required.
According to this, once creates an object we are not allowed to change content. If we are trying to change
with those changes a new object will be created.
Reference-video-31: Go through with Voter Registration application example to demonstrate the need of
Immutability concept.
Date: 13-04-2020 Day-5
L24. Immutablity vs Mutablity
Object reusability concept is not applicable for complex type.
In [3]:
a=10+20j
b=10+20j
print(a is b)
False
We can execute Python program or script form Python IDLE console or Python console also. These things
are called as REPL (Read Evolve Print under Loop) tools. These tools are not standard editors for executing
the Python programs. thesr are used to test small code only.
In [9]:
a = 100
b = 100
print(a is b)
True
In [14]:
a = 256
b = 256
print(a is b) # may be this editor range is restricted to 0 ==> 256 only
True
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In [19]:
a = 257
b = 257
print(a is b) # editor specific result
False
So far, we have discussed about immutability, now we will discuss about mutability with a small example.
After fundamental data types, next we need to discuss about advanced data types such as lists,
tuples,dictionaries etc.,
Eg 1:
In [20]:
a = 10 # it represents only one value.
If we consider list, multiple values can be represented.
List means group of objects.
In [21]:
l = [10,20,30,40] # group of values represented by a list'l'
How you can access these elements in the list?
By using it's index [starts from 0]
In [26]:
l = [10,20,30,40]
print(l[0])
print(l[1])
10
20
List is mutable, that means, in existing object only you can perform any modifications. This changeable
behaviour is known as Mutability.
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In [31]:
l = [10,20,30]
print(l)
print(id(l))
l[0]=7777 # now object 10 will replaced with 7777
print(l)
print(id(l))
[10, 20, 30]
2270650144264
[7777, 20, 30]
2270650144264
Here, we are getting modified content, but address is not changed. It means, all changes are being performed
in existing object only, this changeable behaviour is called as Mutability.
Eg 2:
In [32]:
l1 =[10,20,30,40]
l2 = l1 # Now, l1 and l2 are pointing to same object.
If any refernce variable make some changes to the object, then it affects on the all reference variables pointing
to the object.
In [33]:
l1 =[10,20,30,40]
l2 = l1
print(l1)
print(l2)
[10, 20, 30, 40]
[10, 20, 30, 40]
In [34]:
l1 =[10,20,30,40]
l2 = l1
print(l1)
print(l2)
l1[0] = 7777 # this change will be reflected in l2 also
print(l1)
print(l2)
[10, 20, 30, 40]
[10, 20, 30, 40]
[7777, 20, 30, 40]
[7777, 20, 30, 40]
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In [35]:
l1 =[10,20,30,40]
l2 = l1
print(l1)
print(l2)
l1[0] = 7777 # this change will be reflected in l2 also
print(l1)
print(l2)
l2[1] = 8888 ## this change will be reflected in l1 also
print(l1)
print(l2)
[10, 20, 30, 40]
[10, 20, 30, 40]
[7777, 20, 30, 40]
[7777, 20, 30, 40]
[7777, 8888, 30, 40]
[7777, 8888, 30, 40]
L25. Python Data Types : List data type
In fundamental data types every variable can hold only single value.
If we want to represent a group of values (i.e., Names of all students, roll numbers of all students or mobile
numbers of all students etc.,) as a single entity where insertion order required to preserve and
duplicates are allowed then we should go for list data type.
lists can be represented by using square brackets ([ ]).
For example,
In [1]:
list1 = [10,20,30,45] # list representation
tuple1 = (10,20,30) # tuple representation
set1 = {10,20,30} # set representation
dictionary1 = {100:'karthi',200:'sahasra',300:'sri'} # dictionary representation
How to represent list?
In [3]:
l = [10,'karthi',10.5,30]
print(type(l))
print(l)
<class 'list'>
[10, 'karthi', 10.5, 30]
In list, in which order you specified the values in the list, in the same order the data will be stored in the memory
and displayed in that order only.
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a d d sp ayed t at o de o y
Important conclusions observed with respect to list data type :
1. insertion order is preserved.
2. heterogeneous objects are allowed.
3. duplicates are allowed.
4. Growable in nature. i.e., based on our requirement you can add or remove the elements of the list.
5. values should be enclosed within square brackets.
6. Indexing concept is applicable.
7. slicing concept is applicable.
8. List is mutable (i.e., we can chnage the content of the list. It is acceptable).
In [7]:
l = [10,'karthi',10.5,30]
print(l[0])
print(l[-1])
print(l[1:4]) # It prints the elements of list from 1 index to 4-1 (i.e.,3) index.
10
30
['karthi', 10.5, 30]
In [9]:
l = [] # we are creating an empty list
# add an element to the list using append() method.
l.append(10)
l.append(20)
l.append(30)
l.append(40)
print(l) # prints based on insertion order
l.remove(30)
print(l)
[10, 20, 30, 40]
[10, 20, 40]
In [10]:
l = [10,20,30,40]
l[0] = 7777
print(l)
[7777, 20, 30, 40]
L26. Python Data Types : Tuple data type
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Tuple data type is exactly same as list data type except that it is immutable, i.e., once we create a
tuple object, we cannot perform any changes in that object.
Read-only version of list is tuple.
Tuple elements can be represented within parenthesis.
In [6]:
t=(10,20,30,10,"karthi") # tuple representation
print(type(t))
print(t)
print(t[0])
print(t[-1])
print(t[1:4])
t[0] = 7777
<class 'tuple'>
(10, 20, 30, 10, 'karthi')
10
karthi
(20, 30, 10)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-6-e04948b6d213> in <module>
5 print(t[-1])
6 print(t[1:4])
----> 7 t[0] = 7777
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
In [7]:
t=(10,20,30,10)
print(type(t))
print(t)
t.append(80)
<class 'tuple'>
(10, 20, 30, 10)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-7-39d64c0f6c0f> in <module>
2 print(type(t))
3 print(t)
----> 4 t.append(80)
5 t.remove(10)
AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'
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In [8]:
t=(10,20,30,10)
print(type(t))
print(t)
t.remove(10)
<class 'tuple'>
(10, 20, 30, 10)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-8-bb416c549150> in <module>
2 print(type(t))
3 print(t)
----> 4 t.remove(10)
AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'remove'
Note: tuple is the read only version of list
Note : Single valued tuple should compulsory ends with ','(comma).
In [10]:
t = () # Empty tuple
print(type(t))
<class 'tuple'>
In [11]:
t = (10) # if tuple is assigned with single value, it treats as integer type.
print(type(t)) # because, in normal mathematical operations, we may specify integer va
# such as, 10 + 20, (10)+ (20) and ((10)+(20))
<class 'int'>
In [14]:
t = (10,) # if you keep ',' after value, PVM considers it as a tuple type, not i
print(type(t))
<class 'tuple'>
What is the difference between list and tuple?
1. List is mutable and tuple is non-mutable.
2. List elements are represented by using square brackets. Tuple elements are represented by using
paranthesis.
3. To store tuple elements, Python Virtual Memory requires less memory. To store list elements, Python
Virtual Memory requires more memory.
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4. Tuple elements can be access within less time, because they are fixed (Performance is more).
Performance is less compared with tuples.
Note :
If the content is keep on changing, better to opt list type. For example, Youtube comments or facebook
comments or Udemy reviews (which are keep on changing day by day).
If the content is fixed, better to opt tuple type. For example, In Banks, account type - Only 2 values are
there,
1. Savings
2. Current
At runtime account types never going to change through out Bank Project. So, to represent bank account
types, better to go for tuple concept.
Some other Examples, Where allowed inputs are fixed (Best suitable type is tuple):
1. Vendor machines (Only accept 2/-,5/- coins only)
2. In the Metro stations also, If you want to get the tickets, you have to insert either 10/- note or 20/- note only.
L27. Python Data Types : Set data type
If we want to represent a group of values without duplicates and where order is not important then we
should go for set Data Type.
For example, we want to send one SMS to all the students of a class. In this duplicate numbers are not allowed
and in any order we can send SMS. At last all the students should receive the message. if you have such type
of requirement, then it is better to go for set data type.
In general mathematics also, if the sets are like shown below
a = {1,2,3}
b = {2,3,1}
c = {1,3,2}
all these 3 sets are equal.
In [1]:
s = {10,20,30,40}
print(type(s))
<class 'set'>
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In [5]:
s = {10,20,10,'karthi',30,40} # in 'set' duplicate element will be ignored, which order we
print(s)
{'karthi', 40, 10, 20, 30}
In [6]:
s = {10,20,10,'karthi',30,40}
print(s[0]) # index concept not applicable
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-6-02c4a3e6686e> in <module>
1 s = {10,20,10,'karthi',30,40}
----> 2 print(s[0]) # index concept not applicable
TypeError: 'set' object is not subscriptable
In [8]:
s = {10,20,10,'karthi',30,40}
print(s[2:6]) # slicing concept not applicable
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-8-dabe25494ee6> in <module>
1 s = {10,20,10,'karthi',30,40}
----> 2 print(s[2:6]) # slicing concept not applicable
TypeError: 'set' object is not subscriptable
In [10]:
s = {10,20,30,40}
s.add(50) # append() method applicable in list, add method applicable to set
print(s)
{40, 10, 50, 20, 30}
In [12]:
s = {10,20,30,40,50}
s.remove(30) # remove() method applicable fro list and set to remove an elem
print(s)
{40, 10, 50, 20}
Important conclusions observed with respect to set data type :
1. insertion order is not preserved.
2. duplicates are not allowed.
3. heterogeneous objects are allowed.
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4. index concept is not applicable.
5. It is mutable collection.
6. Growable in nature.
append() method vs add() method
In case of list, to add an element, we use append() method and in case of set, to add an element, we use
add() method, Why the names are different?
Suppose, if you want to add 50 to the given list, where it will be added in the list?
It will be added at last position of the list.
If you are adding something at last, that operation is called as append operation. (i.e., existing + new content)
In [14]:
l = [10,20,30,40]
l.append(50)
print(l)
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
Suppose, if you want to add 50 to the given set, where it will be added in the list?
We can't say exactly where 50 will be added.
If you are adding something , if it is not guaranteed to add at end, then we can't say that it is an append
operation. That's why when you are adding an element to a set, we use add() method.
In [15]:
s = {10,20,30,40}
s.add(50)
print(s)
{40, 10, 50, 20, 30}
One more important point regarding set data type
In [16]:
s = {} # it is not empty set, it is empty dictionary
print(type(s))
<class 'dict'>
Why it is considered as 'dict' type?
Among set and dictionary, dictionary is the most frequently used data type compared with set data type.
That's why Python gave the priority to the dictionary type.
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How can we create empty set ?
In [18]:
s = set() # we required to use set() function to create an empty set.
print(type(s))
print(s)
<class 'set'>
set()
What is the difference between set and list data types?
1. In list, order is preserved, but in set order is not preserved.
2. Duplicate elements are allowed in list, but duplicate elements are not allowed in set.
3. List can be represented by using square brackets and set can be represented by using curly braces.
Date: 14-04-2020 - Day 6
L28. Python Data Types : Frozen set
In general, meaning of frozen is freezing, i.e, No one going to change, can't move, fixed ets.,
Frozen set is exactly same as set except that it is immutable. Hence we cannot use add or remove
functions.
In [3]:
s = {10,20,30,40}
fs = frozenset(s)
print(type(fs))
<class 'frozenset'>
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In [2]:
s = {10,20,30,40}
fs = frozenset(s)
print(type(s))
fs.add(50)
<class 'set'>
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-2-8ccea297b8d2> in <module>
2 fs = frozenset(s)
3 print(type(s))
----> 4 fs.add(50)
5 fs.remove(30)
AttributeError: 'frozenset' object has no attribute 'add'
In [4]:
s = {10,20,30,40}
fs = frozenset(s)
print(type(s))
fs.remove(30)
<class 'set'>
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-4-6114db23b7ef> in <module>
2 fs = frozenset(s)
3 print(type(s))
----> 4 fs.remove(30)
AttributeError: 'frozenset' object has no attribute 'remove'
What is the difference between Frozen set and tup;e data types?
1. In tuple, order is preserved, but in frozen set order is not applicable.
2. In tuple duplicate elements are allowed, but in frozen set duplicates are not allowed.
3. Index, slice concepts are applicable, but in frozen set index,slice concepts are not applicable.
Note : The only similarity between tuple and frozen set is, both are immutable.
L29. Python Data Types : Dictonary (Dict)
So far, we have discussed about list,tuple,set,frozen set. All these data types are having some common
point is,
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- list [10,20,30,40]
- tuple (10,20,30,40)
- set {10,20,30,40}
-forzen set frozenset({10,20,30,40})
If you observed this, all thase data types are talks about a group of individual values.
Some times, If we want to represent a group of values as key-value pairs then we should go for dict data
type.
-Eg:
- roll Number - name
- mobile number - address
In general, In our english dictionary we found,
Word : Meaning
The same thing will happensin Python dictionary also.
How can you represent dictionary in Python?
d = {key1 : value1, key2 : value2, key3 : value3}
You van take any number of key-value pairs
In [5]:
d = {100:"karthi", 101:'sahasra', 150:'guido'}
print(type(d))
print(d)
<class 'dict'>
{100: 'karthi', 101: 'sahasra', 150: 'guido'}
We can create an empty dictionary, and later we can add key-value pairs into that dictionary.
If you want to add key-value pair into a dictionary, the following syntax is used in Python:
dictionaryName[key] = value
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In [8]:
d = {} # Empty dictionary
print(type(d))
d[100] = 'karthi'
d[200] = 'ravi'
print(d) # No guarantee for order wise printing in the dictionary
<class 'dict'>
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'ravi'}
Key points with respect to Dictionary:
1. Duplicate keys are not allowed but values can be duplicated.
2. If we are trying to insert an entry with duplicate key then old value will be replaced with new value.
In [10]:
d={10:'karthi',20:'karthi',30:'karthi'}
print(d)
{10: 'karthi', 20: 'karthi', 30: 'karthi'}
In [11]:
d={10:'karthi',10:'karthi',30:'karthi'}
print(d)
{10: 'karthi', 30: 'karthi'}
In [14]:
d={10:'karthi',10:'sahasra',30:'ravi'}
print(d)
{10: 'sahasra', 30: 'ravi'}
In [15]:
d={10:'sahasra',10:'karthi',30:'ravi'}
print(d)
{10: 'karthi', 30: 'ravi'}
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In [9]:
d = {} # Empty dictionary
print(type(d))
d[100] = 'karthi'
d[200] = 'ravi'
print(d)
d[100] = 'shiva'
print(d)
<class 'dict'>
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'ravi'}
{100: 'shiva', 200: 'ravi'}
Important conclusions observed with respect to dict data type :
1. If you want to represent a group of values as key-value pairs then we should go for dict data type.
2. Order is not applicable.
3. Duplicate keys are not allowed but values can be duplicated.
4. If we are trying to insert an entry with duplicate key then old value will be replaced with new value.
5. Heterogeneous objects are allowed.
6. It is mutable.
7. Indexing, slicing is not applicable.
L30. Python Data Types : range
range Data Type represents a sequence of numbers.
range() is the in-built function of Python.
The elements present in range Data type are not modifiable. i.e range Data type is immutable.
In [3]:
r = range(10) # it represents the sequence of values from 0 to 9
print(type(r))
print(r)
<class 'range'>
range(0, 10)
How you can print the values present in the given range?
We have to make use of loops, such as for, while etc., to display the elements in the given range.
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In [4]:
r = range(10) # it represents the sequence of values from 0 to 9
print(type(r))
print(r)
for x in r:
print(x)
<class 'range'>
range(0, 10)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
In [6]:
r = range(10) # it represents the sequence of values from 0 to 9
print(type(r))
print(r)
for x in r:
print(x,end =' ') # to print the values horizantally
<class 'range'>
range(0, 10)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
How to create range object? what are the various options are available?
Option 1:
range(n) => It represents the sequence of numbers from 0 to n-1
In [9]:
print(range(10)) # it represnts the sequence of numbers from 0 to 9
range(100) # it represnts the sequence of numbers from 0 to 99
range(0, 10)
Out[9]:
range(0, 100)
Option 2:
Sometimes, our requirement is, We don't want from 0,we want to print the numbers from any specific number.
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range(begin,end) ==> it represents thesequence of numbers from begin to end-1.
In [11]:
r = range(1,11)
for x in r:
print(x,end = ' ')
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Option 3:
range(begin,end,increment/decrement value) ==> It represents the sequence of numbers from begin to end
by increment/decrement value
In [12]:
r = range(1,21,1)
for x in r:
print(x,end = ' ')
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
In [13]:
r = range(1,21,2)
for x in r:
print(x,end = ' ')
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
In [14]:
r = range(1,21,3)
for x in r:
print(x,end = ' ')
1 4 7 10 13 16 19
In [15]:
r = range(1,21,4)
for x in r:
print(x,end = ' ')
1 5 9 13 17
In [18]:
r = range(20,1,-5)
for x in r:
print(x,end = ' ')
20 15 10 5
We can access elements present in the range Data Type by using index.
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In [22]:
r = range(10,21)
print(r[0])
print(r[-1])
r1 = r[1:5]
print(r1)
for x in r1:
print(x)
10
20
range(11, 15)
11
12
13
14
Once order is important, obviously indexing, slicing concepts are also applicable.
range object is immutable.
In [23]:
r = range(10,21)
print(r[0])
print(r[-1])
r1 = r[1:5]
print(r1)
for x in r1:
print(x)
r[1] = 100
10
20
range(11, 15)
11
12
13
14
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-23-980d29ad463b> in <module>
6 for x in r1:
7 print(x)
----> 8 r[1] = 100
TypeError: 'range' object does not support item assignment
We can create a list of values with range data type
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In [24]:
l = list(range(10))
print(l)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Important conclusions observed with respect to range data type :
1. range Data Type represents a sequence of numbers.
2. Different forms of ragne data type are as follows:
1. range with one argument - range(10)
2. range with Two arguments - range(10,21)
3. range with three arguments - range(10,21,2)
3. Once order is important, obviously indexing, slicing concepts are also applicable.
4. range object is immutable.
L31. Python Data Types : bytes and bytearray
1. bytes data type:
It's not that much frequently used data type in Python.
bytes data type represents a group of byte numbers just like an array.
In [25]:
l = [10,20,30,40]
b = bytes(l) # If you wnat to create bytes object, you have to use in-built function '
print(type(b))
<class 'bytes'>
Now, we want to print all values present inside 'b'.
In [26]:
l = [10,20,30,40]
b = bytes(l)
for x in b:
print(x)
10
20
30
40
Where this type of data type is helpful?
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If you want to handle binary data, like images, video files and audio files, we need to make use of byte and
bytearray data types.
Two important conclusions about bytes data type:
Conclusion 1:
The only allowed values for byte data type are 0 to 255. By mistake if we are trying to provide any other
values then we will get value error.
In [27]:
l = [10,20,30,40,256]
b = bytes(l)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-27-735598b68758> in <module>
1 l = [10,20,30,40,256]
----> 2 b = bytes(l)
ValueError: bytes must be in range(0, 256)
In [29]:
l = [10,20,30,40,255]
b = bytes(l)
Conclusion 2:
Once we creates bytes data type value, we cannot change its values,otherwise we will get TypeError. i.e.,
Immutable
In [30]:
l = [10,20,30,40]
b = bytes(l)
print(b[0])
b[0] = 100
10
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-30-1ccbd30578fd> in <module>
2 b = bytes(l)
3 print(b[0])
----> 4 b[0] = 100
TypeError: 'bytes' object does not support item assignment
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2. bytearray data type:
bytearray is exactly same as bytes data type except that its elements can be modified. i.e.,Mutable
In [35]:
l = [10,20,30,40]
b = bytearray(l)
print(type(b))
for i in b:
print(i)
<class 'bytearray'>
10
20
30
40
In [36]:
l = [10,20,30,40]
b = bytearray(l)
for i in b:
print(i)
print(b[0])
b[0] = 288
print(b[0])
10
20
30
40
10
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-36-3a54375d30ae> in <module>
4 print(i)
5 print(b[0])
----> 6 b[0] = 288
7 print(b[0])
ValueError: byte must be in range(0, 256)
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In [37]:
l = [10,20,30,40]
b = bytearray(l)
for i in b:
print(i)
print(b[0])
b[0] = 188
print(b[0])
10
20
30
40
10
188
In [38]:
l = [10,20,30,40]
b = bytearray(l)
b[0]= 77
for i in b:
print(i)
77
20
30
40
L32. Python Data Types : None
None means Nothing or No value associated.
In Python, there are some situations, where, if the value is not available,then to handle such type of cases
None introduced.
It is something like null value in Java.
To make an object eligible for garbage collection, we can use None type.
In [1]:
a = 10 # 'a' is pointing to object 10
a = None # 'a' is not pointing to object 10, it is pointing to none or nothing
In [2]:
def f1():
return 10
x = f1()
print(x)
10
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The above code is clear.
In [3]:
def f1():
print("Hello") # Here, 'f1()' function is not going to return any value
x = f1()
print(x)
Hello
None
In the above code, If the function won't return any statement, then how you can handle such situation is,
internally it is going to represent None.
None is also an object in Python.
In [5]:
a = None # 'a' is not pointing any value
print(id(a))
print(type(a))
140721283812576
<class 'NoneType'>
How many None objects are there in Python?
Throuhg out Python, only one None object is avilable. If you are using any number of references to
None,all the references are pointing to the same object only.
In [6]:
a = None
b = None
c = None
def f1():
pass # empty body of a function represented using 'pass' statement
d = f1() # 'd' internally contains None only.
print(id(a))
print(id(b))
print(id(c))
print(id(d))
140721283812576
140721283812576
140721283812576
140721283812576
Above code in another way.
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In [7]:
a = None
b = None
c = None
def f1():
pass # empty body of a function represented using 'pass' statement
d = f1() # 'd' internally contains None only.
print(id(a),id(b),id(c),id(d))
140721283812576 140721283812576 140721283812576 140721283812576
L33. Escape characters, Comments and Constants
Escape Characters:
In String literals we can use esacpe characters to associate a special meaning.
The following are various important escape characters in Python:
1. \n==>New Line
2. \t===>Horizontal tab
3. \r ==>Carriage Return (suppose, in a line currentlycursor is locating at some place, i want to move it to the
beginning of the same line, we go for carriage return)
4. \b===>Back space
5. \f===>Form Feed ( to go to next page)
6. \v==>Vertical tab
7. '===>Single quote
8. "===>Double quote
9. \===>back slash symbol
In [12]:
print("RGMcollege")
print("RGM\tcollege")
print("RGM\ncollege")
print('This is ' symbol')
File "<ipython-input-12-48bc15eca10a>", line 4
print('This is ' symbol')
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
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In [13]:
print("RGMcollege")
print("RGM\tcollege")
print("RGM\ncollege")
print('This is \' symbol')
RGMcollege
RGM college
RGM
college
This is ' symbol
In [17]:
print("RGMcollege")
print("RGM\tcollege")
print("RGM\ncollege")
print('This is \' symbol')
print('This is \" symbol')
RGMcollege
RGM college
RGM
college
This is ' symbol
This is " symbol
In [19]:
print("RGMcollege")
print("RGM\tcollege")
print("RGM\ncollege")
print('This is \' symbol')
print('This is \" symbol')
print('This is \\ symbol')
RGMcollege
RGM college
RGM
college
This is ' symbol
This is " symbol
This is \ symbol
Comments
// single line comment in java
/* abc def
-------- Multiline comments in Java or C
*/
single line comment in Python
'#' used for single line comments in python programming
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Multiline comments:
Multi line comments are not available in Python.
If you have multiple lines are there to comment, use '#' at every line.
In [21]:
#print('This a comment, it won't be executed by PVM)
print('This is \\ symbol')
This is \ symbol
In [22]:
#print('This a comment, it won't be executed by PVM)
#print('This is \\ symbol')
Constants in Python:
Constants concept is not applicable in Python.
But it is convention to use only uppercase characters if we don’t want to change value.
MAX_VALUE=10
It is just convention but we can change the value.
In [ ]:
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19/04/2020 Python Operators
Python Operators
Date: 16-04-2020 Day 1
Introduction
In this lecture, we will discuss about various Python Operators. In general, the person who is doing some
operation is known as operator, such as Telephone operator, Camera operator etc.,. In same way, the Python
symbol, which is used to perform certain activity is known as operator.
The following topics we are going to discuss as part of this lecture:
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational or Comparison Operators
3. Equality OPerators
4. Logical Operators
5. Bitwise Operators
6. Shift Operators
7. Assignment Operator
8. Ternary Operator (or) Conditional Operator
9. Special Operators
i) Identity Operators
ii) Membership Operators
10. Operator Precedence
11. Mathematical functions using math module
These are the 11 topics, we are going to discuss as part of the Python Operators concept.
1. Arithmetic Operators
Following are the arithmetic operators (7) used in Python:
1. Addition ==> +
2. Subtraction ==> -
3. Multiplication ==> *
4. Normal Division ==> /
5. Modulo Division ==> %
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In addition to these common arithmetic operators, Python supports two more special arithmetic operators:
6. Floor Division ==> //
7. Exponential Operator (or) Power Operator ==> **
In [1]:
a = 10
b = 2
print(a+b)
print(a-b)
print(a*b)
print(a%b)
12
8
20
0
In [2]:
a = 10
b = 3
print(a+b)
print(a-b)
print(a*b)
print(a%b)
13
7
30
1
Floor Division
suppose 10.3 is there, what is the floor value of 10.3?
Answer is 10
What is the ceil value of 10.3?
Answer is 11
Eg:1
In [3]:
print(10/2) # In Python division operation always meant for floating point arithmetic an
# gives floating point value as it's result.
# This is Python 3 specific behavior, In Python 2 you are going to get 5 as
5.0
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In [4]:
print(10/3)
3.3333333333333335
If you want to get integer value as result of division operation, you need to make use of floor division(//)
operator.
floor division(//) operator meant for integral arithmetic operations as well as floating point arithmetic
operations.
The result of floor division(//) operator can be always floor value of either integer value or float
value based on your arguments.
If both arguments are 'int' type, then the result is 'int' type.
If atleast one of the argument is float type, then the result is also float type.
In [5]:
print(10//2)
In [6]:
print(10/3)
3.3333333333333335
In [7]:
print(10.0/3)
3.3333333333333335
In [8]:
print(10.0//3)
3.0
In [9]:
print(10//3)
In [10]:
print(10.0//3.0)
3.0
Eg 2:
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NOTE:
Floor integer value of 3.33333 is 3
Floor float value of 3.33333 is 3.0
Floor integer value of 5.9997777 is 5
Floor float value of 5.9997777 is 5.0
In [11]:
print(20/2)
print(20.5/2)
print(20//2)
print(20.5//2)
print(30//2)
print(30.0//2)
10.0
10.25
10
10.0
15
15.0
Power Operator or Exponential Operaor :
In [12]:
print(10**2) # meaning of this is 10 to the power 2
print(3**3)
100
27
Note:
We can use +,* operators for str type also.
If we want to use + operator for str type then compulsory both arguments should be str type only
otherwise we will get error.
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In [13]:
print(10 + 20)
print("karthi" + "sahasra")
print("karthi" + "10")
print("sahasra" + 10)
30
karthisahasra
karthi10
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-13-f0ce7b898dfa> in <module>
2 print("karthi" + "sahasra")
3 print("karthi" + "10")
----> 4 print("sahasra" + 10)
TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str
- If we use * operator for str type then compulsory one argument should be 'int' and other argument
should be 'str' type.
In [19]:
print("karthi" * 3)
print(3 * "karthi")
print(2.5 * 'karthi')
karthikarthikarthi
karthikarthikarthi
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-19-8c0cbe6387f0> in <module>
1 print("karthi" * 3)
2 print(3 * "karthi")
----> 3 print(2.5 * 'karthi')
TypeError: can't multiply sequence by non-int of type 'float'
In [20]:
print('karthi' * 'sahasra')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-20-f72e4a5aef05> in <module>
----> 1 print('karthi' * 'sahasra')
TypeError: can't multiply sequence by non-int of type 'str'
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In [21]:
print('karthi' * '3')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-21-49b3a25e7226> in <module>
----> 1 print('karthi' * '3')
TypeError: can't multiply sequence by non-int of type 'str'
In [22]:
print('karthi' * int('3'))
karthikarthikarthi
Note :
====> '+' operotor for String (Concatenation Operator)
====> '*' Operator for String (String Multiplication Operator (or) String Repetetion Operator)
Date: 17-04-2020 Day-2
For any number x,
x/0 or x//0 or x%0 always raises "ZeroDivisionError"
In [23]:
10/0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ZeroDivisionError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-23-e574edb36883> in <module>
----> 1 10/0
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
In [24]:
10.0/0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ZeroDivisionError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-24-e796260e48b5> in <module>
----> 1 10.0/0
ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero
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In [25]:
10//0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ZeroDivisionError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-25-adb5753def1b> in <module>
----> 1 10//0
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero
In [26]:
10.0//0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ZeroDivisionError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-26-2ac47ac31328> in <module>
----> 1 10.0//0
ZeroDivisionError: float divmod()
In [27]:
10%0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ZeroDivisionError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-27-3e1bfe6920c0> in <module>
----> 1 10%0
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero
In [28]:
10.0%0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ZeroDivisionError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-28-8864e72cec86> in <module>
----> 1 10.0%0
ZeroDivisionError: float modulo
Arithmetic Operators with bool type
Internally Boolean values are represented as integer values only.
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In [29]:
print("karthi" * True) #True => 1
karthi
In [30]:
print("karthi" * False) #False => 0, Output is an empty string
2. Relational Operators (or) Comparison Operators
Following are the relational operators usedin Python:
1. Less than (<)
2. Greater than (>)
3. Leass than or Equal to (<=)
4. Greater than or Equal to (>=)
i) We can apply relational operators for number types,
Eg 1:
In [31]:
a = 10
b = 20
print('a < b is', a<b)
print('a <= b is', a<=b)
print('a > b is', a>b)
print('a >= b is', a>=b)
a < b is True
a <= b is True
a > b is False
a >= b is False
ii) We can apply relational operators for **'str' type also, here comparison is performed based on ASCII or
Unicode values.**
Eg 2:
How to know the Unicode or ASCII value of any character?
By using ord() function, we can get the ASCII value of any character.
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In [32]:
print(ord('a'))
print(ord('A'))
97
65
If you know the ASCII value and to find the corresponding character, you need to use the chr() function.
In [33]:
print(chr(97))
print(chr(65))
a
A
In [34]:
s1 = 'karthi' # ASCII value of 'a' is 97
s2 = 'sahasra' # ASCII value of 'b' is 98
print(s1<s2)
print(s1<=s2)
print(s1>s2)
print(s1>=s2)
True
True
False
False
In [35]:
s1 = 'karthi'
s2 = 'karthi'
print(s1<s2)
print(s1<=s2)
print(s1>s2)
print(s1>=s2)
False
True
False
True
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In [36]:
s1 = 'karthi'
s2 = 'Karthi'
print(s1<s2)
print(s1<=s2)
print(s1>s2)
print(s1>=s2)
False
False
True
True
iii) We can apply relational operators evevn for boolean types also.
Eg 3:
In [37]:
print(True > False)
print(True >= False) # True ==> 1
print(True < False) # False ==> 0
print(True <= False)
True
True
False
False
In [38]:
print(10 > 'karthi')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-38-e2ae37134b58> in <module>
----> 1 print(10 > 'karthi')
TypeError: '>' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'str'
Eg 4:
In [39]:
a = 10
b = 20
if a>b:
print('a is greater than b')
else:
print('a is not greater than b')
a is not greater than b
iv) Chaining of relational operatrs:
Chaining of relational operators is possible.
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In the chaining, if all comparisons returns True then only result is True.
If atleast one comparison returns False then the result is False.
Eg 5:
In [40]:
print(10<20) # ==>True
print(10<20<30) # ==>True
print(10<20<30<40) # ==>True
print(10<20<30<40>50) # ==>False
True
True
True
False
3. Equality Operators:
Equality operators are used to check whether the given two values are equal or not. The following are the
equality operators used in Python.
1. Equal to (==)
2. Not Equal to (!=)
In [41]:
print(10==20)
print(10!=20)
False
True
In [42]:
print(1==True)
print(10==10.0)
print('karthi'=='karthi')
True
True
True
We can apply these operators for any type even for incompatible types also.
In [43]:
print(10=='karthi')
False
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In [44]:
print(10=='10')
False
Note:
Chaining concept is applicable for equality operators.
If atleast one comparison returns False then the result is False. otherwise the result is True.
Eg:
In [45]:
print(10==20==30==40)
print(10==10==10==10)
False
True
Date: 18-04-2020 Day 3
Q) What is the Difference between '==' and 'is' operators?
is Operator:
'is' operator meant for reference or address comparison.
When a is b returns true?
Ans: Whenever 'a' and 'b' pointing to the same object, then only 'a is b' returns true, which is nothing but
reference comparison (or) Address comparison.
== Operator :
'==' is meant for content comparison.
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In [46]:
l1 = [10,20,30]
l2 = [10,20,30]
print(id(l1))
print(id(l2))
print(l1 is l2) # False
print(l1 == l2) # True
l3 = l1 # l3 is also pointing to l1
print(id(l3))
print(l1 is l3) # True
print(l1 == l3) # True
2689910878664
2689910921864
False
True
2689910878664
True
True
4. Logical operators
Following are the various logical operators used in Python.
1. and
2. or
3. not
You can apply these operators for boolean types and non-boolean types, butthe behavior is different.
For boolean types:
and ==>If both arguments are True then only result is True
or ====>If atleast one arugemnt is True then result is True
not ==>complement
i) 'and' Operator for boolean type:
If both arguments are True then only result is True
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In [14]:
print(True and True)
print(True and False)
print(False and True)
print(False and False)
True
False
False
False
ii) 'or' Operator for boolean type:
If both arguments are True then only result is True.
In [15]:
print(True or True)
print(True or False)
print(False or True)
print(False or False)
True
True
True
False
iii) 'not' Operator for boolean type:
Complement (or) Reverse
In [16]:
print(not True)
print(not False)
False
True
Eg :
Now we will try to develop a small authentication application with this knowledge.
we will read user name and password from the keyboard.
if the user name is karthi and password is sahasra, then that user is valid user otherwise invalid user.
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In [17]:
userName = input('Enter User Name : ')
password = input('Enter Password : ')
if userName == 'karthi' and password == 'sahasra':
print('valid User')
else:
print('invalid user')
Enter User Name : karthi
Enter Password : rgm
invalid user
In [18]:
userName = input('Enter User Name : ')
password = input('Enter Password : ')
if userName == 'karthi' and password == 'sahasra':
print('valid User')
else:
print('invalid user')
Enter User Name : karthi
Enter Password : sahasra
valid User
For non-boolean types behaviour:
Note :
0 means False
non-zero means True
empty strings, list,tuple, set,dict is always treated as False
i) X and Y
Here, X and Y are non boolean types and the result may be either X or Y but not boolean type (i.e., The result
is always non boolean type only).
if 'X' is evaluates to false then the result is 'X'.
