Blank page left intentionally

AN INTRODUCTION OF NOBEL PRIZE

The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of
Sciences to scientists in the various fields of Physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes
established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding
contributions in Physics. As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the
Nobel Foundation and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The award is
presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's
death. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has
varied throughout the years.

The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen of Germany,
who received 150,782 SEK (Swedish krona) on his wonderful discovery of X-rays. John Bardeen is
the only laureate to win the prize twice—in 1956 and 1972 for his discovery of Transistor and
Superconductivity which played vital role in Electronics world. Maria Skłodowska-Curie also won
two Nobel Prizes, for Physics in 1903 and Chemistry in 1911. William Lawrence Bragg was until
October 2014, the youngest ever Nobel laureate; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25. He
remains the youngest recipient of the Physics Prize. Three women have won the prize: Curie, Maria
Goeppert-Mayer (1963), and Donna Strickland (2018). As of 2019, the prize has been awarded to
212 individuals. There have been six years for which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded
(1916, 1931, 1934, 1940–1942). There were also eight years for which the Nobel Prize in Physics was
delayed for one year. The Prize was not awarded in 1917, as the Nobel Committee for Physics
decided that none of that year's nominations met the necessary criteria but was awarded to Charles
Glover Barkla in 1918 and counted as the 1917 prize. This precedent was followed for the 1918 prize
awarded to Max Planck in 1919, the 1921 prize awarded to Albert Einstein in 1922, the 1924 prize
awarded to Manne Siegbahn in 1925, the 1925 prize awarded to James Franck and Gustav Hertz in
1926, the 1928 prize awarded to Owen Richardson in 1929, the 1932 prize awarded to Werner
Heisenberg in 1933, and the 1943 prize awarded to Otto Stern in 1944. I have collected all Nobel
Laureates of Physics up to 2022 in this book that is brief but comprehensive information of each
Nobel Physicist. Total 221 Physicists have got the highest prize ( the Nobel Prize) from 1901 to date.

1
 PREFACE
This book is intended as an assistant for Students , teachers and researchers to get information and
development in Physics. Physics which is the study of natural science and gives all about natural
happenings in the universe. It is human natural to seek information , to move forward and to struggle
for best. This book is a little effort for readers, so slight. A reader can take not only the information of
human struggle in this field but it is also tool for developing the passion of looking forward. This
world is open for every one who thinks for the benefit of mankind and want to do research in this field.
The book may also be of interest for the large number of professional Physicists, who in their daily
occupations deal with any field of Physics and have a need to improve their understanding All the
Physicists have a common desire to improve their knowledge of the Physics and its application in our
practical life. This book contains a brief information of each Nobel award holder in the field of
Physics. It is one page information of each Physicist except two i.e The legend Albert Einstein and
other one belong to Pakistan Dr. Abdul Salam. Actually my aim was to compile the information of all
Nobel Physicists in a book shape to make it easy for any reader or researcher to get benefit as and
when he needs. I hope the book will be liked and create interest for students and teachers as well. I
started this work an year before but due to busy schedule in College could not complete but in the
days of Quarantine due to Corona-virus I completed and will be available for the book lovers soon.

During lockdown it was also deeply observed that we are as a nation so far away from new new
technology and research and having no such research laboratories for sudden incidence like pandemic
Diseases (Corona-virus). We should have research laboratories under the supervision of highly
qualified Scientists and Engineers and in these laboratories young scientists , Doctors and Engineers
should do research to uplift my country Pakistan in the field of Science and Technology. My aim to
publish this book is also to promote the interest in Science and practical work which is the need of this
modern era otherwise we can not survive in this modern world and can not compete with modern
societies. I hope the book will be liked by book lovers which will give me more inspiration for next to
write more and more for our students and teachers.

2
 COMMENTS
A comprehensive and informative survey ever written by Hafiz Khalid Majeed

(Assistant Professor at Cadet College Petaro) on the world's most famous Nobel award

Physicists and their Discoveries. This is a really outstanding effort taken by him to

finish this work. The Nobel prizes are the most coveted and most potent awards of all

time. Only Nobel prize winners bestows instant recognition, lifelong celebrity, and

unrivaled authority around the globe. This would be best for young learners to get

knowledge about the history of Physics revolution through their achievements. These

achievements are great indeed, and the winners join a list of some of humanity's finest

representatives. Here's a sampling of notable Nobel Prize recipients of Physics, and

what they accomplished. I appreciate to him for his valuable and informative work in

the filed of Physics.

(“Look up at the stars and not down at your feet. Try to make sense of what you see,

and wonder about what makes the universe exist. Be curious.”)

(Stephen Hawking)

3
 NOBEL LAUREATES IN PHYSICS

Year Laureate Country Page #

1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany 12
Hendrik Lorentz Netherlands 13
1902
Pieter Zeeman Netherlands 14
Antoine Henri Becquerel France 15
1903 Pierre Curie France 16
Maria Skłodowska-Curie Poland 17
1904 Lord Rayleigh United Kingdom 18
Austria-Hungary
1905 Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard 19
Germany
1906 Joseph John Thomson United Kingdom 20
United States
1907 Albert Abraham Michelson 21
Poland
1908 Gabriel Lippmann France 22
Guglielmo Marconi Italy 23
1909
Karl Ferdinand Braun Germany 24
1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals Netherlands 25
1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany 26
1912 Nils Gustaf Dalén Sweden 27
1913 Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes Netherlands 28
1914 Max von Laue Germany 29
William Henry Bragg United Kingdom 30
1915 Australia
William Lawrence Bragg 31
United Kingdom
1916
1917 Charles Glover Barkla United Kingdom 32
1918 Max Planck Germany 33
1919 Johannes Stark Germany 34
1920 Charles Édouard Guillaume Switzerland 35
Germany
1921 Albert Einstein 36-37
Switzerland
1922 Niels Bohr Denmark 38

4
Year Laureate Country Page #
1923 Robert Andrews Millikan United States 39
1924 Manne Siegbahn Sweden 40
James Franck Germany 41
1925
Gustav Hertz Germany 42
1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin France 43
Arthur Holly Compton United States 44
1927
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson United Kingdom 45
1928 Owen Willans Richardson United Kingdom 46
Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de
1929 France 47
Broglie

1930 Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India 48

1931
1932 Werner Heisenberg Germany 49
Erwin Schrödinger Austria 50
1933
Paul Dirac United Kingdom 51
1934
1935 James Chadwick United Kingdom 52
Victor Francis Hess Austria 53
1936
Carl David Anderson United States 54
Clinton Joseph Davisson United States 55
1937
George Paget Thomson United Kingdom 56
1938 Enrico Fermi Italy 57
1939 Ernest Lawrence United States 58
1940
1941
1942
United States
1943 Otto Stern 59
Germany
United States
1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi 60
Poland
1945 Wolfgang Pauli Austria 61
1946 Percy Williams Bridgman United States 62
1947 Edward Victor Appleton United Kingdom 63

5
Year Laureate Country Page #
1948 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett United Kingdom 64
1949 Hideki Yukawa Japan 65
1950 Cecil Frank Powell United Kingdom 66
John Douglas Cockcroft United Kingdom 67
1951
Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton Ireland 68
Switzerland
Felix Bloch 69
1952 United States
Edward Mills Purcell United States 70
1953 Frits Zernike Netherlands 71
Max Born West Germany 72
1954
Walther Bothe West Germany 73
Willis Eugene Lamb United States 74
1955 United States
Polykarp Kusch 75
Germany
John Bardeen United States 76
1956 Walter Houser Brattain United States 77
William Bradford Shockley United States 78
Tsung-Dao Lee Republic of China 79
1957
Chen-Ning Yang Republic of China 80
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov Soviet Union 81
1958 Ilya Frank Soviet Union 82
Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm Soviet Union 83
Italy
Emilio Gino Segrè 84
1959 United States
Owen Chamberlain United States 85
1960 Donald Arthur Glaser United States 86
Robert Hofstadter United States 87
1961
Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer West Germany 88
1962 Lev Davidovich Landau Soviet Union 89
Hungary
Eugene Paul Wigner 90
United States
1963 Maria Goeppert-Mayer United States 91
J. Hans D. Jensen West Germany 92
1964 Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov Soviet Union 93

6
Year Laureate Country Page #
Alexander Prokhorov Soviet Union 94
Charles Hard Townes United States 95
Richard Phillips Feynman United States 96
1965 Julian Schwinger United States 97
Shin'ichirō Tomonaga Japan 98
1966 Alfred Kastler France 99
United States
1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe 100
Germany
1968 Luis Walter Alvarez United States 101
1969 Murray Gell-Mann United States 102
Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén Sweden 103
1970
Louis Néel France 104
Hungary
1971 Dennis Gabor 105
United Kingdom
John Bardeen United States 106
1972 Leon Neil Cooper United States 107
John Robert Schrieffer United States 108
Leo Esaki Japan 109
United States
1973 Ivar Giaever 110
Norway
Brian David Josephson United Kingdom 111
Martin Ryle United Kingdom 112
1974
Antony Hewish United Kingdom 113
Aage Bohr Denmark 114
1975 Ben Roy Mottelson Denmark 115
Leo James Rainwater United States 116
Burton Richter United States 117
1976
Samuel Chao Chung Ting United States 118
Philip Warren Anderson United States 119
1977 Nevill Francis Mott United Kingdom 120
John Hasbrouck Van Vleck United States 121
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Soviet Union 122
1978
Arno Allan Penzias United States 123

7
Year Laureate Country Page #
Robert Woodrow Wilson United States 124
Sheldon Lee Glashow United States 125
1979 Abdus Salam Pakistan 126-127
Steven Weinberg United States 128
James Watson Cronin United States 129
1980
Val Logsdon Fitch United States 130
Netherlands
Nicolaas Bloembergen 131
United States
1981 Arthur Leonard Schawlow United States 132
Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn Sweden 133
1982 Kenneth G. Wilson United States 134
India
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 135
1983 United States
William Alfred Fowler United States 136
Carlo Rubbia Italy 137
1984
Simon van der Meer Netherlands 138
1985 Klaus von Klitzing West Germany 139
Ernst Ruska West Germany 140
1986 Gerd Binnig West Germany 141
Heinrich Rohrer Switzerland 142
Johannes Georg Bednorz West Germany 143
1987
Karl Alexander Müller Switzerland 144
Leon Max Lederman United States 145
1988 Melvin Schwartz United States 146
Jack Steinberger United States 147
Norman Foster Ramsey United States 148
United States
1989 Hans Georg Dehmelt 149
Germany
Wolfgang Paul West Germany 150
Jerome I. Friedman United States 151
1990 Henry Way Kendall United States 152
Richard E. Taylor Canada 153
1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes France 154

8
Year Laureate Country Page #
France
1992 Georges Charpak 155
Poland
Russell Alan Hulse United States 156
1993
Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. United States 157
Bertram Brockhouse Canada 158
1994
Clifford Glenwood Shull United States 159
Martin Lewis Perl United States 160
1995
Frederick Reines United States 161
David Morris Lee United States 162
1996 Douglas D. Osheroff United States 163
Robert Coleman Richardson United States 164
Steven Chu United States 165
1997 Claude Cohen-Tannoudji France 166
William Daniel Phillips United States 167
Robert B. Laughlin United States 168

1998 Horst Ludwig Störmer Germany 169

Republic of China
Daniel Chee Tsui 170
United States
Gerard 't Hooft Netherlands 171
1999
Martinus J. G. Veltman Netherlands 172
Zhores Ivanovich Alferov Russia 173
2000 Herbert Kroemer Germany 174
Jack St. Clair Kilby United States 175
Eric Allin Cornell United States 176
2001 Carl Edwin Wieman United States 177
Wolfgang Ketterle Germany 178
Raymond Davis Jr. United States 179

2002 Masatoshi Koshiba Japan 180

Italy
Riccardo Giacconi 181
United States
Russia
Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov 182
United States
2003 Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg Russia 183
Anthony James Leggett United Kingdom 184

9
Year Laureate Country Page #
United States
David J. Gross United States 185
2004 Hugh David Politzer United States 186
Frank Wilczek United States 187
Roy J. Glauber United States 188
2005 John L. Hall United States 189
Theodor W. Hänsch Germany 190
John C. Mather United States 191
2006
George F. Smoot United States 192
Albert Fert France 193
2007
Peter Grünberg Germany 194
Makoto Kobayashi Japan 195

2008 Toshihide Maskawa Japan 196

Japan
Yoichiro Nambu 197
United States
Hong Kong
Charles K. Kao United Kingdom 198
United States
2009 Canada
Willard S. Boyle 199
United States
George E. Smith United States 200
Russia
Andre Geim United Kingdom 201
2010 Netherlands
Russia
Konstantin Novoselov 202
United Kingdom
Saul Perlmutter United States 203
Australia
2011 Brian P. Schmidt 204
United States
Adam G. Riess United States 205
Serge Haroche France 206
2012
David J. Wineland United States 207
François Englert Belgium 208
2013
Peter Higgs United Kingdom 209
Isamu Akasaki Japan 210
2014
Hiroshi Amano Japan 211