If 'X' is evaluates to true then the result is 'Y'.
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In [53]:
print(10 and 20)
print(0 and 20)
print('karthi' and 'sahasra')
print('' and 'karthi') # first argument is empty string
print(' ' and 'karthi') # first argument contains space character, so it is not empty
print('karthi' and '') # second argument is empty string
print('karthi' and ' ') # second argument contains space character, so it is not empty
20
0
sahasra
karthi
ii) X or Y
Here, X and Y are non boolean types and the result may be either X or Y but not boolean type (i.e., The result
is always non boolean type only).
if 'X' is evaluates to true then the result is 'X'.
If 'X' is evaluates to false then the result is 'Y'.
In [54]:
print(10 or 20)
print(0 or 20)
print('karthi' or 'sahasra')
print('' or 'karthi') # first argument is empty string
print(' ' or 'karthi') # first argument contains space character, so it is not empty
print('karthi' or '') # second argument is empty string
print('karthi' or ' ') # second argument contains space character, so it is not empty
10
20
karthi
karthi
karthi
karthi
iii) not X:
Even you apply not operator for non boolean type, the result is always boolean type only.
If X is evalutates to False then result is True otherwise False
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In [55]:
print(not 'karthi')
print(not '')
print(not 0)
print(not 10)
False
True
True
False
5. Bitwise Operators
We can apply these operators bit by bit.
These operators are applicable only for int and boolean types. By mistake if we are trying to apply for any
other type then we will get Error.
Following are the various bitwise operators used in Python:
1. Bitwise and (&)
2. Bitwise or (|)
3. Bitwise ex-or (^)
4. Bitwise complement (~)
5. Bitwise leftshift Operator (<<)
6. Bitwise rightshift Operator(>>)
In [56]:
print(10.5 & 20.6)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-56-d0942894908d> in <module>
----> 1 print(10.5 & 20.6)
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for &: 'float' and 'float'
In [57]:
print('karthi' | 'karthi')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-57-482742ac27fc> in <module>
----> 1 print('karthi' | 'karthi')
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for |: 'str' and 'str'
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In [61]:
print(bin(10))
print(bin(20))
print(10 & 20) # Valid
print(10.0 & 20.0) # In valid
0b1010
0b10100
0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-61-0123c653392c> in <module>
3
4 print(10 & 20) # Valid
----> 5 print(10.0 & 20.0) # In valid
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for &: 'float' and 'float'
In [62]:
print(True & False)
False
In [63]:
print(True | False)
True
Behavior of Bitwise Operators
& ==> If both bits are 1 then only result is 1 otherwise result is 0
| ==> If atleast one bit is 1 then result is 1 otherwise result is 0
^ ==>If bits are different then only result is 1 otherwise result is 0
~ ==> bitwise complement operator, i.e 1 means 0 and 0 means 1
<< ==> Bitwise Left shift Operataor
Bitwise Right Shift Operator ==> >>
In [66]:
print(4 & 5) # 100 & 101
print(4 | 5) # 100 | 101
print(4 ^ 5) # 100 ^ 101
4
5
1
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Bitwise Complement Operator (~):
We have to apply complement for total bits.
In [67]:
print(~4) # 4 ==> 100
-5
Here, we have to apply complement for total bits, not for three bits (in case of 4). In Python minimum 32 bits
required to represent an integer.
Note:
The most significant bit acts as sign bit. 0 value represents +ve number where as 1 represents -ve value.
Positive numbers will be repesented directly in the memory where as Negative numbers will be
represented indirectly in 2's complement form.
How you can find two's complement of a number?
To find Two's complement of a number, first you need to find One's complement of that number and add 1
to it.
One's complement ==> Interchange of 0's and 1's
Eg.
In [68]:
print(~5)
-6
In [69]:
print(~-4) # negative values are stored in the memory in 2's complement form.
6. Shift Operators
Following are the various shift operators used in Python:
1. Left Shift Operator (<<)
2. Right Shift Operator (<<)
1. Left Shift Operator (<<):
After shifting the bits from left side, empty cells to be filled with zero.
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In [1]:
print(10<<2)
40
2. Right Shift Operator (<<)
After shifting the empty cells we have to fill with sign bit.( 0 for +ve and 1 for -ve)
In [2]:
print(10>>2)
We can apply bitwise operators for boolean types also.
In [7]:
print(True & False)
print(True | False)
print(True ^ False)
print(~True)
print(~False)
print(True<<2)
print(True>>2)
False
True
True
-2
-1
4
0
7. Assignment Operator
We can use assignment operator to assign value to the variable.
Eg :
In [8]:
x = 2
We can combine asignment operator with some other operator to form compound assignment operator.
Eg :
x+=10 ====> x = x+10
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In [10]:
x = 10
x += 20 # x = x + 20
print(x)
30
The following is the list of all possible compound assignment operators in Python:
+=
-=
*=
/=
%=
//=
**=
&=
|=
^=
<<= and >>=
In [12]:
x = 10 # 1010
x &= 5 # 0101
print(x)
In [15]:
x = 10
x **= 2 # x = x**2
print(x)
100
Now, we want to discuss abou one loop hole in Python Operators. Let us consider the following example,
Case 1:
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In [16]:
x = 10
x++
print(x)
File "<ipython-input-16-60ef4d605145>", line 2
x++
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
Case 2:
In [17]:
x = 10
x--
print(x)
File "<ipython-input-17-b058e79bff01>", line 2
x--
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
In both the cases, we are getting syntax error, because in Python increment/decrement operators
concept is not there.
Let us see the following code
In [21]:
x = 10
print(++x)
print(++++x) # Here, + and - are sign bits, not increment and decrement operators
print(-x)
print(--x)
print(++++++++++++-x)
print(-------------+x)
10
10
-10
10
-10
-10
8. Ternary Operator (or) Conditional Operator
Note:
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1. If the operator operates on only one operand, we will call such operator as unary operator. For eg:, ~a.
2. If the operator operates on Two operands, we will call such operator as binary operator. For eg:, a + b.
3. If the operator operates on Three operands, we will call such operator as Ternary operator.
Syntax:
x = firstValue if condition else secondValue
If condition is True then firstValue will be considered else secondValue will be considered.
Eg 1:
In [22]:
a,b=23,43 # a =23 b = 43
c = 50 if a>b else 100
print(c)
100
Eg 2: Read two integer numbers from the keyboard and print minimum value using ternary operator.
In [26]:
a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
min=a if a<b else b
print("Minimum Value:",min)
Enter First Number:255
Enter Second Number:22
Minimum Value: 22
Nesting of ternary operator is possible.
Eg 3: Program for finding minimum of 3 numbers using nesting of ternary operators
In [27]:
a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
c=int(input("Enter Third Number:"))
min= a if a<b and a<c else b if b<c else c
print("Minimum Value:",min)
Enter First Number:10
Enter Second Number:20
Enter Third Number:30
Minimum Value: 10
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In [28]:
a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
c=int(input("Enter Third Number:"))
min= a if a<b and a<c else b if b<c else c
print("Minimum Value:",min)
Enter First Number:-10
Enter Second Number:-20
Enter Third Number:-30
Minimum Value: -30
In [29]:
a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
c=int(input("Enter Third Number:"))
min= a if a<b and a<c else b if b<c else c
print("Minimum Value:",min)
Enter First Number:30
Enter Second Number:10
Enter Third Number:20
Minimum Value: 10
Now, We will write the above program with some small modification.
In [30]:
a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
c=int(input("Enter Third Number:"))
# min= a if a<b and a<c else b if b<c else c
min = a if a<b<c else b if b<c else c
print("Minimum Value:",min)
Enter First Number:10
Enter Second Number:20
Enter Third Number:30
Minimum Value: 10
But,the above logic fails for some test data, which is taken below:
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In [31]:
a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
c=int(input("Enter Third Number:"))
# min= a if a<b and a<c else b if b<c else c
min = a if a<b<c else b if b<c else c
print("Minimum Value:",min)
Enter First Number:5
Enter Second Number:35
Enter Third Number:30
Minimum Value: 30
Eg 4: Program for finding maximum of 3 numbers
In [32]:
a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
c=int(input("Enter Third Number:"))
max=a if a>b and a>c else b if b>c else c
print("Maximum Value:",max)
Enter First Number:34
Enter Second Number:22
Enter Third Number:55
Maximum Value: 55
In [33]:
a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
c=int(input("Enter Third Number:"))
max=a if a>b and a>c else b if b>c else c
print("Maximum Value:",max)
Enter First Number:-10
Enter Second Number:-20
Enter Third Number:-30
Maximum Value: -10
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In [34]:
a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
c=int(input("Enter Third Number:"))
max=a if a>b and a>c else b if b>c else c
print("Maximum Value:",max)
Enter First Number:10
Enter Second Number:30
Enter Third Number:20
Maximum Value: 30
Eg 5: Assume that there are two numbers, x and y, whose values to be read from the keyboard, and
print the following outputs based on the values of x and y.
case 1: If both are equal, then the output is : Both numbers are equal
case 2: If first number is smaller than second one, then the output is: First Number is Less than Second
Number
case 3: If the firts number is greater than second number, then the output is : First Number Greater than
Second Number
In [46]:
a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
print("Both numbers are equal" if a==b else "First Number is Less than Second Number"
if a<b else "First Number Greater than Second Number")
Enter First Number:10
Enter Second Number:10
Both numbers are equal
In [47]:
a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
print("Both numbers are equal" if a==b else "First Number is Less than Second Number"
if a<b else "First Number Greater than Second Number")
Enter First Number:10
Enter Second Number:20
First Number is Less than Second Number
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In [48]:
a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
print("Both numbers are equal" if a==b else "First Number is Less than Second Number"
if a<b else "First Number Greater than Second Number")
Enter First Number:20
Enter Second Number:12
First Number Greater than Second Number
Date: 19-04-2020 Day 4
9. Special Operators
There are two types of special operators are there in Python:
1. Identity Operators
2. Membership Operators
1. Identity Operators
We can use identity operators for address comparison. There are two identity operators used in Python:
i) is
ii) is not
r1 is r2 returns True if both r1 and r2 are pointing to the same object.
r1 is not r2 returns True if both r1 and r2 are not pointing to the same object.
Eg :
In [2]:
a=10
b=10
print(a is b)
x=True
y=True
print( x is y)
True
True
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In [3]:
a="durga"
b="durga"
print(id(a))
print(id(b))
print(a is b)
2730506434688
2730506434688
True
In [5]:
list1=["one","two","three"]
list2=["one","two","three"]
print(id(list1))
print(id(list2))
print(list1 is list2)
print(list1 is not list2) # reference comaprison (is & is not)
print(list1 == list2) # content comparison (==)
2730505561800
2730505562120
False
True
True
Note:
We can use is operator for address comparison where as == operator for content comparison.
2. Membership Operators
We can use Membership operators to check whether the given object present in the given collection.(It may
be String,List,Set,Tuple or Dict)
There are two types of membership operators used in Python:
i) in
ii) not in
in returns True if the given object present in the specified Collection.
not in retruns True if the given object not present in the specified Collection.
Eg :
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In [9]:
x="hello learning Python is very easy!!!"
print('h' in x)
print('d' in x)
print('d' not in x)
print('python' in x) # case sensitivity
print('Python' in x)
True
False
True
False
True
In [7]:
list1=["sunny","bunny","chinny","pinny"]
print("sunny" in list1)
print("tunny" in list1)
print("tunny" not in list1)
True
False
True
10. Operator Precedence
If multiple operators present then which operator will be evaluated first is decided by operator precedence.
Eg :
In [11]:
print(3+10*2)
print((3+10)*2)
23
26
The following list describes operator precedence in Python:
() ==> Parenthesis
** ==> exponential operator
~,- ==> Bitwise complement operator,unary minus operator
*,/,%,// ==> multiplication,division,modulo,floor division
+,- ==> addition,subtraction
<<,>> ==> Left and Right Shift
& ==> bitwise And
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^ ==> Bitwise X-OR
| ==> Bitwise OR
<,<=,>,>=,==, != ==> Relational or Comparison operators
=,+=,-=,*=... ==> Assignment operators
is , is not ==> Identity Operators
in , not in ==> Membership operators
not ==> Logical not
and ==> Logical and
or ==> Logical or
Eg 1:
In [1]:
a=30
b=20
c=10
d=5
print((a+b)*c/d) # division operoator in Python always going to provide float value as
print((a+b)*(c/d))
print(a+(b*c)/d)
100.0
100.0
70.0
Eg 2:
In [3]:
print(3/2*4+3+(10/5)**3-2)
print(3/2*4+3+2.0**3-2)
print(3/2*4+3+8.0-2)
print(1.5*4+3+8.0-2)
print(6.0+3+8.0-2)
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
11. Mathematical functions using 'math' module
Basic Idea about Python Module
A Module is collection of functions, variables and classes etc. In simple words, module is nothing but a
Python file.
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Python contains many in-built libraries.
Being a developer, we can use these modules, but we are not responsible for developing the functionalities
about these modules.
For example, math is a module that contains several functions to perform mathematical operations.
If we want to use any module in Python, first we have to import that module.
import math
Once we import a module then we can call any function of that module.
The biggest advantage of using modules is Code Reusability.
Eg :
In [4]:
a = 888
b = 999
def add(x,y):
print('Performing Add operation :')
print('Sum is : ',x + y)
def mul(x,y):
print('Performing Mul operation :')
print('Product is : ',x * y) # Assume that We are saving this cell as pmat
In [5]:
# use pmath.py module using import statement. In jupyter notebook file we need not to impo
add(10,20)
mul(10,20)
Performing Add operation :
Sum is : 30
Performing Mul operation :
Product is : 200
How can youfoind which functions are available in 'math' module?
In [7]:
import math
print(dir(math)) # provides the list of functions names, variables, constants available i
['__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'ac
osh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos',
'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial',
'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose',
'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'l
og2', 'modf', 'nan', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'remainder', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sq
rt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau', 'trunc']
Eg :
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In [1]:
import math
print(math.sqrt(16))
print(math.pi)
print(math.e)
print(math.floor(3.98))
print(math.ceil(3.98))
print(math.pow(3,2))
4.0
3.141592653589793
2.718281828459045
3
4
9.0
Module Aliasing:
Whenever we are importing math module, so any variable or function we can use within that module by
specifying with the name of that module(For example, math.sqrt and math.py etc).
If the module name is bigger then there is a problem of every time make using of that bigger module name
when you are calling the function within that module. As result of this length of the code increases. To avoid
this, we can create alias name by using as keyword.
import math as m
Once we create alias name, by using that we can access functions and variables of that module.
In [5]:
import math as m
print(m.sqrt(16))
print(m.pi)
print(math.floor(3.9))
4.0
3.141592653589793
3
We can import a particular member of a module explicitly as follows
Eg :
from math import sqrt
from math import sqrt,pi
If we import a member explicitly then it is not required to use module name while accessing.
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In [7]:
from math import sqrt,pi
print(sqrt(16))
print(pi)
print(math.pi)
4.0
3.141592653589793
3.141592653589793
Member Aliasing
We can create alias name for member of module also.
In [8]:
from math import sqrt as s
print(s(16))
4.0
In [9]:
from math import sqrt as s, pi as p
print(s(16))
print(p)
4.0
3.141592653589793
Important functions and variables of math module
Note :
In [10]:
def f1():
print('f1 old function')
def f1():
print('f1 new function')
f1() # Most recent function will execute, if the function with same name diffrent fu
f1 new function
Important functions present in math module:
ceil(x)
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floor(x)
pow(x,y)
factorial(x)
trunc(x)
gcd(x,y)
sin(x)
cos(x)
tan(x) ....
Important variables of math module:
pi ==> 3.14
e ==> 2.71
inf ==> infinity
nan ==> not a number
Eg : Q. Write a Python program to find area of circle.
In [14]:
# Find the area of circle for the given radius
from math import pi
radius = int(input("Enter radius Value : "))
area = pi * (radius**2)
print("Area of the circle for the given radius is : ",area)
Enter radius Value : 5
Area of the circle for the given radius is : 78.53981633974483
Another Way
In [18]:
import math
r=5
print("Area of Circle is :",pi*r**2)
Area of Circle is : 78.53981633974483
Another Way
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In [19]:
from math import *
r=5
print("Area of Circle is :",pi*pow(r,2))
Area of Circle is : 78.53981633974483
In [ ]:
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UNIT - 2
Input and Output Statements in Python
Date: 20-04-2020 Day 1
Introduction
In this lecture we will learn about how to read the user provided input and print ouput to the end user.
The following topics we are going to discuss as part of this lecture:
1. raw_input() vs input()
2. Python-3 input() function
3. How to read multiple values from the keyboard in a single line
4. Command line arguments
5. Output statement : print() function
6. sep attribute
7. end attribute
8. Printing formatted string
9. Replacement Operator : { }
1. raw_input( ) vs input( )
Reading dynamic input from the keyboard:
In Python 2 the following 2 functions are available to read dynamic input from the keyboard.
1. raw_input()
2. input()
1. raw_input():
This function always reads the data from the keyboard in the form of String Format. We have to convert
that string type to our required type by using the corresponding type casting methods.
Eg :
In [ ]:
x = raw_input("Enter First Number : ")
print(type(x)) # It will always print str type only for any input type
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2. input():
input() function can be used to read data directly in our required format.We are not required to perform type
casting.
In [ ]:
x=input("Enter Value)
type(x)
10 ===> int
"durga"===>str
10.5===>float
True==>bool
Note:
But in Python3 we have only input() method and raw_input() method is not available.
Python3 input() function behaviour exactly same as raw_input() method of Python2. i.e every input value is
treated as str type only.
raw_input() function of Python 2 is renamed as input() function in Python3.
Eg :
In [5]:
type(input("Enter value:"))
Enter value:10
Out[5]:
str
In [6]:
type(input("Enter value:"))
Enter value:22.8
Out[6]:
str
In [7]:
type(input("Enter value:"))
Enter value:True
Out[7]:
str
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Note :
Why input() in Python 3 gave the priority for string type as return type?
Reason: The most commonly used type in any programming language is str type , that's why they gave the
priority for str type as default return type of input() function.
Demo Program 1: Read input data from the Keyboard
In [1]:
x=input("Enter First Number:")
y=input("Enter Second Number:")
i = int(x)
j = int(y)
print("The Sum:",i+j)
Enter First Number:100
Enter Second Number:200
The Sum: 300
above code in simplified form:
In [2]:
x=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
y=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
print("The Sum:",x+y)
Enter First Number:100
Enter Second Number:200
The Sum: 300
We can write the above code in single line also.
In [3]:
print("The Sum:",int(input("Enter First Number:"))+int(input("Enter Second Number:")))
Enter First Number:100
Enter Second Number:200
The Sum: 300
Demo Program 2: Write a program to read Employee data from the keyboard and print that data.
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In [8]:
eno=int(input("Enter Employee No:"))
ename=input("Enter Employee Name:")
esal=float(input("Enter Employee Salary:"))
eaddr=input("Enter Employee Address:")
married=bool(input("Employee Married ?[True|False]:"))
print("Please Confirm your provided Information")
print("Employee No :",eno)
print("Employee Name :",ename)
print("Employee Salary :",esal)
print("Employee Address :",eaddr)
print("Employee Married ? :",married)
Enter Employee No:874578
Enter Employee Name:Karthi
Enter Employee Salary:23500
Enter Employee Address:Nandyal
Employee Married ?[True|False]:T
Please Confirm your provided Information
Employee No : 874578
Employee Name : Karthi
Employee Salary : 23500.0
Employee Address : Nandyal
Employee Married ? : True
In [9]:
eno=int(input("Enter Employee No:"))
ename=input("Enter Employee Name:")
esal=float(input("Enter Employee Salary:"))
eaddr=input("Enter Employee Address:")
married=bool(input("Employee Married ?[True|False]:"))
print("Please Confirm your provided Information")
print("Employee No :",eno)
print("Employee Name :",ename)
print("Employee Salary :",esal)
print("Employee Address :",eaddr)
print("Employee Married ? :",married)
Enter Employee No:245784
Enter Employee Name:Karthi
Enter Employee Salary:34566
Enter Employee Address:Nandyal
Employee Married ?[True|False]:False
Please Confirm your provided Information
Employee No : 245784
Employee Name : Karthi
Employee Salary : 34566.0
Employee Address : Nandyal
Employee Married ? : True
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In [10]:
eno=int(input("Enter Employee No:"))
ename=input("Enter Employee Name:")
esal=float(input("Enter Employee Salary:"))
eaddr=input("Enter Employee Address:")
married=bool(input("Employee Married ?[True|False]:"))
print("Please Confirm your provided Information")
print("Employee No :",eno)
print("Employee Name :",ename)
print("Employee Salary :",esal)
print("Employee Address :",eaddr)
print("Employee Married ? :",married)
Enter Employee No:245784
Enter Employee Name:Karthi
Enter Employee Salary:34566
Enter Employee Address:Nandyal
Employee Married ?[True|False]:
Please Confirm your provided Information
Employee No : 245784
Employee Name : Karthi
Employee Salary : 34566.0
Employee Address : Nandyal
Employee Married ? : False
When you are not providing any value to the married (Just press Enter), then only it considers empty string and
gives the False value. In the above example, to read the boolean data, we need to follow the above process.
But it is not our logic requirement. If you want to convert string to Boolean type, instead of using bool() function
we need to use eval() function.
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In [11]:
eno=int(input("Enter Employee No:"))
ename=input("Enter Employee Name:")
esal=float(input("Enter Employee Salary:"))
eaddr=input("Enter Employee Address:")
married=eval(input("Employee Married ?[True|False]:"))
print("Please Confirm your provided Information")
print("Employee No :",eno)
print("Employee Name :",ename)
print("Employee Salary :",esal)
print("Employee Address :",eaddr)
print("Employee Married ? :",married)
Enter Employee No:245784
Enter Employee Name:Karthi
Enter Employee Salary:34566
Enter Employee Address:Nandyal
Employee Married ?[True|False]:False
Please Confirm your provided Information
Employee No : 245784
Employee Name : Karthi
Employee Salary : 34566.0
Employee Address : Nandyal
Employee Married ? : False
Date: 21-04-2020 Day-2
3. Reading multiple values from the keyboard in a single line
In [12]:
a,b= [int(x) for x in input("Enter 2 numbers :").split()]
print("The Sum is :", a + b)
Enter 2 numbers :10 20
The Sum is : 30
Explanation :
Here, we are using only one input function (i.e., input("Enter 2 numbers :")). So what ever you provide it
is treated as only one string.
Suppose, you are provinding input as 10 20, this is treated as single string.
If you want to split that string into multiple values, then we required to use split() function .
If we want to split the given string (i.e., 10 20) with respect to space, then the code will be as follows:
input('Enter 2 numbers :").split()
Here, we are not passing any argument to split() function, then it takes default parameter (i.e., space) as
seperator.
Now this single string(i.e.,10 20) is splitted into list of two string values.
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Now the statement : input('Enter 2 numbers :").split() returns ['10','20']
Now, in the list every number is available in string form.
So, what we will do here is, each value present in this list is typecast to 'int' value.
[int(x) for x in input('Enter 2 numbers :").split()] ===> it retrns [10,2
0]
This concept is known as list comprehension.
a,b = [int(x) for x in input('Enter 2 numbers :").split()] ===> it assigns 10 to a and 20 to b. This concept is
called as list unpacking.
a,b = [int(x) for x in input('Enter 2 numbers :").split()]
print('Sum is : ',a + b) ====> Gives the sum of two values as the result.
Note:
split() function can take space as seperator by default .But we can pass anything as seperator.
In [13]:
# a,b= [int(x) for x in input("Enter 2 numbers :").split()]
s = input("Enter 2 numbers :")
print(s,type(s))
Enter 2 numbers :10 20
10 20 <class 'str'>
In [14]:
s = input("Enter 2 numbers :")
print(s,type(s)) # s holds single value '10 20'
l=s.split() # After split, single string will be divided into list of two values of
print(l,type(l))
Enter 2 numbers :10 20
['10', '20'] <class 'list'>
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In [18]:
s = input("Enter 2 numbers :")
print(s,type(s)) # s holds single value '10 20'
l = s.split() # After split, single string will be divided into list of two values
print(l)
l1 = [int(x) for x in l] # This new list contains two int values after typecastig of each
print(l1)
a,b = l1 # in this list wahtever the values are there, assigns first value to 'a' and sec
#This is called 'list unpacking'.
print(a)
print(b)
print('Sum is :', a+b)
Enter 2 numbers :10 20
10 20 <class 'str'>
['10', '20']
[10, 20]
10
20
Sum is : 30
By substituting the elements of the above code, we will get the below code (same as above code):
In [19]:
a,b = [int(x) for x in input("Enter 2 numbers :").split()]
print('Sum is :', a+b)
Enter 2 numbers :10 20
Sum is : 30
In [20]:
a,b = [int(x) for x in input("Enter 2 numbers :").split(',')]
print('Sum is :', a+b)
Enter 2 numbers :10,20
Sum is : 30
In [22]:
a,b = [int(x) for x in input("Enter 2 numbers :").split(',')]
print('Sum is :', a+b)
Enter 2 numbers :10 20
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-22-d2adfb9ab442> in <module>
----> 1 a,b = [int(x) for x in input("Enter 2 numbers :").split(',')]
2 print('Sum is :', a+b)
<ipython-input-22-d2adfb9ab442> in <listcomp>(.0)
----> 1 a,b = [int(x) for x in input("Enter 2 numbers :").split(',')]
2 print('Sum is :', a+b)
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '10 20'
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Date: 22-04-2020 Day 3
Demo Program 3: Q. Write a program to read 3 float numbers from the keyboard with , seperator and
print their sum.
In [3]:
a,b,c= [float(x) for x in input("Enter 3 float numbers with , seperation :").split(',')]
print("The Sum is :", a+b+c)
Enter 3 float numbers with , seperation :10.5,20.6,30.7
The Sum is : 61.8
eval() Function:
eval() Function is a single function which is the replacement of all the typecasting functions in Python.
In [7]:
x = (input('Enter Something : '))
print(type(x))
Enter Something : karthi
<class 'str'>
In [8]:
x = (input('Enter Something : '))
print(type(x))
Enter Something : 10
<class 'str'>
In [9]:
x = (input('Enter Something :'))
print(type(x))
Enter Something :10.5
<class 'str'>
In [18]:
x = eval((input('Enter Something : ')))
print(type(x))
Enter Something : 'karthi'
<class 'str'>
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In [11]:
x = eval((input('Enter Something : ')))
print(type(x))
Enter Something : 10
<class 'int'>
In [13]:
x = eval((input('Enter Something : ')))
print(type(x))
Enter Something : 10.5
<class 'float'>
In [16]:
x = eval((input('Enter Something : ')))
print(type(x))
Enter Something : True
<class 'bool'>
In [19]:
x = eval((input('Enter Something : ')))
print(type(x))
Enter Something : [10,20,30]
<class 'list'>
In [20]:
x = eval((input('Enter Something : ')))
print(type(x))
Enter Something : (10,20,30)
<class 'tuple'>
In [21]:
x = eval((input('Enter Something : ')))
print(type(x))
Enter Something : (10)
<class 'int'>
In [22]:
x = eval((input('Enter Something : ')))
print(type(x))
Enter Something : (10,)
<class 'tuple'>
-If you provide an expression as a string type, eval() function evaluates that expression and provide the
result.
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In [24]:
x = eval('10+20+30')
print(x,type(x))
60 <class 'int'>
In [25]:
x = eval(10+20+30)
print(x,type(x))
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-25-9d177369d9d9> in <module>
----> 1 x = eval(10+20+30)
2 print(x,type(x))
TypeError: eval() arg 1 must be a string, bytes or code object
In [26]:
x = eval('10+20/3**4//5*40')
print(x,type(x))
10.0 <class 'float'>
4. Command Line Arguments
Command line arguments is another way to read the user provided input.
The Argument which are passing at the time of execution are called Command Line Arguments.
argv is not Array it is a List. It is available sys Module.
Eg: D:\Python_classes py test.py 10 20 30 (Command Line Arguments).
Within the Python Program this Command Line Arguments are available in argv. Which is present in sys
Module.
test.py 10 20 30
Note:
argv[0] represents Name of Program. But not first Command Line Argument.
argv[1] represent First Command Line Argument.
In [28]:
from sys import argv
print(type(argv))
<class 'list'>
Eg 1: (Executed in Atom Editor)
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from sys import argv
print(“The Number of Command Line Arguments:”, len(argv))
print(“The List of Command Line Arguments:”, argv)
print(“Command Line Arguments one by one:”)
for x in argv:
print(x)
Output :
D:\Python_classes>py test.py 10 20 30
The Number of Command Line Arguments: 4
The List of Command Line Arguments: [‘test.py’, ‘10’,’20’,’30’]
Command Line Arguments one by one:
test.py
10
20
30
Eg 2: (Executed in Atom Editor)
from sys import argv
sum=0
args=argv[1:]
for x in args :
n=int(x)
sum=sum+n
print("The Sum:",sum)
Output:
D:\Python_classes>py test.py 10 20 30 40
The Sum: 100
Note 1:
Usually space is seperator between command line arguments. If our command line argument itself
contains space then we should enclose within double quotes(but not single quotes)
(Executed in Edit Plus)
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( )
from sys import argv
print(argv[1])
Output:
D:\Python_classes>py test.py Karthi Keya
Karthi
D:\Python_classes>py test.py 'Karthi Keya'
'Karthi'
D:\Python_classes>py test.py "Karthi Keya"
Karthi Keya
Note 2:
Within the Python program command line arguments are available in the String form. Based on our
requirement,we can convert into corresponding type by using typecasting methods.
(Executed in Edit Plus)
from sys import argv
print(argv[1]+argv[2])
print(int(argv[1])+int(argv[2]))
Output :
D:\Python_classes>py test.py 10 20
1020
30
Note 3:
If we are trying to access command line arguments with out of range index then we will get Error.
(Executed in Edit Plus)
from sys import argv
print(argv[100])
D:\Python_classes>py test.py 10 20
IndexError: list index out of range
5. Output Statements : 'print()' function
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We can use print() function to display output to the console for end user sake.
Multiple forms are there related to print() function.
Form-1:print() without any argument
Just it prints new line character (i.e.,\n)
In [1]:
print('karthi')
print() # prints new line character
print('sahasra')
karthi
sahasra
see the difference in below code:
In [2]:
print('karthi')
#print() # prints new line character
print('sahasra')
karthi
sahasra
Form-2: print() function to print of string argument
In [5]:
print("Hello World")
Hello World
We can use escape characters also.
In [6]:
print("Hello \n World")
print("Hello\tWorld")
Hello
World
Hello World
We can use repetetion operator (*) in the string.
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In [7]:
print(10*"Hello")
print("Hello"*10)
HelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHello
HelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHello
We can use + operator also.
In [8]:
print("Hello"+"World")
HelloWorld
Note:
If both arguments are string type then + operator acts as concatenation operator.
If one argument is string type and second is any other type like int then we will get Error
If both arguments are number type then + operator acts as arithmetic addition operator.
**Form-3: print() with variable number of arguments:**
In [10]:
a,b,c=10,20,30
print("The Values are :",a,b,c) # here, we are passing 4 arguments to the print function.
The Values are : 10 20 30
6. 'sep' attribute:
Form-4: print() with 'sep' attribute:
By default output values are seperated by space. If we want we can specify seperator by using "sep"
attribute.
'sep' means seperator.
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In [14]:
a,b,c=10,20,30
print(a,b,c) # 10 20 30
print(a,b,c,sep=',') # 10,20,30
print(a,b,c,sep=':') # 10:20:30
print(a,b,c,sep='-') # 10-20-30
10 20 30
10,20,30
10:20:30
10-20-30
7. 'end' attribute:
Form-5: print() with 'end' attribute:
In [15]:
print("Hello")
print("Karthi")
print("Sahasra")
Hello
Karthi
Sahasra
If we want output in the same line with space, we need to use end attribute.
default value of 'end' attribute is newline character. (That means, if there is no end attribute,
automatically newline character will be printed)
In [21]:
print("Hello",end=' ')
print("Karthi",end=' ') # if end is space character
print("Sahasra")
Hello Karthi Sahasra
In [22]:
print("Hello",end='')
print("Karthi",end='') # if end is nothing
print("Sahasra")
HelloKarthiSahasra
In [23]:
print('hello',end = '::')
print('karthi',end = '****')
print('sahasra')
hello::karthi****sahasra
Eg: Program to demonstrate both 'sep' and 'end' attributes.
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g og a to de o st ate bot sep a d e d att butes
In [26]:
print(10,20,30,sep = ':', end = '***')
print(40,50,60,sep = ':') # default value of 'end' attribute is '\n'
print(70,80,sep = '**',end = '$$')
print(90,100)
10:20:30***40:50:60
70**80$$90 100
**Eg :** Consider the following case,
In [37]:
print('karthi' + 'sahasra') # Concatanation
print('karthi','sahasra') # ',' means space is the seperator
print(10,20,30)
karthisahasra
karthi sahasra
10 20 30
Form-6: print(object) statement:
We can pass any object (like list,tuple,set etc)as argument to the print() statement.
Eg:
In [27]:
l=[10,20,30,40]
t=(10,20,30,40)
print(l)
print(t)
[10, 20, 30, 40]
(10, 20, 30, 40)
Form-7: print(String,variable list):
We can use print() statement with String and any number of arguments.
In [38]:
s="Karthi"
a=6
s1="java"
s2="Python"
print("Hello",s,"Your Age is",a)
print("You are learning",s1,"and",s2)
Hello Karthi Your Age is 6
You are learning java and Python
8.Printing formatted string
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Form-8: print(formatted string):
%i ====>int
%d ====>int
%f =====>float
%s ======>String type
Syntax:
print("formatted string" %(variable list))
In [43]:
a=10
b=20
c=30
print("a value is %i" %a)
print("b value is %d and c value is %d" %(b,c))
a value is 10
b value is 20 and c value is 30
In [57]:
s="Karthi"
list=[10,20,30,40]
print("Hello %s ...The List of Items are %s" %(s,list))
Hello Karthi ...The List of Items are [10, 20, 30, 40]
In [60]:
price = 70.56789
print('Price value = {}'.format(price))
print('Price value = %f'%price)
print('Price value = %.2f'%price) # only two digits after decimal point, we can't do
#This type of customization is possible with formatted s
Price value = 70.56789
Price value = 70.567890
Price value = 70.57
9. Replacement Operator ({ }):
Form-9: print() with replacement operator { }
Eg: 1
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In [53]:
name = "Karthi"
salary = 100000
sister = "Sahasra"
print("Hello {} your salary is {} and Your Sister {} is waiting".format(name,salary,sister)
print("Hello {0} your salary is {1} and Your Sister {2} is waiting".format(name,salary,sist
print("Hello {1} your salary is {2} and Your Sister {0} is waiting".format(name,salary,sist
print("Hello {2} your salary is {0} and Your Sister {1} is waiting".format(salary,sister,na
print("Hello {x} your salary is {y} and Your Sister {z} is waiting".format(x=name,y=salary,
Hello Karthi your salary is 100000 and Your Sister Sahasra is waiting
Hello Karthi your salary is 100000 and Your Sister Sahasra is waiting
Hello 100000 your salary is Sahasra and Your Sister Karthi is waiting
Hello Karthi your salary is 100000 and Your Sister Sahasra is waiting
Hello Karthi your salary is 100000 and Your Sister Sahasra is waiting
Eg: 2
In [56]:
a,b,c,d = 10,20,30,40 # print a=10,b=20,c=30,d=40
print('a = {},b = {},c = {},d = {}'.format(a,b,c,d))
a = 10,b = 20,c = 30,d = 40
Good Luck
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Flow Control Statements:
Date: 22-04-2020 Day-1
Flow control describes the order in which statements will be executed at runtime.