10
Year Laureate Country Page #
Japan
Shuji Nakamura 212
United States
Takaaki Kajita Japan 213
2015
Arthur B. McDonald Canada 214
David J. Thouless United Kingdom 215
United Kingdom
2016 F. Duncan M. Haldane 216
Slovenia
United Kingdom
John M. Kosterlitz 217
United States
Germany
Rainer Weiss 218
United States
2017 Kip Thorne United States 219
Barry Barish United States 220
Arthur Ashkin United States 221
2018 Gérard Mourou France 222
Donna Strickland Canada 223
Canada
James Peebles 224
United States
2019 Michel Mayor Switzerland 225

Didier Queloz Switzerland 226

Roger Penrose United Kingdom 227

2020 Reinhard Genzel Germany 228

Andrea Ghez United States 229

Klaus Hasselmann Germany 230

2021 Syukuro Manabe Japan 231

Giorgio Parisi Italy 232

Alain Aspect France 233

2022 John Clauser United States 234

Anton Zeilinger Austria 235

REFERENCES 236

11
Born 27 March 1845 Lennep, Rhine Rontgen, Wilhelm Conrad was a
Province,German Confederation German physicist who was a recipient of
the first Nobel Prize for Physics, in 1901,
Died 10 February 1923 (aged 77)
for his discovery of X rays, which heralded
the age of modern physics and
Munich, Bavaria, Germany
revolutionized diagnostic medicine. In
view of its uncertain nature, he called the
Nationality German/Dutch
phenomenon X-radiation, though it also
became known as Rontgen radiation. The
Institutions University of Strassburg
roentgen or röntgen is a legacy unit of
University of Hohenheim measurement for the exposure of X-rays
University of Giessen and gamma rays up to several mega
University of Würzburg electron volts.
University of Munich
He took the first X-ray
photographs, of the
Alma mater ETH Zurich , University of Zurich interiors of metal
objects and of the
Doctoral August Kundt bones in his wife's
hand.
advisor

Doctoral Herman March

students Abram Ioffe
Ernst Wagner
Rudolf Ladenburg

Known for X-rays

Notable Matteucci Medal (1896)

awards Rumford Medal (1896)
Elliott Cresson Medal (1897)
Barnard Medal (1900)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1901) Backdrop for presentation of the discovery and
recognition of roentgenium at GSI Darmstadt

12
Born 18 July 1853
Arnhem, Netherlands

Died 4 February 1928 (aged 74)

Haarlem, Netherlands

Nationality Netherlands

Alma mater University of Leiden Formula on a wall in Leiden University Leiden

University Libraryin 1610
Doctoral Pieter Rijke
advisor

Doctoral Geertruida L. de Haas-Lorentz

students Adriaan Fokker
Leonard Ornstein
Hendrika Johanna van
Leeuwen

Known for Lorentz transformation

Theory of EM radiation
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz
Lorentz force
was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize
Lorentz contraction
in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and
theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect. He also
Notable ForMemRS (1905)
derived thetransformation equations which formed the
awards Rumford Medal (1908)
basis of the special relativity theory of Albert Einstein
Franklin Medal (1917)
Copley Medal (1918)

Prize motivation

“in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into
the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena”

13
Born 25 May 1865 Dutch physicist who observed that an
Zonnemaire, Netherlands intense magnetic field would split single spectral
lines into three components, an observation known
Died 9 October 1943 (aged 78) as the Zeeman effect. Zeeman shared the 1902
Nobel Prize in physics with his teacher Lorentz for
Amsterdam, Netherlands
his discovery.
Nationality Netherlands
The spectral lines of
mercury vapor lamp
Alma mater University of Leiden
at wavelength
546.1 nm, showing
Doctoral Heike Kamerlingh Onnes anomalous Zeeman
advisor effect. (A) Without
magnetic field.
Known for Zeeman effect (B) With magnetic
field, spectral lines
Notable Nobel Prize for Physics (1902) split as transverse
awards Matteucci Medal (1912) Zeeman effect. (C) With magnetic field, split as
longitudinal Zeeman effect. The spectral lines were
Henry Draper Medal (1921)
obtained using a Fabry–Pérot interferometer.
ForMemRS (1921)
Rumford Medal (1922)
Franklin Medal (1925)

Spouse Johanna Elisabeth Lebret

(1895–1943)

Einstein visiting Pieter Zeeman in Amsterdam, with

his friend Ehrenfest (1920)
Leiden Observatory of the university

14
Born 15 December 1852 Antoine Henri Becquerel was
Paris, France a French physicist, Nobel laureate, and
Died 25 August 1908 (aged 55) the first person to discover evidence
Le Croisic, Brittany, France of radioactivity. For work in this field he,
along with Marie Skłodowska-Curie and
Nationality French Pierre Curie, received the 1903 Nobel
Institutions Conservatoire des Arts et Prize in Physics. The SI unit for
Metiers radioactivity, the becquerel (Bq), is
École Polytechnique named after him.
Muséum National d'Histoire
Naturelle

Alma mater École Polytechnique

École des Ponts et Chaussées

Doctoral students Marie Skłodowska-Curie

Known for Discovery of Radioactivity

Notable awards Rumford Medal (1900)

Nobel Prize in Physics (1903)
Barnard Medal (1905)

Image of Becquerel's photographic

plate which has been fogged by
exposure to radiation from a uranium
salt. The shadow of a metal Maltese
Cross placed between the plate and
the uranium salt is clearly visible.

15
1903 PIERRE CURIE

Born 15 May 1859 Pierre Curie’s two main scientific

Paris, France partners throughout his career were
his wife, Marie, and his brother,
Died 19 April 1906 (aged 46) Jacques. Together with Jacques,
Curie explored crystallography,
Paris, France
through which he discovered
Nationality French
piezoelectric effects. Curie showed
that the magnetic properties of a
given substance change at a specific
Alma mater University of Paris
temperature—a level now known as
the Curie point. Curie conducted his
Doctoral advisor Gabriel Lippmann studies of radioactive substances with
his wife, and the pair overcame the
Doctoral students Paul Langevin challenges posed by inadequate lab
André-Louis Debierne equipment and heavy teaching
Marguerite Catherine Perey schedules to succeed in isolating the
elements of radium and polonium
Known for Radioactivity (Marie Curie named polonium after
Curie's law her native country, Poland). The
Curies went on to describe many of
Notable awards Davy Medal (1903) the novel properties of radium, which
Nobel Prize in Physics (1903) would form the basis of subsequent
Matteucci Medal (1904) research in the fields of nuclear
Elliott Cresson Medal (1909) physics and chemistry.

Pierre Curie died in an accident in Paris,

France, on April 19, 1906. Curie lost his
footing while crossing the street and fell
beneath the wheels of a horse-drawn
vehicle, suffering a fatal skull fracture.
He was 46 years old.

16
1903 MARIE SKTODOWSKA CURIE

Born Maria Salomea Skłodowska She was a Polish and

7 November 1867 naturalized-French physicist and chemi
st who conducted pioneering research
Warsaw, Kingdom of Poland, then part
on radioactivity. She was the first woman
of Russian Empire to win a Nobel Prize, the first person and
only woman to win twice, the only person
Died 4 July 1934 (aged 66) to win a Nobel Prize in two different
Passy, Haute-Savoie, France sciences, and was part of the Curie family
legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She was also
Citizenship Poland (by birth) the first woman to become a professor at
France (by marriage) the University of Paris, and in 1995
became the first woman to be entombed
Fields Physics, chemistry on her own merits in the Panthéon in
Paris.
Institutions University of Paris
Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at
Curie Institute (Paris)French Academy a sanatorium in Sancellemoz (Ha
of Medicine ute-Savoie), France, due to aplastic
anemia brought on by exposure to
Alma mater University of Paris radiation while carrying test tubes of
Doctoral Gabriel Lippmann radium in her pockets during research,
and in the course of her service in
advisor World War I mobile X-ray units that
she had set up.
Doctoral André-Louis Debierne
students Óscar Moreno
Marguerite Perey
Émile Henriot

Known for Radioactivity Polonium Radium

Notable Nobel Prize in Physics (1903)

awards Davy Medal (1903)
Albert Medal (1910)
Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1911)
Willard Gibbs Award (1921)

17
1904 LORD JOHN WILLIAM STRUTT RAYLEIGH

Born 12 November 1842 Argon is an inert,

Langford Grove, Maldon, colorless and
Essex,England, UK odorless element
— one of the Noble
Died 30 June 1919 (aged 76)
gases. Used in
Terling Place, Witham, Essex,
fluorescent lights
England, UK
and in welding, this element gets its name from
Nationality English the Greek word for "lazy," an homage to how
little it reacts to form compounds.
Fields Physics
On Earth, the vast majority of argon is the isotope
Institutions Trinity College, Cambridge
argon-40, which arises from the radioactive decay
of potassium-40, according to Chemicool. But in
Academic Edward John Routh
space, argon is made in stars, when a two hydrogen
advisors
nuclei, or alpha-particles, fuse with silicon-32. The
Notable J. J. Thomson result is the isotope argon-36. (Isotopes of an
students Jagdish Chandra Bose element have varying numbers of neutrons in the
nucleus.)
Known for Discovery of argon
Rayleigh waves
Rayleigh scattering
Sound theory
Rayleigh flow
Rayleigh–Jeans law
Rayleigh's equation

Notable 1865 Smith's Prize

awards 1882 Royal Medal
1890 De Morgan Medal
11899 Copley Medal
1904 Nobel Prize for Physics
1914 Rumford Medal

18
1905 PHILIPP EDUARD ANTON LENARD

Born 7 June 1862 As a physicist, Lenard's major

Pressburg, Kingdom of contributions were in the study of cathode
Hungary,Austrian Empire rays, which he began in 1888. Prior to his
work, cathode rays were produced in
Died 20 May 1947 (aged 84) primitive tubes which are partially
Messelhausen (de), Germany evacuated glass tubes that have metallic
electrodes in them, across which a high
Citizenship Austria-Hungary (1862–1907), voltage can be placed. Cathode rays were
German (1907–1947) difficult to study because they were inside
sealed glass tubes, He was able to
Nationality Carpathian German conveniently detect the rays and measure
Institutions University of Budapest their intensity by means of paper sheets
University of Breslau coated with phosphorescent materials. As
a result of his Crookes tube investigations,
University of Aachen
he showed that the rays produced by
University of Heidelberg radiating metals in a vacuum with
University of Kiel ultraviolet light were similar in many
Alma mater University of Heidelberg respects to cathode rays. His most
important observations were that the
Doctoral R. Bunsen, energy of the rays was independent of the
advisor G. H. Quincke light intensity, but was greater for shorter
wavelengths of light.
Known for Cathode rays
Notable Matteucci Medal (1896)
awards Rumford Medal (1896)
Nobel Prize for Physics (1905)

Eclectic University Library of Eötvös

Loránd University

19
1906 SIR JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON

Born 18 December 1856 Cheetham Cathode Rays Tube (CRT)

Hill, Manchester,England In his first experiment, he investigated
Died 30 August 1940 (aged 83) whether or not the negative charge could be
Cambridge, England separated from the cathode rays by means of
magnetism. In his second experiment, he
Citizenship British investigated whether or not the rays could be
Nationality English deflected by an electric field. In his third
experiment, Thomson measured the
Institutions Trinity College, Cambridge
charge-to-mass ratio of the cathode rays by
Alma mater Owens College measuring how much they were deflected by a
Trinity College, Cambridge magnetic field and how much energy they
carried. "in recognition of the great merits of
Academic John Strutt (Rayleigh)
his theoretical and experimental investigations
advisors Edward John Routh
on the conduction of electricity by gases“ he
Notable Charles Glover Barkla was awarded Nobel Prize in 1906.
students Charles T. R. Wilson
Ernest Rutherford
Francis William Aston
William Henry Bragg
Paul Langevin
Niels Bohr Replica of J.J. Thomson's third mass
George Paget Thomson spectrometer
Known for Discovery of electron
Discovery of isotopes
Mass spectrometer invention
First e/m measurement
Thomson scattering
Thomson (unit)
Notable Smith's Prize (1880)
awards Royal Medal (1894)
Albert Medal (1915)
Franklin Medal (1922)
Faraday Medal (1925)

20
1907 ALBERT ABRAHAM MICHELSON

Born December 19, 1852 Albert Abraham Michelson

Strzelno, Kingdom of
Prussia(modern Poland) (Surname pronunciation anglicized
Died May 9, 1931 (aged 78) as "Michael-son", was an
Pasadena, California American physicist known for his
work on the measurement of
Nationality United States
the speed of light and especially for
Institutions Case Western Reserve the Michelson–Morley experiment.
University In 1907 he received the Nobel Prize
Clark University in Physics. He became the first
University of Chicago American to receive the Nobel Prize
Alma mater United States Naval Academy in sciences.
University of Berlin
Albert A. Michelson served in the U.S.
Doctoral Hermann Helmholtz Navy as Lt. Cmdr. He rejoined the
advisor Alfred Cornu U.S. Navy in World War I
Doctoral Robert Millikan
students
Known for Speed of light
Michelson–Morley experiment
Notable Nobel Prize in Physics (1907)
awards Copley Medal (1907)
Elliott Cresson Medal (1912)
Henry Draper Medal (1916)
Albert Medal (1920)
Franklin Medal (1923)

21
1908 GABRIEL LIPPMANN

Born 16 August 1845 Lippmann, of original and independent mind, made

many valuable fundamental contributions to many
Bonnevoie/Bouneweg, different branches of physics, especially electricity,
Luxembourg (since 1921 thermodynamics, optics and photo chemistry. In
part of Luxembourg City) Heidelberg he studied the relationship between
electrical and capillary phenomena: this led to the
development, amongst other instruments, of his
extraordinarily sensitive capillary electrometer. He
Died 13 July 1921 (aged 75) was awarded Nobel Prize in 1908 for his method of
SS France, Atlantic Ocean reproducing colours photographically based on the
phenomenon of interference.