Flow control statements are divided into three categoriesin Python.
1. Conditional Statements (or) Selection Statements
Based on some condition result, some group of statements will be executed and some group of statements
will not be executed.
Note:
There is no switch statement in Python. (Which is available in C and Java)
There is no do-while loop in Python.(Which is available in C and Java)
goto statement is also not available in Python. (Which is available in C)
i) if Statement :
Before going to discuss about if statement syntax and examples, we need to know about an important concept
known as indentation.
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In C/Java language, How to define if statement?
if(condition)
body
statements
Here, by using curly braces, we can define a block of statements.
But in Python, curly braces style is not there. Then how can we define a particular statement is under if
statement (i.e, How we can define if block?).
In Python:
if condition: (Note: In Python any where we are using colon(:) means we are defining block)
statement 1
statement 2 (These statements are said to be same indentation)
statement 3
statement 4 (This staement is not under if statement)
If you are not followed indentation, you will get indentation error.
In Python enabled editors indention is automatically maintained.
In [ ]:
if condition:
statement 1
statement 2
statement 3
statement
In this way we need to follow indentation in Python.
In [2]:
if 10<20:
print('10 is less than 20')
print('End of Program')
10 is less than 20
End of Program
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In [3]:
if 10<20:
print('10 is less than 20')
print('End of Program')
File "<ipython-input-3-f2d3b9a6180e>", line 2
print('10 is less than 20')
^
IndentationError: expected an indented block
Eg:
In [7]:
name=input("Enter Name:")
if name=="Karthi":
print("Hello Karthi Good Morning")
print("How are you!!!")
Enter Name:Karthi
Hello Karthi Good Morning
How are you!!!
In [8]:
name=input("Enter Name:")
if name=="Karthi":
print("Hello Karthi Good Morning")
print("How are you!!!")
Enter Name:ravi
How are you!!!
ii) if - else Statement:
Syntax:
if condition:
Action 1
else:
Action 2
if condition is true then Action-1 will be executed otherwise Action-2 will be executed.
Eg:
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In [10]:
name = input('Enter Name : ')
if name == 'Karthi':
print('Hello Karthi! Good Morning')
else:
print('Hello Guest! Good MOrning')
print('How are you?')
Enter Name : Karthi
Hello Karthi! Good Morning
How are you?
In [11]:
name = input('Enter Name : ')
if name == 'Karthi':
print('Hello Karthi! Good Morning')
else:
print('Hello Guest! Good MOrning')
print('How are you?')
Enter Name : ram
Hello Guest! Good MOrning
How are you?
iii) if-elif-else Statement:
Syntax:
if condition1:
Action-1
elif condition2:
Action-2
elif condition3:
Action-3
elif condition4:
Action-4
...
else:
Default Action
Based condition the corresponding action will be executed.
Eg :
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In [12]:
brand=input("Enter Your Favourite Brand:")
if brand=="RC":
print("It is childrens brand")
elif brand=="KF":
print("It is not that much kick")
elif brand=="FO":
print("Buy one get Free One")
else :
print("Other Brands are not recommended")
Enter Your Favourite Brand:RC
It is childrens brand
In [13]:
brand=input("Enter Your Favourite Brand:")
if brand=="RC":
print("It is childrens brand")
elif brand=="KF":
print("It is not that much kick")
elif brand=="FO":
print("Buy one get Free One")
else :
print("Other Brands are not recommended")
Enter Your Favourite Brand:FO
Buy one get Free One
In [14]:
brand=input("Enter Your Favourite Brand:")
if brand=="RC":
print("It is childrens brand")
elif brand=="KF":
print("It is not that much kick")
elif brand=="FO":
print("Buy one get Free One")
else :
print("Other Brands are not recommended")
Enter Your Favourite Brand:abc
Other Brands are not recommended
Points to Ponder:
1. else part is always optional
Hence the following are various possible syntaxes.
1. if
2. if - else
3. if-elif-else
4. if-elif
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2. There is no switch statement in Python
Example Programs
Q 1. Write a program to find biggest of given 2 numbers.
In [17]:
n1=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
n2=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
if n1>n2:
print("Biggest Number is:",n1)
else :
print("Biggest Number is:",n2)
Enter First Number:10
Enter Second Number:20
Biggest Number is: 20
Q 2. Write a program to find biggest of given 3 numbers.
In [18]:
n1=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
n2=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
n3=int(input("Enter Third Number:"))
if n1>n2 and n1>n3:
print("Biggest Number is:",n1)
elif n2>n3:
print("Biggest Number is:",n2)
else :
print("Biggest Number is:",n3)
Enter First Number:10
Enter Second Number:20
Enter Third Number:35
Biggest Number is: 35
Q 3. Write a program to find smallest of given 2 numbers?
In [19]:
n1=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
n2=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
if n1>n2:
print("Smallest Number is:",n2)
else :
print("Smallest Number is:",n1)
Enter First Number:10
Enter Second Number:20
Smallest Number is: 10
Q 4. Write a program to find smallest of given 3 numbers?
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In [20]:
n1=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
n2=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
n3=int(input("Enter Third Number:"))
if n1<n2 and n1<n3:
print("Smallest Number is:",n1)
elif n2<n3:
print("Smallest Number is:",n2)
else :
print("Smallest Number is:",n3)
Enter First Number:10
Enter Second Number:20
Enter Third Number:30
Smallest Number is: 10
Q 5. Write a program to check whether the given number is even or odd?
In [21]:
n1=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
rem = n1 % 2
if rem == 0:
print('Entered Number is an Even Number')
else:
print('Entered Number is an Odd Number')
Enter First Number:56
Entered Number is an Even Number
In [22]:
n1=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
rem = n1 % 2
if rem == 0:
print('Entered Number is an Even Number')
else:
print('Entered Number is an Odd Number')
Enter First Number:55
Entered Number is an Odd Number
Q 6. Write a program to check whether the given number is in between 1 and 100?
In [23]:
n=int(input("Enter Number:"))
if n>=1 and n<=100 :
print("The number",n,"is in between 1 to 100")
else:
print("The number",n,"is not in between 1 to 100")
Enter Number:78
The number 78 is in between 1 to 100
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In [24]:
n=int(input("Enter Number:"))
if n>=1 and n<=100 :
print("The number",n,"is in between 1 to 100")
else:
print("The number",n,"is not in between 1 to 100")
Enter Number:101
The number 101 is not in between 1 to 100
Q 7. Write a program to take a single digit number from the key board and print it's value in English
word?
In [25]:
n=int(input("Enter a digit from o to 9:"))
if n==0 :
print("ZERO")
elif n==1:
print("ONE")
elif n==2:
print("TWO")
elif n==3:
print("THREE")
elif n==4:
print("FOUR")
elif n==5:
print("FIVE")
elif n==6:
print("SIX")
elif n==7:
print("SEVEN")
elif n==8:
print("EIGHT")
elif n==9:
print("NINE")
else:
print("PLEASE ENTER A DIGIT FROM 0 TO 9")
Enter a digit from o to 9:8
EIGHT
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In [26]:
n=int(input("Enter a digit from o to 9:"))
if n==0 :
print("ZERO")
elif n==1:
print("ONE")
elif n==2:
print("TWO")
elif n==3:
print("THREE")
elif n==4:
print("FOUR")
elif n==5:
print("FIVE")
elif n==6:
print("SIX")
elif n==7:
print("SEVEN")
elif n==8:
print("EIGHT")
elif n==9:
print("NINE")
else:
print("PLEASE ENTER A DIGIT FROM 0 TO 9")
Enter a digit from o to 9:10
PLEASE ENTER A DIGIT FROM 0 TO 9
Another Way of writing program for the same requirement
In [16]:
list1 = ['ZERO','ONE','TWO','THREE','FOUR','FIVE','SIX','SEVEN','EIGHT','NINE']
n =int(input('Enter a digit from 0 to 9 :'))
print(list1[n])
Enter a digit from 0 to 9 :7
SEVEN
In [17]:
list1 = ['ZERO','ONE','TWO','THREE','FOUR','FIVE','SIX','SEVEN','EIGHT','NINE']
n =int(input('Enter a digit from 0 to 9 :'))
print(list1[n])
Enter a digit from 0 to 9 :15
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-17-7dee7e007a8f> in <module>
1 list1 = ['ZERO','ONE','TWO','THREE','FOUR','FIVE','SIX','SEVEN','EIG
HT','NINE']
2 n =int(input('Enter a digit from 0 to 9 :'))
----> 3 print(list1[n])
IndexError: list index out of range
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How can you extend the above program from 0 to 99?
In [19]:
words_upto_19 = ['','ONE','TWO','THREE','FOUR','FIVE','SIX','SEVEN','EIGHT','NINE','TEN','E
'TWELVE','THIRTEEN','FOURTEEN','FIFTEEN','SIXTEEN','SEVENTEEN','EIGHTEEN',
words_for_tens = ['','','TWENTY','THIRTY','FORTY','FIFTY','SIXTY','SEVENTY','EIGHTY','NINET
n = int(input('Enter a number from 0 to 99 : '))
output = ''
if n == 0:
output = 'ZERO'
elif n <= 19:
output = words_upto_19[n]
elif n<=99:
output = words_for_tens[n//10]+' '+words_upto_19[n%10]
else:
output = 'Pleae Enter a value fron 0 to 99 only'
print(output)
Enter a number from 0 to 99 : 0
ZERO
In [20]:
words_upto_19 = ['','ONE','TWO','THREE','FOUR','FIVE','SIX','SEVEN','EIGHT','NINE','TEN','E
'TWELVE','THIRTEEN','FOURTEEN','FIFTEEN','SIXTEEN','SEVENTEEN','EIGHTEEN',
words_for_tens = ['','','TWENTY','THIRTY','FORTY','FIFTY','SIXTY','SEVENTY','EIGHTY','NINET
n = int(input('Enter a number from 0 to 99 : '))
output = ''
if n == 0:
output = 'ZERO'
elif n <= 19:
output = words_upto_19[n]
elif n<=99:
output = words_for_tens[n//10]+' '+words_upto_19[n%10]
else:
output = 'Pleae Enter a value fron 0 to 99 only'
print(output)
Enter a number from 0 to 99 : 9
NINE
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In [21]:
words_upto_19 = ['','ONE','TWO','THREE','FOUR','FIVE','SIX','SEVEN','EIGHT','NINE','TEN','E
'TWELVE','THIRTEEN','FOURTEEN','FIFTEEN','SIXTEEN','SEVENTEEN','EIGHTEEN',
words_for_tens = ['','','TWENTY','THIRTY','FORTY','FIFTY','SIXTY','SEVENTY','EIGHTY','NINET
n = int(input('Enter a number from 0 to 99 : '))
output = ''
if n == 0:
output = 'ZERO'
elif n <= 19:
output = words_upto_19[n]
elif n<=99:
output = words_for_tens[n//10]+' '+words_upto_19[n%10]
else:
output = 'Pleae Enter a value fron 0 to 99 only'
print(output)
Enter a number from 0 to 99 : 19
NINETEEN
In [22]:
words_upto_19 = ['','ONE','TWO','THREE','FOUR','FIVE','SIX','SEVEN','EIGHT','NINE','TEN','E
'TWELVE','THIRTEEN','FOURTEEN','FIFTEEN','SIXTEEN','SEVENTEEN','EIGHTEEN',
words_for_tens = ['','','TWENTY','THIRTY','FORTY','FIFTY','SIXTY','SEVENTY','EIGHTY','NINET
n = int(input('Enter a number from 0 to 99 : '))
output = ''
if n == 0:
output = 'ZERO'
elif n <= 19:
output = words_upto_19[n]
elif n<=99:
output = words_for_tens[n//10]+' '+words_upto_19[n%10]
else:
output = 'Pleae Enter a value fron 0 to 99 only'
print(output)
Enter a number from 0 to 99 : 25
TWENTY FIVE
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In [25]:
words_upto_19 = ['','ONE','TWO','THREE','FOUR','FIVE','SIX','SEVEN','EIGHT','NINE','TEN','E
'TWELVE','THIRTEEN','FOURTEEN','FIFTEEN','SIXTEEN','SEVENTEEN','EIGHTEEN',
words_for_tens = ['','','TWENTY','THIRTY','FORTY','FIFTY','SIXTY','SEVENTY','EIGHTY','NINET
n = int(input('Enter a number from 0 to 99 : '))
output = ''
if n == 0:
output = 'ZERO'
elif n <= 19:
output = words_upto_19[n]
elif n<=99:
output = words_for_tens[n//10]+' '+words_upto_19[n%10]
else:
output = 'Pleae Enter a value fron 0 to 99 only'
print(output)
Enter a number from 0 to 99 : 40
FORTY
In [24]:
words_upto_19 = ['','ONE','TWO','THREE','FOUR','FIVE','SIX','SEVEN','EIGHT','NINE','TEN','E
'TWELVE','THIRTEEN','FOURTEEN','FIFTEEN','SIXTEEN','SEVENTEEN','EIGHTEEN',
words_for_tens = ['','','TWENTY','THIRTY','FORTY','FIFTY','SIXTY','SEVENTY','EIGHTY','NINET
n = int(input('Enter a number from 0 to 99 : '))
output = ''
if n == 0:
output = 'ZERO'
elif n <= 19:
output = words_upto_19[n]
elif n<=99:
output = words_for_tens[n//10]+' '+words_upto_19[n%10]
else:
output = 'Pleae Enter a value fron 0 to 99 only'
print(output)
Enter a number from 0 to 99 : 123
Pleae Enter a value fron 0 to 99 only
Assignment: Extend the above example to the range 0 to 999
2. Iterative Statements
If we want to execute a group of statements multiple times then we should go for Iterative statements.
Python supports 2 types of iterative statements.
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i. for loop
ii. while loop
i) for loop:
If we want to execute some action for every element present in some sequence (it may be string or
collection) then we should go for for loop.
Syntax:
for x in sequence:
body
where 'sequence' can be string or any collection.
Body will be executed for every element present in the sequence.
Eg 1: Write a Program to print characters present in the given string.
In [27]:
s="Sahasra"
for x in s :
print(x)
S
a
h
a
s
r
a
Eg 2: To print characters present in string index wise.
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In [28]:
s=input("Enter some String: ")
i=0
for x in s :
print("The character present at ",i,"index is :",x)
i=i+1
Enter some String: Karthikeya
The character present at 0 index is : K
The character present at 1 index is : a
The character present at 2 index is : r
The character present at 3 index is : t
The character present at 4 index is : h
The character present at 5 index is : i
The character present at 6 index is : k
The character present at 7 index is : e
The character present at 8 index is : y
The character present at 9 index is : a
Eg 3: To print Hello 10 times.
In [31]:
s = 'Hello'
for i in range(1,11):
print(s)
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
In [32]:
s = 'Hello'
for i in range(10):
print(s)
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Eg 4: To display numbers from 0 to 10
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In [33]:
for i in range(0,11):
print(i)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Eg 5: To display odd numbers from 0 to 20
In [34]:
for i in range(21):
if(i%2!=0):
print(i)
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
Eg 6: To display numbers from 10 to 1 in descending order.
In [35]:
for i in range(10,0,-1):
print(i)
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Eg 7: To print sum of numbers presenst inside list.
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In [36]:
list=eval(input("Enter List:"))
sum=0;
for x in list:
sum=sum+x;
print("The Sum=",sum)
Enter List:10,20,30,40
The Sum= 100
In [42]:
list=eval(input("Enter List:"))
sum=0;
for x in list:
sum=sum+ x;
print("The Sum=",sum)
Enter List:45,67,89
The Sum= 201
ii) while loop:
If we want to execute a group of statements iteratively until some condition false,then we should go for while
loop.
Syntax:
while condition:
body
Eg 1: To print numbers from 1 to 10 by using while loop
In [43]:
x=1
while x <=10:
print(x)
x=x+1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Eg 2: To display the sum of first n numbers.
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In [44]:
n=int(input("Enter number:"))
sum=0
i=1
while i<=n:
sum=sum+i
i=i+1
print("The sum of first",n,"numbers is :",sum)
Enter number:10
The sum of first 10 numbers is : 55
Date: 23-04-2020 Day-2
Eg 3: write a program to prompt user to enter some name until entering Karthi.
In [1]:
name=""
while name!="Karthi":
name=input("Enter Name:")
print("Thanks for confirmation")
Enter Name:ramu
Enter Name:raju
Enter Name:Karthi
Thanks for confirmation
Infinite Loops
Some times a loop can execute infinite number of times without stopping also.
Eg :
In [ ]:
i = 1
while True: # The body of this while loop keep on execuing because condition is alwa
print('Hello', i) # This program never going to terminates
i=i+1
Note: By pressing Ctrl + C we can stop this program.
By mistake, if our program entered into an infinite loop, how we can solve this prolem, where we have the
above problem requirement.
while True:
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body
if our required condition satisfied
break
If you are using break statement, you will come out from the loop.
Nested Loops
Sometimes we can take a loop inside another loop,which are also known as nested loops.
Eg 1:
In [1]:
for i in range(3):
for j in range(2):
print('Hello')
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Eg 2:
In [6]:
for i in range(4):
for j in range(4):
#print("i=",i," j=",j)
print('i = {} j = {}'.format(i,j))
i = 0 j = 0
i = 0 j = 1
i = 0 j = 2
i = 0 j = 3
i = 1 j = 0
i = 1 j = 1
i = 1 j = 2
i = 1 j = 3
i = 2 j = 0
i = 2 j = 1
i = 2 j = 2
i = 2 j = 3
i = 3 j = 0
i = 3 j = 1
i = 3 j = 2
i = 3 j = 3
Eg :3
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Q. Write a program to dispaly *'s in Right angled triangled form.
In [3]:
n = int(input("Enter number of rows:"))
for i in range(1,n+1):
for j in range(1,i+1):
print("*",end=" ")
print()
Enter number of rows:7
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * * *
Alternative way:
In [7]:
n = int(input("Enter number of rows:"))
for i in range(1,n+1):
print("* " * i)
Enter number of rows:7
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * * *
Eg 4:
Q. Write a program to display *'s in pyramid style (also known as equivalent triangle)
In [9]:
n = int(input("Enter number of rows:"))
for i in range(1,n+1):
print(" " * (n),end="") # Righ angle Triangle form
print("* "*i)
Enter number of rows:7
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * * *
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In [13]:
n = int(input("Enter number of rows:"))
for i in range(1,n+1):
print(" " * (n-i),end="") # Equivalent Triangle form
print("* "*i)
Enter number of rows:7
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * * *
Transfer Statements
i) break:
We can use break statement inside loops to break loop execution based on some condition.
Eg :
In [27]:
for i in range(10):
if i==7:
print("processing is enough..plz break")
break
print(i)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
processing is enough..plz break
Eg :
In [28]:
cart=[10,20,600,60,70]
for item in cart:
if item>500:
print("To place this order insurence must be required")
break
print(item)
10
20
To place this order insurence must be required
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ii) continue:
We can use continue statement to skip current iteration and continue next iteration.
Eg 1: To print odd numbers in the range 0 to 9.
In [29]:
for i in range(10):
if i%2==0:
continue
print(i)
1
3
5
7
9
Eg 2:
In [31]:
cart=[10,20,500,700,50,60]
for item in cart:
if item >= 500:
print("We cannot process this item :",item)
continue
print(item)
10
20
We cannot process this item : 500
We cannot process this item : 700
50
60
Eg 3:
In [33]:
numbers=[10,20,0,5,0,30]
for n in numbers:
if n==0:
print("Hey how we can divide with zero..just skipping")
continue
print("100/{} = {}".format(n,100/n))
100/10 = 10.0
100/20 = 5.0
Hey how we can divide with zero..just skipping
100/5 = 20.0
Hey how we can divide with zero..just skipping
100/30 = 3.3333333333333335
Loops with else block:
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Inside loop execution,if break statement not executed ,then only else part will be executed.
else means loop without break
Eg 1:
In [35]:
cart=[10,20,30,40,50]
for item in cart:
if item>=500:
print("We cannot process this order")
break
print(item)
else:
print("Congrats ...all items processed successfully")
10
20
30
40
50
Congrats ...all items processed successfully
Eg 2:
In [36]:
cart=[10,20,600,30,40,50]
for item in cart:
if item>=500:
print("We cannot process this order")
break
print(item)
else:
print("Congrats ...all items processed successfully")
10
20
We cannot process this order
Questions:
Q 1. What is the difference between for loop and while loop in Python?
We can use loops to repeat code execution
Repeat code for every item in sequence ==>for loop
Repeat code as long as condition is true ==>while loop
Q 2. How to exit from the loop?
by using break statement
Q 3. How to skip some iterations inside loop?
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by using continue statement.
Q 4. When else part will be executed wrt loops?
If loop executed without break
iii) pass statement:
pass is a keyword in Python.
In our programming syntactically if block is required which won't do anything then we can define that empty
block with pass keyword.
pass statement --
- It is an empty statement
- It is null statement
- It won't do anything
Eg :
In [37]:
if True: # It is invalid
File "<ipython-input-37-2c8a33b52dfb>", line 1
if True:
^
SyntaxError: unexpected EOF while parsing
In [39]:
if True:
pass # It is valid
In [40]:
def m1(): # It is invalid
File "<ipython-input-40-e96db426b315>", line 1
def m1():
^
SyntaxError: unexpected EOF while parsing
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In [41]:
def m1():
pass # It is valid
use case of pass:
Sometimes in the parent class we have to declare a function with empty body and child class responsible
to provide proper implementation. Such type of empty body we can define by using pass keyword. (It is
something like abstract method in java).
Eg :
In [42]:
for i in range(100):
if i%9==0:
print(i)
else:
pass
0
9
18
27
36
45
54
63
72
81
90
99
iv) del statement:
del is a keyword in Python.
After using a variable, it is highly recommended to delete that variable if it is no longer required,so that the
corresponding object is eligible for Garbage Collection. We can delete variable by using 'del' keyword.
Eg :
In [44]:
x=10
print(x)
del x
10
After deleting a variable we cannot access that variable otherwise we will get NameError.
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In [45]:
x = 10
del(x)
print(x)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-45-f85867067c4c> in <module>
1 x = 10
2 del(x)
----> 3 print(x)
NameError: name 'x' is not defined
Note:
We can delete variables which are pointing to immutable objects.But we cannot delete the elements
present inside immutable object.
Eg :
In [46]:
s="karthi"
print(s)
del s #valid
del s[0] #TypeError: 'str' object doesn't support item deletion
karthi
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-46-7771d7c31337> in <module>
2 print(s)
3 del s #valid
----> 4 del s[0] #TypeError: 'str' object doesn't support item delet
ion
NameError: name 's' is not defined
Difference between 'del' and 'None':
In the case del, the variable will be removed and we cannot access that variable(unbind operation).
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In [47]:
s="karthi"
del s
print(s) # NameError: name 's' is not defined.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-47-43859941d54d> in <module>
1 s="durga"
2 del s
----> 3 print(s) # NameError: name 's' is not defined.
NameError: name 's' is not defined
But in the case of None assignment the variable won't be removed but the corresponding object is eligible for
Garbage Collection(re bind operation). Hence after assigning with None value,we can access that variable.
In [48]:
s="karthi"
s=None
print(s)
None
In [ ]:
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UNIT - 3
String Data Type
Date: 24-04-2020 Day-1
The most commonly used object in any project and in any programming language is String only. Hence we
should aware complete information about String data type.
What is String?
Any sequence of characters within either single quotes or double quotes is considered as a String.
Syntax:
s='karthi'
s="karthi"
Note:
In most of other languges like C, C++,Java, a single character with in single quotes is treated as char data type
value. But in Python we are not having char data type.Hence it is treated as String only.
In [19]:
ch = 'a'
print(type(ch))
<class 'str'>
How to define multi-line String literals?
1. We can define multi-line String literals by using triple single or double quotes.
In [20]:
s = '''karthi
sahasra
sri'''
print(s) # Multi line strings
karthi
sahasra
sri
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In [21]:
s = """karthi
sahasra
sri"""
print(s)
karthi
sahasra
sri
2. We can also use triple quotes to use single quotes or double quotes as symbol inside String literal.
In [22]:
s='This is ' single quote symbol'
File "<ipython-input-22-8b8100e80f54>", line 1
s='This is ' single quote symbol'
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
In [23]:
s='This is \' single quote symbol'
print(s)
This is ' single quote symbol
In [24]:
s="This is ' single quote symbol"
print(s)
This is ' single quote symbol
In [25]:
s='This is " double quotes symbol'
print(s)
This is " double quotes symbol
In [26]:
s='The "Python Notes" by 'durga' is very helpful'
File "<ipython-input-26-476c982681ef>", line 1
s='The "Python Notes" by 'durga' is very helpful'
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
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In [27]:
s="The "Python Notes" by 'durga' is very helpful"
File "<ipython-input-27-182ab0922e87>", line 1
s="The "Python Notes" by 'durga' is very helpful"
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
In [28]:
s='The \"Python Notes\" by \'durga\' is very helpful'
print(s)
The "Python Notes" by 'durga' is very helpful
In [29]:
s='''The "Python Notes" by 'durga' is very helpful'''
print(s)
The "Python Notes" by 'durga' is very helpful
How to access characters of a String?
We can access characters of a string by using the following ways.
1. By using index
2. By using slice operator
1. By using index:
Python supports both +ve and -ve index.
+ve index means left to right(Forward direction)
-ve index means right to left(Backward direction)
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In [30]:
s = 'Karthi'
print(s[0])
print(s[5])
print(s[-1])
print(s[19])
K
i
i
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-30-d39a6b459de8> in <module>
3 print(s[5])
4 print(s[-1])
----> 5 print(s[19])
IndexError: string index out of range
Note:
If we are trying to access characters of a string with out of range index then we will get error saying :
IndexError
Eg: Q 1. Write a program to accept some string from the keyboard and display its characters by index
wise(both positive and negative index)
In [31]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
i=0
for x in s:
print("The character present at positive index {} and at negative index {} is {}".forma
i=i+1
Enter Some String:karthikeya
The character present at positive index 0 and at negative index -10 is k
The character present at positive index 1 and at negative index -9 is a
The character present at positive index 2 and at negative index -8 is r
The character present at positive index 3 and at negative index -7 is t
The character present at positive index 4 and at negative index -6 is h
The character present at positive index 5 and at negative index -5 is i
The character present at positive index 6 and at negative index -4 is k
The character present at positive index 7 and at negative index -3 is e
The character present at positive index 8 and at negative index -2 is y
The character present at positive index 9 and at negative index -1 is a
Date: 26-04-2020 Day-2
2. Accessing characters by using slice operator:
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string slice means a part of the string (i.e, Sub string).
Syntax:
string_Name [beginindex:endindex:step]
Here,
beginindex: From where we have to consider slice(substring)
endindex: We have to terminate the slice(substring) at endindex-1
step: incremented / decremented value
Note :
Slicing operator returns the sub string form beginindex to endindex - 1
Note:
If we are not specifying begin index then it will consider from beginning of the string.
If we are not specifying end index then it will consider up to end of the string.
The default value for step is 1
Eg 1:
In [32]:
s = 'abcdefghijk'
print(s[2:7])
cdefg
In [33]:
s = 'abcdefghijk'
print(s[:7])
abcdefg
In [34]:
s = 'abcdefghijk'
print(s[2:])
cdefghijk
In [35]:
s = 'abcdefghijk'
print(s[:])
abcdefghijk
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In [36]:
s = 'abcdefghijk'
print(s[2:7:1])
cdefg
In [37]:
s = 'abcdefghijk'
print(s[2:7:2])
ceg
In [38]:
s = 'abcdefghijk'
print(s[2:7:3])
cf
In [39]:
s = 'abcdefghijk'
print(s[::1])
abcdefghijk
In [40]:
s = 'abcdefghijk'
print(s[::2])
acegik
In [41]:
s = 'abcdefghijk'
print(s[::3])
adgj
Eg 2:
In [11]:
s="Learning Python is very very easy!!!"
s[1:7:1]
Out[11]:
'earnin'
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In [12]:
s="Learning Python is very very easy!!!"
s[1:7]
Out[12]:
'earnin'
In [13]:
s="Learning Python is very very easy!!!"
s[1:7:2]
Out[13]:
'eri'
In [14]:
s="Learning Python is very very easy!!!"
s[:7]
Out[14]:
'Learnin'
In [15]:
s="Learning Python is very very easy!!!"
s[7:]
Out[15]:
'g Python is very very easy!!!'
In [16]:
s="Learning Python is very very easy!!!"
s[::]
Out[16]:
'Learning Python is very very easy!!!'
In [17]:
s="Learning Python is very very easy!!!"
s[:]
Out[17]:
'Learning Python is very very easy!!!'
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In [18]:
s="Learning Python is very very easy!!!"
s[::-1] # Reverse of the string
Out[18]:
'!!!ysae yrev yrev si nohtyP gninraeL'
Behaviour of slice operator:
s[begin:end:step]
Here, step value can be either +ve or –ve
if +ve then it should be forward direction(left to right) and we have to consider begin to end-1
if -ve then it should be backward direction(right to left) and we have to consider begin to end+1
Note:
In the backward direction if end value is -1 then result is always empty.
In the forward direction if end value is 0 then result is always empty.
In forward direction:
default value for begin: 0
default value for end: length of string
default value for step: +1
In backward direction:
default value for begin: -1
default value for end: -(length of string + 1)
Note:
Either forward or backward direction, we can take both +ve and -ve values for begin and end index.
Mathematical Operators for String:
We can apply the following mathematical operators for Strings.
1. operator for concatenation
2. operator for repetition
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In [10]:
print("karthi" + "sahasra")
print("karthi"*2)
karthisahasra
karthikarthi
Note:
1. To use + operator for Strings, compulsory both arguments should be str type.
2. To use * operator for Strings, compulsory one argument should be str and other argument should be int.
len() in-built function:
We can use len() function to find the number of characters present in the string.
Eg:
In [2]:
s='karthi'
print(len(s)) #5
Eg : Q. Write a Python program to access each character of string in forward and backward direction by
using while loop.
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In [3]:
s="Learning Python is very easy !!!"
n=len(s)
i=0
print("Forward direction")
print()
while i<n:
print(s[i],end=' ')
i +=1
print('')
print('')
print("Backward direction")
print()
i=-1
while i>=-n:
print(s[i],end=' ')
i=i-1
Forward direction
L e a r n i n g P y t h o n i s v e r y e a s y ! ! !
Backward direction
! ! ! y s a e y r e v s i n o h t y P g n i n r a e L
Alternative way [Using slice operator]:
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In [4]:
s="Learning Python is very easy !!!"
print("Forward direction")
print('')
for i in s:
print(i,end=' ')
print('')
print('')
print("Forward direction")
print('')
for i in s[::]:
print(i,end=' ')
print('')
print('')
print('Backward Direction')
print('')
for i in s[::-1]:
print(i,end=' ')
Forward direction
L e a r n i n g P y t h o n i s v e r y e a s y ! ! !
Forward direction
L e a r n i n g P y t h o n i s v e r y e a s y ! ! !
Backward Direction
! ! ! y s a e y r e v s i n o h t y P g n i n r a e L
Eg 2:
In [5]:
s = input('Enter the string')
print('Data in Farward Direction')
for i in s:
print(i,end='')
print()
print('Data in Backward Direction')
for i in s[::-1]:
print(i,end='')
Enter the stringkarthi
Data in Farward Direction
karthi
Data in Backward Direction
ihtrak
Alternative Way :
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In [7]:
s = input('Enter the string : ')
print('Data in Farward Direction')
print(s[::1])
print()
print('Data in Backward Direction')
print(s[::-1])
Enter the string : karthi
Data in Farward Direction
karthi
Data in Backward Direction
ihtrak
In [8]:
s = 'karthikeya'
print(s[-1:-1:-1]) # It results an empty string
In [9]:
s = 'karthikeya'
print(s[-1:0:1]) # It results an empty string
Date: 27-04-2020 Day 3
Membership Operators:
We can check whether the character or string is the member of another string or not by using following
membership operators:
1. in
2. not in
In [42]:
s = 'karthi'
print('r' in s)
True
In [43]:
s = 'karthi'
print('p' in s)
False
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27/04/2020 Strings
In [44]:
s=input("Enter main string:")
subs=input("Enter sub string:")
if subs in s:
print(subs,"is found in main string")
else:
print(subs,"is not found in main string")
Enter main string:karthikeya
Enter sub string:thi
thi is found in main string
In [45]:
s=input("Enter main string:")
subs=input("Enter sub string:")
if subs in s:
print(subs,"is found in main string")
else:
print(subs,"is not found in main string")
Enter main string:karthi
Enter sub string:saha
saha is not found in main string
Comparison of Strings:
We can use comparison operators (<,<=,>,>=) and equality operators(==,!=) for strings.
Comparison will be performed based on alphabetical order.