Nationality France A colour photograph

made by Lippmann in
the 1890s. It contains
Institutions Sorbonne no pigments or dyes of
any kind.
Alma mater École Normale Supérieure

Doctoral Gustav Kirchhoff

advisor
Other Hermann von Helmholtz
academic
advisors
Known for Lippmann colour Drawing of a
photography Lippmann
Integral 3-D photography
electrometer
Lippmann electrometer
Notable Nobel Prize for
awards Physics(1908)

22
1909 GUGLIELMO MARCONI

Born 25 April 1874 Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian inventor,

Palazzo Marescalchi, proved the feasibility of radio
Bologna, Italy communication. He sent and received his
first radio signal in Italy in 1895. By 1899,
Died 20 July 1937 (aged 63) he flashed the first wireless signal
Rome, Italy across the English Channel and two
years later received the letter "S," which
Residence Italy was telegraphed from England to
Newfoundland.This was the first
Nationality Italian successful transatlantic radiotelegraph
message in 1902.
Alma mater University of Bologna

Academic Augusto Righi

advisors

Known for Radio

Notable Matteucci Medal (1901)

awards Albert Medal (1914)
Franklin Medal (1918)
IEEE Medal of
Honor (1920)
John Fritz Medal (1923)

Marconi's first transmitter incorporating

a monopole antenna. It consisted of an
elevated copper sheet(top) connected to a
Righi spark gap (left) powered by
an induction coil (center) with a telegraph
key (right) to switch it on and off to spell
out text messages in Morse code.
Area above Bologna's old city centre

23
1909 KARL FERDINAND BRAUN

Born 6 June 1850 Braun's first investigations were

concerned with oscillations of strings and
Fulda, Electorate of elastic rods, especially with regard to the
Hessen,Germany influence of the amplitude and
environment of rods on their oscillations.
Other studies were based on
Died 20 April 1918 (aged 67) thermodynamic principles, such as those
Brooklyn, New York, U.S. on the influence of pressure on the
solubility of solids.
Nationality German
The above-mentioned and many other
Institutions University of Karlsruhe, discoveries led to the 1897 invention of
University of Marburg, the famous German physicist Karl
University of Strassburg, Ferdinand Braun (who played also an
University of Tübingen, important role in developing
University of Würzburg of semiconductor devices), when he
built the first cathode-ray tube (CRT)
Alma mater University of Marburg, and cathode ray tube oscilloscope
University of Berlin Braun shared the Nobel Prize for
Physics in 1909 with Guglielmo Marconi
Doctoral A. Kundt,
for the development of wireless
advisor G. H. Quincke
telegraphy. However, he is still best
know for his invention of the cathode
Doctoral L. I. Mandelshtam,
ray tube and the first oscilloscope.
students A. Schweizer
Known for Cathode ray tube,
Cat's whisker diode

Notable Nobel Prize in Physics (1909)

awards

24
1910 JOHANNES DIDERIK VAN DER WAALS

Born 23 November 1837 Johannes Diderik van der Waals was a Dutch
Leiden, Netherlands scientist famous "for his work on the equation
of state for gases and liquids", for which he
Died 8 March 1923 (aged 85)
won a Nobel Prize in 1910.
Amsterdam, Netherlands

Nationality Dutch

Institutions University of Amsterdam

Alma mater University of Leiden

Doctoral Pieter Rijke

advisor

Doctoral Diederik Korteweg

students Willem Hendrik Keesom

Known for van der Waals forces

Real gas law
(van der Waals equation of state)
van der Waals radius
van der Waals molecule

Influences Rudolf Clausius ,

Ludwig Boltzmann
Josiah Willard Gibbs,
Thomas Andrews

Influenced Heike Kamerlingh Onnes

Willem Hendrik Keesom
Peter Debye
James Dewar
Fritz London

Notable Nobel Prize for Physics (1910)

awards

25
1911 WILHELM WIEN

Born Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Wilhelm Wien, German physicist Professor
Fritz Franz Wien at the universities of Giessen (1899),
13 January 1864 WUrzburg (1900–1920), and Munich (from
Gaffken near Fischhausen, 1920). He received the 1911 Nobel Prize in
Province of Prussia Physics for his studies on the radiation of
heat from black objects. He is noted also
Died 30 August 1928 (aged 64)
for his work on hydrodynamics, X rays,
Munich, Germany
and the radiation of light.
Nationality German
Institutions University of Giessen
University of Würzburg
University of Munich
RWTH Aachen
Columbia University
Alma mater University of Göttingen
University of Berlin
Doctoral Hermann von Helmholtz
advisor
Doctoral Karl Hartmann
students Gabriel Holtsmark
Eduard Rüchardt
Known for Blackbody radiation
Wien's displacement law
Notable Nobel Prize for Physics (1911)
awards
Spouse Luise Mehler (1898)

26
1912 NILS GUSTAF DALEN

Born Nils Gustaf Dalén

30 November 1869
Stenstorp, Sweden

Died 9 December 1937 (aged 68)

Lidingö, Stockholm, Sweden

Nationality Swedish

Institutions AGA

Alma mater Chalmers University of

Technology,
Polytechnikum,Zürich

Known for Sun valve and other lighthouse Sun valve designed by Gustaf Dalen, 1912,
regulators TM34299 - Tekniska museum - Stockholm

Notable Nobel Prize in Physics (1912)

awards

Nils Gustaf Dalén was

awarded Nobel Prize in
1912 for his invention of
automatic regulators for
use in conjunction with
gas accumulators for
illuminating lighthouses
and buoys.

Gustaf Dalén as a young engineer with his

bicycle in the photo studio 1895

27
1913 HEIKE KAMERLINGH ONNES

Born 21 September 1853 Netherlands

Died 21 February 1926 (aged 72)

Leiden, Netherlands

Nationality Netherlands

Institutions University of Leiden

Alma mater Heidelberg University Liquid helium

University of Groningen Liquid helium cooled below the Lambda
point, where it exhibits properties
Doctoral advisor Rudolf Adriana Meese of super fluidity at standard pressure, the
chemical element helium exists in
Other academic Robert Bunsen
a liquid form only at the extremely low
advisors Gustav Kirchhoff
temperature of −270 °C (about 4 K or
Doctoral students Jacob Clay −452.2 °F). Its boiling point and critical
Pieter Zeeman point depend on which isotope of helium
is present: the common
Known for Liquid helium
isotope helium-4 or the rare
Onnes-effect
isotope helium-3. These are the only two
Superconductivity
stable isotopes of helium. See the table
Influences Johannes Diderik van der Waals below for the values of these physical
quantities. The density of liquid helium-4
Notable awards Rumford Medal (1912)
at its boiling point and a pressure of
Nobel Prize in Physics (1913)
one atmosphere(101.3 kilopascals) is
about 0.125 grams per cm3, or about
1/8th the density of liquid water.

28
1914 MAX VON LAUE

Born 9 October 1879 Prussia, German Max Theodor Von Laue

Empire He was a German physicist who
won the Nobel Prize in Physics in
Died 24 April 1960 (aged 80) 1914 for his discovery of
West Berlin, West Germany the diffraction of X-rays by crystals.
In addition to his scientific
Nationality German endeavors with contributions
in optics, crystallography, quantum
theory, superconductivity, and
Alma mater University of Strasbourg
the theory of relativity, he had a
University of Göttingen
number of administrative positions
University of Munich
which advanced and
University of Berlin
guided German scientific research
Known for Diffraction of X-rays and development during four
decades. A strong objector
to National Socialism, he was
Awards Nobel Prize for Physics (1914)
instrumental in re-establishing and
Matteucci Medal (1914)
organizing German science
Max Planck Medal (1932)
after World War II.
Doctoral Max Planck
advisor Arnold Sommerfeld

Doctoral Friedrich Beck

students Max Kohler

Other notable Fritz London

students

29
1915 WILLIAM HENRY BRAGG

Born 2 July 1862 He is the father of Lawrence

Wigton, Cumberland, United Bragg. Father and son jointly
Kingdom won the Nobel Prize in 1915.
Died 12 March 1942 (aged 79)
London, United Kingdom
Residence England
Nationality British
Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge
Known for X-ray diffraction
Bragg peak
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1915)
Barnard Medal (1915)
Matteucci Medal (1915)
Rumford Medal (1916)
Copley Medal (1930)
Faraday Medal (1936)
John J. Carty Award (1939)
Institutions University of Adelaide
University of Leeds
University College London
Royal Institution
Academic advisors J. J. Thomson
Notable students W. L. Bragg
Kathleen Lonsdale
William Thomas Astbury
John Desmond Bernal X-ray spectrometer developed by Bragg
John Burton Cleland

30
1915 WILLIAM LAWRENCE BRAGG

Born 31 March 1890 He was the son of W. H. Bragg. The

Adelaide, South Australia PhD did not exist at Cambridge until
1919, and so J. J. Thomson and W. H.
Died 1 July 1971 (aged 81)
Bragg were his equivalent mentors.
Waldringfield, Ipswich, Suffolk,
England
Bragg was knighted in 1941. As of 2018,
Nationality British he is the youngest ever Nobel laureate
Education St Peter's College, Adelaide in physics, having received the award at
the age of 25 years. Bragg was the
Alma mater University of Adelaide director of the Cavendish Laboratory,
Trinity College, Cambridge Cambridge, when the discovery of the
Known for X-ray diffraction , Bragg's law structure of DNA was reported by
James D. Watson and Francis Crick in
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1915)
February 1953.
Barnard Medal (1915)
Matteucci Medal (1915)
Fellow of the Royal Society (1921)
Hughes Medal (1931)
Royal Medal (1946)
Roebling Medal (1948)
Copley Medal (1966)
Institutions University of Manchester
University of Cambridge
Academic J. J. Thomson
advisors W. H. Bragg
Doctoral John Crank
students Ronald Wilfred Gurney
Alex Stokes

31
1917 CHARLES GLOVER BARKLA

Born 7 June 1877

Widnes, Lancashire, England

Died 23 October 1944 (aged 67)

Edinburgh, Scotland

Nationality United Kingdom

Alma mater University College Liverpool

Trinity College, Cambridge
King's College, Cambridge
This is an X-ray diffraction pattern formed when
X-rays are focused on a crystalline material, in
Known for X-ray scattering
this case a protein. Each dot, called a reflection,
X-ray spectroscopy
forms from the coherent interference of scattered
X-rays passing through the crystal.
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1917)
Hughes Medal of the Royal
Society

Institutions University of Cambridge

University of Liverpool
King's College London
University of Edinburgh

Academic J. J. Thomson
advisors Oliver Lodge Abercromby Square, University of Liverpool

32
1918 MAX PLANCK

Born 23 April 1858 Kiel, Duchy of

Holstein

Died 4 October 1947 (aged 89)

Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany

Nationality German

Alma mater Ludwig Maximilian University of

Munich
Max Planck's signature at ten years of age
Known for Planck constant , Planck postulate
Planck's law of black body radiation
Fokker–Planck equation
Nernst–Planck equation
Third law of thermodynamics

Awards Foreign Associate of the National

Academy of Sciences (1926)
Lorentz Medal (1927)
Copley Medal (1929)
Max Planck Medal (1929)
Goethe Prize (1945)

Institutions University of Kiel

University of Göttingen
Kaiser Wilhelm Society

Doctoral Alexander von Brill

advisor Gustav Kirchhoff
Hermann von Helmholtz

Doctoral Erich Kretschmann

students Gustav Ludwig Hertz
Julius Edgar Lilienfeld
Max Abraham , Max von Laue
Walther Bothe , Walther Meissner
Richard Becker ,

33
1919 JOHANNES STARK

Born 15 April 1874 The Stark effect is the shifting and splitting of
Schickenhof, German Empire spectral lines of atoms and molecules due to
the presence of an external electric field. It is
the electric-field analogue of the Zeeman
effect, where a spectral line is split into
Died 21 June 1957 (aged 83)
several components due to the presence of
Traunstein, West Germany
the magnetic field.