Eg :
In [46]:
s1=input("Enter first string:")
s2=input("Enter Second string:")
if s1==s2:
print("Both strings are equal")
elif s1<s2:
print("First String is less than Second String")
else:
print("First String is greater than Second String")
Enter first string:karthi
Enter Second string:karthi
Both strings are equal
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27/04/2020 Strings
In [47]:
s1=input("Enter first string:")
s2=input("Enter Second string:")
if s1==s2:
print("Both strings are equal")
elif s1<s2:
print("First String is less than Second String")
else:
print("First String is greater than Second String")
Enter first string:karthi
Enter Second string:sahasra
First String is less than Second String
In [48]:
s1=input("Enter first string:")
s2=input("Enter Second string:")
if s1==s2:
print("Both strings are equal")
elif s1<s2:
print("First String is less than Second String")
else:
print("First String is greater than Second String")
Enter first string:sahasra
Enter Second string:karthi
First String is greater than Second String
Note :
s1 == s2 ====> Content Comparison
s1 is s2 ====> Reference Comparison
Removing spaces from the string:
To remove the blank spaces present at either beginning and end of the string, we can use the following 3
methods:
1.rstrip() ===>To remove blank spaces present at end of the string (i.e.,right hand side)
2. lstrip()===>To remove blank spaces present at the beginning of the string (i.e.,left hand side)
3. strip() ==>To remove spaces both sides
Eg :
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27/04/2020 Strings
In [49]:
city=input("Enter your city Name:")
scity=city.strip()
if scity=='Hyderabad':
print("Hello Hyderbadi..Adab")
elif scity=='Chennai':
print("Hello Madrasi...Vanakkam")
elif scity=="Bangalore":
print("Hello Kannadiga...Shubhodaya")
else:
print("your entered city is invalid")
Enter your city Name:Hyderabad
Hello Hyderbadi..Adab
In [50]:
city=input("Enter your city Name:")
scity=city.strip()
if scity=='Hyderabad':
print("Hello Hyderbadi..Adab")
elif scity=='Chennai':
print("Hello Madrasi...Vanakkam")
elif scity=="Bangalore":
print("Hello Kannadiga...Shubhodaya")
else:
print("your entered city is invalid")
Enter your city Name:Chennai
Hello Madrasi...Vanakkam
In [51]:
city=input("Enter your city Name:")
scity=city.strip()
if scity=='Hyderabad':
print("Hello Hyderbadi..Adab")
elif scity=='Chennai':
print("Hello Madrasi...Vanakkam")
elif scity=="Bangalore":
print("Hello Kannadiga...Shubhodaya")
else:
print("your entered city is invalid")
Enter your city Name:Bangalore
Hello Kannadiga...Shubhodaya
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27/04/2020 Strings
In [52]:
city=input("Enter your city Name:")
scity=city.strip()
if scity=='Hyderabad':
print("Hello Hyderbadi..Adab")
elif scity=='Chennai':
print("Hello Madrasi...Vanakkam")
elif scity=="Bangalore":
print("Hello Kannadiga...Shubhodaya")
else:
print("your entered city is invalid")
Enter your city Name:nandyal
your entered city is invalid
In [53]:
city=input("Enter your city Name:")
#scity=city.strip()
if city=='Hyderabad':
print("Hello Hyderbadi..Adab")
elif scity=='Chennai':
print("Hello Madrasi...Vanakkam")
elif scity=="Bangalore":
print("Hello Kannadiga...Shubhodaya")
else:
print("your entered city is invalid")
Enter your city Name: Hyderabad
your entered city is invalid
In [54]:
city=input("Enter your city Name:")
scity=city.strip()
if scity=='Hyderabad':
print("Hello Hyderbadi..Adab")
elif scity=='Chennai':
print("Hello Madrasi...Vanakkam")
elif scity=="Bangalore":
print("Hello Kannadiga...Shubhodaya")
else:
print("your entered city is invalid")
Enter your city Name: Hyderabad
Hello Hyderbadi..Adab
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27/04/2020 Strings
In [55]:
city=input("Enter your city Name:")
scity=city.strip()
if scity=='Hyderabad':
print("Hello Hyderbadi..Adab")
elif scity=='Chennai':
print("Hello Madrasi...Vanakkam")
elif scity=="Bangalore":
print("Hello Kannadiga...Shubhodaya")
else:
print("your entered city is invalid")
Enter your city Name: Hyderabad
Hello Hyderbadi..Adab
Note :
In the middle of the string, if the blank spaces are present then the above specified functions can't do
anything.
Finding Substrings:
If you want to find whether the substring is available in the given string or not in Python, we have 4 methods.
For forward direction:
1. find()
2. index()
For backward direction:
1. rfind()
2. rindex()
1. find() :
s.find(substring) (Without Boundary)
Returns index of first occurrence of the given substring. If it is not available then we will get -1
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In [56]:
s="Learning Python is very easy"
print(s.find("Python")) # 9
print(s.find("Java")) # -1
print(s.find("r")) # 3
print(s.rfind("r")) # 21
9
-1
3
21
By default find() method can search total string. We can also specify the boundaries to search.
Syntax:
s.find(substring,begin,end) (With Boundary)
It will always search from begin index to end-1 index.
Eg :
In [57]:
s="karthikeyasahasra"
print(s.find('a')) #1
print(s.find('a',7,15)) #9
print(s.find('z',7,15)) #-1
1
9
-1
2. index() method:
index() method is exactly same as find() method except that if the specified substring is not available then
we will get ValueError.
In [58]:
s = 'abbaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaabbababa'
print(s.index('bb',2,15))
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-58-136a30f266f9> in <module>
1 s = 'abbaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaabbababa'
----> 2 print(s.index('bb',2,15))
ValueError: substring not found
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27/04/2020 Strings
In [59]:
s = 'abbaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaabbababa'
print(s.index('bb'))
In [60]:
s = 'abbaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaabbababa'
print(s.rindex('bb'))
20
Eg :
In [61]:
s=input("Enter main string:")
subs=input("Enter sub string:")
try:
n=s.index(subs)
except ValueError:
print("substring not found")
else:
print("substring found")
Enter main string:karthikeya
Enter sub string:thi
substring found
In [62]:
s=input("Enter main string:")
subs=input("Enter sub string:")
try:
n=s.index(subs)
except ValueError:
print("substring not found")
else:
print("substring found")
Enter main string:karthi
Enter sub string:saha
substring not found
Counting substring in the given String:
We can find the number of occurrences of substring present in the given string by using count() method.
1. s.count(substring) ==> It will search through out the string
2. s.count(substring, begin, end) ===> It will search from begin index to end-1 index
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27/04/2020 Strings
In [63]:
s="abcabcabcabcadda"
print(s.count('a')) #6
print(s.count('ab')) #4
print(s.count('a',3,7)) #2
6
4
2
In [64]:
s = 'abcdcdckk'
print(s.count('cdc'))
Date: 27-04-2020 Day 4
Eg : Q. Write a Python Program to display all positions of substring in a given main string.
In [65]:
s=input("Enter main string:")
subs=input("Enter sub string:")
flag=False
pos=-1
n=len(s)
c = 0
while True:
pos=s.find(subs,pos+1,n)
if pos==-1:
break
c = c+1
print("Found at position",pos)
flag=True
if flag==False:
print("Not Found")
print('The number of occurrences : ',c)
Enter main string:abcabcabcaaa
Enter sub string:abc
Found at position 0
Found at position 3
Found at position 6
The number of occurrences : 3
localhost:8888/notebooks/Desktop/COMPLETE PYTHON/PythonCourse/Strings.ipynb# 20/23
27/04/2020 Strings
In [66]:
s=input("Enter main string:")
subs=input("Enter sub string:")
flag=False
pos=-1
n=len(s)
c = 0
while True:
pos=s.find(subs,pos+1,n)
if pos==-1:
break
c = c+1
print("Found at position",pos)
flag=True
if flag==False:
print("Not Found")
print('The number of occurrences : ',c)
Enter main string:abcabcabcaa
Enter sub string:bb
Not Found
The number of occurrences : 0
In [67]:
s=input("Enter main string:")
subs=input("Enter sub string:")
flag=False
pos=-1
n=len(s)
c = 0
while True:
pos=s.find(subs,pos+1,n)
if pos==-1:
break
c = c+1
print("Found at position",pos)
flag=True
if flag==False:
print("Not Found")
print('The number of occurrences : ',c)
Enter main string:karthikeya
Enter sub string:k
Found at position 0
Found at position 6
The number of occurrences : 2
Alternate Way
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In [68]:
s=input("Enter main string:")
subs=input("Enter sub string:")
i = s.find(subs)
if i == -1:
print('Specified Substring is not found')
c = 0
while i !=- 1:
c = c + 1
print('{} is present at index: {}'.format(subs,i))
i = s.find(subs,i+len(subs),len(s))
print('The number of occurrences : ',c)
Enter main string:karthikeya
Enter sub string:k
k is present at index: 0
k is present at index: 6
The number of occurrences : 2
In [70]:
s=input("Enter main string:")
subs=input("Enter sub string:")
i = s.find(subs)
if i == -1:
print('Specified Substring is not found')
c = 0
while i !=- 1:
c = c + 1
print('{} is present at index: {}'.format(subs,i))
i = s.find(subs,i+len(subs),len(s))
print('The number of occurrences : ',c)
Enter main string:abcabcabcaaa
Enter sub string:abc
abc is present at index: 0
abc is present at index: 3
abc is present at index: 6
The number of occurrences : 3
In [71]:
s=input("Enter main string:")
subs=input("Enter sub string:")
i = s.find(subs)
if i == -1:
print('Specified Substring is not found')
c = 0
while i !=- 1:
c = c + 1
print('{} is present at index: {}'.format(subs,i))
i = s.find(subs,i+len(subs),len(s))
print('The number of occurrences : ',c)
Enter main string:karthi
Enter sub string:saha
Specified Substring is not found
The number of occurrences : 0
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In [ ]:
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01/05/2020 Strings Part 2
Date 28-04-2020 Day 4
Replacing a string with another string:
We can repalce a string with another string in python using a library function replace().
Syntax:
s.replace(oldstring,newstring)
Here, inside 's', every occurrence of oldstring will be replaced with newstring.
Eg :
In [1]:
s="Learning Python is very difficult"
s1=s.replace("difficult","easy")
print(s1)
Learning Python is very easy
Eg : All occurrences will be replaced
In [6]:
s="ababababababab"
print(id(s))
s1=s.replace("a","b")
print(id(s))
print(s1)
2168146994672
2168146994672
bbbbbbbbbbbbbb
In [5]:
s="ababababababab"
print(id(s))
s=s.replace("a","b") # two objcets are created
print(id(s))
print(s)
2168149958000
2168149958128
bbbbbbbbbbbbbb
Q. String objects are immutable then how we can change the content by using replace() method.
Once we creates string object, we cannot change the content.This non changeable behaviour is nothing
but immutability. If we are trying to change the content by using any method, then with those changes a
new object will be created and changes won't be happend in existing object.
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Hence with replace() method also a new object got created but existing object won't be changed.
Eg :
In [3]:
s="abab"
s1=s.replace("a","b")
print(s,"is available at :",id(s))
print(s1,"is available at :",id(s1))
abab is available at : 2168149950512
bbbb is available at : 2168149953312
In the above example, original object is available and we can see new object which was created because of
replace() method.
Eg : Consider the string : Python is easy but Java is difficult.
How can you replace the string 'difficult' with 'easy' and 'easy' with 'difficult'.
In [7]:
s = 'Python is easy but Java is difficult'
s = s.replace('difficult','easy')
s = s.replace('easy','difficult')
print(s) # it is not giving correct output
Python is difficult but Java is difficult
In [8]:
s = 'Python is easy but Java is difficult'
s = s.replace('difficult','d1')
s = s.replace('easy','e1')
print(s)
Python is e1 but Java is d1
In [10]:
s = 'Python is easy but Java is difficult'
s = s.replace('difficult','d1')
s = s.replace('easy','e1')
s = s.replace('d1','easy')
s = s.replace('e1','difficult')
print(s)
Python is difficult but Java is easy
Splitting of Strings:
We can split the given string according to specified seperator by using split() method.
We can split the given string according to specified seperator in reverse direction by using rsplit() method.
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Syntax :
l=s.split(seperator, Maximum splits)
Here, Both parameters are optional
The default seperator is space.
Maximum split defines maximum number of splits
The return type of split() method is List.
rsplit() breaks the string at the seperator staring from the right and returns a list of strings.
Eg 1:
In [11]:
s="karthi sahasra sri"
l=s.split()
for x in l:
print(x)
karthi
sahasra
sri
Eg 2:
In [12]:
s="22-02-2018"
l=s.split('-')
for x in l:
print(x)
22
02
2018
In [14]:
s="22-02-2018"
l=s.split() # no space in the string , so output is same as the given string
for x in l:
print(x)
22-02-2018
localhost:8888/notebooks/Desktop/COMPLETE PYTHON/PythonCourse/Strings Part 2.ipynb 3/21
01/05/2020 Strings Part 2
In [1]:
s = 'karthi sahasra sri nandyal india'
l=s.split()
for x in l:
print(x)
karthi
sahasra
sri
nandyal
india
In [10]:
s = 'karthi sahasra sri nandyal india'
l=s.rsplit(' ',3) # rsplit(): from revesre direction it considers the given seperator
for x in l:
print(x)
karthi sahasra
sri
nandyal
india
In [9]:
s = 'karthi sahasra sri nandyal ap india'
l=s.rsplit(' ',3)
for x in l:
print(x)
karthi sahasra sri
nandyal
ap
india
In [7]:
s = 'karthi sahasra sri nandyal india'
l=s.lsplit(' ',3) # there is no lsplit() methon in python
for x in l:
print(x)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-7-0862072ad106> in <module>
1 s = 'karthi sahasra sri nandyal india'
----> 2 l=s.lsplit(' ',3)
3 for x in l:
4 print(x)
AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'lsplit'
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01/05/2020 Strings Part 2
In [11]:
s = '10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80'
l = s.split(',',3)
for x in l:
print(x)
10
20
30
40,50,60,70,80
In [12]:
s = '10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80'
l = s.rsplit(',',3)
for x in l:
print(x)
10,20,30,40,50
60
70
80
In [13]:
s = '10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80'
l = s.split(',',-1)
for x in l:
print(x)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Joining of Strings:
We can join a group of strings(list or tuple) with respect to the given seperator.
Syntax :
s=seperator.join(group of strings)
Eg 1:
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In [15]:
t=('sunny','bunny','chinny')
s='-'.join(t)
print(s)
sunny-bunny-chinny
Eg 2:
In [16]:
l=['hyderabad','singapore','london','dubai']
s=':'.join(l)
print(s)
hyderabad:singapore:london:dubai
In [17]:
l=['hyderabad','singapore','london','dubai']
s=''.join(l)
print(s)
hyderabadsingaporelondondubai
In [18]:
l=['hyderabad','singapore','london','dubai']
s=' '.join(l)
print(s)
hyderabad singapore london dubai
Changing case of a String:
We can change case of a string by using the following methods.
1. upper()===>To convert all characters to upper case
2. lower() ===>To convert all characters to lower case
3. swapcase()===>converts all lower case characters to upper case and all upper case characters to lower
case
4. title() ===>To convert all characters to title case. i.e first character in every word should be upper case and
all remaining characters should be in lower case.
5. capitalize() ==>Only first character will be converted to upper case and all remaining characters can be
converted to lower case.
Eg :
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01/05/2020 Strings Part 2
In [19]:
s='learning Python is very Easy'
print(s.upper())
print(s.lower())
print(s.swapcase())
print(s.title())
print(s.capitalize())
LEARNING PYTHON IS VERY EASY
learning python is very easy
LEARNING pYTHON IS VERY eASY
Learning Python Is Very Easy
Learning python is very easy
Eg : Convert the uppercase chatacters into lowercase and remove spaces.
In [23]:
s='Learning Python Is Very Easy'
s = s.lower().replace(' ','')
print(s)
learningpythonisveryeasy
In [24]:
# Above example with join() & split() functions
s='Learning Python Is Very Easy'
s = s.lower()
s1 = s.split()
s = ''.join(s1)
print(s)
learningpythonisveryeasy
Checking starting and ending part of the string:
Python contains the following methods for this purpose
1. s.startswith(substring)
2. s.endswith(substring)
Eg :
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01/05/2020 Strings Part 2
In [25]:
s='learning Python is very easy'
print(s.startswith('learning'))
print(s.endswith('learning'))
print(s.endswith('easy'))
True
False
True
To check type of characters present in a string:
Python contains the following methods for this purpose.
1) isalnum(): Returns True if all characters are alphanumeric( a to z , A to Z ,0 to9 )
2) isalpha(): Returns True if all characters are only alphabet symbols(a to z,A to Z)
3) isdigit(): Returns True if all characters are digits only( 0 to 9)
4) islower(): Returns True if all characters are lower case alphabet symbols
5) isupper(): Returns True if all characters are upper case aplhabet symbols
6) istitle(): Returns True if string is in title case
7) isspace(): Returns True if string contains only spaces
Note : We can't pass any arguments to these functions.
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In [28]:
print('Karthidurga786'.isalnum()) # True
print('Karthidurga786'.isalpha()) #False
print('Karthi'.isalpha()) #True
print('karthi'.isdigit()) #False
print('786786'.isdigit()) #True
print('abc'.islower()) #True
print('Abc'.islower()) #False
print('abc123'.islower()) #True
print('ABC'.isupper()) #True
print('Learning python is Easy'.istitle()) #False
print('Learning Python Is Easy'.istitle()) #True
print(' '.isspace()) #True
True
False
True
False
True
True
False
True
True
False
True
True
Date: 01-05-2020 Day 5
Demo Program:
In [14]:
s=input("Enter any character:")
if s.isalnum():
print("Alpha Numeric Character")
if s.isalpha():
print("Alphabet character")
if s.islower():
print("Lower case alphabet character")
else:
print("Upper case alphabet character")
else:
print("it is a digit")
elif s.isspace():
print("It is space character")
else:
print("Non Space Special Character")
Enter any character:7
Alpha Numeric Character
it is a digit
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In [15]:
s=input("Enter any character:")
if s.isalnum():
print("Alpha Numeric Character")
if s.isalpha():
print("Alphabet character")
if s.islower():
print("Lower case alphabet character")
else:
print("Upper case alphabet character")
else:
print("it is a digit")
elif s.isspace():
print("It is space character")
else:
print("Non Space Special Character")
Enter any character:a
Alpha Numeric Character
Alphabet character
Lower case alphabet character
In [16]:
s=input("Enter any character:")
if s.isalnum():
print("Alpha Numeric Character")
if s.isalpha():
print("Alphabet character")
if s.islower():
print("Lower case alphabet character")
else:
print("Upper case alphabet character")
else:
print("it is a digit")
elif s.isspace():
print("It is space character")
else:
print("Non Space Special Character")
Enter any character:A
Alpha Numeric Character
Alphabet character
Upper case alphabet character
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01/05/2020 Strings Part 2
In [18]:
s=input("Enter any character:")
if s.isalnum():
print("Alpha Numeric Character")
if s.isalpha():
print("Alphabet character")
if s.islower():
print("Lower case alphabet character")
else:
print("Upper case alphabet character")
else:
print("it is a digit")
elif s.isspace():
print("It is space character")
else:
print("Non Space Special Character")
Enter any character:
It is space character
In [17]:
s=input("Enter any character:")
if s.isalnum():
print("Alpha Numeric Character")
if s.isalpha():
print("Alphabet character")
if s.islower():
print("Lower case alphabet character")
else:
print("Upper case alphabet character")
else:
print("it is a digit")
elif s.isspace():
print("It is space character")
else:
print("Non Space Special Character")
Enter any character:$
Non Space Special Character
Formatting the Strings:
We can format the strings with variable values by using replacement operator {} and format() method.
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In [19]:
name='karthi'
salary=100000
age=6
print("{} 's salary is {} and his age is {}".format(name,salary,age))
print("{0} 's salary is {1} and his age is {2}".format(name,salary,age))
print("{x} 's salary is {y} and his age is {z}".format(z=age,y=salary,x=name))
karthi 's salary is 100000 and his age is 6
karthi 's salary is 100000 and his age is 6
karthi 's salary is 100000 and his age is 6
Important Programs regarding String Concept:
1. Write a program to reverse the given String.
Way 1:
In [20]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
print(s[::-1])
Enter Some String:karthi
ihtrak
Way 2:
reversed():
In [22]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
print((reversed(s)))
Enter Some String:karthi
<reversed object at 0x0000018959D1CD68>
In [24]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
for x in (reversed(s)):
print(x)
Enter Some String:karthi
i
h
t
r
a
k
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In [21]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
print(''.join(reversed(s)))
Enter Some String:karthi
ihtrak
Way 3:
In [25]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
i=len(s)-1
target=''
while i>=0:
target=target+s[i]
i=i-1
print(target)
Enter Some String:karthi
ihtrak
Way 4:
In [27]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
i=len(s)-1
target=''
for x in s:
target=target+s[i]
i=i-1
print(target)
Enter Some String:karthi
ihtrak
Way 5:
In [32]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
i=len(s)-1
target=''
for x in range(len(s)-1,-1,-1):
target = target + s[i]
i = i-1
print(target)
Enter Some String:karthi
ihtrak
Q 2. Program to reverse order of words.
input: Learning Python is Very Easy
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output: Easy Very is Python Learning
In [34]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
l=s.split()
print(l)
print(len(l))
Enter Some String:karthi sahasra sri
['karthi', 'sahasra', 'sri']
3
In [35]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
l=s.split()
l1=[]
i=len(l)-1
while i>=0:
l1.append(l[i])
i=i-1
output=' '.join(l1)
print(output)
Enter Some String:karthi sahasra sri
sri sahasra karthi
Q 3. Program to reverse internal content of each word.
input: Learning Python is Very Easy
output: gninreaL nohtyP si yreV ysaE
Way 1:
In [41]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
l=s.split()
l1=[]
i = 0
while i<len(l):
l1.append(l[i][::-1])
i=i+1
output=' '.join(l1)
print(output)
Enter Some String:Learning Python Is Very Easy
gninraeL nohtyP sI yreV ysaE
Way 2:
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In [44]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
l=s.split()
l1=[]
for i in range(len(l)):
s1 =l[i]
l1.append(s1)
print(l1)
Enter Some String:Learning Python Is Very Easy
['Learning', 'Python', 'Is', 'Very', 'Easy']
In [45]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
l=s.split()
l1=[]
for i in range(len(l)):
s1 =l[i]
l1.append(s1[::-1])
print(l1)
Enter Some String:Learning Python Is Very Easy
['gninraeL', 'nohtyP', 'sI', 'yreV', 'ysaE']
In [46]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
l=s.split()
l1=[]
for i in range(len(l)):
s1 =l[i]
l1.append(s1[::-1]) # Appending reverse of s1 to the list l1
output=' '.join(l1)
print(output)
Enter Some String:Learning Python Is Very Easy
gninraeL nohtyP sI yreV ysaE
Way 3:
In [47]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
l=s.split()
l1=[]
for x in l:
l1.append(x[::-1]) # Appending reverse of s1 to the list l1
output=' '.join(l1)
print(output)
Enter Some String:Learning Python Is Very Easy
gninraeL nohtyP sI yreV ysaE
Q 4. Write a program to print characters at odd position and even position for the given String?
Way 1:
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In [48]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
print("Characters at Even Position:",s[0::2])
print("Characters at Odd Position:",s[1::2])
Enter Some String:karthikeya
Characters at Even Position: krhky
Characters at Odd Position: atiea
Way 2:
In [49]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
i=0
print("Characters at Even Position:")
while i< len(s):
print(s[i],end=',')
i=i+2
print()
print("Characters at Odd Position:")
i=1
while i< len(s):
print(s[i],end=',')
i=i+2
Enter Some String:karthikeya
Characters at Even Position:
k,r,h,k,y,
Characters at Odd Position:
a,t,i,e,a,
Q 5. Program to merge characters of 2 strings into a single string by taking characters alternatively.
In [53]:
s1=input("Enter First String:")
s2=input("Enter Second String:")
output=''
i,j=0,0
while i<len(s1) or j<len(s2):
output = output + s1[i]
i = i + 1
output = output + s2[j]
j = j + 1
print(output)
Enter First String:ravi
Enter Second String:ramu
rraavmiu
Eventhough above code is working, there is some flaw in the code. This code works for the strings with same
length. see the below code.
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In [55]:
s1=input("Enter First String:")
s2=input("Enter Second String:")
output=''
i,j=0,0
while i<len(s1) or j<len(s2):
output = output + s1[i]
i = i + 1
output = output + s2[j]
j = j + 1
print(output)
Enter First String:karthi
Enter Second String:rgm
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-55-5dfcfbfd7737> in <module>
6 output = output + s1[i]
7 i = i + 1
----> 8 output = output + s2[j]
9 j = j + 1
10 print(output)
IndexError: string index out of range
Modified Code :
In [51]:
s1=input("Enter First String:")
s2=input("Enter Second String:")
output=''
i,j=0,0
while i<len(s1) or j<len(s2):
if i<len(s1):
output=output+s1[i]
i+=1
if j<len(s2):
output=output+s2[j]
j+=1
print(output)
Enter First String:karthi
Enter Second String:sahasra
ksaarhtahsira
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In [52]:
s1=input("Enter First String:")
s2=input("Enter Second String:")
output=''
i,j=0,0
while i<len(s1) or j<len(s2):
if i<len(s1):
output=output+s1[i]
i+=1
if j<len(s2):
output=output+s2[j]
j+=1
print(output)
Enter First String:karthisahasra
Enter Second String:rgm
kragrmthisahasra
Q 6. Write a program to sort the characters of the string and first alphabet symbols followed by numeric
values.
input: B4A1D3
Output: ABD134
sorted() function is used to sort the present content in side the string, which is given as an argument.
In [56]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
s1=s2=output=''
for x in s:
if x.isalpha():
s1=s1+x # All alphabets in s1
else:
s2=s2+x # All digits in s2
for x in sorted(s1): # In s1, whatever the content is there which will be sorted.
output=output+x
for x in sorted(s2): # # In s2, whatever the content is there which will be sorted
output=output+x
print(output)
Enter Some String:b4a1d3
abd134
Optimized version of the above code:
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In [59]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
s1=s2=output=''
for x in s:
if x.isalpha():
s1=s1+x # All alphabets in s1
else:
s2=s2+x # All digits in s2
print(''.join(sorted(s1))+''.join(sorted(s2)))
Enter Some String:b4a1d3
abd134
Q 7. Write a program for the following requirement:
input: a4b3c2
output: aaaabbbcc
In [60]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
output=''
for x in s:
if x.isalpha():
output=output+x
previous=x
else:
output = output + previous*(int(x)-1)
print(output)
Enter Some String:a5b4c2
aaaaabbbbcc
Note:
chr(unicode)===>The corresponding character
ord(character)===>The corresponding unicode value
Q 8. Write a program to perform the following activity :
input: a4k3b2
output:aeknbd
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In [1]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
output=''
for x in s:
if x.isalpha():
output=output+x
previous=x
else:
output=output+chr(ord(previous)+int(x))
print(output)
Enter Some String:a4k3b2
aeknbd
Q 9. Write a program to remove duplicate characters from the given input string.
Input: ABCDABBCDABBBCCCDDEEEF
Output: ABCDEF
In [2]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
l=[]
for x in s:
if x not in l:
l.append(x)
output=''.join(l)
print(output)
Enter Some String:abcdffaaannncd
abcdfn
Q 10. Write a program to find the number of occurrences of each character present in the given String.
Input: ABCABCABBCDE
Output: A-3,B-4,C-3,D-1,E-1
In [3]:
s=input("Enter the Some String:")
d={}
for x in s:
if x in d.keys():
d[x]=d[x]+1
else:
d[x]=1
for k,v in d.items():
print("{} = {} Times".format(k,v))
Enter the Some String:ABCABCABBCDE
A = 3 Times
B = 4 Times
C = 3 Times
D = 1 Times
E = 1 Times
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In [ ]:
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04/05/2020 List Data Type
UNIT - 4
List Data Type
Topics Covered:
1. Introduction
2. Creation of List Objects
3. Accessing elements of List
4. Traversing the elements of List
5. Important functions of List :
i) To get information about list
ii) Manipulating elements of List
iii) Ordering elements of List
6. Aliasing and Cloning of List objects
7. Using Mathematical operators for List Objects
8. Comparing List objects
9. Membership operators
10. clear() function
11. Nested Lists
12. List Comprehensions
1. Introduction:
If we want to represent a group of individual objects as a single entity where insertion order is preserved
and duplicates are allowed, then we should go for List.
Insertion order preserved.
Duplicate objects are allowed
Heterogeneous objects are allowed.
List is dynamic because based on our requirement we can increase the size and decrease the size.
In List the elements will be placed within square brackets and with comma seperator.
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We can differentiate duplicate elements by using index and we can preserve insertion order by using index.
Hence index will play very important role.
Python supports both positive and negative indexes. +ve index means from left to right where as negative
index means right to left.
Eg: [10,"A","B",20, 30, 10]
List objects are mutable.i.e we can change the content.
2. Creation of List Objects:
1. We can create empty list object as follows...
In [2]:
list=[]
print(list)
print(type(list))
[]
<class 'list'>
2. If we know elements already then we can create list as follows
In [4]:
list = [10,20,30,40]
print(list)
print(type(list))
[10, 20, 30, 40]
<class 'list'>
3. With dynamic input:
In [5]:
list=(input("Enter List:")) # Entire input is considered as string
print(list)
print(type(list))
Enter List:10,20,30,40
10,20,30,40
<class 'str'>
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In [6]:
list=eval(input("Enter List:"))
print(list)
print(type(list))
Enter List:[10,20,30,40]
[10, 20, 30, 40]
<class 'list'>
In [8]:
list=eval(input("Enter List:"))
print(list)
print(type(list))
Enter List:[ram,raj]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-8-ac0b44db1317> in <module>
----> 1 list=eval(input("Enter List:"))
2 print(list)
3 print(type(list))
<string> in <module>
NameError: name 'ram' is not defined
In [9]:
list=eval(input("Enter List:"))
print(list)
print(type(list))
Enter List:['ram','raj']
['ram', 'raj']
<class 'list'>
4. With list() function:
In [ ]:
l=list(range(0,10,2))
print(l) # Not working in jupyter notebook but executed in Editplus
In [12]:
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
Out[12]:
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
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In [ ]:
s="durga"
l=list(s)
print(l) # Not working in jupyter notebook but executed in editplus
In [ ]:
['d', 'u', 'r', 'g', 'a']
5. With split() function:
In [16]:
s="Learning Python is very very easy !!!"
l=s.split()
print(l)
print(type(l))
['Learning', 'Python', 'is', 'very', 'very', 'easy', '!!!']
<class 'list'>
Note:
Sometimes we can take list inside another list,such type of lists are called nested lists. [10,20,[30,40]]
3. Accessing elements of List:
We can access elements of the list either by using index or by using slice operator(:)
1. By using index:
List follows zero based index. ie index of first element is zero.
List supports both +ve and -ve indexes.
+ve index meant for Left to Right.
-ve index meant for Right to Left.
Eg :
list=[10,20,30,40]
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In [20]:
list=[10,20,30,40]
print(list[0]) #10
print(list[-1]) #40
print(list[-4]) #10
print(list[10]) #IndexError: list index out of range
10
40
10
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-20-c9b501127143> in <module>
3 print(list[-1]) #40
4 print(list[-4]) #10
----> 5 print(list[10]) #IndexError: list index out of range
IndexError: list index out of range
In [23]:
list = [10,20,[30,40]]
print(list[2])
print(list[2][1])
[30, 40]
40
2. By using slice operator:
Syntax:
list2= list1[start:stop:step]
start ==>it indicates the index where slice has to start default value is 0
stop ===>It indicates the index where slice has to end default value is max allowed index of list ie length of
the list
step ==>increment value
step default value is 1
In [24]:
l = [10,20,30,40,50,60]
print(l[::])
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
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In [25]:
l = [10,20,30,40,50,60]
print(l[::2])
[10, 30, 50]
In [26]:
l = [10,20,30,40,50,60]
print(l[::-1])
[60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10]
In [27]:
l = [10,20,[30,40],50,60]
print(l[0:3:])
[10, 20, [30, 40]]
In [29]:
n=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
print(n[2:7:2]) #3,5,7
print(n[4::2]) # 5,7,9
print(n[3:7]) #4,5,6,7
print(n[8:2:-2]) # 9,7,5
print(n[4:100]) # 5,6,7,8,9,10
[3, 5, 7]
[5, 7, 9]
[4, 5, 6, 7]
[9, 7, 5]
[5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
List vs mutability:
Once we creates a List object,we can modify its content. Hence List objects are mutable.
In [30]:
n=[10,20,30,40]
print(n)
n[1]=777
print(n)
[10, 20, 30, 40]
[10, 777, 30, 40]
Date: 02-05-2020 Day 2
4. Traversing the elements of List:
The sequential access of each element in the list is called traversal.
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1. By using while loop:
In [2]:
n=[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
i=0
while i<len(n):
print(n[i])
i=i+1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2. By using for loop:
In [3]:
n=[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
for n1 in n:
print(n1)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3. To display only even numbers:
In [4]:
n=[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
for n1 in n:
if n1%2==0:
print(n1)
0
2
4
6
8
10
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4. To display elements by index wise:
In [5]:
l=["A","B","C"]
x=len(l)
for i in range(x):
print(l[i],"is available at positive index: ",i,"and at negative index: ",i-x)
A is available at positive index: 0 and at negative index: -3
B is available at positive index: 1 and at negative index: -2
C is available at positive index: 2 and at negative index: -1
5. Important functions of List:
What is the difference between function and method?
In Python you can use both these terms interchangeably.
-Function:
Function by default considered as method also.
If a function is declaring outside a class is called as function.
- Method :
If you are declaring a function inside a class is called as a method.
In other words, if you are calling any function with object reference is called as method.
Note:
Python is both functional oriented as well as object oriented programming language.
I. To get information about list:
1. len():
returns the number of elements present in the list
In [7]:
n=[10,20,30,40]
print(len(n))
2. count():
It returns the number of occurrences of specified item in the list.
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In [8]:
n=[1,2,2,2,2,3,3]
print(n.count(1))
print(n.count(2))
print(n.count(3))
print(n.count(4))
1
4
2
0
3. index() function:
returns the index of first occurrence of the specified item.
In [9]:
n=[1,2,2,2,2,3,3]
print(n.index(1)) # 0
print(n.index(2)) # 1
print(n.index(3)) # 5
print(n.index(4))
0
1
5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-9-6eef43f6d8a4> in <module>
3 print(n.index(2)) # 1
4 print(n.index(3)) # 5
----> 5 print(n.index(4))
ValueError: 4 is not in list
Note:
If the specified element not present in the list then we will get ValueError.
Hence before index() method we have to check whether item present in the list or not by using in operator.
In [10]:
print( 4 in n) #False
False
Eg:
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In [14]:
l = [10,20,30,40,10,20,10,10]
target = int(input('Enter value to search : '))
if target in l:
print(target,'available and its first occurrence is at ',l.index(target))
else:
print(target,' is not available')b
Enter value to search : 50
50 is not available
In [15]:
l = [10,20,30,40,10,20,10,10]
target = int(input('Enter value to search : '))
if target in l:
print(target,'available and its first occurrence is at ',l.index(target))
else:
print(target,' is not available')
Enter value to search : 20
20 available and its first occurrence is at 1
In [16]:
l = [10,20,30,40,10,20,10,10]
target = int(input('Enter value to search : '))
if target in l:
print(target,'available and its first occurrence is at ',l.index(target))
else:
print(target,' is not available')
Enter value to search : 10
10 available and its first occurrence is at 0
II. Manipulating Elements of List:
1. append() function:
We can use append() function to add item at the end of the list.
By using this append function, we always add an element at last position.
In [11]:
list=[]
list.append("A")
list.append("B")
list.append("C")
print(list)
['A', 'B', 'C']
Eg: To add all elements to list upto 100 which are divisible by 10
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In [17]:
list=[]
for i in range(101):
if i%10==0:
list.append(i)
print(list)
[0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100]
Another Way:
In [19]:
list= []
for i in range(0,101,10):
list.append(i)
print(list)
[0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100]
2. insert() function:
To insert item at specified index position.