Nationality Germany

Alma mater University of Munich

Known for Stark effect

Doppler effect in canal rays
spectral lines in electric fields
Awards Matteucci Medal (1915)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1919)

Institutions University of Göttingen

Technische Hochschule,
Hannover
Technische Hochschule, Aachen
University of Greifswald
University of Würzburg

Doctoral Eugen von Lommel Continuous spectrum of an incandescent

advisor lamp (mid) and discrete spectrum lines of a
fluorescent lamp (bottom)

34
1920 CHARLES EDOUARD GUILLAUME

Born 15 February 1861 CHARLES EDOUARD GUILLAUME

Fleurier, Switzerland is known for his discovery of nickel-steel
alloys he named invar and elinvar. Invar
Died 13 May 1938 (aged 77)
has a near-zero coefficient of thermal
Sèvres, France
expansion, making it useful in
Nationality Swiss constructing precision instruments
Alma mater ETH Zurich whose dimensions need to remain
constant in spite of varying temperature.
Known for Invar and Elinvar Elinvar has a near-zero thermal coefficient
Awards John Scott Medal (1914) of the modulus of elasticity, making it
Nobel Prize in Physics (1920) useful in constructing instruments with
Duddell Medal and Prize springs that need to be unaffected by
(1928) varying temperature, such as the marine
chronometer. Elinvar is also
Institutions Bureau International des
non-magnetic, which is a secondary
Poids et Mesures, Sèvres
useful property for antimagnetic watches.

Publications
1896: The Temperature of Space
1894: Units and Standards
1898: Investigations on Nickel and its Alloys
1904: Applications of Nickel-Steels
1913: Recent progress in the Metric System

Samples of Invar

35
1921 ALBERT EINSTEIN

Born 14 March 1879

Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German
Empire
Died 18 April 1955 (aged 76)
Princeton, New Jersey, United States
Residence Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Austria
(present-day Czech Republic), Belgium,
United States

Citizenship German Empire (1879–1896)

Stateless (1896–1901)
Citizen of Switzerland (1901–1955)
Citizen of the United States (1940–1955) Einstein's matriculation certificate at
the age of 17, showing his final

Education Federal polytechnic school (1896–1900; grades from the Argovian cantonal
B.A., 1900) school (Aargauische Kantonsschule,

University of Zurich (Ph.D., 1905) on a scale of 1–6, with 6 being the

highest possible mark). He scored:
Known for General relativity , German 5; French 3; Italian 5; History
Special relativity 6; Geography 4; Algebra 6; Geometry
Photoelectric effect 6; Descriptive Geometry 6; Physics 6;
E=mc2 (Mass–energy equivalence) Chemistry 5; Natural History 5; Art
E=hf (Planck–Einstein relation) and Technical Drawing 4.
Theory of Brownian motion
Einstein field equations
Bose–Einstein statistics
Bose–Einstein condensate
Gravitational wave , Cosmological
constant
Unified field theory , EPR paradox
Ensemble interpretation

36
Awards Barnard Medal (1920)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1921)
Matteucci Medal (1921)
ForMemRS (1921)
Copley Medal (1925)
Max Planck Medal (1929)
Time Person of the Century (1999)

Institutions Swiss Patent Office (Bern) (1902–1909)

University of Bern (1908–1909)
University of Zurich (1909–1911)
Charles University in Prague
(1911–1912)
ETH Zurich (1912–1914)
Prussian Academy of Sciences
(1914–1933)
Humboldt University of Berlin
(1914–1933)
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (director,
1917–1933)
German Physical Society (president,
1916–1918)
Leiden University (visits, 1920)
Institute for Advanced Study
(1933–1955)
Caltech (visits, 1931–1933)
University of Oxford (visits, 1931–1933)
Thesis Eine neue Bestimmung der
Moleküldimensionen (A New
The mass–energy equivalence
Determination of Molecular
formula was displayed on
Dimensions) (1905)
Taipei 101 during the event of
Doctoral Alfred Kleiner the World Year of Physics
advisor 2005
Other Heinrich Friedrich Weber
academic
advisors
Influences Arthur Schopenhauer ,
Bernhard Riemann , David Hume
Ernst Mach , Hendrik Lorentz
Hermann Minkowski, Isaac Newton
James Clerk Maxwell , Michele Besso
Moritz Schlick , Thomas Young

Influenced Virtually all modern physics

37
1922 NIELS HENRIK DAVID BOHR

Born 7 October 1885

Copenhagen, Denmark
Died 18 November 1962 (aged 77)
Copenhagen, Denmark
Resting place Assistens Cemetery
Alma mater University of Copenhagen
Known for Bohr Atomic Model
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1922)
more accolades The Bohr model of the hydrogen
atom. A negatively charged electron,
Institutions Trinity College
confined to an atomic orbital, orbits a
University of Copenhagen
small, positively charged nucleus; a
Victoria University of Manchester
quantum jump between orbits is
Thesis Studies on the Electron Theory of accompanied by an emitted or
Metals (1911) absorbed amount of electromagnetic
radiation.
Doctoral advisor Christian Christiansen
Other academic J. J. Thomson
advisors Ernest Rutherford
Doctoral Hendrik Kramers The evolution of atomic models in the 20th century:
students Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, Heisenberg/Schrödinger

Other notable Lev Landau

students
Influences Ernest Rutherford
Harald Høffding
Influenced Werner Heisenberg
Wolfgang Pauli
Paul Dirac
Lise Meitner The Niels Bohr Institute
Max Delbrück

38
1923 ROBERT ANDREWS MILLIKAN

Born March 22, 1868 ROBERT ANDREWS MILLIKAN

Morrison, Illinois, U.S. 1st President of California Institute
of Technology
Died December 19, 1953 (aged 85)
San Marino, California, U.S.
Nationality United States
Alma mater Oberlin College ,
Columbia University
Known for Oil drop experiment measuring
the charge of the electron
Photoelectric effect , Millikan's original oil-drop
Cosmic ray physics apparatus, circa 1909–1910
Awards Comstock Prize (1913)
IEEE Edison Medal (1922)
Millikan's experiment is

Faraday Lectureship Prize (1924) important because it established

Franklin Medal (1937) the charge on an electron.
Oersted Medal (1940) Millikan used a very simple a
very simple apparatus in which
Institutions University of Chicago he balanced the actions of
California Institute of Technology gravitational, electric, and (air)
Doctoral advisor Ogden Nicholas Rood drag forces. Using this apparatus,
he was able to calculate that the
Other academic Mihajlo Pupin , Albert A.
charge on an electron was 1.60 ×
advisors Michelson , Walther Nernst
10-19 C.
Doctoral students Chung-Yao Chao , Robley D.
Evans , Harvey Fletcher
Military career
Service/branch United States Army
Years of service 1917–1918
Rank Lieutenant Colonel
Unit Aviation Section,
U.S. Signal Corps

39
1924 KARL MANNE GEORG SIEGBAHN

Born 3 December 1886 He is the father of Nobel laureate

Örebro, Sweden Kai Siegbahn

Died 26 September 1978 (aged 91)

Stockholm, Sweden

Nationality Swedish

Alma mater University of Lund

In 1916 Siegbahn discovered a new group of
wavelengths, the M series, in X-ray emission
Known for X-ray spectroscopy
spectra. He developed equipment and
techniques that allowed him and subsequent
Awards Björkénska priset (1919) researchers to determine accurately the
Nobel Prize for Physics (1924) wavelengths of X rays.He developed a
Hughes Medal (1934) convention for naming the different spectral
Rumford Medal (1940) lines that are characteristic to elements in
ForMemRS (1954) X-ray spectroscopy, the Siegbahn notation.
Duddell Medal and Prize (1948) Siegbahn's precision measurements drove
many developments in quantum theory and
Institutions University of Lund atomic physics.
University of Uppsala
University of Stockholm

40
1925 JAMES FRANCK

Born 26 August 1882

Hamburg, German Empire
Died 21 May 1964 (aged 81)
Göttingen, West Germany
Nationality German

Citizenship Germany
United States
Alma mater University of Heidelberg
University of Berlin
Known for Franck–Condon principle James Franck was a physicist
Franck–Hertz experiment whose experimental work with
Franck Report atoms and electrons proved Niels
Bohr's theory that atoms are
Awards Iron Cross, 2nd Class (1915)
quantized—that they transmit and
Hanseatic Cross (1916)
absorb energy in discrete
Iron Cross, 1st Class (1918)
quantities or packages. Along
Max Planck Medal (1951)
with collaborator Gustav Hertz,
Rumford Prize (1955)
he was awarded the 1925 Nobel
Fellow of the Royal Society (1964)
Prize in physics.
Institutions University of Berlin
University of Göttingen
Johns Hopkins University
University of Chicago
Metallurgical Laboratory
Doctoral Emil Gabriel Warburg
advisor
Doctoral Wilhelm Hanle
students Arthur R. von Hippel
Theodore Puck

41
1925 GUTAV LUDWIG HERTZ

Born 22 July 1887 Father of Carl Hellmuth Hertz, co-inventor

Free Hanseatic city of
Hamburg, German Empire
of echocardiography. Grandfather of Hans
Hertz, inventor of the metal-jet-anode
Died 30 October 1975 (aged 88) microfocus X-ray tube
East Berlin, East Germany

Nationality German

Alma mater Humboldt University of

Berlin
Known for Franck–Hertz experiment

Awards Nobel Prize in Physics

(1925)
Max Planck Medal (1951)
Institutions Halle University
Technical University of
Berlin
Doctoral Heinrich Rubens
advisor Max Planck

Doctoral Heinz Pose

students

42
1926 JEAN BAPTISTE PERRIN

Born 30 September 1870

Lille, France
Died 17 April 1942 (aged 71)
New York City, USA
Nationality France
Alma mater École Normale Supérieure
University of Paris
Known for Nature of cathode rays BROWNIAN MOTION
Brownian motion
Avogadro constant
Sedimentation equilibrium
Perrin friction factors
Awards Matteucci Medal (1911)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1926)
Institutions École Normale Supérieure
University of Paris

43
1927 ARTHUR HOLLY COMPTON

Born September 10, 1892

Wooster, Ohio, US

Died March 15, 1962 (aged 69)

Berkeley, California, US

Alma mater College of Wooster

Princeton University

Known for Compton scattering

Compton wavelength
Compton–Getting effect
Compton generator The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
released into Earth's orbit in 1991
Awards Nobel Prize for Physics (1927)
Matteucci Medal (1930)
Franklin Medal (1940)
Hughes Medal (1940)
Medal for Merit (1946)

Institutions Washington University in St.

Louis
University of Chicago
University of Minnesota

Doctoral Hereward L. Cooke

advisor
Doctoral Luis Walter Alvarez
students Winston H. Bostick Compton on the cover of Time magazine
Robert S. Shankland on January 13, 1936, holding his
Wu Youxun cosmic ray detector

44
1927 CHARLES THOMSON REES WILSON

Born 14 February 1869 " Charles Thomson Wilson was awarded

Glencorse, Scotland Nobel Prize in 2027 for his method of
making the paths of electrically charged
Died 15 November 1959 (aged 90) particles visible by condensation of
Carlops, Scotland vapour"

Nationality Scottish

Alma mater Owens College

Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge

Known for Cloud chamber

Atmospheric electricity

Awards Royal Medal (1922)

Howard N. Potts Medal (1925)
FRS (1900)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1927)
Franklin Medal (1929)
Duddell Medal and Prize (1931)

Institutions Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge

Academic J. J. Thomson Wilson's Cloud Chamber at

advisors AEC's Brookhaven National
Laboratory
Doctoral Cecil Frank Powell
students Philip Dee

45
1928 OWEN WILLANS RICHARDSON

Born Owen Willans Richardson

26 April 1879
Dewsbury, Yorkshire, England

Died 15 February 1959 (aged 79)

Alton, Hampshire, England

Nationality United Kingdom

Education Batley Grammar School

The insignia of a knight
bachelor devised in 1926
Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge
University College London

Known for Richardson's law

Awards FRS (1913)

Royal Medal (1930)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1928)
Hughes Medal (1920)

Institutions University of Cambridge

Princeton University
King's College London

Doctoral J. J. Thomson
advisor
Doctoral Karl Taylor Compton
students Clinton Davisson
Alan Tower Waterman

46
1929 LOUIS DE BROGLIE

Born 15 August 1892

Dieppe, France
Died 19 March 1987 (aged 94)
Louveciennes, France
Nationality French
Alma mater University of Paris
(ΒΑ in History, 1910; BA in
Sciences, 1913; PhD in physics,
1924)
Known for Wave nature of electrons
De Broglie–Bohm theory
de Broglie wavelength
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1929)
Henri Poincaré Medal (1929)
Albert I of Monaco Prize (1932)
Max Planck Medal (1938)
Kalinga Prize (1952)
Institutions University of Paris (Sorbonne)
Thesis Recherches sur la théorie des
quanta("Research on Quantum
Theory") (1924)
Doctoral Paul Langevin
advisor
Doctoral Cécile DeWitt-Morette
students Bernard d'Espagnat
Jean-Pierre Vigier
Alexandru Proca
Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat

47
1930 CHANDRASEKHARA VENKATA RAMAN

Born 7 November 1888

Thiruvanaikoil, Madras
(Tamil Nadu, India)
Died 21 November 1970 (aged 82)
Bangalore, Mysore State, India
Nationality Indian
Alma mater Presidency College
University of Madras (B.A.,
M.Sc.)
Known for Raman effect Energy level diagram showing the
Awards Matteucci Medal (1928) states involved in Raman signal
Knight Bachelor (1929)
Hughes Medal (1930)
Bharat Ratna (1954)
Lenin Peace Prize (1957)
Fellow of the Royal Society
Institutions Indian Finance Department
University of Calcutta
Banaras Hindu University
Indian Association for the
Cultivation of Science
Indian Institute of Science
Raman Research Institute
Doctoral G. N. Ramachandran
students Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai
Shivaramakrishnan Bust of Chandrasekhara Venkata
Pancharatnam Raman which is placed in the
Other notable Kariamanickam Srinivasa garden of Birla Industrial &
students K. R. Ramanathan Technological Museum

48
1932 WERNER KARL HEISENBERG

Born 5 December 1901

Würzburg, Kingdom of Bavaria,
German Empire
Died 1 February 1976 (aged 74)
Munich, Bavaria, West Germany
Nationality German
Alma mater University of Munich
University of Göttingen
Known for Uncertainty Principle A visual representation of an induced nuclear
fission event where a slow-moving neutron is
Awards Matteucci Medal (1929) absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom,
Barnard Medal for Meritorious which fissions into two fast-moving lighter
Service to Science (1930) elements (fission products) and additional
Nobel Prize in Physics (1932) neutrons. Most of the energy released is in the
Max Planck Medal (1933) form of the kinetic velocities of the fission
Institutions University of Göttingen products and the neutrons
University of Copenhagen
University of Leipzig
University of Berlin
University of Munich
Doctoral Arnold Sommerfeld
advisor
Doctoral Felix Bloch , Edward Teller
students Ivan Supek , Erich Bagge
Hermann Arthur Jahn
Karl Ott , Bary F. Malik
Other notable William Vermillion Houston
students Guido Beck , Ugo Fano
Ettore Majorana , Herbert Wagner

49
1933 ERWIN SCHRÖDINGER

Born 12 August 1887 Schrödinger is known for his theories

Vienna, Austria-Hungary Schrödingerequation
Died 4 January 1961 (aged 73) Schrödinger's cat
Vienna, Austria Schrödinger method
Schrödinger functional
Nationality Austrian
Schrödinger group
Citizenship Austria Schrödinger picture
Ireland (from 1948) Schrödinger field
Alma mater University of Vienna Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation
Schrödinger logics
Known for Schrödinger Equation
Schrödinger's pure-affine theory
Awards Matteucci Medal (1927) Coherent states
Nobel Prize in Physics (1933) Energy level
Max Planck Medal (1937) Entropy and life
Institutions University of Breslau Interpretations of quantum mechanics
University of Zürich Quantum biology
Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Quantum superposition
Berlin
University of Oxford
University of Graz
Dublin Institute for Advanced
Studies
Ghent University
Thesis On the conduction of electricity
on the surface of insulators in
humid air (1910)
Annemarie and Erwin Schrödinger's gravesite
Doctoral Friedrich Hasenöhrl
advisor
Schrödinger's quantum mechanical
Other acade Franz S. Exner wave equation is inscribed
mic advisors iℏΨ =HΨ

50
1933 PAUL DIRAC

Born 8 August 1902 Dirac is famous as the creator of the

Bristol, England complete theoretical formulation of
quantum mechanics. He offered the
Died 20 October 1984 (aged 82)
following theories
Tallahassee, Florida, U.S.
Nationality Swiss (1902–19)  Dirac algebra
British (1919–84)  Dirac bracket
 Dirac comb
Alma mater University of Bristol  Dirac constant
University of Cambridge  Dirac delta function
 Dirac equation
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1933)
 Dirac fermion
Royal Medal (1939)  Dirac field
Copley Medal (1952)  Dirac gauge
Max Planck Medal (1952)  Dirac hole theory
Fellow of the Royal Society  Dirac matrices
 Dirac measure
(1930)  Dirac membrane
Institutions University of Cambridge  Dirac monopole
University of Miami  Dirac notation
 Dirac operator
Florida State University
 Dirac picture
Doctoral Ralph Fowler  Dirac spectrum
advisor  Dirac spinor
 Dirac string
Doctoral Homi J. Bhabha  Dirac's string trick
students Harish Chandra Mehta  Exchange interaction
Dennis Sciama  First class constraint
Fred Hoyle[3]  Fermi–Dirac integral
 Fermi–Dirac statistics
Behram Kurşunoğlu  Kapitsa–Dirac effect
John Polkinghorne  Negative probability
Influences John Stuart Mill  Primary constraint
 Quantum electrodynamics
 & so many others


51
1935 JAMES CHADWICK

Born 20 October 1891

Bollington, Cheshire, England
Died 24 July 1974 (aged 82)
Cambridge, England
Nationality English
Alma mater University of Manchester
University of Cambridge
Known for Discovery of the neutron
MAUD Committee Report
Manhattan Project
Awards Fellow of the Royal Society (1927)
Hughes Medal (1932)
Knight Bachelor (1945)
Melchett Medal (1946)
Copley Medal (1950) Chadwick’s Neutron chamber
Faraday Medal (1950)
Franklin Medal (1951)
Guthrie Medal and Prize (1967)
Companion of Honour (1970)
Institutions Physikalisch-Technische
Reichsanstalt
University of Liverpool
Gonville and Caius College,
Manhattan Project
Doctoral Ernest Rutherford
advisor
Doctoral Étienne Biéler
The James Chadwick Building at The University of
students Charles Drummond Ellis
Manchester is a new facility for the School of Engineering
Ernest C. Pollard
and Analytical Science.
Maurice Goldhaber

52
1936 VICTOR FRANCIS HESS

Born 24 June 1883

Schloss Waldstein, Peggau,
Austria-Hungary

Died 17 December 1964 (aged 81)

Mount Vernon, New York,
USA

Nationality Austro-Hungarian, Austria,

United States

Alma mater University of Graz

Known for Discovery of cosmic rays

Awards Nobel Prize in Physics

(1936)

Institutions University of Graz

Austrian Academy of
Sciences
University of Innsbruck
Fordham University Victor Hess working with scientific equipment

53
1936 CARL DAVID ANDERSON

Born September 3, 1905

New York City, New York,
U.S.
Died January 11, 1991 (aged 85)
San Marino, California, U.S.
Nationality American
Alma mater California Institute of
Technology (B.S. and Ph.D)
Known for Discovery of the positron
Discovery of the muon
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1936)
Elliott Cresson Medal (1937)
Institutions California Institute of
Technology
Thesis Space-distribution of x-ray
photoelectrons ejected from
the K and L atomic
energy-levels (1930)
Doctoral Robert A. Millikan
advisor
Other academic William Smythe
advisors
Doctoral Donald A. Glaser
students Seth Neddermeyer
James C. Fletcher
Carl David Anderson working in Lab
Other notable Cinna Lomnitz
students

54
1937 CLINTON JOSEPH DAVISSON

Born October 22, 1881

Bloomington, Illinois, USA

Died February 1, 1958 (aged 76)

Charlottesville, Virginia, USA

Nationality United States

Alma mater University of Chicago (B.S., 1908)

Princeton University (Ph.D, 1911)

Known for Electron diffraction

The Davisson-Germer Experiment

Awards Comstock Prize in Physics (1928)

Elliott Cresson Medal (1931)
Hughes Medal (1935)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1937)

Institutions Princeton University

Carnegie Institute of Technology
Bell Labs

Doctoral Owen Richardson

advisor
Influenced Joseph A. Becker
Mervin Kelly
Princeton University Chapel
William Shockley

55
1937 GEORGE PAGET THOMSON

Born 3 May 1892

Cambridge, England

Died 10 September 1975 (aged 83)

Cambridge, England

Nationality British

Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge Father & Son J J Thomson & G P Thomson

Known for Electron diffraction

Awards Howard N. Potts Medal (1932)

Nobel Prize in Physics (1937)
Hughes Medal (1939)
Royal Medal (1949)
Faraday Medal (1960)

Institutions University of Aberdeen

Corpus Christi College,
Cambridge
Imperial College London

Academic J. J. Thomson
advisors

56
1938 ENRICO FERMI

Born 29 September 1901

Rome, Italy

Died 28 November 1954 (aged 53)

Chicago, Illinois, United States

Citizenship Italian (1901–44)

American (1944–54) Beta decay. A neutron decays into a
proton, and an electron is emitted. In
Alma mater Scuola Normale Superiore order for the total energy in the system
to remain the same, Pauli and Fermi
Known for Self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction
postulated that a neutrino was also
Fermi–Dirac statistics
emitted.
Fermi's golden rule , Fermi paradox
Fermi method , Fermi theory of beta decay

Awards Matteucci Medal (1926),Hughes Medal (1942)

Medal for Merit (1946), Franklin Medal (1947)
ForMemRS (1950), \Rumford Prize (1953)
Max Planck Medal (1954)
Institutions Scuola Normale Superiore
University of Göttingen Diagram of Chicago Pile-1, the first nuclear

Leiden University, University of Florence reactor to achieve a self-sustaining chain

Columbia University, University of Chicago reaction. Designed by Fermi, it consisted of

uranium and uranium oxide in a cubic lattice

Academic Luigi Puccianti , Max Born , Paul Ehrenfest

embedded in graphite.

advisors

Doctoral Harold Agnew , Edoardo Amaldi

students Owen Chamberlain ,Geoffrey Chew
Mildred Dresselhaus , Jerome Friedman
Richard Garwin , Marvin Goldberger
Tsung-Dao Lee ,Ettore Majorana

Other Jack Steinberger

notable Chen Ning Yang
students

57
1939 ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE

Born August 8, 1901

Canton, South Dakota, U.S.
Died August 27, 1958 (aged 57)
Palo Alto, California, U.S.
Nationality American
Alma mater University of South Dakota, B.A.
Diagram of cyclotron operation
University of Minnesota, M.A.
from Lawrence's 1934 patent
Yale University, Ph.D.
Known for Invention of the cyclotron
Manhattan Project
Awards Member of the National Academy of
Sciences (1934)
Hughes Medal (1937)
Elliott Cresson Medal (1937)
Comstock Prize in Physics (1938)
Duddell Medal and Prize (1940)
Holley Medal (1942)
Medal for Merit (1946)
Officer de la Legion d'Honneur (1948)
William Procter Prize (1951)
Faraday Medal (1952)
Enrico Fermi Award (1957)
Sylvanus Thayer Award (1958)
Institutions University of California, Berkeley
Yale University
Doctoral William Francis Gray Swann
advisor
Doctoral Edwin McMillan , Chien-Shiung Wu
students Milton S. Livingston
Kenneth Ross MacKenzie
John Reginald Richardson

58
1943 OTTO STERN

Born 17 February 1888

Sohrau, Kingdom of Prussia
(today Żory, Poland)

Died 17 August 1969 (aged 81)

Berkeley, California, United
States

Nationality Germany, United States

Alma mater University of Breslau

University of Frankfurt

Known for Stern–Gerlach experiment

Spin quantization
Molecular beam
Stern–Volmer relationship

Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1943)

Institutions University of Rostock

University of Hamburg
Carnegie Institute of
Technology
University of California,
Berkeley

59
1944 ISIDOR ISAAC RABI

Born July 29, 1898

Rymanów, Galicia,
Austria-Hungary (now Poland)
Died January 11, 1988 (aged 89)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Citizenship United States
Alma mater Cornell University
Columbia University Cornell Botanic Gardens, located adjacent to
Known for Nuclear magnetic resonance the Ithaca campus, is used for conservation
Rabi cycle research and for recreation by Cornellians
Rabi problem
Rabi resonance method
Awards Newcomb Cleveland Prize (1939)
Elliott Cresson Medal (1942)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1944)
Medal for Merit (1948)
Barnard Medal (1960)
Atoms for Peace Award (1967)
Oersted Medal (1982)
Public Welfare Medal (1985) The Library at Columbia University, ca. 1900
Vannevar Bush Award (1986)

Institutions Columbia University

MIT

Doctoral Albert Potter Wills

advisor
Doctoral Julian Schwinger
students Norman F. Ramsey
Martin L. Perl
Harold Brown Medical MRI

60
1945 WOLFGANG ERNST PAULI

Born 25 April 1900 His godfather was Ernst Mach. He is not to

Vienna, Austria-Hungary be confused with Wolfgang Paul, who
called Pauli his "imaginary part", a pun
Died 15 December 1958 (aged 58) with the imaginary unit i.
Zurich, Switzerland
Citizenship Austria-Hungary
Switzerland
United States
Alma mater Ludwig-Maximilians University
Known for Pauli exclusion principle
Pauli–Villars regularization
Pauli matrices , Pauli effect
Pauli equation , Pauli group
Pauli repulsion
Pauli paramagnetism
Awards Haitinger Prize (1918)
Lorentz Medal (1931)
ForMemRS (1953)[2]
Matteucci Medal (1956)
Max Planck Medal (1958)
Institutions University of Göttingen
University of Copenhagen
University of Hamburg

Doctoral Arnold Sommerfeld

advisor
Doctoral Nicholas Kemmer
students Felix Villars
Other notable Markus Fierz
students Sigurd Zienau
Hans Frauenfelder

61
1946 PERCY WILLIAMS BRIDGMAN

Born 21 April 1882 The Bridgman effect (named after P. W.