In [18]:
n=[1,2,3,4,5]
n.insert(1,888)
print(n)
[1, 888, 2, 3, 4, 5]
In [23]:
n=[1,2,3,4,5]
n.insert(10,777)
n.insert(-10,999)
print(n)
print(n.index(777))
print(n.index(999))
[999, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 777]
6
0
Note:
If the specified index is greater than max index then element will be inserted at last position. If the specified
index is smaller than min index then element will be inserted at first position.
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3. extend() function:
To add all items of one list to another list,we use extend() method.
Eg:
l1.extend(l2)
all items present in l2 will be added to l1
Eg 1:
In [24]:
order1=["Chicken","Mutton","Fish"]
order2=["RC","KF","FO"]
order1.extend(order2)
print(order1)
print(order2)
['Chicken', 'Mutton', 'Fish', 'RC', 'KF', 'FO']
['RC', 'KF', 'FO']
In [26]:
order1=["Chicken","Mutton","Fish"]
order2=["RC","KF","FO"]
order3 = order1 + order2
print(order1)
print(order2)
print(order3)
['Chicken', 'Mutton', 'Fish']
['RC', 'KF', 'FO']
['Chicken', 'Mutton', 'Fish', 'RC', 'KF', 'FO']
Eg 2:
In [1]:
l1 = [10,20,30]
l2 = [40,50,60]
l1.extend(l2)
print(l1)
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
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Eg 3:
In [2]:
order=["Chicken","Mutton","Fish"]
order.extend("Mushroom") # It adds every character as a single element to the list
print(order)
['Chicken', 'Mutton', 'Fish', 'M', 'u', 's', 'h', 'r', 'o', 'o', 'm']
Explanation :
Here, 'Mushroom' is a string type, in this string 8 elements are there. These elements are added seperately.
In [3]:
order=["Chicken","Mutton","Fish"]
order.append("Mushroom") # It adds this string as a single element to the list
print(order)
['Chicken', 'Mutton', 'Fish', 'Mushroom']
Date: 03-05-2020 Day 3
4. remove() function:
We can use this function to remove specified item from the list.
If the item present multiple times then only first occurrence will be removed.
In [4]:
n=[10,20,10,30]
n.remove(10)
print(n)
[20, 10, 30]
If the specified item not present in list then we will get ValueError
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In [5]:
n=[10,20,10,30]
n.remove(40)
print(n)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-5-75e98f1b4fac> in <module>
1 n=[10,20,10,30]
----> 2 n.remove(40)
3 print(n)
ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list
Note:
Hence before using remove() method first we have to check specified element present in the list or not by
using in operator.
In [6]:
l1= [10,20,30,40,50,60,70]
x = int(input('Enter the element to be removed : '))
if x in l1:
l1.remove(x)
print('Element removed Successfully ')
print(l1)
else:
print('Specified element is not available ')
Enter the element to be removed : 10
Element removed Successfully
[20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70]
In [7]:
l1= [10,20,30,40,50,60,70]
x = int(input('Enter the element to be removed : '))
if x in l1:
l1.remove(x)
print('Element removed Successfully ')
print(l1)
else:
print('Specified element is not available ')
Enter the element to be removed : 80
Specified element is not available
5. pop() function:
It removes and returns the last element of the list.
This is only function which manipulates list and returns some element.
Eg:
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In [8]:
n=[10,20,30,40]
print(n.pop())
print(n.pop())
print(n)
40
30
[10, 20]
If the list is empty then pop() function raises IndexError
In [9]:
n=[]
print(n.pop())
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-9-5146d826acc3> in <module>
1 n=[]
----> 2 print(n.pop())
IndexError: pop from empty list
Note:
1. pop() is the only function which manipulates the list and returns some value
2. In general we can use append() and pop() functions to implement stack datastructure by using
list,which follows LIFO(Last In First Out) order.
3. In general we can use pop() function to remove last element of the list. But we can use to remove
elements based on index.
We can use pop() function in following ways:
n.pop(index)===>To remove and return element present at specified index.
n.pop()==>To remove and return last element of the list
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In [11]:
n=[10,20,30,40,50,60]
print(n.pop()) #60
print(n.pop(1)) #20
print(n.pop(10)) # IndexError: pop index out of range
60
20
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-11-c0a703a9cc2f> in <module>
2 print(n.pop()) #60
3 print(n.pop(1)) #20
----> 4 print(n.pop(10)) # IndexError: pop index out of range
IndexError: pop index out of range
Note:
List objects are dynamic. i.e based on our requirement we can increase and decrease the size.
append(),insert() ,extend() ===>for increasing the size/growable nature
remove(), pop() ======>for decreasing the size /shrinking nature
III. Ordering elements of List:
1. reverse():
We can use to reverse() order of elements of list.
In [12]:
n=[10,20,30,40]
n.reverse()
print(n)
[40, 30, 20, 10]
2. sort() function:
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()
In list by default insertion order is preserved. If you want to sort the elements of list according to default
natural sorting order then we should go for sort() method.
-For numbers ==> default natural sorting order is Ascending Order
-For Strings ==> default natural sorting order is Alphabetical Order
Eg 1:
In [13]:
n=[20,5,15,10,0]
n.sort()
print(n)
[0, 5, 10, 15, 20]
Eg 2:
In [14]:
s=["Dog","Banana","Cat","Apple"]
s.sort()
print(s)
['Apple', 'Banana', 'Cat', 'Dog']
In [17]:
s=["Dog","Banana","Cat","apple"]
s.sort() # Unicode values are used during comparison of alp
print(s)
['Banana', 'Cat', 'Dog', 'apple']
Note:
To use sort() function, compulsory list should contain only homogeneous elements, otherwise we will
get TypeError.
Eg 3:
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In [15]:
n=[20,10,"A","B"]
n.sort()
print(n)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-15-41c38805e086> in <module>
1 n=[20,10,"A","B"]
----> 2 n.sort()
3 print(n)
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'
Note:
In Python 2 if List contains both numbers and Strings then sort() function first sort numbers followed by
strings.
In [16]:
n=[20,"B",10,"A"]
n.sort()
print(n) # [10,20,'A','B'] It is valid in Python 2, but in Python 3 it is inv
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-16-bda452934197> in <module>
1 n=[20,"B",10,"A"]
----> 2 n.sort()
3 print(n) # [10,20,'A','B'] But in Python 3 it is inval
id.
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'
Eg 4:
In [19]:
n=['20',"B",'10',"A"]
n.sort()
print(n)
['10', '20', 'A', 'B']
How to sort the elements of list in reverse of default natural sorting order:
One Simple Way
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In [25]:
n=[40,10,30,20]
n.sort()
n.reverse()
print(n)
[40, 30, 20, 10]
Alternate Way :
We can sort according to reverse of default natural sorting order by using reverse = True argument.
In [27]:
n=[40,10,30,20]
n.sort()
print(n) #[10,20,30,40]
n.sort(reverse=True)
print(n) #[40,30,20,10]
n.sort(reverse=False)
print(n) #[10,20,30,40]
[10, 20, 30, 40]
[40, 30, 20, 10]
[10, 20, 30, 40]
In [28]:
s=["Dog","Banana","Cat","Apple"]
s.sort(reverse= True) # reverse of Alphabetical order
print(s)
['Dog', 'Cat', 'Banana', 'Apple']
6 . Aliasing and Cloning of List objects:
The process of giving another reference variable to the existing list is called aliasing.
In [29]:
x=[10,20,30,40]
y=x
print(id(x))
print(id(y))
1709842944648
1709842944648
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The problem in this approach is by using one reference variable if we are changing content,then those changes
will be reflected to the other reference variable.
In [30]:
x=[10,20,30,40]
y=x
y[1]=777
print(x) #[10,777,30,40]
[10, 777, 30, 40]
To overcome this problem we should go for cloning.
Cloning :The process of creating exactly duplicate independent object is called cloning.
We can implement cloning by using the following ways:
1. slice operator
2. copy() function
1. By using slice operator:
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In [31]:
x=[10,20,30,40]
y=x[:]
y[1]=777
print(x) #[10,20,30,40]
print(y) #[10,777,30,40]
[10, 20, 30, 40]
[10, 777, 30, 40]
2. By using copy() function:
In [32]:
x=[10,20,30,40]
y=x.copy()
y[1]=777
print(x) # [10,20,30,40]
print(y) # [10,777,30,40]
[10, 20, 30, 40]
[10, 777, 30, 40]
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Q. What is the difference between = operator and copy() function?
= operator meant for aliasing copy() function meant for cloning
7. Using Mathematical operators for List Objects:
We can use + and * operators for List objects.
1. Concatenation operator(+):
We can use + to concatenate 2 lists into a single list.
In [38]:
a=[10,20,30]
b=[40,50,60]
c=a+b # concatenation
print(' a : ',a)
print(' b : ',b)
print(' c : ',c)
a : [10, 20, 30]
b : [40, 50, 60]
c : [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
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In [41]:
a=[10,20,30]
b=[40,50,60]
c=a.extend(b) # extend() methodwon't return anything. it adds the content of 'b' to 'a'.
print(' a : ',a)
print(' b : ',b)
print(' c : ',c)
a : [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
b : [40, 50, 60]
c : None
In [ ]:
Note:
To use + operator compulsory both arguments should be list objects,otherwise we will get TypeError.
Eg:
In [42]:
c=a+40 #TypeError: can only concatenate list (not "int") to list
print(c)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-42-aae8ea9a4fe9> in <module>
----> 1 c=a+40 #TypeError: can only concatenate list (not "int") to l
ist
2 print(c)
TypeError: can only concatenate list (not "int") to list
In [43]:
c=a+[40] #valid
print(c)
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 40]
2. Repetition Operator(*):
We can use repetition operator * to repeat elements of list specified number of times
In [44]:
x=[10,20,30]
y=x*3
print(y) #[10,20,30,10,20,30,10,20,30]
[10, 20, 30, 10, 20, 30, 10, 20, 30]
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8. Comparing List objects
We can use comparison operators for List objects.
Eg :
In [45]:
x=["Dog","Cat","Rat"]
y=["Dog","Cat","Rat"]
z=["DOG","CAT","RAT"]
print(x==y) #True
print(x==z) #False
print(x != z) #True
True
False
True
Note:
Whenever we are using comparison operators(==,!=) for List objects then the following should be
considered:
1. The number of elements
2. The order of elements
3. The content of elements (case sensitive)
Note:
When ever we are using relatational operators(<,<=,>,>=) between List objects,only first element
comparison will be performed.
Eg :
In [46]:
x=[50,20,30]
y=[40,50,60,100,200]
print(x>y) #True
print(x>=y) #True
print(x<y) #False
print(x<=y) #False
True
True
False
False
Eg :
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In [47]:
x=["Dog","Cat","Rat"]
y=["Rat","Cat","Dog"]
print(x>y) #False
print(x>=y) #False
print(x<y) #True
print(x<=y) #True
False
False
True
True
In [48]:
x=["Dog","Cat","Rat"]
y=["Dat","Cat","Dog"]
print(x>y)
True
9. Membership operators:
We can check whether element is a member of the list or not by using memebership operators.
1. in operator
2. not in operator
In [49]:
n=[10,20,30,40]
print (10 in n)
print (10 not in n)
print (100 not in n)
print (50 in n)
print (50 not in n)
True
False
True
False
True
10. clear() function:
We can use clear() function to remove all elements of List.
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In [50]:
n=[10,20,30,40]
print(n)
n.clear()
print(n)
[10, 20, 30, 40]
[]
Date: 04-05-2020 Day 4
11. Nested Lists:
Sometimes we can take one list inside another list. Such type of lists are called nested lists.
Consider the follwoing example:
In [1]:
n=[10,20,[30,40]]
print(n)
print(n[0])
print(n[2])
print(n[2][0])
print(n[2][1])
[10, 20, [30, 40]]
10
[30, 40]
30
40
Note:
We can access nested list elements by using index just like accessing multi dimensional array elements.
Nested List as Matrix
In Python we can represent matrix by using nested lists.
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In [2]:
n=[[10,20,30],[40,50,60],[70,80,90]]
print(n)
print("Elements by Row wise:")
for r in n:
print(r)
print("Elements by Matrix style:")
for i in range(len(n)):
for j in range(len(n[i])):
print(n[i][j],end=' ')
print()
[[10, 20, 30], [40, 50, 60], [70, 80, 90]]
Elements by Row wise:
[10, 20, 30]
[40, 50, 60]
[70, 80, 90]
Elements by Matrix style:
10 20 30
40 50 60
70 80 90
12. List Comprehensions
It is very easy and compact way of creating list objects from any iterable objects(like
list,tuple,dictionary,range etc) based on some condition.
Syntax:
list=[expression for item in list if condition]
Consider an example, If you want to store squares of numbers form 1 to 10 in a list,
In [12]:
l1=[]
for x in range(1,11):
l1.append(x*x)
print(l1)
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
In the above case, the program consisting 4 lines of code. Now for the same purpose we will write the following
code in more concised way.
In [13]:
l1 = [x*x for x in range(1,21)]
l2 = [x for x in l1 if x % 2 == 0]
print(l1)
print(l2)
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 32
4, 361, 400]
[4, 16, 36, 64, 100, 144, 196, 256, 324, 400]
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Few more examples on List comprehensions :
In [10]:
l1 = [x*x for x in range(1,11)]
print(l1)
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
In [14]:
l =[2**x for x in range(1,11)]
print(l)
[2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024]
In [8]:
l = [x for x in range(1,11) if x%2==0]
print(l)
[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
In [15]:
l = [x for x in range(1,11) if x%2==1]
print(l)
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
In [17]:
l = [x**2 for x in range(1,11) if (x**2)%2==1]
print(l)
[1, 9, 25, 49, 81]
In [16]:
words=["Balaiah","Nag","Venkatesh","Chiranjeevi"]
l=[w[0] for w in words]
print(l)
['B', 'N', 'V', 'C']
In [21]:
words=["Balaiah","Nag","Venkatesh","Chiranjeevi"]
l=[w for w in words if len(w)>6]
print(l)
['Balaiah', 'Venkatesh', 'Chiranjeevi']
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In [18]:
num1=[10,20,30,40]
num2=[30,40,50,60]
num3=[ i for i in num1 if i not in num2]
print(num3) #[10,20]
[10, 20]
In [22]:
words="the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog".split() # All 26 alphabets used in t
print(words)
l=[[w.upper(),len(w)] for w in words]
print(l)
['the', 'quick', 'brown', 'fox', 'jumps', 'over', 'the', 'lazy', 'dog']
[['THE', 3], ['QUICK', 5], ['BROWN', 5], ['FOX', 3], ['JUMPS', 5], ['OVER',
4], ['THE', 3], ['LAZY', 4], ['DOG', 3]]
Example Program
Q. Write a program to display unique vowels present in the given word.
In [23]:
vowels=['a','e','i','o','u']
word=input("Enter the word to search for vowels: ")
found=[]
for letter in word:
if letter in vowels:
if letter not in found:
found.append(letter)
print(found)
print("The number of different vowels present in",word,"is",len(found))
Enter the word to search for vowels: Quality Education is useful
['u', 'a', 'i', 'o', 'e']
The number of different vowels present in Quality Education is useful is 5
Suppose if you want lower case and upper case vowels, what you can do is as follows:
In [2]:
vowels=['a','e','i','o','u','A','E','I','O','U']
word=input("Enter the word to search for vowels: ")
found=[]
for letter in word:
if letter in vowels:
if letter not in found:
found.append(letter)
print(found)
print("The number of different vowels present in",word,"is",len(found))
Enter the word to search for vowels: karthi Abc
['a', 'i', 'A']
The number of different vowels present in karthi Abc is 3
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See the above code in another simplified way:
In [3]:
vowels=['a','e','i','o','u']
word=input("Enter the word to search for vowels: ")
found=[]
for letter in word:
if letter.lower() in vowels:
if letter.lower() not in found:
found.append(letter)
print(found)
print("The number of different vowels present in",word,"is",len(found))
Enter the word to search for vowels: KARTHIKEYA
['A', 'I', 'E', 'A']
The number of different vowels present in KARTHIKEYA is 4
In [4]:
vowels=['a','e','i','o','u']
word=input("Enter the word to search for vowels: ")
found=[]
for letter in word:
if letter.lower() in vowels:
if letter.lower() not in found:
found.append(letter.lower())
print(found)
print("The number of different vowels present in",word,"is",len(found))
Enter the word to search for vowels: KARTHIKEYA
['a', 'i', 'e']
The number of different vowels present in KARTHIKEYA is 3
In [ ]:
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05/05/2020 Tuple Data Type
Tuple Data Type
Date: 04-05-2020 Day 1
Topics Covered:
1. Introduction
2. Creation of Tuple objects
3. Accessing elements of tuple
4. Tuple vs immutability
5. Mathematical operators for tuple
6. Important functions of Tuple
i) len()
ii) count()
iii) index()
iv) sorted()
v) min()
vi) max()
vii) cmp()
7. Tuple Packing and Unpacking
8. Tuple Comprehension
9. Differences between List and Tuple
1. Introduction:
1. Tuple is exactly same as List except that it is immutable. i.e., once we creates Tuple object,we cannot
perform any changes in that object. Hence Tuple is Read Only Version of List.
2. If our data is fixed and never changes then we should go for Tuple.
3. Insertion Order is preserved.
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p
4. Duplicates are allowed.
5. Heterogeneous objects are allowed.
6. We can preserve insertion order and we can differentiate duplicate objects by using index. Hence index will
play very important role in Tuple also.
7. Tuple support both +ve and -ve index. +ve index means forward direction(from left to right) and -ve index
means backward direction(from right to left).
8. We can represent Tuple elements within Parenthesis and with comma seperator.
Note :
Parenethesis are optional but recommended to use.
Eg :
In [1]:
t=10,20,30,40
print(t)
print(type(t))
(10, 20, 30, 40)
<class 'tuple'>
In [2]:
t=(10,20,30,40)
print(t)
print(type(t))
(10, 20, 30, 40)
<class 'tuple'>
In [3]:
t = ()
print(type(t))
<class 'tuple'>
Note:
We have to take special care about single valued tuple.compulsary the value should ends with
comma,otherwise it is not treated as tuple.
Eg:
In [4]:
t=(10)
print(t)
print(type(t))
10
<class 'int'>
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In [5]:
t=(10,)
print(t)
print(type(t))
(10,)
<class 'tuple'>
Q. Which of the following are valid/Invalid tuples?
In [7]:
t=() # valid
t=10,20,30,40 # valid
t=10 # not valid
t=10, # valid
t=(10) # notvalid
t=(10,) # valid
t=(10,20,30,40) # valid
t= (10,20,30,) # valid
In [1]:
t = (10,20,30,)
print(t)
print(type(t))
(10, 20, 30)
<class 'tuple'>
Date: 05-05-2020 Day 2
2. Creation of Tuple objects
1. t=()
creation of empty tuple
In [2]:
t=()
print(t)
print(type(t))
()
<class 'tuple'>
2. t=(10,)
t=10, ====> creation of single valued tuple ,parenthesis are optional,but it should ends with comma.
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In [3]:
t = (10,)
print(t)
print(type(t))
(10,)
<class 'tuple'>
3. t=10,20,30 or t=(10,20,30)*
creation of multi values tuples & parenthesis are optional.
In [4]:
t = 10,20,30
print(t)
print(type(t))
(10, 20, 30)
<class 'tuple'>
4. By using tuple() function:
if you have any sequence (i.e., string, list, range etc.,) which can be easily converted into a tuple by using
tuple() function.
In [5]:
list=[10,20,30]
t=tuple(list)
print(t)
print(type(t))
(10, 20, 30)
<class 'tuple'>
In [9]:
t=tuple(range(10,20,2))
print(t)
print(type(t))
(10, 12, 14, 16, 18)
<class 'tuple'>
In [10]:
t = tuple('karthi')
print(t)
print(type(t))
('k', 'a', 'r', 't', 'h', 'i')
<class 'tuple'>
3. Accessing elements of tuple:
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3. Accessing elements of tuple:
We can access elements of a tuple either by using index or by using slice operator.
1. By using index:
In [7]:
t=(10,20,30,40,50,60)
print(t[0]) #10
print(t[-1]) #60
print(t[100]) #IndexError: tuple index out of range
10
60
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-7-a762027e6505> in <module>
2 print(t[0]) #10
3 print(t[-1]) #60
----> 4 print(t[100]) #IndexError: tuple index out of range
IndexError: tuple index out of range
2. By using slice operator:
In [8]:
t=(10,20,30,40,50,60)
print(t[2:5]) #30,40,50
print(t[2:100]) # 30,40,50,60
print(t[::2]) #10,30,50
(30, 40, 50)
(30, 40, 50, 60)
(10, 30, 50)
Eg:
In [11]:
t= tuple('karthikeya')
print(t[0])
print(t[1:5:1])
print(t[-2:-5:-1])
k
('a', 'r', 't', 'h')
('y', 'e', 'k')
4. Tuple vs immutability:
Once we creates tuple,we cannot change its content. Hence tuple objects are immutable.
Eg :
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In [12]:
t=(10,20,30,40)
t[1]=70
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-12-b9dcfa3c846d> in <module>
1 t=(10,20,30,40)
----> 2 t[1]=70
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
5. Mathematical operators for tuple:
We can apply + and * operators for tuple
1. Concatenation Operator(+):
In [13]:
t1=(10,20,30)
t2=(40,50,60)
t3=t1+t2
print(t3) # (10,20,30,40,50,60)
(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60)
In [15]:
t1 = 10,20,30,40
t2 = 10,20,30,40
t3 = t1 + t2 # because list and tuple allow duplicates, so you will get all the elements
print(t3)
(10, 20, 30, 40, 10, 20, 30, 40)
2. Multiplication operator (or) repetition operator(*):
In [14]:
t1=(10,20,30)
t2=t1*3
print(t2) #(10,20,30,10,20,30,10,20,30)
(10, 20, 30, 10, 20, 30, 10, 20, 30)
6. Important functions of Tuple:
1. len():
It is an in-built function of Python, if you provide any sequnce (i.e., strings, list,tuple etc.,), in that how many
elements are there that will be returened this function.
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It is used to return number of elements present in the tuple.
In [16]:
t=(10,20,30,40)
print(len(t)) #4
2. count():
To return number of occurrences of given element in the tuple
In [17]:
t=(10,20,10,10,20)
print(t.count(10)) #3
3. index():
It returns index of first occurrence of the given element. If the specified element is not available then we will
get ValueError.
In [18]:
t=(10,20,10,10,20)
print(t.index(10)) # 0
print(t.index(30)) # ValueError: tuple.index(x): x not in tuple
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-18-e5a94eb1d82a> in <module>
1 t=(10,20,10,10,20)
2 print(t.index(10)) # 0
----> 3 print(t.index(30)) # ValueError: tuple.index(x): x not in tuple
ValueError: tuple.index(x): x not in tuple
4. sorted():
It is used to sort elements based on default natural sorting order (Ascending order).
In [30]:
t =(10,30,40,20)
print(sorted(t)) # sorted() is going to return list
[10, 20, 30, 40]
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In [31]:
t =(10,30,40,20)
t.sort()
print(t)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-31-6dd56d99cf24> in <module>
1 t =(10,30,40,20)
----> 2 t.sort()
3 print(t)
AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'sort'
Reason: Tuple is Immutable. We cannot modify the tuple contents.
In [34]:
t=(40,10,30,20)
print(id(t))
print(type(t))
t=sorted(t)
print(id(t))
print(type(t))
print(t) # result is in List form.
2653757219768
<class 'tuple'>
2653757029192
<class 'list'>
[10, 20, 30, 40]
In [36]:
t=(40,10,30,20)
t1=sorted(t)
print(type(t1))
print(t1)
print(type(t))
print(t)
<class 'list'>
[10, 20, 30, 40]
<class 'tuple'>
(40, 10, 30, 20)
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In [37]:
t=(40,10,30,20)
t1=tuple(sorted(t))
print(type(t1))
print(t1)
print(type(t1))
print(t)
<class 'tuple'>
(10, 20, 30, 40)
<class 'tuple'>
(40, 10, 30, 20)
We can sort according to reverse of default natural sorting order is as follows:
In [20]:
t1=sorted(t,reverse=True)
print(t1) #[40, 30, 20, 10]
[40, 30, 20, 10]
5. min() and max() functions:
These functions return minimum and maximum values according to default natural sorting order.
These functions will works on tuple with respect to homogeneous elements only.
In [35]:
t=(40,10,30,20)
print(min(t)) #10
print(max(t)) #40
10
40
In [40]:
t = ('karthi') # based on unicode values these functions will work.
print(min(t))
print(max(t))
a
t
In [39]:
t = ('kArthi')
print(min(t))
print(max(t))
A
t
6. cmp():
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It compares the elements of both tuples.
If both tuples are equal then returns 0.
If the first tuple is less than second tuple then it returns -1.
If the first tuple is greater than second tuple then it returns +1.
In [41]:
t1=(10,20,30)
t2=(40,50,60)
t3=(10,20,30)
print(cmp(t1,t2)) # -1
print(cmp(t1,t3)) # 0
print(cmp(t2,t3)) # +1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-41-558f5c41fd64> in <module>
2 t2=(40,50,60)
3 t3=(10,20,30)
----> 4 print(cmp(t1,t2)) # -1
5 print(cmp(t1,t3)) # 0
6 print(cmp(t2,t3)) # +1
NameError: name 'cmp' is not defined
Note : cmp() function is available only in Python 2 but not in Python 3
In [46]:
t1=(10,20,30)
t2=(40,50,60)
t3=(10,20,30)
print(t1==t2)
print(t1==t3)
print(t2==t3)
print(t1<t2) # true, because it compares only first element.
False
True
False
True
In [47]:
t1=(10,20,30)
t2=(5,50,60)
print(t1<t2)
False
7. Tuple Packing and Unpacking:
Tuple packing :
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We can create a tuple by packing a group of variables.
Eg:
In [48]:
a=10
b=20
c=30
d=40
t=a,b,c,d
print(t) #(10, 20, 30, 40)
(10, 20, 30, 40)
Here a,b,c,d are packed into a tuple t. This is nothing but tuple packing.
Tuple unpacking :
Tuple unpacking is the reverse process of tuple packing.
We can unpack a tuple and assign its values to different variables.
Eg :
In [49]:
t=(10,20,30,40)
a,b,c,d=t
print("a=",a,"b=",b,"c=",c,"d=",d)
a= 10 b= 20 c= 30 d= 40
Note : This concept is also applicable for any sequence (i.e., string,list,set etc.,) concept also.
Unpacking:
In [1]:
t=[10,20,30,40]
a,b,c,d=t
print("a=",a,"b=",b,"c=",c,"d=",d)
a= 10 b= 20 c= 30 d= 40
In [3]:
t={10,20,30,40}
a,b,c,d=t
print("a=",a,"b=",b,"c=",c,"d=",d)
a= 40 b= 10 c= 20 d= 30
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In [2]:
t='abcd'
a,b,c,d=t
print("a=",a,"b=",b,"c=",c,"d=",d)
a= a b= b c= c d= d
Packing:
In [4]:
a = 10
b = 20
c = 30
d = 40
t =[a,b,c,d]
print(type(t))
print(t)
<class 'list'>
[10, 20, 30, 40]
In [7]:
a = 10
b = 20
c = 30
d = 40
t ={a,b,c,d} # for 'set' order is not important
print(type(t))
print(t)
<class 'set'>
{40, 10, 20, 30}
In [6]:
a = 10
b = 20
c = 30
d = 40
t ='a,b,c,d'
print(type(t))
print(t)
<class 'str'>
a,b,c,d
Note:
At the time of tuple unpacking the number of variables and number of values should be same. ,otherwise
we will get ValueError.
Eg :
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In [50]:
t=(10,20,30,40)
a,b,c=t # ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 3)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-50-11ffc4f6133a> in <module>
1 t=(10,20,30,40)
----> 2 a,b,c=t #ValueError: too many values to unpack
(expected 3)
ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 3)
8. Tuple Comprehension
Tuple Comprehension is not supported by Python.
t= ( x**2 for x in range(1,6))
Here we are not getting tuple object and we are getting generator object.
In [9]:
t= ( x**2 for x in range(1,6))
print(type(t))
for x in t:
print(x)
<class 'generator'>
1
4
9
16
25
Eg :
Q. Write a program to take a tuple of numbers from the keyboard and print its sum and average.
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In [11]:
t=eval(input("Enter Tuple of Numbers:"))
print(type(t))
l=len(t)
sum=0
for x in t:
sum = sum + x
print("The Sum=",sum)
print("The Average=",sum/l)
Enter Tuple of Numbers:(10,20,30,40)
<class 'tuple'>
The Sum= 100
The Average= 25.0
In [12]:
t=eval(input("Enter Tuple of Numbers:"))
print(type(t))
l=len(t)
sum=0
for x in t:
sum = sum + x
print("The Sum=",sum)
print("The Average=",sum/l)
Enter Tuple of Numbers:100,200,220,300
<class 'tuple'>
The Sum= 820
The Average= 205.0
9. Differences between List and Tuple:
List and Tuple are exactly same except small difference: List objects are mutable where as Tuple objects
are immutable.
In both cases insertion order is preserved, duplicate objects are allowed, heterogenous objects are
allowed, index and slicing are supported.
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In [ ]:
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06/05/2020 Set Data Type
UNIT - 5
Set Data Type
Date: 06-05-2020 Day 1
Topics Covered:
1. Introduction
2. Creation of Set Objects
3. Important functions / methods of set
1. add()
2. update()
3. copy()
4. pop()
5. remove()
6. discard()
7. clear()
4. Mathematical operations on the Set
5. Membership operators
i) in
ii) not in
6. Set Comprehension
1. Introduction
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If we want to represent a group of unique values as a single entity then we should go for set.
06/05/2020 Set Data Type
Key features of Set Data Type:
1. Duplicates are not allowed.
2. Insertion order is not preserved.But we can sort the elements.
3. Indexing and slicing not allowed for the set.
4. Heterogeneous elements are allowed.
5. Set objects are mutable i.e once we creates set object we can perform any changes in that object based on
our requirement.
6. We can represent set elements within curly braces and with comma seperation.
7. We can apply mathematical operations like union,intersection,difference etc on set objects.
2. Creation of Set Objects
i) Creation of set object with single value
In [5]:
s = {10}
print(type(s))
print(s)
<class 'set'>
{10}
ii) Creation of set object with multiple values
In [6]:
s = {30,40,10,5,20} # in the output order not preserved
print(type(s))
print(s)
<class 'set'>
{5, 40, 10, 20, 30}
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In [10]:
s = {30,40,10,5,20} # in the output order not preserved
print(type(s))
print(s[0])
<class 'set'>
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-10-655c69b5c557> in <module>
1 s = {30,40,10,5,20} # in the output order not preserved
2 print(type(s))
----> 3 print(s[0])
TypeError: 'set' object is not subscriptable
In [11]:
s = {30,40,10,5,20} # in the output order not preserved
print(type(s))
print(s[0:6])
<class 'set'>
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-11-05c9c76958c2> in <module>
1 s = {30,40,10,5,20} # in the output order not preserved
2 print(type(s))
----> 3 print(s[0:6])
TypeError: 'set' object is not subscriptable
iii) Creation of set objects using set() function
We can create set objects by using set() function.
Syntax:
s=set(any sequence)
Eg 1:
In [7]:
l = [10,20,30,40,10,20,10]
s=set(l)
print(s) # {40, 10, 20, 30} because duplicates are not allowed in set
{40, 10, 20, 30}
Eg 2:
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In [9]:
s=set(range(5))
print(s) #{0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
Eg 3:
In [12]:
s = set('karthi')
print(s)
{'a', 'h', 'i', 't', 'k', 'r'}
Eg 4:
In [15]:
s= set('aaabbbb')
print(s)
{'a', 'b'}
Note:
While creating empty set we have to take special care. Compulsory we should use set() function.
s={} ==>It is treated as dictionary but not empty set.
Eg :
In [13]:
s = {}
print(type(s))
<class 'dict'>
Eg :
In [14]:
s = set() # set function without any arguments
print(s)
print(type(s))
set()
<class 'set'>
3. Important functions / methods of set:
1. add(x):
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Adds item x to the set
Eg :
In [31]:
s={10,20,30}
s.add(40); # ';' is optional for python statements
print(s) #{40, 10, 20, 30}
{40, 10, 20, 30}
In [32]:
s={10,20,30}
s.add('karthi'); # ';' is optional for python statements
print(s)
{10, 'karthi', 20, 30}
2. update(x,y,z):
This method is used to add multiple items to the set.
Arguments are not individual elements and these are Iterable objects like List,range etc.
All elements present in the given Iterable objects will be added to the set.
Eg :
In [33]:
s={10,20,30}
s.update('karthi'); # ';' is optional for python statements
print(s)
{'a', 10, 'h', 'i', 20, 't', 'k', 'r', 30}
In [23]:
s={10,20,30}
l=[40,50,60,10]
s.update(l,range(5))
print(s)
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 40, 10, 50, 20, 60, 30}
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In [24]:
s={10,20,30}
l=[40,50,60,10]
s.update(l,range(5),100)
print(s)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-24-d6e54bc11daa> in <module>
1 s={10,20,30}
2 l=[40,50,60,10]
----> 3 s.update(l,range(5),100)
4 print(s)
TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable
In [25]:
s={10,20,30}
l=[40,50,60,10]
s.update(l,range(5),'100')
print(s)
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 40, 10, '0', '1', 50, 20, 60, 30}
In [26]:
s={10,20,30}
l=[40,50,60,10]
s.update(l,range(5),'karthi')
print(s)
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 'a', 40, 10, 'h', 'i', 50, 20, 't', 'k', 'r', 60, 30}
In [18]:
s =set()
s.update(range(1,10,2),range(0,10,2))
print(s)
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
Q. What is the difference between add() and update() functions in set?
We can use add() to add individual item to the Set,where as we can use update() function to add multiple
items to Set.
add() function can take only one argument where as update() function can take any number of arguments
but all arguments should be iterable objects.
Q. Which of the following are valid for set s?
1. s.add(10) Valid
2. s.add(10,20,30) TypeError: add() takes exactly one argument (3 given)
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3. s.update(10) TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable
4. s.update(range(1,10,2),range(0,10,2)) Valid
3. copy():
Returns copy of the set. It is cloned object (Backup copy).
Eg :
In [20]:
s={10,20,30}
s1=s.copy()
print(s1)
print(s)
{10, 20, 30}
{10, 20, 30}
4. pop():
It removes and returns some random element from the set.
Eg :
In [38]:
s={40,10,30,20}
print(s)
print(s.pop())
print(s.pop())
print(s.pop())
print(s)
print(s.pop())
print(s) # empty set
print(s.pop())
{40, 10, 20, 30}
40
10
20
{30}
30
set()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-38-22f4166ffe90> in <module>
7 print(s.pop())
8 print(s) # empty set
----> 9 print(s.pop())
KeyError: 'pop from an empty set'
Consider the following case :
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In [39]:
s={40,10,30,20}
print(s)
print(s.pop())
print(s.pop())
print(s)
{40, 10, 20, 30}
40
10
{20, 30}
In [40]:
s={40,10,30,20}
print(s)
print(s.pop())
print(s.pop())
print(s)
{40, 10, 20, 30}
40
10
{20, 30}
In [41]:
s={40,10,30,20}
print(s)
print(s.pop())
print(s.pop())
print(s)
{40, 10, 20, 30}
40
10
{20, 30}
Note :
How many times you may execute the code, the elements which are popped from the set in same order. The
reason is ---
All the elements of set are inserted based on some hashcode.If that order is fixed then it is always going to
return one by one. But in which order these elements are inserted we don't know.
5. remove(x):
It removes specified element from the set.
If the specified element not present in the Set then we will get KeyError.
Eg :
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In [30]:
s={40,10,30,20}
s.remove(30)
print(s) # {40, 10, 20}
s.remove(50) # KeyError: 50
{40, 10, 20}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-30-fd29f2336f3b> in <module>
2 s.remove(30)
3 print(s) # {40, 10, 20}
----> 4 s.remove(50) #KeyError: 50
KeyError: 50
Date: 07-05-2020 Day 2
6. discard(x):
It removes the specified element from the set. If the specified element not present in the set then we won't
get any error.
In [1]:
s={10,20,30}
s.discard(10)
print(s) #{20, 30}
s.discard(50)
print(s) #{20, 30}
{20, 30}
{20, 30}
Answer the following :
Q. What is the difference between remove() and discard() functions in Set?
Q. Explain differences between pop(),remove() and discard() functionsin Set?
7.clear():
To remove all elements from the Set.
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In [2]:
s={10,20,30}
print(s)
s.clear()
print(s)
{10, 20, 30}
set()
4. Mathematical operations on the Set
1.union():
x.union(y) ==> We can use this function to return all elements present in both x and y sets
wecan perform union operation in two ways:
1. x.union(y) ==> by calling through union() method.
2. x|y ==> by using '|' operator.
This operation returns all elements present in both sets x and y (without duplicate elements).
Eg :
In [3]:
x={10,20,30,40}
y={30,40,50,60}
print(x.union(y)) #{10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60}
print(x|y) #{10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60}
{40, 10, 50, 20, 60, 30}
{40, 10, 50, 20, 60, 30}
2. intersection():
wecan perform intersection operation in two ways:
1. x.intersection(y) --> by calling through intersection() method.
2. x&y --> by using '&' operator.
This operation returns common elements present in both sets x and y.
Eg :
In [4]:
x={10,20,30,40}
y={30,40,50,60}
print(x.intersection(y)) #{40, 30}
print(x&y) #{40, 30}
{40, 30}
{40, 30}
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3. difference():
wecan perform difference operation in two ways:
1. x.difference(y) --> by calling through difference() method.
2. x-y --> by using '-' operator.
This operation returns the elements present in x but not in y.
Eg :
In [5]:
x={10,20,30,40}
y={30,40,50,60}
print(x.difference(y)) #{10, 20}
print(x-y) #{10, 20}
print(y-x) #{50, 60}
{10, 20}
{10, 20}
{50, 60}
4.symmetric_difference():
wecan perform symmetric_difference operation in two ways:
1. x.symmetric_difference(y) --> by calling through symmetric_difference method.
2. x^y --> by using '^' operator.
This operation returns elements present in either x or y but not in both.
Eg :
In [6]:
x={10,20,30,40}
y={30,40,50,60}
print(x.symmetric_difference(y)) #{10, 50, 20, 60}
print(x^y) #{10, 50, 20, 60}
{10, 50, 20, 60}
{10, 50, 20, 60}
5. Membership operators:
Membership operators are used to check whether a particular object is available or not.
For any sequence, we can apply membership operators.
Follwoing are the membership operators:
1. in
2. not in
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Eg :
In [8]:
s=set("karthi")
print(s)
print('a' in s)
print('z' in s)
{'r', 'a', 'i', 't', 'k', 'h'}
True
False
6. Set Comprehension
Set comprehension is possible.
Syntax:
s = {expression for x in sequence condition}
In [9]:
s = {x*x for x in range(6)}
print(s)
{0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25}
In [10]:
s={2**x for x in range(2,10,2)}
print(s)
{16, 256, 64, 4}
Note :
set objects won't support indexing and slicing.
Eg:
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In [11]:
s={10,20,30,40}
print(s[0]) #TypeError: 'set' object does not support indexing
print(s[1:3]) #TypeError: 'set' object is not subscriptable
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-11-6f6a7552f39c> in <module>
1 s={10,20,30,40}
----> 2 print(s[0]) #TypeError: 'set' object does not support in
dexing
3 print(s[1:3]) #TypeError: 'set' object is not subscriptabl
e
TypeError: 'set' object is not subscriptable
Example Programs
Q 1. Write a program to eliminate duplicates present in the list.
Approach-1:
In [12]:
l=eval(input("Enter List of values: "))
s=set(l)
print(s)
Enter List of values: 10,20,30,10,20,40
{40, 10, 20, 30}
Approach-2:
In [13]:
l=eval(input("Enter List of values: "))
l1=[]
for x in l:
if x not in l1:
l1.append(x)
print(l1)
Enter List of values: 10,20,30,10,20,40
[10, 20, 30, 40]
Q. Write a program to print different vowels present in the given word.
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In [15]:
w=input("Enter word to search for vowels: ")
s=set(w)
v={'a','e','i','o','u'}
d=s.intersection(v)
print("The different vowel present in",w,"are",d)
print('The number of different vowels : ',len(d))
Enter word to search for vowels: Learning python is very easy
The different vowel present in Learning python is very easy are {'o', 'a',
'i', 'e'}
The number of different vowels : 4
In [ ]:
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Dictionary Data Type
Date: 07-05-2020 Day 1
Topics Covered:
1. Introduction
2. Creation of Dictionary objects
3. Accessing data from the Dictionary
4. Updating the Dictionary
5. Deleting the elements from Dictionary
6. Important functions of Dictionary
i) dict()
ii) len()
iii) clear()
iv) get()
v) pop()
vi) popitem()
vii) keys()
viii) values()
ix) items()
x) copy()
xi) setdefault()
xii) update()
7. Dictionary Comprehension
Example Programs
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1. Introduction
We can use List,Tuple and Set to represent a group of individual objects as a single entity.
If we want to represent a group of objects as key-value pairs then we should go for Dictionary.
Eg:
rollno----name
phone number--address
ipaddress---domain name
Key features of Dictionary Data type :
1. Duplicate keys are not allowed but values can be duplicated.
2. Hetrogeneous objects are allowed for both key and values.
3. insertion order is not preserved.
4. Dictionaries are mutable.
5. Dictionaries are dynamic.
6. indexing and slicing concepts are not applicable.
Note:
In C++ and Java Dictionaries are known as "Map" where as in Perl and Ruby it is known as "Hash".
2. Creation of Dictionary objects
If you want to create an empty dictionary, we use the following approach:
In [1]:
d = {}
print(type(d))
<class 'dict'>
We can create an empty dictionary using dict() function also.
In [2]:
d = dict()
print(type(d))
<class 'dict'>
We can add entries into a dictionary as follows:
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y
d[key] = value
In [8]:
d[100]="karthi"
d[200]="sahasra"
d[300]="sri"
d['rgm'] = 'Nandyal'
print(d) #{100: 'karthi', 200: 'sahasra', 300: 'sri', 'rgm' : 'Nandyal'}
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'sahasra', 300: 'sri', 'rgm': 'Nandyal'}
If we know data in advance then we can create dictionary as follows:
In [4]:
d={100:'karthi' ,200:'sahasra', 300:'sri'}
print(d)
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'sahasra', 300: 'sri'}
3. Accessing data from the dictionary
We can access data by using keys.
In [12]:
d={'a':'apple' ,'b':'banana', 'c':'cat'}
print(d['b'])
banana
If the specified key is not available then we will get KeyError.
In [13]:
d={'a':'apple' ,'b':'banana', 'c':'cat'}
print(d['z'])
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-13-15b56079ad88> in <module>
1 d={'a':'apple' ,'b':'banana', 'c':'cat'}
----> 2 print(d['z'])
KeyError: 'z'
We can prevent this by checking whether key is already available or not by using has_key() function (or) by
using in operator.
d.has_key(400) ==> returns 1 if key is available otherwise returns 0
Note :
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has_key() function is available only in Python 2 but not in Python 3.
Hence compulsory we have to use in operator.
In [16]:
d={'a':'apple' ,'b':'banana', 'c':'cat'}
if 'b' in d:
print(d['b'])
banana
In [18]:
d={'a':'apple' ,'b':'banana', 'c':'cat'}
if 'z' in d:
print(d['z']) # If the key is not there in the dictionary, it wont give any key err
Example Program :
Q. Write a program to enter name and percentage marks in a dictionary and display information on the
screen.
In [23]:
rec={}
n=int(input("Enter number of students: "))
i=1
while i <= n:
name=input("Enter Student Name: ")
marks=input("Enter % of Marks of Student: ")
rec[name]=marks
i=i+1
print("Name of Student","\t","% of Marks")
for x in rec:
print("\t",x,"\t",rec[x]) # x ===> key rec[x] =====> value
Enter number of students: 3
Enter Student Name: sourav
Enter % of Marks of Student: 89
Enter Student Name: sachin
Enter % of Marks of Student: 77
Enter Student Name: dravid
Enter % of Marks of Student: 77
Name of Student % of Marks
sourav 89
sachin 77
dravid 77
Date: 08-05-2020 Day 2
4. Updating the Dictionary
Syntax:
d[key]=value
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If the key is not available then a new entry will be added to the dictionary with the specified key-value pair.
If the key is already available then old value will be replaced with new value.
Eg :
In [1]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"sahasra",300:"sri"}
print(d)
d[400]="sachin"
print(d)
d[100]="sourav"
print(d)
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'sahasra', 300: 'sri'}
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'sahasra', 300: 'sri', 400: 'sachin'}
{100: 'sourav', 200: 'sahasra', 300: 'sri', 400: 'sachin'}
5. Deleting the elements from Dictionary
Syntax :
del d[key]
It deletes entry associated with the specified key.
If the key is not available then we will get KeyError.
Eg :
In [2]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"sahasra",300:"sri"}
print(d)
del d[100]
print(d)
del d[400]
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'sahasra', 300: 'sri'}
{200: 'sahasra', 300: 'sri'}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-2-a42fad35d4cc> in <module>
3 del d[100]
4 print(d)
----> 5 del d[400]
KeyError: 400
Note : Let us discuss about few more functions related to delete the contents of a dictionary.
1. clear():
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This function is used to remove all entries from the dictionary.
Eg :
In [3]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"sahasra",300:"sri"}
print(d)
d.clear()
print(d)
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'sahasra', 300: 'sri'}
{}
2.del:
To delete total dictionary, we can use del command .Now we cannot access dictionary d.
Eg :
In [4]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"sahasra",300:"sri"}
print(d)
del d
print(d) # d can not access so we will get NameError
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'sahasra', 300: 'sri'}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-4-a93a2726b01d> in <module>
2 print(d)
3 del d
----> 4 print(d)
NameError: name 'd' is not defined
Example:
In [7]:
list = ['sourav','sachin','rahul']
d={100:list} # here, value is a list which cinsists of multiple objects which are a
print(d)
{100: ['sourav', 'sachin', 'rahul']}
6. Important functions of Dictionary
1. dict():
This function is used to create a dictionary.
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In [13]:
d=dict() #It creates empty dictionary
print(d)
d=dict({100:"karthi",200:"saha"}) #It creates dictionary with specifie
print(d)
d=dict([(100,"karthi"),(200,"saha"),(300,"sri")]) #It creates dictionary with the given
print(d)
d=dict(((100,"karthi"),(200,"saha"),(300,"sri"))) #It creates dictionary with the given
print(d)
d=dict({(100,"karthi"),(200,"saha"),(300,"sri")}) #It creates dictionary with the given
print(d)
d=dict({[100,"karthi"],[200,"saha"],[300,"sri"]}) #It creates dictionary with the given
print(d)
{}
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha'}
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri'}
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri'}
{300: 'sri', 200: 'saha', 100: 'karthi'}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-13-683bd03bcacb> in <module>
9 d=dict({(100,"karthi"),(200,"saha"),(300,"sri")}) #It creates di
ctionary with the given set of tuple elements
10 print(d)
---> 11 d=dict({[100,"karthi"],[200,"saha"],[300,"sri"]}) #It creates di
ctionary with the given set of list elements
12 print(d)
TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'
Note :
Compulsory internally we need to take tuple only is acceptable. If you take list it gives the above specified
error.
If the key values are available in the form of tuple, then all those tuple values can be coverted into
dictionary by using 'dict()' function.
2. len()
Returns the number of items in the dictionary.
In [17]:
d=dict({100:"karthi",200:"saha"}) #It creates dictionary with specified elements
print(d)
print(len(d))
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha'}
2
3. clear():
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To remove all elements from the dictionary.
In [16]:
d=dict({100:"karthi",200:"saha"}) #It creates dictionary with specified elements
print(d)
d.clear()
print(d)
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha'}
{}
4. get():
To get the value associated with the key.
Two forms of get() method is available in Python.
i. d.get(key)
If the key is available then returns the corresponding value otherwise returns None.It wont raise any error.
In [18]:
d=dict({100:"karthi",200:"saha"}) #It creates dictionary with specified elements
print(d.get(100))
karthi
In [19]:
d=dict({100:"karthi",200:"saha"}) #It creates dictionary with specified elements
print(d.get(500))
None
ii. d.get(key,defaultvalue)
If the key is available then returns the corresponding value otherwise returns default value.
In [21]:
d=dict({100:"karthi",200:"saha"}) #It creates dictionary with specified elements
print(d.get(100,'ravan'))
karthi
In [14]:
d=dict({100:"karthi",200:"saha"}) #It creates dictionary with specified elements
print(d.get(500,'ravan'))
print(d)
ravan
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha'}
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Another Example :
In [23]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
print(d[100]) #karthi
print(d[400]) #KeyError:400
print(d.get(100)) #karthi
print(d.get(400)) #None
print(d.get(100,"Guest")) #karthi
print(d.get(400,"Guest")) #Guest
karthi
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-23-2890397dced0> in <module>
1 d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
2 print(d[100]) #karthi
----> 3 print(d[400]) #KeyError:400
4 print(d.get(100)) #karthi
5 print(d.get(400)) #None
KeyError: 400
In [24]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
print(d[100]) #karthi
#print(d[400]) #KeyError:400
print(d.get(100)) #karthi
print(d.get(400)) #None
print(d.get(100,"Guest")) #karthi
print(d.get(400,"Guest")) #Guest
karthi
karthi
None
karthi
Guest
5. pop():
Syntax :
d.pop(key)
It removes the entry associated with the specified key and returns the corresponding value.
If the specified key is not available then we will get KeyError.
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In [26]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
print(d)
print(d.pop(100))
print(d)
print(d.pop(400))
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri'}
karthi
{200: 'saha', 300: 'sri'}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-26-787766bb18c2> in <module>
3 print(d.pop(100))
4 print(d)
----> 5 print(d.pop(400))
KeyError: 400
6. popitem():
It removes an arbitrary item(key-value) from the dictionaty and returns it.
In [29]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
print(d)
print(d.popitem())
print(d.popitem())
print(d)
print(d.pop(400)) # KeyError
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri'}
(300, 'sri')
(200, 'saha')
{100: 'karthi'}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-29-4185b7c5bad9> in <module>
4 print(d.popitem())
5 print(d)
----> 6 print(d.pop(400)) # KeyError
KeyError: 400
If the dictionary is empty then we will get KeyError.
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In [28]:
d ={}
print(d.popitem()) #KeyError: 'popitem(): dictionary is empty'
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-28-14f741a4e5d5> in <module>
1 d ={}
----> 2 print(d.popitem())
KeyError: 'popitem(): dictionary is empty'
In [30]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
print(d)
print(d.popitem())
print(d.popitem())
print(d.popitem())
print(d.popitem())
print(d)
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri'}
(300, 'sri')
(200, 'saha')
(100, 'karthi')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-30-17881d89d74e> in <module>
4 print(d.popitem())
5 print(d.popitem())
----> 6 print(d.popitem())
7 print(d)
KeyError: 'popitem(): dictionary is empty'
7. keys():
It returns all keys associated with dictionary.
Eg :
In [33]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
print(d.keys())
for key in d.keys():
print(key)
dict_keys([100, 200, 300])
100
200
300
8. values():
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It returns all values associated with the dictionary.
In [34]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
print(d.values())
for key in d.values():
print(key)
dict_values(['karthi', 'saha', 'sri'])
karthi
saha
sri
9. items():
It returns list of tuples representing key-value pairs like as shown below.
[(k,v),(k,v),(k,v)]
In [38]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
list = d.items()
print(list)
dict_items([(100, 'karthi'), (200, 'saha'), (300, 'sri')])
In [35]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
for k,v in d.items():
print(k,"--",v)
100 -- karthi
200 -- saha
300 -- sri
10. copy():
This method is used to create exactly duplicate dictionary(cloned copy).
In [37]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
d1=d.copy()
print(d1)
print(d)
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri'}
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri'}
11. setdefault():
Syntax :
d.setdefault(k,v)
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If the key is already available then this function returns the corresponding value.
If the key is not available then the specified key-value will be added as new item to the dictionary.
Eg :
In [39]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
print(d.setdefault(400,"sourav"))
print(d)
print(d.setdefault(100,"sachin"))
print(d)
sourav
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri', 400: 'sourav'}
karthi
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri', 400: 'sourav'}
12. update():
Syntax :
d.update(x)
All items present in the dictionary x will be added to dictionary d.
In [42]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
d1 ={'a':'apple', 'b':'banana'}
d.update(d1)
print(d)
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri', 'a': 'apple', 'b': 'banana'}
In [44]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
d1 ={'a':'apple', 'b':'banana'}
d2 = {777:'A', 888:'B'}
d.update(d1,d2) # For ipdate method. you need to pass single argument only.
print(d)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-44-58a2bfd142f6> in <module>
2 d1 ={'a':'apple', 'b':'banana'}
3 d2 = {777:'A', 888:'B'}
----> 4 d.update(d1,d2) # For update method. you need to pass si
ngle argument only.
5 print(d)
TypeError: update expected at most 1 arguments, got 2
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In [46]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
d1 ={'a':'apple', 'b':'banana'}
d2 = {777:'A', 888:'B'}
d.update([(777,'A')]) # For ipdate method. you can pass list of tuple as an argument. i.e
print(d)
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri', 777: 'A'}
In [47]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
d1 ={'a':'apple', 'b':'banana'}
d2 = {777:'A', 888:'B'}
d.update([(777,'A'),(888,'B'),(999,'C')]) # you can add any no.of list of tuple elements.
print(d)
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri', 777: 'A', 888: 'B', 999: 'C'}
Date: 09-05-2020 Day 3
Example Programs
Q 1. Write a program to take dictionary from the keyboard and print the sum of values.
In [3]:
d=eval(input("Enter dictionary:"))
s=sum(d.values())
print("Sum= ",s)
Enter dictionary:{'A':100,'B':200,'c':300}
Sum= 600
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In [4]:
d=eval(input("Enter dictionary:"))
s=sum(d.values())
print("Sum= ",s)
Enter dictionary:'A':100,'B':200,'c':300
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\HP\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\IPython\core\interactiveshel
l.py", line 3296, in run_code
exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
File "<ipython-input-4-7372dea074de>", line 1, in <module>
d=eval(input("Enter dictionary:"))
File "<string>", line 1
'A':100,'B':200,'c':300
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
In [5]:
l = [10,20,30,40]
s = sum(l) # sum() function works on list also
print('Sum is : ',s)
Sum is : 100
In [6]:
l = (10,20,30,40)
s = sum(l) # sum() function works on tuple also
print('Sum is : ',s)
Sum is : 100
In [7]:
l = {10,20,30,40}
s = sum(l) # sum() function works on set also
print('Sum is : ',s)
Sum is : 100
Note : sum() function can work on any sequence.
Q 2. Write a program to find number of occurrences of each letter present in the given string.
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In [9]:
word=input("Enter any word: ")
d={}
for x in word:
d[x]=d.get(x,0)+1 # we are creating dictionary with the given word ====>
for k,v in d.items():
print(k,"occurred ",v," times")
Enter any word: mississippi
m occurred 1 times
i occurred 4 times
s occurred 4 times
p occurred 2 times
In [10]:
word=input("Enter any word: ")
d={}
for x in word:
d[x]=d.get(x,0)+1 # we are creating dictionary with the given word ====>
for k,v in sorted(d.items()): # To sort all the items of the dictionary in alphabetical o
print(k,"occurred ",v," times")
Enter any word: mississippi
i occurred 4 times
m occurred 1 times
p occurred 2 times
s occurred 4 times
Q 3. Write a program to find number of occurrences of each vowel present in the given string.
In [11]:
word=input("Enter any word: ")
vowels={'a','e','i','o','u'}
d={}
for x in word:
if x in vowels:
d[x]=d.get(x,0)+1
for k,v in sorted(d.items()):
print(k,"occurred ",v," times")
Enter any word: doganimaldoganimal
a occurred 4 times
i occurred 2 times
o occurred 2 times
Q 4. Write a program to accept student name and marks from the keyboard and creates a dictionary.
Also display student marks by taking student name as input.
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In [12]:
n=int(input("Enter the number of students: "))
d={}
for i in range(n):
name=input("Enter Student Name: ")
marks=input("Enter Student Marks: ")
d[name]=marks # assigninng values to the keys of the dictionary 'd'
while True:
name=input("Enter Student Name to get Marks: ")
marks=d.get(name,-1)
if marks== -1:
print("Student Not Found")
else:
print("The Marks of",name,"are",marks) # print('The marks of {} :{}'.format(name,
option=input("Do you want to find another student marks[Yes|No]")
if option=="No":
break
print("Thanks for using our application")
Enter the number of students: 5
Enter Student Name: Sourav
Enter Student Marks: 90
Enter Student Name: Sachin
Enter Student Marks: 87
Enter Student Name: Rahul
Enter Student Marks: 86
Enter Student Name: Parthiv
Enter Student Marks: 56
Enter Student Name: Robin
Enter Student Marks: 66
Enter Student Name to get Marks: Sourav
The Marks of Sourav are 90
Do you want to find another student marks[Yes|No]Y
Enter Student Name to get Marks: Robin
The Marks of Robin are 66
Do you want to find another student marks[Yes|No]y
Enter Student Name to get Marks: karthi
Student Not Found
Do you want to find another student marks[Yes|No]No
Thanks for using our application
7. Dictionary Comprehension
Comprehension concept applicable for dictionaries also.
In [20]:
squares={x:x*x for x in range(1,6)}
print(squares)
doubles={x:2*x for x in range(1,6)}
print(doubles)
{1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25}
{1: 2, 2: 4, 3: 6, 4: 8, 5: 10}
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In [ ]:
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11/05/2020 Functions
UNIT - 6
Functions
Date: 10-05-2020 Day 1
Topics Covered:
1. Introduction
2. Types of Functions
3. Parameters
i) Types of Parameters
ii) Return statement
iii) Returning of mutiple values from a function
4. Types of Variables
5. Recursive Functions
6. Anonymous Functions
7. Function Aliasing
8. Nested Functions
1. Introduction
If a group of statements is repeatedly required then it is not recommended to write these statements everytime
seperately.We have to define these statements as a single unit and we can call that unit any number of times
based on our requirement without rewriting. This unit is nothing but function.
The main advantage of functions is code Reusability.
Note:
In other languages functions are known as methods,procedures,subroutines etc.
Eg :
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In [1]:
a = 20
b = 10
print('The Sum : ', a + b)
print('The Difference : ', a - b)
print('The Product : ', a * b)
The Sum : 30
The Difference : 10
The Product : 200
In [2]:
a = 20
b = 10
print('The Sum : ', a + b)
print('The Difference : ', a - b)
print('The Product : ', a * b)
a = 200
b = 100
print('The Sum : ', a + b)
print('The Difference : ', a - b)
print('The Product : ', a * b)
The Sum : 30
The Difference : 10
The Product : 200
The Sum : 300
The Difference : 100
The Product : 20000
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In [3]:
a = 20
b = 10
print('The Sum : ', a + b)
print('The Difference : ', a - b)
print('The Product : ', a * b)
a = 200
b = 100
print('The Sum : ', a + b)
print('The Difference : ', a - b)
print('The Product : ', a * b)
a = 2000
b = 1000
print('The Sum : ', a + b)
print('The Difference : ', a - b)
print('The Product : ', a * b)
The Sum : 30
The Difference : 10
The Product : 200
The Sum : 300
The Difference : 100
The Product : 20000
The Sum : 3000
The Difference : 1000
The Product : 2000000
Here, we written 15 lines of code. What is the problem in this code?
Have you observed that the same code (3 lines) is repeating thrice in the code. Generally we never
recommended to wrtie the group of statements repeatedly in the program.
Problems of writing the same code repeatedly in the program:
1. Length of the program increases.
2. Readability of the program decreases.
3. No Code Reusabilty.
How can you resolve this problem?
We have to define these statements as a single unit and we can call that unit any number of times based
on our requirement without rewriting. This unit is nothing but function.
How can you solve this problem by defining function for the above example?
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In [4]:
def calculate(a,b):
print('The Sum : ', a + b)
print('The Difference : ', a - b)
print('The Product : ', a * b)
a = 20
b = 10
calculate(a,b)
The Sum : 30
The Difference : 10
The Product : 200
In [5]:
def calculate(a,b):
print('The Sum : ', a + b)
print('The Difference : ', a - b)
print('The Product : ', a * b)
a = 20
b = 10
calculate(a,b)
a = 200
b = 100
calculate(a,b)
The Sum : 30
The Difference : 10
The Product : 200
The Sum : 300
The Difference : 100
The Product : 20000
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In [6]:
def calculate(a,b):
print('The Sum : ', a + b)
print('The Difference : ', a - b) # Function 'calculate()' executes 3 times
print('The Product : ', a * b)
a = 20
b = 10
calculate(a,b) # Function call
a = 200
b = 100
calculate(a,b)
a = 2000
b = 1000
calculate(a,b)
The Sum : 30
The Difference : 10
The Product : 200
The Sum : 300
The Difference : 100
The Product : 20000
The Sum : 3000
The Difference : 1000
The Product : 2000000
In [8]:
def calculate(a,b):
print('The Sum : ', a + b)
print('The Difference : ', a - b) # Function 'calculate()' executes 3 times
print('The Product : ', a * b)
calculate(20,10) # Function call
calculate(200,100)
calculate(2000,1000) # Concise code resulted because of code reusabil
The Sum : 30
The Difference : 10
The Product : 200
The Sum : 300
The Difference : 100
The Product : 20000
The Sum : 3000
The Difference : 1000
The Product : 2000000
Note:
We are writing the function once and calling that function 'n' times.
2. Types of Functions
Python supports 2 types of functions:
1. Built in Functions
2. User Defined Functions
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1. Built in Functions
The functions which are coming along with Python software automatically,are called built in functions or
pre defined functions.
Eg:
id()
type()
input()
eval() etc..
2. User Defined Functions:
The functions which are developed by programmer explicitly according to business requirements, are
called user defined functions.
Syntax to create user defined functions:
def function_name(parameters) :
Stmt 1
Stmt 2
---
Stmt n
return value
Note:
While creating functions we can use 2 keywords:
1. def (mandatory)
2. return (optional)
Eg 1: Write a function to print Hello message
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In [9]:
def wish():
print("Hello Good Morning")
wish()
wish()
wish()
Hello Good Morning
Hello Good Morning
Hello Good Morning
3. Parameters:
Parameters are inputs to the function.
If a function contains parameters,then at the time of calling,compulsory we should provide values,otherwise
we will get error.
i. Types of Parameters in Python:
1. Positional Parameters:
In the case of positional arguments, number of arguments must be same.
In the case of positional arguments, order of the arguments is important.
2. Keyword (i.e., Parameter name) Parameters:
In the case of keyword arguments, order of the arguments is not important.
In the case of keyword arguments, number of arguments must be same.
3. Default Parameters:
You can define default value for the arguments.
If you are not passing any argument, then default values by default will be considered.
After default arguments you should not take normal arguments. (i.e., Default arguments you need to take at
last)
4. Variable length Parameters:
Sometimes we can pass variable number of arguments to our function,such type of arguments are called
variable length arguments.
We can declare a variable length argument with * symbol as follows
def f1(*n):
We can call this function by passing any number of arguments including zero number. Internally all these
values represented in the form of tuple.
Eg: Write a function to take name of the student as input and print wish message by name.
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In [11]:
def wish(name):
print("Hello",name," Good Morning")
wish("Karthi")
wish("Sahasra")
Hello Karthi Good Morning
Hello Sahasra Good Morning
Eg: Write a function to take number as input and print its square value.
In [1]:
def squareIt(number):
print("The Square of",number,"is", number*number)
squareIt(4)
squareIt(5)
squareIt(7)
The Square of 4 is 16
The Square of 5 is 25
The Square of 7 is 49
Date: 10-05-2020 Day 2
ii. return statement
Function can take input values as parameters and executes business logic, and returns output to the caller
with return statement.
Python function can return any number of values at a time by using a return statement.
Default return value of any python function is None.
Eg :
In [3]:
def wish():
print('hello')
#print(wish())
wish()
hello
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In [4]:
def wish():
print('hello')
print(wish())
#wish()
hello
None
Simple Example Programs:
Q 1. Write a function to accept 2 numbers as input and return sum.
In [43]:
def add(x,y):
return x+y
result=add(10,20)
print("The sum is",result)
print("The sum is",add(100,200))
The sum is 30
The sum is 300
Note : If we are not writing return statement then default return value is None.
Eg :
In [44]:
def f1():
print("Hello")
f1()
print(f1())
Hello
Hello
None
Q 2. Write a function to check whether the given number is even or odd?
In [45]:
def even_odd(num):
if num%2==0:
print(num,"is Even Number")
else:
print(num,"is Odd Number")
even_odd(10)
even_odd(15)
10 is Even Number
15 is Odd Number
Q 3. Write a function to find factorial of given number.
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In [47]:
def fact(num):
result=1
while num>=1:
result=result*num
num=num-1
return result
for i in range(1,5):
print("The Factorial of",i,"is :",fact(i))
The Factorial of 1 is : 1
The Factorial of 2 is : 2
The Factorial of 3 is : 6
The Factorial of 4 is : 24
iii. Returning multiple values from a function:
In other languages like C,C++ and Java, function can return atmost one value. But in Python, a function
can return any number of values.
Eg : Python program to return multiple values at a time using a return statement.
In [6]:
def calc(a,b): # Here, 'a' & 'b' are called positional arguments
sum = a + b
sub = a - b
mul = a * b
div = a / b
return sum,sub,mul,div
a,b,c,d = calc(100,50) # Positional arguments
print(a,b,c,d)
150 50 5000 2.0
Alternate Way :
In [7]:
def calc(a,b): # Positional Arguments
sum = a + b
sub = a - b
mul = a * b
div = a / b
return sum,sub,mul,div
t = calc(100,50)
for x in t:
print(x)
150
50
5000
2.0
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In [8]:
def calc(a,b): # keyword arguments Arguments
sum = a + b
sub = a - b
mul = a * b
div = a / b
return sum,sub,mul,div
t = calc(a = 100, b = 50) # keyword arguments Arguments
for x in t:
print(x)
150
50
5000
2.0
In [9]:
def calc(a,b): # keyword arguments Arguments
sum = a + b
sub = a - b
mul = a * b
div = a / b
return sum,sub,mul,div
t = calc(b = 50, a = 100) # keyword arguments Arguments
for x in t:
print(x)
150
50
5000
2.0
Some more examples on keyword arguments
In [10]:
def calc(a,b): # keyword arguments Arguments
sum = a + b
sub = a - b
mul = a * b
div = a / b
return sum,sub,mul,div
t = calc(100, b = 50) # It is perfectly valid
for x in t:
print(x)
150
50
5000
2.0
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In [12]:
def calc(a,b): # keyword arguments Arguments
sum = a + b
sub = a - b
mul = a * b
div = a / b
return sum,sub,mul,div
t = calc(b = 50, 100) # It is invalid, because positional argument should follow k
for x in t: # first keyword argument then possitional argument is not all
print(x)
File "<ipython-input-12-66d17e37e83f>", line 8
t = calc(b = 50, 100) # It is invalid, because positional argum
ent should follow keyword argument
^
SyntaxError: positional argument follows keyword argument
In [13]:
def calc(a,b): # keyword arguments Arguments
sum = a + b
sub = a - b
mul = a * b
div = a / b
return sum,sub,mul,div
t = calc(50, a = 50) # It is also invalid
for x in t:
print(x)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-13-b7af0ee55c3b> in <module>
6 return sum,sub,mul,div
7
----> 8 t = calc(50, a = 50) # It is also invalid
9 for x in t:
10 print(x)
TypeError: calc() got multiple values for argument 'a'
Another Example:
In [11]:
def wish(name,msg):
print('Hello',name,msg)
wish(name = 'Karthi',msg = 'Good Morning') #order is not important, but no.of arguments is
wish(msg = 'Good Morning',name = 'Karthi')
Hello Karthi Good Morning
Hello Karthi Good Morning
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Eg : Program on default parameters.
In [15]:
def wish(name ='Guest',msg): # After default argument, we should not take non-defaul
print('Hello',name,msg)
File "<ipython-input-15-1e1d7a3c73c0>", line 1
def wish(name ='Guest',msg): # After default argument, we should
not take non-default argument
^
SyntaxError: non-default argument follows default argument
In [13]:
def wish(msg,name ='Guest'):
print(msg,name)
wish('Hello','Karthi')
Hello Karthi
In [12]:
def wish(msg,name ='Guest'):
print(msg,name)
wish('Hello')
Hello Guest
In [14]:
def wish(msg,name ='Guest'):
print(msg,name)
wish()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-14-993af2d34958> in <module>
2 print(msg,name)
3
----> 4 wish()
TypeError: wish() missing 1 required positional argument: 'msg'
Note:
You can give any number of default arguments.