Cambridge, Massachusetts, Bridgman), also called the internal Peltier effect,
is a phenomenon that occurs when an electric
United States
current passes through an anisotropic crystal –
Died 20 August 1961 (aged 79) there is an absorption or liberation of heat
because of the non-uniformity in current
Randolph, New Hampshire, distribution. The Bridgman effect is observable
United States in geology. It describes slip-stick behavior of
materials under very high pressure.
Cause of Suicide
death
Nationality United States

Alma mater Harvard University

Bridgman Thermodynamics equation
Known for High-pressure physics
Operationalism
Operational definition

Awards Rumford Prize (1917)

Elliott Cresson Medal (1932)
Comstock Prize (1933)
Fellow of the Royal Society
(1949)
Bingham Medal (1951)
Institutions Harvard University

Doctoral Wallace Clement Sabine

advisor
Doctoral Francis Birch
students Gerald Holton
John C. Slater
John Hasbrouck Van Vleck Harvard Yard

62
1947 EDWARD VICTOR APPLETON

Born 6 September 1892

Bradford, West Riding of
Yorkshire, England, UK
Died 21 April 1965 (aged 72)
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Nationality English
Alma mater St John's College, Cambridge
Known for Ionospheric Physics
Appleton layer
Demonstrating existence of
Kennelly–Heaviside layer
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1947)
Fellow of the Royal Society (1927)
Hughes Medal (1933)
Faraday Medal (1946)
Chree Medal (1947)
Royal Medal (1950)
Albert Medal (1950)
IEEE Medal of Honor (1962)

Institutions Bradford College

King's College London
University of Cambridge
University of Edinburgh
Cavendish Laboratory

Academic J. J. Thomson
advisors Ernest Rutherford
Notable J. A. Ratcliffe
students Charles Oatley

63
1948 PATRICK MAYNARD STUART BLACKETT

Born 18 November 1897

London, England

Died 13 July 1974 (aged 76)

London, England

Nationality United Kingdom

Alma mater Osborne Naval College

University of Cambridge

Known for Cloud chambers

Cosmic rays
Paleomagnetism

Awards Royal Medal (1940)

Nobel Prize in Physics (1948)
Copley Medal (1956)

Institutions King's College, Cambridge

Birkbeck, University of London
University of Manchester
Imperial College London

Academic Ernest Rutherford

advisors

Doctoral Edward Bullard

students Bibha Chowdhuri
Keith Runcorn

Other notable Ishrat Hussain Usmani

students Imdadul Haque Khan

64
1949 HIDEKI YUKAWA

Born 23 January 1907 In particle, atomic and condensed

Tokyo, Japan matter physics, a Yukawa potential
(also called a screened Coulomb
potential) is a potential of the form
Died 8 September 1981 (aged 74)
Kyoto, Japan

Nationality Japanese

Known for Pi-Meson

Spectroscopy
Yukawa force
Yukawa potential
Alma mater Kyoto Imperial University,
Osaka Imperial University

Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1949)

ForMemRS (1963)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (1964)

Institutions Osaka Imperial University

Kyoto Imperial University
Imperial University of Tokyo
Institute for Advanced Study
Columbia University

Academic Kajuro Tamaki

advisors

Doctoral Mendel Sachs

students

Influences Enrico Fermi

SPECTROSCOPY

65
1950 CECIL FRANK POWELL

Born 5 December 1903

Tonbridge, Kent, England,
United Kingdom

Died 9 August 1969 (aged 65)

Valsassina, Italy

Nationality English

Citizenship British

Alma mater University of Cambridge

Memorial bench and plaque dedicated to

Known for Photographic method Powell at the site of his death in the foothills
Nuclear Emulsion of the Alps, Italy.
Discovery of the pion
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1950)
Hughes Medal (1949)
Fellow of the Royal Society
(1949)
Royal Medal (1961)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (1967)

Institutions University of Cambridge

University of Bristol

Doctoral C. T. R. Wilson
advisor Ernest Rutherford

66
1951 JOHN DOUGLAS COCKCROFT

Born 27 May 1897

Todmorden, West Riding of Yorkshire,
England
Died 18 September 1967 (aged 70)
Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England

Nationality British

Alma mater Victoria University of Manchester

Manchester Municipal College of
Technology
St. John's College, Cambridge

Known for Splitting the atom (FISSION Reaction)

This Cockcroft–Walton voltage
multiplier was part of one of the early
Awards Hughes Medal (1938) particle accelerators responsible for
Commander of the Order of the British development of the atomic bomb. Built
Empire (1944) in 1937 by Philips of Eindhoven it is
Knight Bachelor (1948) now in the National Science Museum
Royal Medal (1954) in London, England
Faraday Medal (1955)
Order of Merit (1957)
Atoms for Peace Award (1961)
Wilhelm Exner Medal (1961)
Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur
(France, 1950)

Institutions Atomic Energy Research Establishment

Academic Ernest Rutherford

advisors

67
1951 ERNEST THOMAS SINTON WALTON

Born 6 October 1903

Abbeyside, Dungarvan, United
Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland

Died 25 June 1995 (aged 91)

Belfast, Northern Ireland

Nationality British

Alma mater Trinity College Dublin

Trinity College, Cambridge

Known for The first disintegration of an atomic

nucleus by artificially accelerated The 150,000 volt proton accelerator used
protons ("splitting the atom") by Doctors John Cockcroft (1897 - 1967)
and Ernest Walton in the Cavendish
Laboratory at Cambridge
Awards Hughes Medal (1938)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1951)

Institutions Trinity College Dublin

University of Cambridge
Methodist College Belfast
Dublin Institute for Advanced
Studies

Electronic connection between

Doctoral Ernest Rutherford
Cockcroft–Walton voltage generator
advisor
and accelerator tube in TEMs

68
1952 FELIX BLOCH

Born 23 October 1905

Zürich, Switzerland

Died 10 September 1983 (aged 77)

Zürich, Switzerland

Nationality Swiss
Isosurface of the square modulus of a Bloch
Citizenship Swiss, American wave in silicon lattice

Alma mater ETH Zürich and University of

Leipzig

Known for NMR (Nuclear magnetic

resonance)
Magnon
Bloch wall
Bloch's Theorem
Bloch Function (Wave)
Bloch sphere
Spin wave

Awards Nobel Prize for Physics (1952) 900 MHz, 21.2 T NMR Magnet at HWB-NMR,
Birmingham, UK
Institutions Stanford University
University of California,
Berkeley
Doctoral Werner Heisenberg
advisor
An illustration of the precession of a spin wave
Doctoral Carson D. Jeffries
with a wavelength that is eleven times the lattice
students
constant about an applied magnetic field.

69
1952 EDWARD MILLS PURCELL

Born August 30, 1912

Taylorville, Illinois, United
States
Died March 7, 1997 (aged 84)
Cambridge, Massachusetts,
United States
Nationality United States
Alma mater Purdue University (BSEE)
Harvard University (M.A.)
Harvard University (Ph.D)
Known for Nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) Horn antenna used by Harold I. Ewen and
Smith-Purcell effect Edward M. Purcell at the Lyman Laboratory of
21 cm line Physics at Harvard University in 1951 for the
Scallop theorem first detection of radio radiation from nuclear
Awards Oersted Medal (1967) atomic hydrogen gas in the Milky Way at a
Max Delbruck Prize (1984) wavelength of 21 cm. Now at National Radio
Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize Astronomy Observatory in Green Bank, WV.
(1988)
Institutions Harvard University
MIT
Doctoral Kenneth Bainbridge
advisor
Other academic John Van Vleck
advisors
Doctoral George Pake
students George Benedek
Charles Pence Slichter
Other notable Nicolaas Bloembergen
students

70
1953 FRITS ZERNIKE

Born 16 July 1888

Amsterdam, Netherlands

Died 10 March 1966 (aged 77)

Amersfoort, Netherlands

Nationality Netherlands

Alma mater University of Amsterdam

Known for Ornstein–Zernike equation

Zernike polynomials
Phase-contrast microscopy

Awards Rumford Medal (1952)

Nobel Prize in Physics (1953)
Fellow of the Royal Society

Institutions Groningen University

Phase-contrast microscope
Influences Jacobus Kapteyn

Images taken by Phase-contrast microscope

71
1954 MAX BORN

Born 11 December 1882 The Born equation can be used for

Breslau, German Empire estimating the electrostatic component
(now Wrocław, Poland) of Gibbs free energy of solvation of an
ion. It is an electrostatic model that
Died 5 January 1970 (aged 87) treats the solvent as a continuous
Göttingen, West Germany dielectric medium (it is thus one
member of a class of methods known
Citizenship German, British as continuum solvation methods).
It was derived by Max Born.
Alma mater University of Göttingen
Known for Born–Haber cycle, Born rigidity
Born coordinates, Born series,
Born probability NA = Avogadro constant
Born–Infeld theory z = charge of ion
Born–Oppenheimer approximation
e = elementary charge, 1.6022×10−19 C
Born rule, Born–Landé equation
Born–Huang approximation ε0 = permittivity of free space
Born–von Karman boundary r0 = effective radius of ion
condition
εr = dielectric constant of the solvent
Born equation, Adiabatic theorem
Awards Hughes Medal (1950)
Max Planck Medal (1948)
Fellow of the Royal Society (1939)
Institutions University of Frankfurt am Main
University of Göttingen
University of Edinburgh
University of Cambridge
Doctoral Mary Bradburn, Kaijia Cheng
students Max Delbrück, Walter Elsasser
Herbert S. Green, Friedrich Hund
Pascual Jordan, Edgar Krahn
Victor Frederick Weisskopf
Other notable Enrico Fermi, Huang Kun
students Emil Wolf

72
1954 WALTHER BOTHE

Born 8 January 1891

Oranienburg, German
Empire
Died 8 February 1957 (aged 66)
Heidelberg, West Germany

Nationality Germany

Alma mater University of Berlin

Known for Coincidence circuit

Awards Nobel Prize for Physics

(1954)
Max Planck Medal (1953)
Institutions University of Berlin
University of Giessen
University of Heidelberg
Max Planck Institute for
Medical Research

Doctoral Max Planck

advisor

Doctoral Hans Ritter von Baeyer

students

73
1955 WILLIS EUGENE LAMB

Born July 12, 1913

Los Angeles, California, U.S.

Died May 15, 2008 (aged 94)

Tucson, Arizona, U.S.

Nationality United States

Alma mater University of California, Berkeley

Known for Lamb shift

Lamb–Mössbauer factor
Laser Theory A helium–neon laser demonstration. The
Quantum Optics glow running through the center of the
tube is an electric discharge. This glowing
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1955) plasma is the gain medium for the laser.
The laser produces a tiny, intense spot on
Institutions University of Arizona the screen to the right. The center of the
University of Oxford spot appears white because the image is
Yale overexposed there.
Columbia
Stanford

Doctoral J. Robert Oppenheimer

advisor

Doctoral Bernard Feld (1945)

students Robert Retherford (1947)
Norman Kroll (1948)
Theodore Maiman (1955)
Marlan Scully (1966)
Balázs László Győrffy (1966)

74
1955 POLYKARP KUSCH

Born January 26, 1911

Blankenburg, District of
Blankenburg, Duchy of
Brunswick, German Empire

Died March 20, 1993 (aged 82)

Dallas, Texas, United States

Alma mater University of Illinois, Case

Western Reserve University

Known for Measured the magnetic

moment of the electron

Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1955)

Institutions University of Texas at Dallas

Columbia University

Thesis The molecular spectra of

caesium and rubidium (1936)

Doctoral Francis Wheeler Loomis

advisor

Doctoral Eugene D. Commins

students

Other notable Gordon Gould

students

75
1956 JOHN BARDEEN

Born May 23, 1908

Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.
Died January 30, 1991 (aged 82)
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Nationality American
Alma mater University of Wisconsin (B.S.,
1928; M.S., 1929)
Princeton University (Ph.D.,
1936)
Known for Transistor
BCS theory A stylized replica of the first transistor
Superconductivity invented at Bell Labs on December 23, 1947

Awards Stuart Ballantine Medal (1952)

Oliver E. Buckley Condensed
Matter Prize (1954)
National Medal of Science (1965)
IEEE Medal of Honor (1971)
ForMemRS (1973)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (1987)
Harold Pender Award (1988)
Institutions Bell Telephone Laboratories
University of Illinois at
Urbana–Champaign
Doctoral Eugene Wigner
advisor
Doctoral William L. McMillan
students John Robert Schrieffer
Nick Holonyak

76
1956 WALTER HOUSER BRATTAIN

Born February 10, 1902

Xiamen, Fujian, Qing Dynasty

Died October 13, 1987 (aged 85)

Seattle, Washington, US

Nationality American

Alma mater Whitman College

University of Oregon An early model of a transistor
University of Minnesota

Known for Transistor

Awards Stuart Ballantine Medal (1952)

Nobel Prize in Physics (1956)

Institutions Whitman College

Bell Laboratories

Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect
Doctoral John Torrence Tate, Sr.
transistor (MOSFET), showing gate
advisor
(G), body (B), source (S) and drain (D)
terminals. The gate is separated from
the body by an insulating layer (pink).

77
1956 WILLIAM BRADFORD SHOCKLEY

Born February 13, 1910

Greater London, England,
United Kingdom
Died August 12, 1989 (aged 79)
Stanford, California, United States
Nationality American
Alma mater MIT
Caltech
Known for Point-contact transistor and GJT
Process variation, Thyristor
Shockley diode
Shockley diode equation
Shockley-Read-Hall
recombination
Shockley partials
Shockley–Ramo theorem
Shockley states
Shockley–Queisser limit
Haynes-Shockley experiment
Read-Shockley equation
Awards Comstock Prize in Physics (1953)
Oliver E. Buckley Condensed
Matter Prize (1953)
Wilheln Exner Medal (1963)
IEEE Medal of Honor (1980)
Institutions Bell Labs
Shockley Semiconductor
Stanford University
Doctoral John C. Slater
advisor

78
1957 TSUNG-DAO LEE

Born November 24, 1926 (age 93)

Shanghai, China

Alma mater National Che Kiang University

National Southwestern Associated
University
University of Chicago

Known for Kinoshita-Lee-Nauenberg theorem

Non-topological solitons
Parity violation
Wu experiment
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1957)
Albert Einstein Award (1957)
Matteucci Medal (1995)

Institutions Columbia University

Institute for Advanced Study
University of California, Berkeley

Thesis Hydrogen Content of White Dwarf

Stars (1950)

Doctoral Enrico Fermi

advisor

Doctoral Richard M. Friedberg

students Norman Christ

79
1957 CHEN-NING YANG

Born 1 October 1922 (age 97)

Hefei, Anhui Province, China
Nationality Chinese
Citizenship Republic of China (1922–2015)
Alma mater National Southwestern Associated
University
Tsinghua University
Quantum Field Theory
University of Chicago
Yang–Mills–Higgs equations
Known for Yang–Mills theory
Gauge theory
Yang–Mills–Higgs equations
Standard Model
Parity violation

Awards Rumford Prize (1980)

National Medal of Science (1986)
Benjamin Franklin Medal (1993)
Albert Einstein Medal (1995)
Bogolyubov Prize (1996)
Lars Onsager Prize (1999)
Institutions Stony Brook University
Institute for Advanced Study
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Tsinghua University
University of Chicago
Doctoral Edward Teller
advisor
Other acade Enrico Fermi
mic advisors
Doctoral Bill Sutherland
students

80
1958 PAVEL ALEKSEYEVICH CHERENKOV

Born July 28, 1904

Novaya Chigla, Voronezh
Governorate, Russian
Empire

Died January 6, 1990 (aged 85)

Moscow, Russian SFSR,
Soviet Union

Resting Novodevichy Cemetery, Cherenkov radiation is named for his discovery

place Moscow of the phenomenon; pictured here glowing is
the core of the Advanced Test Reactor

Nationality Russian

Alma mater Voronezh State University

Known for Characterizing Cherenkov

radiation

Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1958)

Institutions Lebedev Physical Institute

Doctoral Sergey Vavilov

advisor

81
1958 ILYA MIKHAILOVICH FRANK

Born 23 October 1908

Saint Petersburg, Russian
Empire

Died 22 June 1990 (aged 81)

Moscow, Soviet Union

Alma mater Moscow State University

Known for Čerenkov radiation

Transition radiation
Frank-Tamm formula
Awards Stalin Prize 1946,
Nobel Prize in Physics (1958)

Institutions Moscow State University,

Academy of Sciences of the
U.S.S.R.

Doctoral Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

advisor

Frank–Tamm formula

Main buildings of Moscow Stateuniversity in

Mokhovaya Street, 1798

82
1958 IGOR YEVGENYEVICH TAMM

Born 8 July 1895

Vladivostok, Russian Empire
Died 12 April 1971 (aged 75)
Moscow, Russian SFSR,
Soviet Union
Resting Novodevichy Cemetery, Moscow
place
Nationality Soviet Union
Alma mater Moscow State University
Edinburgh University
The reaction chamber of the DIII-D, an
Known for Tamm states experimental tokamak fusion reactor
Neutron magnetic moment operated by General Atomics in San
Cherenkov–Vavilov effect Diego, which has been used in research
Frank–Tamm formula since it was completed in the late 1980s.
Tamm–Dancoff approximation The characteristic torus-shaped
Hydrogen bomb , Tokamak chamber is clad with graphite to help
Phonon , Quantum speed limit withstand the extreme heat. A man
Awards 1967 Lomonosov Gold Medal inside the vessel illustrates the
1954 Order of the Hero of Socialist dimensions.
Labour · Stalin Prize
Institutions Second Moscow State University
Moscow State University
Moscow Institute of Physics and
Technology
Lebedev Physical Institute
Doctoral Vitaly Ginzburg, Andrey Sakharov
students Leonid Keldysh
Anatoly Vlasov,
Leonid Brekhovskikh Magnetic fields in a tokamak

83
1959 EMILIO GINO SEGRE

Born 1 February 1905

Tivoli, Italy

Died 22 April 1989 (aged 84)

Lafayette, California, United
States of America

Citizenship Italy (1905–44)

United States (1944–89) The quark content of the antiproton

Alma mater Sapienza University of Rome

Known for Discovery of antiproton,

technetium, and astatine
Technetium
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1959)

Institutions Los Alamos National Laboratory

University of California, Berkeley
University of Palermo Spectral lines of technetium
Sapienza University of Rome
Columbia University

Doctoral Enrico Fermi

advisor

Doctoral Thomas Ypsilantis

students Herbert York

84
1959 OWEN CHAMBERLAIN

Born July 10, 1920

San Francisco, California,
USA
Died February 28, 2006 (aged 85)
Berkeley, California, USA
Nationality United States
Alma mater Dartmouth College
University of California,
Berkeley
University of Chicago
Known for Particle physics Time projection chamber (TPC) of
Antiparticle the ALICE experiment at CERN

Awards Nobel Prize in Physics, 1959

Institutions Los Alamos National
Laboratory
Doctoral Enrico Fermi
advisor
Doctoral Paul Grannis, Nathan Isgur
students

SLAC 3-kilometer-long (2 mi) Klystron Gallery above

the beamline Accelerator

85
1960 DONALD ARTHUR GLASER

Born September 21, 1926

Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.

Died February 28, 2013 (aged 86)

Berkeley, California, U.S.

Alma mater Case School of Applied

Science (Case Western
Reserve University)
California Institute of
Technology
Known for Invention of bubble chamber
Business executive
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1960) A bubble chamber
Elliott Cresson Medal (1961)

Institutions University of Michigan

University of California at
Berkeley

Thesis The momentum distribution of

charged cosmic ray particles
near sea level (1949)

Doctoral advisor Carl David Anderson

86
1961 ROBERT HOFSTADTER

Born February 5, 1915

New York City

Died November 17, 1990 (aged 75)

Stanford, California

Nationality United States

Alma mater City College of New York

Princeton University

Known for Electron scattering

Atomic nuclei
Sodium iodide
scintillator
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1961)
National Medal of Science (1986)
Dirac Medal (1987)
Electron Scattering
Institutions Stanford University
University of Pennsylvania

Doctoral Carol Jo Crannell

students

Scintillation crystal surrounded by

various scintillation detector assemblies
Princeton University

87
1961 RUDOLF LUDWIG MOSSBAUER

Born 31 January 1929

Munich, Weimar Republic

Died 14 September 2011 (aged 82)

Grünwald, Germany

Alma mater Technical University of Munich

Mössbauer absorption spectrum of 57Fe
Known for Mössbauer effect
Mössbauer spectroscopy

Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1961)

Elliott Cresson Medal (1961)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (1984)

Institutions Technical University of Munich

Caltech

Doctoral Heinz Maier-Leibnitz

advisor Main campus entrance at
Gabelsbergerstraße, Munich

88
1962 LEV DAVIDOVICH LANDAU

Born 22 January 1908

Baku, Baku Governorate, Russian
Empire
Died 1 April 1968 (aged 60)
Moscow, Soviet Union
Alma mater Baku State University
Leningrad State University The liquid helium is in the superfluid
Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute phase. A thin invisible film creeps up
the inside wall of the cup and down on
Known for Landau gauge, Landau pole the outside. A drop forms. It will fall
Landau susceptibility,Landau off into the liquid helium below. This
potential will repeat until the cup is
Landau quantization empty—provided the liquid remains
Stuart–Landau equation superfluid.
Ginzburg–Landau theory
Landau kinetic equation
hydrodynamics
Landau–Hopf theory of turbulence
Superfluidity
Superconductivity
Awards Stalin Prize (1946) A high-temperature superconductor
Max Planck Medal (1960) levitating above a magnet

Institutions Kharkov Polytechnical Institute and

Kharkov University (later Kharkov
Institute of Physics and Technology)
Institute for Physical Problems (RAS)
MSU Faculty of Physics
Academic Niels Bohr
advisors
Doctoral Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov
students Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov

89
1963 EUGENE PAUL WIGNER

Born November 17, 1902

Budapest, Austria-Hungary
Died January 1, 1995 (aged 92)
Princeton, New Jersey, US
Citizenship American (post-1937)
Hungarian (pre-1937)
Alma mater Technical University of Berlin
Known for Bargmann–Wigner equations
Wigner D-matrix, Wigner crystal,
Wigner effect, Wigner's theorem
Wigner energy, Wigner lattice
Gabor–Wigner transform
Jordan–Wigner transformation
Newton–Wigner localization
Wigner–Inonu contraction
6-j symbol, 9-j symbol Structure of a two-dimensional
Wigner crystal in a parabolic
Awards Medal for Merit (1946), Enrico Fermi potential trap with 600 electrons.
Award (1958) Triangles and squares mark
Atoms for Peace Award (1959) positions of the topological defects.
Max Planck Medal (1961)
National Medal of Science (1969)
Albert Einstein Award (1972)
Institutions University of Göttingen
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Princeton University, Manhattan
Project
Doctoral Michael Polanyi
advisor
Doctoral John Bardeen Jucys diagram for the Wigner
students J O Hirschfelder 6-j symbol.

90
1963 MARIA GOEPPERT MAYER

Born June 28, 1906

Kattowitz, German Empire
(today Katowice, Poland)
Died February 20, 1972 (aged 65)
San Diego, California, United
States
Citizenship Germany
United States
Alma mater University of Göttingen Alpha decay
Known for Nuclear shell model
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1963)
Institutions Sarah Lawrence College
Columbia University
Los Alamos Laboratory
Argonne National Laboratory
University of California,
San Diego
University of Chicago
Doctoral Max Born
advisor
Doctoral Robert G. Sachs
students

Types of radioactive decay related to

The old Auditorium Maximum N and Z numbers
(built in 1826–1865) University of Göttingen

91
1963 J. HANS D. JENSEN

Born 25 June 1907

Hamburg, German Empire
Died 11 February 1973 (aged 65)
Heidelberg, West Germany
Nationality German
Alma mater University of Hamburg
Known for Nuclear shell model
Awards Nobel Prize for Physics (1963)
Doctoral Wilhelm Lenz
advisor German nuclear
Doctoral Hans-Arwed Weidenmüller weapons program
students

University of Hamburg

92
1964 NICOLAY GENNADIYEVICH BASOV

Born 14 December 1922

Usman, Russian SFSR
Died 3 July 2001 (aged 78)
Moscow, Russia
Resting place Novodevichy Cemetery,
Moscow
Alma mater Moscow Engineering Physics
Institute
Known for Invention of lasers and masers
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1964)
Kalinga Prize (1986)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (1989)
Institutions Lebedev Physical Institute
A hydrogen radio frequency discharge, the
first element inside a hydrogen maser

93
1964 ALEXANDER PROKHOROV

Born 11 July 1916

Peeramon, Queensland,
Australia
Died 8 January 2002 (aged 85)
Moscow, Russia

Resting place Novodevichy Cemetery, Moscow

Nationality Soviet / Russian

Known for Lasers and masers A 100 watt stereo audio amplifier
used in home component audio
Awards 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics
systems in the 1970s.
1987 Lomonosov Gold Medal

QUANTUM ELECTRONICS

94
1964 CHARLES HARD TOWNES

Born July 28, 1915

Greenville, South Carolina, U.S.
Died January 27, 2015 (aged 99)
Oakland, California, U.S.
Nationality American
Alma mater Furman University (B.S. & B.A.)
Duke University (M.A.)
Caltech (Ph.D.)
The supermassive black hole
Known for Lasers
Awards Comstock Prize in Physics (1958)
John J. Carty Award (1961)
Stuart Ballantine Medal (1962)
Young Medal and Prize (1963)
IEEE Medal of Honor (1967)
ForMemRS (1976)
National Medal of Science (1982)
The free-electron laser FELIX at the
Lomonosov Gold Medal (2000)
FOM Institute for Plasma Physics
Vannevar Bush Award (2006)
Rijnhuizen, Nieuwegein
SPIE Gold Medal (2010)
Golden Goose Award (2012)
Institutions Berkeley , Bell Labs
Institute for Defense Analyses
Columbia University
MIT , University of Michigan
Doctoral William Smythe
advisor
Doctoral Ali Javan , Elsa M. Garmire Detection of unusually bright X-Ray flare from
students James P. Gordon Sagittarius A*, a black hole in the center of the
Robert W. Boyd Milky Way galaxy on 5 January 2015
Raymond Y. Chiao

95
1965 RICHARD PHILLIPS FEYNMAN

Born May 11, 1918 Queens, New York, US

Died February 15, 1988 (aged 69)
Los Angeles, California, US
Alma mater Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Princeton University (Ph.D. 1942)
Known for Acoustic wave equation
Bethe–Feynman formula
Feynman diagrams, Feynman gauge
Feynman–Kac formula
Nanotechnology, One-electron
universe
Quantum computing
Quantum electrodynamics
Quantum hydrodynamics
The Feynman Lectures on Physics
Universal quantum simulator
Quantum computer based
on superconducting qubits
Awards Albert Einstein Award (1954) developed by IBM Research
E. O. Lawrence Award (1962) in Zürich, Switzerland. The
Foreign Member of the Royal Society device shown here will be
(1965) inserted into a dilution
Oersted Medal (1972) refrigerator and cooled to
National Medal of Science (1979) under 1 kelvin.
Institutions Cornell University
California Institute of Technology
Doctoral John Archibald Wheeler
advisor
Doctoral James M. Bardeen, Laurie Mark Brown
students Thomas Curtright , Albert Hibbs
Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz , George
Zweig

96
1965 JULIAN SCHWINGER

Born February 12, 1918 Cavity perturbation theory describes

New York City, New York, U.S. methods for derivation of perturbation
formulae for performance changes of a
Died July 16, 1994 (aged 76)
cavity resonator. These performance
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
changes are assumed to be caused by
Nationality United States either introduction of a small foreign
Alma mater City College of New York object into the cavity or a small
Columbia University deformation of its boundary.