Eg :
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In [18]:
def wish(name ='Guest',msg='Good Morning'):
print('Hello',name,msg)
wish()
Hello Guest Good Morning
Eg :
In [20]:
def wish(marks,age,name = 'Guest', msg = 'Good Morning'):
print('Student Name:',name)
print('Student Age:',age)
print('Student Marks:',marks)
print('Message:',msg)
wish(99,48,'Karthi') # Valid
Student Name: Karthi
Student Age: 48
Student Marks: 99
Message: Good Morning
In [21]:
def wish(marks,age,name = 'Guest', msg = 'Good Morning'):
print('Student Name:',name)
print('Student Age:',age)
print('Student Marks:',marks)
print('Message:',msg)
wish(age=48,marks = 100) # valid
Student Name: Guest
Student Age: 48
Student Marks: 100
Message: Good Morning
In [25]:
def wish(marks,age,name = 'Guest', msg = 'Good Morning'):
print('Student Name:',name)
print('Student Age:',age)
print('Student Marks:',marks)
print('Message:',msg)
wish(100,age=46,msg='Bad Morning',name='Karthi') # valid
Student Name: Karthi
Student Age: 46
Student Marks: 100
Message: Bad Morning
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In [24]:
def wish(marks,age,name = 'Guest', msg = 'Good Morning'):
print('Student Name:',name)
print('Student Age:',age)
print('Student Marks:',marks)
print('Message:',msg)
wish(marks=100,46,msg='Bad Morning',name = 'Karthi') # invalid, You must specify age also
File "<ipython-input-24-2c5c0c3096c5>", line 7
wish(marks=100,46,msg='Bad Morning',name = 'Karthi') # valid
^
SyntaxError: positional argument follows keyword argument
In [26]:
def wish(marks,age,name = 'Guest', msg = 'Good Morning'):
print('Student Name:',name)
print('Student Age:',age)
print('Student Marks:',marks)
print('Message:',msg)
wish(46,marks=100,msg='Bad Morning',name = 'Karthi') # invalid
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-26-e767702586d4> in <module>
5 print('Message:',msg)
6
----> 7 wish(46,marks=100,msg='Bad Morning',name = 'Karthi') # invalid
TypeError: wish() got multiple values for argument 'marks'
Eg : Program on variable length parameters.
In [23]:
def sum(a,b):
print(a+b)
sum(10,20)
30
Now it is working correctly. After some time my requiremnet is as follows:
sum(10,20,30)
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In [24]:
def sum(a,b):
print(a+b) # This sum() function we can't use for the new requirement.
sum(10,20,30)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-24-2918cd889583> in <module>
1 def sum(a,b):
2 print(a+b)
----> 3 sum(10,20,30)
TypeError: sum() takes 2 positional arguments but 3 were given
In [25]:
def sum(a,b,c):
print(a+b+c) # we have to go for another sum() function
sum(10,20,30)
60
Now it is working correctly. After some time my requiremnet is as follows:
sum(10,20,30,40)
In [26]:
def sum(a,b,c):
print(a+b+c)
sum(10,20,30,40)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-26-b7625a84ded9> in <module>
1 def sum(a,b,c):
2 print(a+b+c)
----> 3 sum(10,20,30,40)
TypeError: sum() takes 3 positional arguments but 4 were given
Once again the same problem. we should go for another sum() function.
In [27]:
def sum(a,b,c,d):
print(a+b+c+d) # we have to go for another sum() function
sum(10,20,30,40)
100
If you change the number of arguments, then automatically for every change, compusorily we need to go for
new function unnecessarily. Because of this length of the code is going to increase.
To overcome this problem we should go for variable length arguments.
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o o e co e t s p ob e e s ou d go o a ab e e gt a gu e ts
In [29]:
def sum(*n): # Here, 'n' is a variable length argument. actually variable l
result =0
for x in n:
result = result + x
print(result)
sum(10,20,30,40)
100
In [30]:
def sum(*n): # Here, 'n' is a variable length argument. actually variable l
result =0
for x in n:
result = result + x
print(result)
sum(10,20,30)
60
In [31]:
def sum(*n): # Here, 'n' is a variable length argument. actually variable l
result =0
for x in n:
result = result + x
print(result)
sum(10,20)
30
In [32]:
def sum(*n): # Here, 'n' is a variable length argument. actually variable l
result =0
for x in n:
result = result + x
print(result)
sum(10)
10
In [33]:
def sum(*n): # Here, 'n' is a variable length argument. actually variable l
result =0
for x in n:
result = result + x
print(result)
sum()
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In [35]:
def sum(*n): # Here, 'n' is a variable length argument. actually variable l
result =0
for x in n:
result = result + x
print('The Sum is : ', result)
sum(10,20,30,40)
sum(10,20,30)
sum(10,20)
sum(10)
sum()
The Sum is : 100
The Sum is : 60
The Sum is : 30
The Sum is : 10
The Sum is : 0
Note : Same function is used for variable number of arguments.
Key Point 1:
We can mix variable length arguments with positional arguments.
You can take positional arguments and variable length arguments simultaneously.
In [38]:
def sum(name,*n):
result =0
for x in n:
result = result + x
print("The Sum by", name, ": ", result)
sum('Robin',10,20,30,40)
sum('Rahul',10,20,30)
sum('Sachin',10,20)
sum('Sourav',10)
sum('Karthi')
The Sum by Robin : 100
The Sum by Rahul : 60
The Sum by Sachin : 30
The Sum by Sourav : 10
The Sum by Karthi : 0
Note:
Rule : After variable length argumenst,if we are taking any other arguments then we should provide values
as keyword arguments.
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In [39]:
def sum(*n,name):
result =0
for x in n:
result = result + x
print("The Sum by", name, ": ", result)
sum('Robin',10,20,30,40)
sum('Rahul',10,20,30)
sum('Sachin',10,20)
sum('Sourav',10)
sum('Karthi')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-39-b8733ebba999> in <module>
4 result = result + x
5 print("The Sum by", name, ": ", result)
----> 6 sum('Robin',10,20,30,40)
7 sum('Rahul',10,20,30)
8 sum('Sachin',10,20)
TypeError: sum() missing 1 required keyword-only argument: 'name'
In [40]:
def sum(*n,name):
result =0
for x in n:
result = result + x
print("The Sum by", name, ": ", result)
sum(name = 'Robin',10,20,30,40)
sum(name = 'Rahul',10,20,30)
sum(name = 'Sachin',10,20)
sum(name = 'Sourav',10)
sum(name ='Karthi')
File "<ipython-input-40-19134896e44a>", line 6
sum(name = 'Robin',10,20,30,40)
^
SyntaxError: positional argument follows keyword argument
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In [41]:
def sum(*n,name):
result =0
for x in n:
result = result + x
print("The Sum by", name, ": ", result)
sum(10,20,30,40,name = 'Robin')
sum(10,20,30,name = 'Rahul')
sum(10,20,name = 'Sachin')
sum(10,name = 'Sourav')
sum(name ='Karthi')
The Sum by Robin : 100
The Sum by Rahul : 60
The Sum by Sachin : 30
The Sum by Sourav : 10
The Sum by Karthi : 0
Another Example:
In [48]:
def f1(n1,*s):
print(n1)
for s1 in s:
print(s1)
f1(10)
f1(10,20,30,40)
f1(10,"A",30,"B")
10
10
20
30
40
10
A
30
B
Conclusion :
After variable length arguments, if you are taking any other argument, then we have to provide values as
key word arguments only.
If you pass first normal argument and then variable arguments, then there is no rule to follow. It works
correctly.
Key Point 2:
Keyword variable length arguments :
Now, Suppose if we want to pass any number of keyword arguments to a function, compulsorily we have to
identify the difference with the above case (i.e., Passing of any number of positional arguments).
We can declare key word variable length arguments also. For this we have to use **.
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e ca dec a e ey o d a ab e e gt a gu e ts a so o t s e a e to use
We can call this function by passing any number of keyword arguments. Internally these keyword
arguments will be stored inside a dictionary.
Eg :
In [42]:
def display(**kwargs):
for k,v in kwargs.items():
print(k,"=",v)
display(n1=10,n2=20,n3=30)
display(rno=100,name="Karthi",marks=70,subject="Python")
n1 = 10
n2 = 20
n3 = 30
rno = 100
name = Karthi
marks = 70
subject = Python
Case Study
In [6]:
def f(arg1,arg2,arg3=4,arg4=8):
print(arg1,arg2,arg3,arg4)
f(3,2) #3 2 4 8
f(10,20,30,40) # 10,20,30,40
f(25,50,arg4=100) # 25 50 4 100
f(arg4=2,arg1=3,arg2=4) # 3 4 4 2
#f() # TypeError: f() missing 2 required positional arguments: 'arg1' and 'arg2'
#f(arg3=10,arg4=20,30,40) SyntaxError: positional argument follows keyword argument
#f(4,5,arg2=6) #TypeError: f() got multiple values for argument 'arg2'
#f(4,5,arg3=5,arg5=6) #TypeError: f() got an unexpected keyword argument 'arg5'
3 2 4 8
10 20 30 40
25 50 4 100
3 4 4 2
Note:
Function vs Module vs Package vs Library:
1. A group of lines with some name is called a function.
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2. A group of functions saved to a file , is called Module.
3. A group of Modules is nothing but Package.
4. A group of related packages is nothing but Library.
4. Types of Variables:
Python supports 2 types of variables.
1. Global Variables
2. Local Variables
1. Global Variables
The variables which are declared outside of function are called global variables.
These variables can be accessed in all functions of that module.
Consider the following example,
In [1]:
a = 10 # Global Variables
def f1():
a = 20 # Local variable to the function 'f1'
print(a) # 20
def f2():
print(a) # 10
f1()
f2()
20
10
Suppose our requirement is, we don't want local variable. Can you please refer the local variable as the global
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variable only. How you can do that?
For that, one special keyword is used, called as global.
global keyword:
We can use global keyword for the following 2 purposes:
1. To declare global variables explicitly inside function.
2. To make global variable available to the function so that we can perform required modifications.
Eg 1:
In [2]:
a=10
def f1():
a=777
print(a)
def f2():
print(a)
f1()
f2()
777
10
Eg 2:
In [3]:
a=10
def f1():
global a # To bring global variable to the function for required modi
a=777 # we are changing the value of the local variable
print(a)
def f2():
print(a)
f1()
f2()
777
777
Eg 3:
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In [6]:
def f1():
x = 10 # local variable of 'f1()'
print(x)
def f2():
print(x) # local variable of 'f1()' can not accessed by function 'f2()'
f1()
f2()
10
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-6-949ab59188a5> in <module>
7
8 f1()
----> 9 f2()
<ipython-input-6-949ab59188a5> in f2()
4
5 def f2():
----> 6 print(x) # local variable of 'f1()' can not accessed by functi
on 'f2()'
7
8 f1()
NameError: name 'x' is not defined
Here, if you make x of f1() as a global variable, problem will be solved. How can you make 'x' as global
variable?
Eg 4:
In [7]:
def f1():
global x
x=10
print(x)
def f2():
print(x)
f1()
f2()
10
10
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In [27]:
def f1():
global x
x=10
print(x)
def f2():
print(x)
f2()
f1()
10
10
In [8]:
def f1():
global x = 10 # This syntax is invalid in Python
print(x)
def f2():
print(x)
f1()
f2()
File "<ipython-input-8-c080f0bbb9d1>", line 2
global x = 10 # This syntax is invalid in Python
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
Another Example :
In [31]:
def f1():
global a
a = 888
print('f1 :',a)
def f2():
global a
a=999 # global variable 'a' is overrides the old value.
print('f2 :',a)
f1()
f2()
f1 : 888
f2 : 999
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In [33]:
def f1():
global a
a = 888
print('f1 :',a)
def f2():
global a
a=999
print('f2 :',a)
def f3():
print('f3 :',a)
f1()
f2()
f3()
f1 : 888
f2 : 999
f3 : 999
In [35]:
def f1():
global a
a = 888
print('f1 :',a)
def f2():
global a
a=999
print('f2 :',a)
def f3():
print('f3 :',a)
f3()
f1()
f2()
f3 : 888
f1 : 888
f2 : 999
In [36]:
def f1():
global a
a = 888
print('f1 :',a)
def f2():
global a
a=999
print('f2 :',a)
def f3():
print('f3 :',a)
f3()
f2()
f1()
f3 : 999
f2 : 999
f1 : 888
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In [37]:
def f1():
global a
a = 888
print('f1 :',a)
def f2():
global a
a=999
print('f2 :',a)
def f3():
a = 1000
print('f3 :',a)
f3()
f2()
f1()
f3 : 1000
f2 : 999
f1 : 888
Another Example :
In [ ]:
def f1():
global a
a = 888 # global variable 'a' is overrides the old value.
print('f1 :',a)
def f2():
global a
a=999
print('f2 :',a)
f2()
f1()
Note:
If global variable and local variable having the same name, then we can access global variable inside a
function using globals() function.
Eg :
In [38]:
a=10 #global variable
def f1():
a=777 #local variable
print(a)
#
f1()
777
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In [40]:
a=10 #global variable
def f1():
a=777 #local variable
print(a)
print(globals()['a']) # globals() function cosisiting all global members related
f1() # here, 'a' is the key value.
777
10
Another Example :
In [41]:
def f1():
a = 10 # SyntaxError: name 'a' is assigned to before global declaration
global a
a = 50
print(a)
f1()
File "<ipython-input-41-9834772fedac>", line 6
f1()
^
SyntaxError: name 'a' is assigned to before global declaration
In [42]:
def f1():
global a
a = 10
a = 50
print(a)
f1()
50
5. Recursive Functions
A function that calls itself is known as Recursive Function.
Eg:
factorial(3)=3*factorial(2)
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=3*2*factorial(1)
=3*2*1*factorial(0)
=3*2*1*1 =6
factorial(n)= n*factorial(n-1)
The main advantages of recursive functions are:
1. We can reduce length of the code and improves readability.
2. We can solve complex problems very easily. For example, Towers of Hanoi, Ackerman's Problem etc.,
Q 1. Write a Python Function to find factorial of given number with recursion.
In [45]:
def factorial(n):
if n==0:
result=1
else:
result=n*factorial(n-1)
return result
print("Factorial of 0 is :",factorial(0))
print("Factorial of 4 is :",factorial(4))
print("Factorial of 5 is :",factorial(5))
print("Factorial of 40 is :",factorial(40))
Factorial of 0 is : 1
Factorial of 4 is : 24
Factorial of 5 is : 120
Factorial of 40 is : 815915283247897734345611269596115894272000000000
6. Anonymous Functions
Sometimes we can declare a function without any name,such type of nameless functions are called
anonymous functions or lambda functions.
The main purpose of anonymous function is just for instant use(i.e., for one time usage) (Eg: Alone train
journey).
Normal Function:
We can define by using def keyword.
def squareIt(n):
return n*n
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lambda Function:
We can define by using lambda keyword
lambda n:n*n
Syntax of lambda Function:
lambda argument_list : expression
Note:
By using Lambda Functions we can write very concise code so that readability of the program will be
improved.
Q. Write a program to create a lambda function to find square of given number.
In [46]:
s=lambda n:n*n
print("The Square of 4 is :",s(4))
print("The Square of 5 is :",s(5))
The Square of 4 is : 16
The Square of 5 is : 25
Q 2. Write a program to create a Lambda function to find sum of 2 given numbers.
In [48]:
s=lambda a,b:a+b
print("The Sum of 10,20 is:",s(10,20))
print("The Sum of 100,200 is:",s(100,200))
The Sum of 10,20 is: 30
The Sum of 100,200 is: 300
Q 3.Write a program to create a Lambda Function to find biggest of given values.
In [49]:
s=lambda a,b:a if a>b else b
print("The Biggest of 10,20 is:",s(10,20))
print("The Biggest of 100,200 is:",s(100,200))
The Biggest of 10,20 is: 20
The Biggest of 100,200 is: 200
Note:
Lambda Function internally returns expression value and we are not required to write return statement
explicitly.
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Sometimes we can pass a function as argument to another function. In such cases lambda functions
are best choice.
We can use lambda functions very commonly with filter(),map() and reduce() functions,because these
functions expect function as argument.
1. filter() function:
We can use filter() function to filter values from the given sequence based on some condition.
For example, we have 20 numbers and if we want to retrieve only even numbers from them.
Syntax:
filter(function,sequence)
Where,
function argument is responsible to perform conditional check.
sequence can be list or tuple or string.
Q 1. Program to filter only even numbers from the list by using filter() function.
Without lambda Function:
In [50]:
def isEven(x):
if x%2==0:
return True
else:
return False
l=[0,5,10,15,20,25,30]
l1=list(filter(isEven,l))
print(l1) #[0,10,20,30]
[0, 10, 20, 30]
With lambda Function:
In [51]:
l=[0,5,10,15,20,25,30]
l1=list(filter(lambda x:x%2==0,l))
print(l1) #[0,10,20,30]
l2=list(filter(lambda x:x%2!=0,l))
print(l2) #[5,15,25]
[0, 10, 20, 30]
[5, 15, 25]
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2. map() function:
For every element present in the given sequence,apply some functionality and generate new
element with the required modification. For this requirement we should go for map() function.
Syntax:
map(function,sequence)
The function can be applied on each element of sequence and generates new sequence.
Eg 1: For every element present in the list perform double and generate new list of doubles.
Without lambda
In [52]:
l=[1,2,3,4,5]
def doubleIt(x):
return 2*x
l1=list(map(doubleIt,l))
print(l1) #[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
With lambda
In [53]:
l=[1,2,3,4,5]
l1=list(map(lambda x:2*x,l))
print(l1) #[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
Eg 2: Find square of given numbers using map() function.
In [54]:
l=[1,2,3,4,5]
l1=list(map(lambda x:x*x,l))
print(l1) #[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
We can apply map() function on multiple lists also.But make sure all list should have same length.
Syntax:
map(lambda x,y:x*y,l1,l2))
x is from l1 and y is from l2
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Eg :
In [55]:
l1=[1,2,3,4]
l2=[2,3,4,5]
l3=list(map(lambda x,y:x*y,l1,l2))
print(l3) #[2, 6, 12, 20]
[2, 6, 12, 20]
In [1]:
l1=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7] # The extra elements will be ignored
l2=[2,3,4,5]
l3=list(map(lambda x,y:x*y,l1,l2))
print(l3) #[2, 6, 12, 20]
[2, 6, 12, 20]
Date: 11-05-2020 Day 2
3. reduce() function:
reduce() function reduces sequence of elements into a single element by applying the specified
function.
Syntax:
reduce(function,sequence)
Note :
reduce() function present in functools module and hence we should write import statement.
Eg 1:
In [56]:
from functools import *
l=[10,20,30,40,50]
result=reduce(lambda x,y:x+y,l)
print(result) # 150
150
In [9]:
from functools import *
l=sum([10,20,30,40,50])
# result=reduce(lambda x,y:x*y,l)
print(l) #150
150
Eg 2:
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In [2]:
from functools import *
l=[10,20,30,40,50]
result=reduce(lambda x,y:x*y,l)
print(result) #12000000
12000000
Eg 3:
In [3]:
from functools import *
result=reduce(lambda x,y:x+y,range(1,101))
print(result) #5050
5050
Note:
In Python every thing is treated as object. (Except keywords).
Even functions also internally treated as objects only.
Eg :
In [12]:
def f1():
print("Hello")
print(f1)
print(id(f1))
print(id(print)) # print is also an object
print(id(id)) # id is also an object
<function f1 at 0x000001697E535598>
1552602584472
1552519043040
1552519042104
7. Function Aliasing:
For the existing function we can give another name, which is nothing but function aliasing.
Eg :
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In [5]:
def wish(name):
print("Good Morning:",name)
greeting = wish
print(id(wish))
print(id(greeting))
greeting('Karthi')
wish('Karthi')
1552601886504
1552601886504
Good Morning: Karthi
Good Morning: Karthi
Note:
In the above example only one function is available but we can call that function by using either wish name
or greeting name.
If we delete one name still we can access that function by using alias name.
Eg :
In [6]:
def wish(name):
print("Good Morning:",name)
greeting=wish
greeting('Karthi')
wish('Karthi')
del wish
wish('Karthi') #NameError: name 'wish' is not defined
greeting('Saha')
Good Morning: Karthi
Good Morning: Karthi
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-6-f292fb57f669> in <module>
8
9 del wish
---> 10 wish('Karthi') #NameError: name 'wish' is not defined
11 greeting('Saha')
NameError: name 'wish' is not defined
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In [14]:
def wish(name):
print("Good Morning:",name)
greeting=wish
rgm = greeting
greeting('Karthi')
wish('Karthi')
rgm('Karthi')
del wish
#wish('Karthi') #NameError: name 'wish' is not defined
greeting('Saha')
Good Morning: Karthi
Good Morning: Karthi
Good Morning: Karthi
Good Morning: Saha
8. Nested Functions
We can declare a function inside another function, such type of functions are called Nested functions.
**Where we have this type of requirement?
If a group of statements inside a function are repeatedly requires, then these
group of statements we will define as inner function and we can call this inner fu
nction whenever need arises.
Eg :
In [15]:
def outer():
print("outer function started")
def inner():
print("inner function execution") # It is function declaration
print("outer function calling inner function")
inner() # It is a function call
outer()
#inner() ==>NameError: name 'inner' is not defined
outer function started
outer function calling inner function
inner function execution
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In [16]:
def outer():
print("outer function started")
def inner():
print("inner function execution")
print("outer function calling inner function")
inner()
outer()
inner() #NameError: name 'inner' is not defined
outer function started
outer function calling inner function
inner function execution
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-16-63fb5b235d22> in <module>
6 inner()
7 outer()
----> 8 inner() #NameError: name 'inner' is not defined
NameError: name 'inner' is not defined
In the above example inner() function is local to outer() function and hence it is not possible to call inner()
function directly from outside of outer() function.
Another Example :
In [17]:
def f1():
def inner(a,b):
print('The Sum :',a+b)
print('The Average :',(a+b)/2)
inner(10,20)
inner(20,30)
inner(40,50)
inner(100,200)
f1()
The Sum : 30
The Average : 15.0
The Sum : 50
The Average : 25.0
The Sum : 90
The Average : 45.0
The Sum : 300
The Average : 150.0
Is it possible to pass a function as an argument to another function?
Yes, a function can take another function as an argument.
For example,
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filter(function,Sequence)
map(function,Sequence)
reduce(function,Sequence)
Note:
A function can return another function.
In [13]:
def outer():
print("outer function started")
def inner():
print("inner function execution")
print(id(inner))
print("outer function returning inner function")
return inner
f1=outer() # f1 is pointingto inner function.
print(id(f1))
print(type(f1))
f1() # Now directly 'inner()' function is calling
f1()
f1()
outer function started
1581911874824
outer function returning inner function
1581911874824
<class 'function'>
inner function execution
inner function execution
inner function execution
In [10]:
def outer():
print("outer function started")
def inner():
print("inner function execution")
print("outer function returning inner function")
return inner() # inner() is not returning anything, so you will get 'None'
f1=outer() # f1 is pointingto inner function.
print(f1)
outer function started
outer function returning inner function
inner function execution
None
Q. What is the differenece between the following lines?
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f1 = outer
f1 = outer()
In the first case for the outer() function we are providing another name f1(function aliasing).
But in the second case we calling outer() function,which returns inner() function. For that inner() function
we are providing another name 'f1'.
In [ ]:
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Modules
Date: 15-05-2020 Day 1
1. Introduction
A group of functions, variables and classes saved to a file, which is nothing but module.
Every Python file (.py) acts as a module.
Eg:
In [1]:
x = 888
y = 999
def add(a,b): # Use Editplus editor
print('The Sum : ',a+b)
def product(a,b):
print('The produc :', a*b)
Let me save this code as rgm.py, and itself is a module.
rgm.py module contains two variables and 2 functions.
If we want to use members of module in our program then we should import that module.
Syntax of importing a module
import modulename
We can access members by using module name.
modulename.variable
modulename.function()
In [ ]:
import rgm
print(rgm.x)
rgm.add(10,20) # Executed in Editplus editor
rgm.product(10,20)
Output
888
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The Sum : 30
The Product : 200
Note:
Whenever we are using a module in our program, for that module compiled file will be generated and
stored in the hard disk permanently.This is avaialble at _ _ pycache_ _ file, which is available at current
working directory.
2.Advantages of Modules
1. Code Reusability
2. Readability improved
3. Maintainability improved
3. Renaming a module at the time of import (module aliasing):
We can create alias name for a module. This can be done as follows:
import rgm as r
Here, rgm is original module name and r** is alias name. We can access members by using alias name **r.
Eg:
In [ ]:
import rgm as r
print(r.x)
r.add(10,20) # Executed in Editplus editor
r.product(10,20)
Output
888
The Sum : 30
The Product : 200
Eg :
In [ ]:
import rgm as r
print(rgm.x)
rgm.add(10,20) # Executed in Editplus editor
rgm.product(10,20)
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Output
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 2, in
print(rgm.x)
NameError: name 'rgm' is not defined
Note:
Once we define alias name for a module, compulsory you should use alias name only. original names by default
will be gone related to that particular file.
4. from ... import
We can import particular members of module by using from ... import.
The main advantage of this is we can access members directly without using module name.
Eg :
In [ ]:
from rgm import x,add
print(x)
add(10,20) # Executed in Editplus editor
product(10,20)
Output
888
The Sum : 30
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 4, in
product(10,20)
NameError: name 'product' is not defined
We can import all members of a module as follows
from rgm import
Eg :
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In [ ]:
from rgm import *
print(x)
add(10,20) # Executed in Editplus editor
product(10,20)
Output
888
The Sum : 30
The Product : 200
5. member aliasing
Similar to module aliasing, member aliasing also possible in python. This can be done as follows:
from rgm import x as y,add as sum
print(y)
sum(10,20)
Note: Once we defined as alias name,we should use alias name only and we should not use original
name.
Eg:
In [ ]:
from rgm import x as y
print(x)
Output
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 2, in
print(x)
NameError: name 'x' is not defined
6. Various possibilties of import
import modulename
import module1,module2,module3
import module1 as m
import module1 as m1,module2 as m2,module3
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p
from module import member
from module import member1,member2,memebr3
from module import memeber1 as x
from module import *
Date: 16-05-2020 Day 2
7. Reloading a Module
By default, module will be loaded only once eventhough we are importing multiple times.
Demo Program for module reloading:
Assume that we created a module named as module1.py.
In [ ]:
print('This is from module 1')
Now, we want to use module1.py in another module test.py.
In [ ]:
import module1
import module1
import module1
import module1
import module1
import module1
print('This is Test Module') # Executed in Editplus editor
Output
This is from module 1
This is Test Module
In [ ]:
import module1
'''import module1
import module1
import module1
import module1
import module1'''
print('This is Test Module') # Executed in Editplus editor
Output
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This is from module 1
This is Test Module
In the above program test module will be loaded only once eventhough we are importing multiple times.
The problem in this approach is after loading a module if it is updated outside then updated version of module1
is not available to our program.
In [ ]:
import time
import module1 # importing original version of module1
print("Program entering into sleeping state ")
time.sleep(30) # during this time we want to modify something to module1
import module 1 # After 30 seconds we are importing module1, is it going to import updated
print("This is last line of program") # Executed in Editplus editor
Output
This is from module 1
Program entering into sleeping mode
# After 30 seconds
This is last line of program # Updated version is not available.
We can solve this problem by reloading module explicitly based on our requirement. We can reload by using
reload() function of imp module.
import importlib
importlib.reload(module1)
In [ ]:
import time
from importlib import reload
import module1
print("program entering into sleeping state")
time.sleep(30) # It is not mandatory
reload(module1)
print("This is last line of program") # Executed in Editplus editor
Output
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In [ ]:
This is from module 1 # original version of module1
Program entering into sleeping mode
# After 30 seconds
This is from updated module 1 # during this time module1 is updated (i.e
This is last line of program # Updated version of module1 is now availa
Note: In the above program, everytime updated version of module1 will be available to our program
The main advantage of explicit module reloading is we can ensure that updated version is always
available to our program.
8. Finding members of module by using 'dir()' function
Python provides inbuilt function dir() to list out all members of current module or a specified module.
dir() ===>To list out all members of current module
dir(moduleName)==>To list out all members of specified module
Eg 1: To display members of current module
In [1]:
x=10
y=20
def f1():
print("Hello")
print(dir()) # To print all members of current module
['In', 'Out', '_', '__', '___', '__builtin__', '__builtins__', '__doc__', '_
_loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', '_dh', '_i', '_i1', '_i
h', '_ii', '_iii', '_oh', 'exit', 'f1', 'get_ipython', 'quit', 'x', 'y']
Eg 2: To display members of particular module
Consider rgm.py module,
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In [ ]:
x = 888
y = 999
def add(a,b):
print('The Sum :',a+b)
def product(a,b):
print('The Product :',a*b)
import rgm module in another module, called as test.py,
In [ ]:
import rgm
print(dir(rgm))
Output
['builtins', 'cached', 'doc', 'file', 'loader', 'name', 'package', 'spec', 'add', 'product', 'x', 'y']
Note:
For every module at the time of execution Python interpreter will add some special properties automatically
for internal use.
Eg: _ builtins ,_ _cached ,' doc ,_ _file , _ _loader , _ _name ,_ _package , _ _spec _
Based on our requirement we can access these properties also in our program.
In [ ]:
print(__builtins__ )
print(__cached__ )
print(__doc__)
print(__file__)
print(__loader__)
print(__name__)
print(__package__)
print(__spec__)
Output
<module 'builtins' (built-in)>
None
None
test.py
<frozenimportlib_external.SourceFileLoader object at 0x000001C8488D2640>
main
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None
None
9. The Special variable '_ name _'
For every Python program , a special variable _ name_ will be added internally. This variable stores
information regarding whether the program is executed as an individual program or as a module.
If the program executed as an individual program then the value of this variable is _ main_.
If the program executed as a module from some other program then the value of this variable is the name
of module where it is defined.
Hence by using this _ name_ variable we can identify whether the program executed directly or as a
module.
Demo program:
module1.py
In [2]:
def f1():
if __name__=='__main__':
print("The code executed directly as a program")
print("The value of __name__:",__name__)
else:
print("The code executed indirectly as a module from some other program")
print("The value of __name__:",__name__)
f1()
The code executed directly as a program
The value of __name__: __main__
test.py
In [ ]:
import module1
print("From test we are executing module f1()")
module1.f1() # Executed in Editplus editor
Output
The code executed indirectly as a module from some other program
The value of name: module1
From test we are executing module f1()
The code executed indirectly as a module from some other program
The value of name: module1
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10.Working with math module
Python provides inbuilt module math.
This module defines several functions which can be used for mathematical operations.
The main important functions are:
1. sqrt(x)
2. ceil(x)
3. floor(x)
4. fabs(x)
5. log(x)
6. sin(x)
7. tan(x)
Eg :
In [6]:
from math import *
print(sqrt(4))
print(ceil(10.1))
print(floor(10.1))
print(fabs(-10.6)) # Ignore sign, consider only value fabs ---> float absolute fu
print(fabs(10.6)) # Ignore sign, consider only value
2.0
11
10
10.6
10.6
Note:
We can find help for any module by using help() function.
Eg:
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In [5]:
import math
help(math)
Help on built-in module math:
NAME
math
DESCRIPTION
This module is always available. It provides access to the
mathematical functions defined by the C standard.
FUNCTIONS
acos(x, /)
Return the arc cosine (measured in radians) of x.
acosh(x, /)
Return the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x.
asin(x, /)
Return the arc sine (measured in radians) of x.
asinh(x, /)
Return the inverse hyperbolic sine of x.
atan(x, /)
Return the arc tangent (measured in radians) of x.
atan2(y, x, /)
Return the arc tangent (measured in radians) of y/x.
Unlike atan(y/x), the signs of both x and y are considered.
atanh(x, /)
Return the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x.
ceil(x, /)
Return the ceiling of x as an Integral.
This is the smallest integer >= x.
copysign(x, y, /)
Return a float with the magnitude (absolute value) of x but the sign
of y.
On platforms that support signed zeros, copysign(1.0, -0.0)
returns -1.0.
cos(x, /)
Return the cosine of x (measured in radians).
cosh(x, /)
Return the hyperbolic cosine of x.
degrees(x, /)
Convert angle x from radians to degrees.
erf(x, /)
Error function at x.
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erfc(x, /)
Complementary error function at x.
exp(x, /)
Return e raised to the power of x.
expm1(x, /)
Return exp(x)-1.
This function avoids the loss of precision involved in the direct ev
aluation of exp(x)-1 for small x.
fabs(x, /)
Return the absolute value of the float x.
factorial(x, /)
Find x!.
Raise a ValueError if x is negative or non-integral.
floor(x, /)
Return the floor of x as an Integral.
This is the largest integer <= x.
fmod(x, y, /)
Return fmod(x, y), according to platform C.
x % y may differ.
frexp(x, /)
Return the mantissa and exponent of x, as pair (m, e).
m is a float and e is an int, such that x = m * 2.**e.
If x is 0, m and e are both 0. Else 0.5 <= abs(m) < 1.0.
fsum(seq, /)
Return an accurate floating point sum of values in the iterable seq.
Assumes IEEE-754 floating point arithmetic.
gamma(x, /)
Gamma function at x.
gcd(x, y, /)
greatest common divisor of x and y
hypot(x, y, /)
Return the Euclidean distance, sqrt(x*x + y*y).
isclose(a, b, *, rel_tol=1e-09, abs_tol=0.0)
Determine whether two floating point numbers are close in value.
rel_tol
maximum difference for being considered "close", relative to the
magnitude of the input values
abs_tol
maximum difference for being considered "close", regardless of t
he
magnitude of the input values
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Return True if a is close in value to b, and False otherwise.
For the values to be considered close, the difference between them
must be smaller than at least one of the tolerances.
-inf, inf and NaN behave similarly to the IEEE 754 Standard. That
is, NaN is not close to anything, even itself. inf and -inf are
only close to themselves.
isfinite(x, /)
Return True if x is neither an infinity nor a NaN, and False otherwi
se.
isinf(x, /)
Return True if x is a positive or negative infinity, and False other
wise.
isnan(x, /)
Return True if x is a NaN (not a number), and False otherwise.
ldexp(x, i, /)
Return x * (2**i).
This is essentially the inverse of frexp().
lgamma(x, /)
Natural logarithm of absolute value of Gamma function at x.
log(...)
log(x, [base=math.e])
Return the logarithm of x to the given base.
If the base not specified, returns the natural logarithm (base e) of
x.
log10(x, /)
Return the base 10 logarithm of x.
log1p(x, /)
Return the natural logarithm of 1+x (base e).
The result is computed in a way which is accurate for x near zero.
log2(x, /)
Return the base 2 logarithm of x.
modf(x, /)
Return the fractional and integer parts of x.
Both results carry the sign of x and are floats.
pow(x, y, /)
Return x**y (x to the power of y).
radians(x, /)
Convert angle x from degrees to radians.
remainder(x, y, /)
Difference between x and the closest integer multiple of y.
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Return x - n*y where n*y is the closest integer multiple of y.
In the case where x is exactly halfway between two multiples of
y, the nearest even value of n is used. The result is always exact.
sin(x, /)
Return the sine of x (measured in radians).
sinh(x, /)
Return the hyperbolic sine of x.
sqrt(x, /)
Return the square root of x.
tan(x, /)
Return the tangent of x (measured in radians).
tanh(x, /)
Return the hyperbolic tangent of x.
trunc(x, /)
Truncates the Real x to the nearest Integral toward 0.
Uses the __trunc__ magic method.
DATA
e = 2.718281828459045
inf = inf
nan = nan
pi = 3.141592653589793
tau = 6.283185307179586
FILE
(built-in)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-5-9ef53aca3b77> in <module>
1 import math
2 help(math)
----> 3 a
NameError: name 'a' is not defined
11. Working with random module
This module defines several functions to generate random numbers.
We can use these functions while developing games,in cryptography and to generate random numbers on
fly for authentication. (For example, OTPs).
1. random() function:
This function always generate some float value between 0 and 1 ( not inclusive).
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0<x<1
Eg :
In [14]:
from random import random # from random import *
#import random
for i in range(10):
print(random())
0.5298687885975731
0.1959883975809048
0.7856765556766167
0.621345638337082
0.0017397062733900404
0.053682389130991326
0.6870134702620266
0.012400503004914687
0.9615995552319757
0.5501802331038093
2. randint() function:
This function is used to generate random integers beween two given numbers (inclusive).
Eg:
In [22]:
from random import *
for i in range(10):
print(randint(1,10)) # generate random int value between 1 and 100(inclusive)
4
5
3
9
4
5
6
10
6
6
3. uniform():
It returns random float values between 2 given numbers (not inclusive).
Eg:
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In [17]:
from random import *
for i in range(10):
print(uniform(1,10))
4.219659431824531
5.058564769299971
7.5266485757042485
4.190749282077976
3.8464174832123033
7.043381178043777
9.30504048393276
4.41712781745301
3.9935721537809465
8.274960415539518
Note:
random() ===>in between 0 and 1 (not inclusive) ===> float
randint(x,y) ==>in between x and y ( inclusive) ===> int
uniform(x,y) ==> in between x and y ( not inclusive) ===> float
4. randrange([start],stop,[step])
returns a random number from range start<= x < stop
start argument is optional and default value is 0
step argument is optional and default value is 1
For example,
randrange(10)-->generates a number from 0 to 9
randrange(1,11)-->generates a number from 1 to 10
randrange(1,11,2)-->generates a number from 1,3,5,7,9
Eg :
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In [18]:
from random import *
for i in range(10):
print(randrange(10))
5
8
6
1
2
6
2
9
6
1
Eg 2:
In [20]:
from random import *
for i in range(10):
print(randrange(1,11))
8
5
5
6
6
8
3
10
10
4
Eg 3:
In [24]:
from random import *
for i in range(10):
print(randrange(1,11,2))
1
9
1
3
7
7
7
7
1
5
5. choice() function:
It won't return random number.
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It will return a random object from the given list or tuple.
Always the argument for this function is any indexable sequence. ( i.e., Set is not supported)
Eg :
In [25]:
from random import *
list=["Sunny","Bunny","Chinny","Vinny","pinny"]
for i in range(10):
print(choice(list))
Chinny
Chinny
pinny
Sunny
Chinny
Vinny
Chinny
Bunny
Sunny
Bunny
In [26]:
from random import *
list=("Sunny","Bunny","Chinny","Vinny","pinny")
for i in range(10):
print(choice(list))
Bunny
Bunny
pinny
Bunny
Sunny
Vinny
Sunny
Chinny
Bunny
Chinny
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In [27]:
from random import *
list={"Sunny","Bunny","Chinny","Vinny","pinny"}
for i in range(10): #Set object is not support indexing
print(choice(list))
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-27-207be8b00172> in <module>
2 list={"Sunny","Bunny","Chinny","Vinny","pinny"}
3 for i in range(10):
----> 4 print(choice(list))
~\Anaconda3\lib\random.py in choice(self, seq)
260 except ValueError:
261 raise IndexError('Cannot choose from an empty sequence')
from None
--> 262 return seq[i]
263
264 def shuffle(self, x, random=None):
TypeError: 'set' object is not subscriptable
In [28]:
from random import *
list=["Sunny","Bunny","Chinny","Vinny","pinny"]
for i in range(10):
print(choice('karthi'))
r
a
t
t
h
r
a
a
h
r
Date: 17-05-2020 Day-3
Example programs
Q 1. Write a Python program to generate a six digit random number as One Time Password (OTP).
Way 1
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In [3]:
from random import *
for i in range(10):
print(randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),sep
792314
871530
780895
157332
796357
502414
826712
785971
309040
015443
In [16]:
from random import *
for i in range(10):
print(randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),sep
161446
197083
758751
996540
851466
666187
700286
719132
372328
136409
Way 2
In [7]:
from random import *
for i in range(10):
for x in range(6):
print(randint(0,9),end='') # Correct version
print()
899095
829710
031807
656661
053638
290606
805589
240823
108752
356289
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In [15]:
from random import *
for i in range(10):
for x in range(6):
print(randint(0,9),end='') # Correct version
print()
738483
300653
071471
666878
872723
287566
540940
676690
328498
360878
Way 3
In [8]:
from random import *
for i in range(10):
print(randint(000000,999999),sep='')
962601
889203
384254
393560
633705
103495
985154
107436
149361
240032
In [9]:
from random import *
for i in range(10):
print(randint(000000,999999),sep='')
682096
266601
510098
805968
203852
838713
744178
568925
830862
538721
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In [10]:
from random import *
for i in range(10):
print(randint(000000,999999),sep='') # Some times it may give wrong output also, bec
347289
624504
70817
916648
627988
848795
66449
415174
989153
872602
Way 4
In [11]:
from random import *
for i in range(10):
print(randint(100000,999999),sep='')
869252
909810
596249
585590
346792
498318
326801
788542
835508
960551
In [12]:
from random import *
for i in range(10):
print(randint(100000,999999),sep='')
572571
692732
462218
234897
442399
480218
278091
182737
396578
244616
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In [13]:
from random import *
for i in range(10):
print(randint(100000,999999),sep='')
501568
282792
596089
356996
377236
717111
145663
941932
903885
904369
In [14]:
from random import *
for i in range(10): # This code is working properly, ex
print(randint(100000,999999),sep='')
749026
924598
217585
709813
503600
640488
464279
508086
521877
834829
Flaw: It won't generate OTP which start from 0.
Q 2. Write aPython program to generate a random password of 6 length.
Within the OTP --
1,3,5 positions are alphabets.
2,4,6 positions are digits.
Way 1
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In [20]:
from random import *
for i in range(10):
print(chr(randint(65,90)),randint(0,9),chr(randint(65,90)),randint(0,9),chr(randint(
R2I6T5
F4S6I6
W5B8K5
M3U7L6
C3A6M3
O5L7W3
T5W7X4
S3I7W1
L5C9A9
J9H4W4
In [21]:
from random import *
for i in range(10):
print(chr(randint(65,90)),randint(0,9),chr(randint(65,90)),randint(0,9),chr(randint(
B9D7J9
X0S2M0
S6R7Y6
B2B1B0
O4G4I0
J6U2P2
L6C6B3
C6C5K9
M1Q7N3
I3Y2F7
Way 2:
In [27]:
from random import *
for i in range(10):
for x in range(1,7):
if x%2 == 1:
print(chr(randint(65,90)),end='')
else:
print(randint(0,9),end='')
print()
P3H1U3
V1Q1A7
R4Z2G9
I3Y4H8
B8K7V9
N4X7S0
R5L3S2
O5A3Y8
M0D7J7
H7V2Z0
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In [28]:
from random import *
for i in range(10):
for x in range(1,7):
if x%2 == 1:
print(chr(randint(65,90)),end='')
else:
print(randint(0,9),end='')
print()
I4O0C6
E1K2K9
K9J6X8
W9I3Z9
Z0A1X9
T6S9M7
L6E8W7
A1X8J2
A7M6A3
R4R1E7
In [ ]:
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21/05/2020 Regular Expressions
Regular Expressions
Date: 20-05-2020
Introduction
If we want to represent a group of Strings according to a particular format/pattern then we should go for Regular
Expressions. i.e., Regualr Expressions is a declarative mechanism to represent a group of Strings
accroding to particular format/pattern.
Eg 1: We can write a regular expression to represent all mobile numbers. (i.e., All mobile numbers having a
particular format i.e., exactly 10 numbers only)
Eg 2: We can write a regular expression to represent all mail ids.
Eg 3: We can write a regular expression to represent all java/python/C identifiers.
Note: Regular Expressions is language independent concept.
The main important application areas of Regular Expressions are as follows:
1. To develop validation frameworks/validation logic. For example, mail id validation, mobile number validation
etc.
2. To develop Pattern matching applications (ctrl-f in windows, grep in UNIX etc).
3. To develop Translators like compilers, interpreters etc. In compiler design, Lexical analysis phase is
internally implemented using Regular expressions only.
4. To develop digital circuits. For example, Binary Incrementor, Binary adder, Binary subtractor etc.
5. To develop communication protocols like TCP/IP, UDP etc. (Protocol means set of rules, to follow the rules
during communication, we use regular expressions).
NOTE:
3 Mantras, to become no.1 software Engineer:
1. Ctrl + f
2. Ctrl + c
3. Ctrl + v
Then you may get one doubt that, why we need to learn all these technologies???
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Ans: To get the Job all several things are required, To
do the job nothing is
required.
Real Fact: Almost 80% - 90% of the software engineers work
depends on the above 3
mantras only.
re module:
We can develop Regular Expression Based applications by using python module known as re.
This module contains several in-built functions to use Regular Expressions very easily in our applications.
1. compile():
re module contains compile() function to compile a pattern into RegexObject.
For example, if you want to find the pattern 'python' in the given string, first you need to convert this pattern into
RegexObject form.
In [1]:
import re
pattern = re.compile("python")
print(type(pattern))
<class 're.Pattern'>
2. finditer():
Returns an Iterator object which yields Match object for every Match.
In [ ]:
matcher = pattern.finditer("Learning python is very easy...")
On Match object we can call the following methods.
1. start() ==> Returns start index of the match
2. end() ==> Returns end+1 index of the match
3. group() ==> Returns the matched string
Eg: Write a python program to find whether the given pattern is available in the given string or not?
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In [3]:
import re
count=0
pattern=re.compile("python")
matcher=pattern.finditer("Learning python is very easy...") # We are searching for a word i
for match in matcher:
count+=1
print(match.start(),"...",match.end(),"...",match.group())
print("The number of occurrences: ",count)
9 ... 15 ... python
The number of occurrences: 1
Note: More Simplified form
We can pass pattern directly as argument to finditer() function.
In [4]:
import re
count=0
matcher=re.finditer("ab","abaababa") # We are searching for a word in one sentence (i.e., p
for match in matcher:
count+=1
print(match.start(),"...",match.end(),"...",match.group())
print("The number of occurrences: ",count)
0 ... 2 ... ab
3 ... 5 ... ab
5 ... 7 ... ab
The number of occurrences: 3
In [10]:
import re
count=0
matcher=re.finditer("ba","abaababa") # We are searching for a word in one sentence (i.e., p
for match in matcher:
count+=1
print(match.start(),"...",match.end(),"...",match.group())
print("The number of occurrences: ",count)
1 ... 3 ... ba
4 ... 6 ... ba
6 ... 8 ... ba
The number of occurrences: 3
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In [13]:
import re
count=0
matcher=re.finditer("bb","abaababa") # We are searching for a word in one sentence (i.e., p
for match in matcher:
count+=1
print("start:{},end:{},group:{}".format(match.start(),match.end(),match.group()))
print("The number of occurrences: ",count)
The number of occurrences: 0
In [14]:
import re
count=0
matcher=re.finditer("ab","abaababa") # We are searching for a word in one sentence (i.e., p
for match in matcher:
count+=1
print("start:{},end:{},group:{}".format(match.start(),match.end(),match.group()))
print("The number of occurrences: ",count)
start:0,end:2,group:ab
start:3,end:5,group:ab
start:5,end:7,group:ab
The number of occurrences: 3
In [15]:
import re
count=0
matcher=re.finditer("ab","abababa") # We are searching for a word in one sentence (i.e., pa
for match in matcher:
count+=1
print("start:{},end:{},group:{}".format(match.start(),match.end(),match.group()))
print("The number of occurrences: ",count)
start:0,end:2,group:ab
start:2,end:4,group:ab
start:4,end:6,group:ab
The number of occurrences: 3
Date: 21-05-2020 Day 2
Character classes:
We can use character classes to search a group of characters.
1. [abc]===>Either a or b or c
2. [^abc] ===>Except a and b and c
3. [a-z]==>Any Lower case alphabet symbol
4. [A-Z]===>Any upper case alphabet symbol
5. [a-zA-Z]==>Any alphabet symbol
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[ ] y p y
6. [0-9] Any digit from 0 to 9
7. [a-zA-Z0-9]==>Any alphanumeric character
8. [^a-zA-Z0-9]==>Except alphanumeric characters(Special Characters)
In [8]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("[abc]","a7b@k9z")
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
0 ...... a
2 ...... b
In [9]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("[^abc]","a7b@k9z")
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
1 ...... 7
3 ...... @
4 ...... k
5 ...... 9
6 ...... z
In [1]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("[a-z]","a7b@k9z")
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
0 ...... a
2 ...... b
4 ...... k
6 ...... z
In [3]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("[0-9]","a7b@k9z")
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
1 ...... 7
5 ...... 9
In [4]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("[A-Z]","a7b@k9z")
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
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In [5]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("[a-zA-Z]","a7b@k9z")
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
0 ...... a
2 ...... b
4 ...... k
6 ...... z
In [6]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("[a-zA-Z0-9]","a7b@k9z")
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
0 ...... a
1 ...... 7
2 ...... b
4 ...... k
5 ...... 9
6 ...... z
In [7]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("[^a-zA-Z0-9]","a7b@k9z")
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
3 ...... @
In [8]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("[abc]","abcabc")
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
0 ...... a
1 ...... b
2 ...... c
3 ...... a
4 ...... b
5 ...... c
Pre defined Character classes
\s ==> Space character
\S ==> Any character except space character
\d ==> Any digit from 0 to 9
\D ==> Any character except digit
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\w ==> Any word character [a-zA-Z0-9]
\W ==> Any character except word character (only Special Characters includes)
. ==> Any character including special characters
In [9]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("\s","a7b k@9z")
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
3 ......
In [10]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("\S","a7b k@9z")
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
0 ...... a
1 ...... 7
2 ...... b
4 ...... k
5 ...... @
6 ...... 9
7 ...... z
In [11]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("\d","a7b k@9z")
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
1 ...... 7
6 ...... 9
In [12]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("\D","a7b k@9z")
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
0 ...... a
2 ...... b
3 ......
4 ...... k
5 ...... @
7 ...... z
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In [13]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("\w","a7b k@9z")
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
0 ...... a
1 ...... 7
2 ...... b
4 ...... k
6 ...... 9
7 ...... z
In [14]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("\W","a7b k@9z")
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
3 ......
5 ...... @
In [15]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer(".","a7b k@9z")
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
0 ...... a
1 ...... 7
2 ...... b
3 ......
4 ...... k
5 ...... @
6 ...... 9
7 ...... z
Qunatifiers
We can use quantifiers to specify the number of occurrences to match.
a ==> Exactly one 'a'
a+ ==> Atleast one 'a'
a* ==> Any number of a's including zero number
a? ==> Atmost one 'a', i.e., either zero number or one number
a{m} ==> Exactly m number of a's
a{m,n} ==> Minimum m number of a's and Maximum n number of a's
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In [17]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("a","abaabaaab") # Exactly one 'a'
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
0 ...... a
2 ...... a
3 ...... a
5 ...... a
6 ...... a
7 ...... a
In [18]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("a+","abaabaaab") # Atleast one 'a'
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
0 ...... a
2 ...... aa
5 ...... aaa
In [19]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("a*","abaabaaab") # Any no.of 'a's including zero
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
0 ...... a
1 ......
2 ...... aa
4 ......
5 ...... aaa
8 ......
9 ......
In [20]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("a?","abaabaaab") # Atmost one 'a', i.e., either
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
0 ...... a
1 ......
2 ...... a
3 ...... a
4 ......
5 ...... a
6 ...... a
7 ...... a
8 ......
9 ......
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In [21]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("a{3}","abaabaaab") # Exactly '3' number of 'a's
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
5 ...... aaa
In [25]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("a{2,4}","abaabaaab") # Minimum '2' 'a's and Maximum
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
2 ...... aa
5 ...... aaa
In [26]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("a{2,2}","abaabaaab") # Minimum '2' 'a's and Maximum
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
2 ...... aa
5 ...... aa
In [27]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("a{1,4}","abaabaaab") # Minimum '1' 'a' and Maximum
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
0 ...... a
2 ...... aa
5 ...... aaa
In [28]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("a{2}a*","abaabaaab") # Exactly'2' 'a's followed by
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
2 ...... aa
5 ...... aaa
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In [29]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("[^a]","abaabaaab") # Except 'a'
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
1 ...... b
4 ...... b
8 ...... b
Note:
^x ==> It will check whether target string starts with x or not
x$ ==> It will check whether target string ends with x or not
In [30]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("^a","abaabaaab") # Whether the given string starts
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
0 ...... a
In [31]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("a$","abaabaaab") # Whether the given string ends w
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
In [32]:
import re
matcher=re.finditer("b$","abaabaaab") # Whether the given string ends w
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())
8 ...... b
Important functions of 're' module
1. match()
2. fullmatch()
3. search()
4. findall()
5. finditer()
6. sub()
7. subn()
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8. split()
9. compile()
1. match():
We can use match function to check the given pattern at beginning of target string or not.
If the match is available then we will get Match object, otherwise we will get None.
In [34]:
import re
s=input("Enter pattern to check: ")
m=re.match(s,"abcabdefg") # match() function
if m!= None:
print("Match is available at the beginning of the String")
print("Start Index:",m.start(), "and End Index:",m.end())
else:
print("Match is not available at the beginning of the String")
Enter pattern to check: abc
Match is available at the beginning of the String
Start Index: 0 and End Index: 3
In [35]:
import re
s=input("Enter pattern to check: ")
m=re.match(s,"abcabdefg") # match() function
if m!= None:
print("Match is available at the beginning of the String")
print("Start Index:",m.start(), "and End Index:",m.end())
else:
print("Match is not available at the beginning of the String")
Enter pattern to check: rgm
Match is not available at the beginning of the String
2. fullmatch():
We can use fullmatch() function to match a pattern to all of target string. i.e., complete string should be
matched according to given pattern.
If complete string matched then this function returns Match object otherwise it returns None.
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In [36]:
import re
s=input("Enter pattern to check: ")
m=re.fullmatch(s,"ababab")
if m!= None:
print("Full String Matched")
else:
print("Full String not Matched")
Enter pattern to check: ab
Full String not Matched
In [37]:
import re
s=input("Enter pattern to check: ")
m=re.fullmatch(s,"ababab")
if m!= None:
print("Full String Matched")
else:
print("Full String not Matched")
Enter pattern to check: abababa
Full String not Matched
In [38]:
import re
s=input("Enter pattern to check: ")
m=re.fullmatch(s,"ababab")
if m!= None:
print("Full String Matched")
else:
print("Full String not Matched")
Enter pattern to check: ababab
Full String Matched
3. search():
We can use search() function to search the given pattern in the target string.
If the match is available then it returns the Match object which represents first occurrence of the match.
If the match is not available then it returns None.
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In [39]:
import re
s=input("Enter pattern to check: ")
m=re.search(s,"abaabaaab")
if m!= None:
print("Match is available")
print("First Occurrence of match with start index:",m.start(),"and end index:",m.end())
else:
print("Match is not available")
Enter pattern to check: aa
Match is available
First Occurrence of match with start index: 2 and end index: 4
In [40]:
import re
s=input("Enter pattern to check: ")
m=re.search(s,"abaabaaab")
if m!= None:
print("Match is available")
print("First Occurrence of match with start index:",m.start(),"and end index:",m.end())
else:
print("Match is not available")
Enter pattern to check: bb
Match is not available
4. findall():
This function is used to find all occurrences of the match.
This function returns a list object which contains all occurrences.
In [41]:
import re
l=re.findall("[0-9]","a7b9c5kz")
print(l)
['7', '9', '5']
5. finditer():
It returns the iterator yielding a match object for each match.
On each match object we can call start(), end() and group() functions.
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In [42]:
import re
itr=re.finditer("[a-z]","a7b9c5k8z")
for m in itr:
print(m.start(),"...",m.end(),"...",m.group())
0 ... 1 ... a
2 ... 3 ... b
4 ... 5 ... c
6 ... 7 ... k
8 ... 9 ... z
In [48]:
import re
itr=re.finditer("\d","a7b9c5k8z")
for m in itr:
print(type(m))
print(m.start(),"...",m.end(),"...",m.group())
<class 're.Match'>
1 ... 2 ... 7
<class 're.Match'>
3 ... 4 ... 9
<class 're.Match'>
5 ... 6 ... 5
<class 're.Match'>
7 ... 8 ... 8
6. sub():
sub means substitution or replacement.
re.sub(regex,replacement,targetstring)
In the target string every matched pattern will be replaced with provided replacement.
In [43]:
import re
s=re.sub("[a-z]","#","a7b9c5k8z")
print(s)
#7#9#5#8#
Here, Every alphabet symbol is replaced with # symbol.
In [49]:
import re
s=re.sub("\d","#","a7b9c5k8z")
print(s)
a#b#c#k#z
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Here, Every digit is replaced with # symbol.
7. subn():
It is exactly same as sub except it can also returns the number of replacements.
This function returns a tuple where first element is result string and second element is number of
replacements.
(resultstring, number of replacements)
In [44]:
import re
t=re.subn("[a-z]","#","a7b9c5k8z")
print(t)
print("The Result String:",t[0])
print("The number of replacements:",t[1])
('#7#9#5#8#', 5)
The Result String: #7#9#5#8#
The number of replacements: 5
8. split():
If we want to split the given target string according to a particular pattern then we should go for split()
function.
This function returns list of all tokens.
In [45]:
import re
l=re.split(",","sunny,bunny,chinny,vinny,pinny")
print(l)
for t in l:
print(t)
['sunny', 'bunny', 'chinny', 'vinny', 'pinny']
sunny
bunny
chinny
vinny
pinny
In [46]:
import re
l=re.split("\.","www.rgmcet.edu.in")
for t in l:
print(t)
www
rgmcet
edu
in
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In [50]:
import re
l=re.split("[.]","www.rgmcet.edu.in")
for t in l:
print(t)
www
rgmcet
edu
in
Two special symbols used in Regular Expressions
1. ^ symbol:
We can use ^ symbol to check whether the given target string starts with our provided pattern or not.
Eg:
res=re.search("^Learn",s)
if the target string starts with Learn then it will return Match object,otherwise returns None.
In [52]:
import re
s="Learning Python is Very Easy"
res=re.search("^Learn",s)
if res != None:
print("Target String starts with Learn")
else:
print("Target String Not starts with Learn")
Target String starts with Learn
In [53]:
import re
s="Learning Python is Very Easy"
res=re.search("^Learns",s)
if res != None:
print("Target String starts with Learn")
else:
print("Target String Not starts with Learn")
Target String Not starts with Learn
2. '$' symbol:
We can use $ symbol to check whether the given target string ends with our provided pattern or not.
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Eg:
res=re.search("Easy$",s)
If the target string ends with Easy then it will return Match object,otherwise returns None.
In [54]:
import re
s="Learning Python is Very Easy"
res=re.search("Easy$",s)
if res != None:
print("Target String ends with Easy")
else:
print("Target String Not ends with Easy")
Target String ends with Easy
In [55]:
import re
s="Learning Python is Very Easy"
res=re.search("easy$",s)
if res != None:
print("Target String ends with Easy")
else:
print("Target String Not ends with Easy")
Target String Not ends with Easy
Note:
If we want to ignore case then we have to pass 3rd argument re.IGNORECASE for search() function.
Eg:
res = re.search("easy$",s,re.IGNORECASE)
In [56]:
import re
s="Learning Python is Very Easy"
res=re.search("easy$",s,re.IGNORECASE)
if res != None:
print("Target String ends with Easy")
else:
print("Target String Not ends with Easy")
Target String ends with Easy
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In [57]:
import re
s="Learning Python is Very Easy"
res=re.search("Easys$",s)
if res != None:
print("Target String ends with Easy")
else:
print("Target String Not ends with Easy")
Target String Not ends with Easy
Date: 22-05-2020 Day 3
Example applications using Regular expressions
App 1: Write a Regular Expression to represent all Yava language (My own language) identifiers.
Rules:
1. The allowed characters are a-z,A-Z,0-9,#.
2. The first character should be a lower case alphabet symbol from a to k.
3. The second character should be a digit divisible by 3.
4. The length of identifier should be atleast 2.
Regular Expression
[a-k][3069][a-zA-Z0-9#]*
Write a python program to check whether the given string is Yava language identifier or not?
In [7]:
import re
s = input('Enter Identifier to validate :')
m = re.fullmatch('[a-k][3069][a-zA-Z0-9#]*',s)
if m!= None:
print(s,'is valid Yava Identifier')
else:
print(s,'is not Yava Identifier')
Enter Identifier to validate :a3
a3 is valid Yava Identifier
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In [8]:
import re
s = input('Enter Identifier to validate :')
m = re.fullmatch('[a-k][3069][a-zA-Z0-9#]*',s)
if m!= None:
print(s,'is valid Yava Identifier')
else:
print(s,'is not Yava Identifier')
Enter Identifier to validate :z3k5
z3k5 is not Yava Identifier
In [9]:
import re
s = input('Enter Identifier to validate :')
m = re.fullmatch('[a-k][3069][a-zA-Z0-9#]*',s)
if m!= None:
print(s,'is valid Yava Identifier')
else:
print(s,'is not Yava Identifier')
Enter Identifier to validate :a9@
a9@ is not Yava Identifier
In [10]:
import re
s = input('Enter Identifier to validate :')
m = re.fullmatch('[a-k][3069][a-zA-Z0-9#]*',s)
if m!= None:
print(s,'is valid Yava Identifier')
else:
print(s,'is not Yava Identifier')
Enter Identifier to validate :f3jkgjidu
f3jkgjidu is valid Yava Identifier
In [11]:
import re
s = input('Enter Identifier to validate :')
m = re.fullmatch('[a-k][3069][a-zA-Z0-9#]*',s)
if m!= None:
print(s,'is valid Yava Identifier')
else:
print(s,'is not Yava Identifier')
Enter Identifier to validate :a6kk9z##
a6kk9z## is valid Yava Identifier
App 2: Write a Regular Expression to represent all 10 digit mobile numbers.
Rules:
1. Every number should contains exactly 10 digits.
2. The first digit should be 7 or 8 or 9
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Regular Expression
[7-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]
or
[7-9][0-9]{9}
or
[7-9]\d{9}
Write a Python Program to check whether the given number is valid mobile number or not?
In [13]:
import re
s = input('Enter Number :')
m = re.fullmatch('[7-9][0-9]{9}',s)
if m!= None:
print(s,'is valid Mobile number')
else:
print(s,'is not valid Mobile number')
Enter Number :9885768283
9885768283 is valid Mobile number
In [15]:
import re
s = input('Enter Number :')
m = re.fullmatch('[7-9][0-9]{9}',s)
if m!= None:
print(s,'is valid Mobile number')
else:
print(s,'is not valid Mobile number')
Enter Number :6754876589
6754876589 is not valid Mobile number
In [16]:
import re
s = input('Enter Number :')
m = re.fullmatch('[7-9][0-9]{9}',s)
if m!= None:
print(s,'is valid Mobile number')
else:
print(s,'is not valid Mobile number')
Enter Number :898989
898989 is not valid Mobile number
**App 3: Write a regular expression to find the valid mobile number based on the following rules.
The mobile number may contain 10 digit or 11 digit or 12 digit or 13 digit also:
10 : 6 to 9, 9 digits ===> [6-9][0-9]{9}
localhost:8890/notebooks/Desktop/COMPLETE PYTHON/PythonCourse/Regular Expressions.ipynb 21/27
21/05/2020 Regular Expressions
11: The first digit is 0 ===>0[[6-9][0-9]{9}
12: The first 2 digits should 91 ===>[9][1][6-9][0-9]{9}
13: The first 3 digits should be +91 ===>[+][9][1][6-9][0-9]{9}
Write a Python Program to check whether the given number is valid mobile number or not?
In [17]:
import re
s = input('Enter Number :')
m = re.fullmatch('[6-9][0-9]{9}',s)
if m!= None:
print(s,'is valid Mobile number')
else:
print(s,'is not valid Mobile number')
Enter Number :6098236876
6098236876 is valid Mobile number
In [18]:
import re
s = input('Enter Number :')
m = re.fullmatch('[0][6-9][0-9]{9}',s)
if m!= None:
print(s,'is valid Mobile number')
else:
print(s,'is not valid Mobile number')
Enter Number :07435637732
07435637732 is valid Mobile number
In [19]:
import re
s = input('Enter Number :')
m = re.fullmatch('[0][6-9][0-9]{9}',s)
if m!= None:
print(s,'is valid Mobile number')
else:
print(s,'is not valid Mobile number')
Enter Number :05903809282
05903809282 is not valid Mobile number
localhost:8890/notebooks/Desktop/COMPLETE PYTHON/PythonCourse/Regular Expressions.ipynb 22/27
21/05/2020 Regular Expressions
In [20]:
import re
s = input('Enter Number :')
m = re.fullmatch('[9][1][6-9][0-9]{9}',s)
if m!= None:
print(s,'is valid Mobile number')
else:
print(s,'is not valid Mobile number')
Enter Number :917543420987
917543420987 is valid Mobile number
In [21]:
import re
s = input('Enter Number :')
m = re.fullmatch('[9][1][6-9][0-9]{9}',s)
if m!= None:
print(s,'is valid Mobile number')
else:
print(s,'is not valid Mobile number')
Enter Number :938763425678
938763425678 is not valid Mobile number
In [22]:
import re
s = input('Enter Number :')
m = re.fullmatch('[+][9][1][6-9][0-9]{9}',s)
if m!= None:
print(s,'is valid Mobile number')
else:
print(s,'is not valid Mobile number')
Enter Number :+917485920584
+917485920584 is valid Mobile number
In [23]:
import re
s = input('Enter Number :')
m = re.fullmatch('[+][9][1][6-9][0-9]{9}',s)
if m!= None:
print(s,'is valid Mobile number')
else:
print(s,'is not valid Mobile number')
Enter Number :-919876543287
-919876543287 is not valid Mobile number
App 4: Write a python program to extract all mobile numbers present in input.txt file where numbers are
mixed with normal text data.
Note: Executed in Editplus Editor
Assume that, input.txt file contains the following information.
localhost:8890/notebooks/Desktop/COMPLETE PYTHON/PythonCourse/Regular Expressions.ipynb 23/27
21/05/2020 Regular Expressions
C:\Pythonpractice>type iput.txt
Hello this is prathap with mobile number 9885768283
hello this is karthi with mobile number 8787878787
hello this is sahasra iwth mobile number 9101919178
999999999999 aand 963374944994
In [ ]:
import re
f1=open("input.txt","r")
f2=open("output.txt","w")
for line in f1:
print(line)
Output
Hello this is prathap with mobile number 9885768283
hello this is karthi with mobile number 8787878787
hello this is sahasra with mobile number 9101919178
In [ ]:
import re
f1=open("input.txt","r")
f2=open("output.txt","w")
for line in f1:
list=re.findall("[7-9]\d{9}",line)
for n in list:
f2.write(n+"\n")
print("Extracted all Mobile Numbers into output.txt")
f1.close()
f2.close()
Output
Extracted all Mobile Numbers into output.txt
If you want to see the contents of output.txt file, use the following command,
C:\Pythonpractice>type output.txt
9885768283
8787878787
9101919178
9999999999
9633749449
localhost:8890/notebooks/Desktop/COMPLETE PYTHON/PythonCourse/Regular Expressions.ipynb 24/27
21/05/2020 Regular Expressions
App 5. Write a Python Program to check whether the given mail id is valid gmail id or not?
In [3]:
import re
s=input("Enter Mail id:")
m=re.fullmatch("\w[a-zA-Z0-9_.]*@gmail[.]com",s)
if m!=None:
print("Valid Mail Id");
else:
print("Invalid Mail id")
Enter Mail id:prathapnaidu81@gmail.com
Valid Mail Id
In [4]:
import re
s=input("Enter Mail id:")
m=re.fullmatch("\w[a-zA-Z0-9_.]*@gmail[.]com",s)
if m!=None:
print("Valid Mail Id");
else:
print("Invalid Mail id")
Enter Mail id:prathapnaidu81
Invalid Mail id
App 6. Write a python program to check whether given car registration number is valid Telangana State
Registration number or not?
In [5]:
import re
s=input("Enter Vehicle Registration Number:")
m=re.fullmatch("TS[012][0-9][A-Z]{2}\d{4}",s)
if m!=None:
print("Valid Vehicle Registration Number");
else:
print("Invalid Vehicle Registration Number")
Enter Vehicle Registration Number:TS07EA7777
Valid Vehicle Registration Number
In [6]:
import re
s=input("Enter Vehicle Registration Number:")
m=re.fullmatch("TS[012][0-9][A-Z]{2}\d{4}",s)
if m!=None:
print("Valid Vehicle Registration Number");
else:
print("Invalid Vehicle Registration Number")
Enter Vehicle Registration Number:AP07EA7898
Invalid Vehicle Registration Number
localhost:8890/notebooks/Desktop/COMPLETE PYTHON/PythonCourse/Regular Expressions.ipynb 25/27
21/05/2020 Regular Expressions
In [8]:
import re
s=input("Enter Vehicle Registration Number:")
m=re.fullmatch("TS[012][0-9][a-zA-Z]{2}\d{4}",s)
if m!=None:
print("Valid Vehicle Registration Number");
else:
print("Invalid Vehicle Registration Number")
Enter Vehicle Registration Number:TS123ek5678
Invalid Vehicle Registration Number
App 7. Python Program to check whether the given mobile number is valid OR not (10 digit OR 11 digit
OR 12 digit)
In [10]:
import re
s=input("Enter Mobile Number:")
m=re.fullmatch("(0|91)?[7-9][0-9]{9}",s)
if m!=None:
print("Valid Mobile Number");
else:
print("Invalid Mobile Number")
Enter Mobile Number:09885768283
Valid Mobile Number
In [11]:
import re
s=input("Enter Mobile Number:")
m=re.fullmatch("(0|91)?[7-9][0-9]{9}",s)
if m!=None:
print("Valid Mobile Number");
else:
print("Invalid Mobile Number")
Enter Mobile Number:919885768283
Valid Mobile Number
Exercices
1. Write a Python program to collect all .com urls from the given text file.
2. Write a Python program to display all .txt file names from the given directory.
In [ ]:
localhost:8890/notebooks/Desktop/COMPLETE PYTHON/PythonCourse/Regular Expressions.ipynb 26/27
21/05/2020 Regular Expressions
localhost:8890/notebooks/Desktop/COMPLETE PYTHON/PythonCourse/Regular Expressions.ipynb 27/27
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