Known for Quantum electrodynamics

Cavity perturbation theory
Spin–statistics theorem
Sigma model
MacMahon Master theorem
Awards Albert Einstein Award (1951)
National Medal of Science (1964)
Institutions University of California, Berkeley
Purdue University
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Harvard University
University of California, Los Angeles
Doctoral Isidor Isaac Rabi
advisor
Doctoral Roy Glauber , Ben R. Mottelson
students Eugen Merzbacher
Sheldon Lee Glashow
Walter Kohn , Bryce DeWitt
Daniel Kleitman , Sam Edwards
Gordon Baym , Lowell S. Brown
Margaret G. Kivelson
Tung-Mow Yan

97
1965 SHINICHIRO TOMONAGA

Born March 31, 1906

Tokyo, Japan

Died July 8, 1979 (aged 73)

Tokyo, Japan

Nationality Japanese

Alma mater Kyoto Imperial University

Known for Quantum electrodynamics Electron self-energy loop

Schwinger–Tomonaga equation

Awards Asahi Prize (1946)

Lomonosov Gold Medal (1964)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1965)

Institutions Institute for Advanced Study

Tokyo University of Education
RIKEN
University of Tokyo Lomonosov Gold Medal
Leipzig University

Leipzig University

98
1966 ALFRED KASTLER

Born 3 May 1902

Guebwiller, Alsace, German
Empire

Died 7 January 1984 (aged 81)

Bandol, France

Nationality France Optical pumping of a laser rod (bottom) with

an arc lamp (top). Red: hot. Blue: cold. Green:
Alma mater École Normale Supérieure,
light. Non-green arrows: water flow. Solid
University of Paris
colors: metal. Light colors: fused quartz

Known for Optical pumping technique

Awards Holweck Prize (1954),

CNRS Gold medal (1964),
Nobel Prize for Physics
(1966)
Doctoral Pierre Daure
advisor

Doctoral Claude Cohen Tannoudji

students

99
1967 HANS ALBRECHT BETHE

Born July 2, 1906

Strasbourg, Germany
Died March 6, 2005 (aged 98)
Ithaca, New York, United States
Nationality German , American
Hans Bethe lecturing at Dalhousie University, 1978
Alma mater University of Frankfurt
University of Munich
Known for Nuclear physics ,Stellar
nucleosynthesis
Quantum electrodynamics
Crystal field theory , Bethe lattice
Bethe–Salpeter equation
Bethe–Feynman formula
Awards 1947 Henry Draper Medal
1957 ForMemRS, 1959 Franklin Medal In this symbolic representing
1961 Enrico Fermi Award of a nuclear reaction,
1963 Rumford Prize lithium-6 and deuterium
1989 Lomonosov Gold Medal react to form the highly
1993 Oersted Medal , 2001 Bruce Medal excited intermediate nucleus
2005 Benjamin Franklin Medal Be which then decays
immediately into two alpha
Institutions University of Tübingen
particles of helium-4
Cornell University , University of Bristol
Protons are symbolically
University of Manchester
represented by red spheres,
Doctoral Arnold Sommerfeld and neutrons by blue spheres
advisor
Doctoral Michel Baranger , Peter A. Carruthers
students Michael Nauenberg, John W. Negele
Mark Nelkin , Ramamurti Rajaraman

Other notable Freeman Dyson

students
Overview of the CNO-I Cycle

100
1968 LUIS WALTER ALVAREZ

Born June 13, 1911 Luis Alvarez was one of the most
San Francisco, California, US brilliant and productive experimental
physicists of the twentieth century
Died September 1, 1988 (aged 77)
Berkeley, California, US

Nationality American

Alma mater University of Chicago

Known for hydrogen bubble chamber

Resonance states
Particle Physics
Magnetic moment of the neutron
linear dipole array antenna
radar system
Manhattan Project
"Fat Man" (a plutonium bomb)
RaLa Experiments Fermilab's disused 15-foot (4.57 m)
Muon tomography bubble chamber
Awards National Aeronautic Association's
Collier Trophy in 1945
Medal for Merit (1947)
National Medal of Science (1963)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1968)
Enrico Fermi Award (1987)
Institutions University of California, Berkeley

Doctoral Arthur Compton

advisor Aerial view of Fermilab, a science
research laboratory co-managed
by the University of Chicago

101
1969 MURRAY GELL-MANN

Born September 15, 1929

Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
Died May 24, 2019 (aged 89)
Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.
Alma mater Yale University (B.Sc.)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(Ph.D.)
Known for Coining the term "quark"
Gell-Mann and Low theorem
Gell-Mann matrices A proton is composed of two up quarks,
Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula one down quark, and the gluons that
Gell-Mann–Okubo mass formula mediate the forces "binding" them
V−A theory, Sigma model of pions together. The color assignment of
Seesaw theory of neutrino masses individual quarks is arbitrary, but all
Strangeness , Plectics three colors must be present
Quark model , Crossing symmetry
Totalitarian principle
Awards Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical
Physics (1959)
E. O. Lawrence Award (1966)
John J. Carty Award (1968)
ForMemRS (1978)
Institutions University of New Mexico
University of Southern California
The pseudoscalar meson nonet.
California Institute of Technology
Members of the original meson "octet"
University of Chicago
are shown in green, the singlet in
Doctoral Victor Weisskopf magenta. Although these mesons are
advisor now grouped into a nonet, the Eightfold
Way name derives from the patterns of
Doctoral Kenneth G. Wilson , Sidney Coleman
eight for the mesons and baryons in the
students Rod Crewther , James Hartle
original classification scheme.
Christopher T. Hill , Barton Zwiebach

102
1970 HANNES OLOF GOSTA ALFVEN

Born 30 May 1908

Norrköping, Sweden

Died 2 April 1995 (aged 86)

Djursholm, Sweden

Alma mater University of Uppsala

Known for Magnetohydrodynamics

Plasma cosmology
Alfvén wave The sun is an MHD Magnetohydrodynamics
system that is not well understood

Awards Björkénska priset (1946)

Nobel Prize in Physics (1970)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (1971)
Dirac Medal (1979)
ForMemRS (1980)
William Bowie Medal (1988)

Institutions University of Uppsala

Royal Institute of Technology
University of California, San Diego
University of Maryland, College Park
University of Southern California

Doctoral Manne Siegbahn Hannes Alfvén suggested that scaling

advisor Carl Wilhelm Oseen laboratory results can be extrapolated up to
the scale of the universe. A scaling jump by a
Doctoral Carl-Gunne Fälthammar factor 109 was required to extrapolate to the
students magnetosphere, a second jump to extrapolate
to galactic conditions, and a third jump to
extrapolate to the Hubble distance

103
1970 L0UIS NEEL

Born 22 November 1904

Lyon, France
Died 17 November 2000 (aged 95)
Brive-la-Gaillarde
Alma mater École Normale Supérieure,
University of Paris
University of Strasbourg
Nationality France
Known for Néel effect
Néel relaxation theory
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics
(1970) Computer simulation of the Earth's field in a
ForMemRS (1966) period of normal polarity between reversals.
Legion of Honour (1966) The lines represent magnetic field lines, blue
Institutions CNRS, Grenoble when the field points towards the center and
yellow when away. The rotation axis of the
Doctoral Pierre Weiss
Earth is centered and vertical. The dense
advisor
clusters of lines are within the Earth's core

104
1971 DENNIS GABOR

Born 5 June 1900

Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary

Died 9 February 1979 (aged 78)

London, England

Citizenship Hungarian / British

Alma mater Technical University of Berlin

Technical University of
Budapest
Example of a two-dimensional
Known for Holography (He is called as Gabor filter
Father of holography)
Gabor filter
Gabor limit
Gabor transform
Gabor atom
Gabor wavelet
Awards FRS (1956)
Young Medal and Prize (1967)
Rumford Medal (1968)
IEEE Medal of Honor (1970)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1971)

Institutions Imperial College London

British Thomson-Houston

Doctoral Anthony G. Constantinides

students Eric Ash

Two photographs of a single hologram

taken from different viewpoints

105
1972 JOHN BARDEEN

Born May 23, 1908

Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.
Died January 30, 1991 (aged 82)
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Nationality American
Alma mater University of Wisconsin (B.S.,
1928; M.S., 1929)
Princeton University (Ph.D., 1936)
Electric cables for accelerators at CERN.
Known for Transistor , BCS theory Both the massive and slim cables are
Superconductivity rated for 12,500 A. Top: regular cables
Awards Stuart Ballantine Medal (1952) for LEP; bottom: superconductor-based
Oliver E. Buckley Condensed cables for the LHC
Matter Prize (1954)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1956)
National Medal of Science (1965)
IEEE Medal of Honor (1971)
ForMemRS (1973)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (1987)
Harold Pender Award (1988)
Institutions Bell Telephone Laboratories
University of Illinois at Bell Labs headquarters in Murray Hill,
Urbana–Champaign New Jersey, in 2007
Thesis Quantum Theory of the Work (formerly Lucent's head office)
Function (1936)
Doctoral Eugene Wigner
advisor
Doctoral William L. McMillan
students John Robert Schrieffer
Nick Holonyak Nokia Bell Labs entrance sign at
New Jersey headquarters in 2016

106
1972 LEON NEIL COOPER

Born February 28, 1930 (age 89)

Bronx, New York, U.S.

Alma mater Columbia University (B.A. 1951,

M.A. 1953, Ph.D. 1954)

Known for Superconductivity

Cooper pairs

Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1972)

Comstock Prize in Physics (1968)

Institutions Brown University

Doctoral Robert Serber

advisor

107
1972 JOHN ROBERT SCHRIEFFER

Born May 31, 1931

Oak Park, Illinois, U.S.

Died July 27, 2019 (aged 88)

Tallahassee, Florida, U.S.

Nationality American

Alma mater Massachusetts Institute of The University of Florida Cancer and

Technology Genetics Research Complex is one of several
University of Illinois at research facilities at the university
Urbana–Champaign
BCS theory or Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer
theory describes superconductivity as a
Known for BCS theory microscopic effect caused by a
condensation of Cooper pairs. The theory
Awards National Medal of Science (1983) is also used in nuclear physics to describe
Nobel Prize in Physics (1972) the pairing interaction between nucleons
Comstock Prize in Physics (1968) in an atomic nucleus. It was proposed by
Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer in 1957;
they received the Nobel Prize in Physics
Institutions University of Pennsylvania
for this theory in 1972.
University of California, Santa
Barbara
University of Florida
Florida State University
University of Birmingham

Doctoral John Bardeen

advisor
Aerial of Ben Hill Griffin Stadium, also
known as "The Swamp."

108
1973 LEO ESAKI

Born March 12, 1925 (age 94)[1] Esaki's “five don’ts” rules
Takaida-mura,
Nakakawachi-gun, Osaka 1. Don’t allow yourself to be trapped by
Prefecture, Japan your past experiences.
2. Don’t allow yourself to become overly
attached to any one authority in your field –
Nationality Japanese the great professor, perhaps.
3. Don’t hold on to what you don’t need.
Alma mater Tokyo Imperial University 4. Don’t avoid confrontation.
5. Don’t forget your spirit of childhood
Known for Electron tunneling curiosity.
Esaki diode
Superlattice

Awards Japan Academy Prize (1965)

Nobel Prize in Physics (1973)
IEEE Medal of Honor (1991)
Japan Prize (1998)[1]

Institutions IBM T. J. Watson Research

Center
Sony
University of Tsukuba
The University of Tsukuba campus

109
1973 IVAR GIAEVER

Born April 5, 1929 (age 90)

Bergen, Norway

Nationality Norway, United States (1964)

Alma mater Norwegian University of Science

and Technology,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
The Theta chapter of Chi Phi at
Known for Solid-state physics
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Global warming
Bio Physics
Superconductors
Awards Oliver E. Buckley Condensed
Matter Prize (1965)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1973)
Cross section of a preform superconductor
rod from abandoned Texas Superconducting
Super Collider (SSC)

110
1973 BRIAN DAVID JOSEPHSON

Born 4 January 1940 (age 80)

Cardiff, Wales, UK

Alma mater University of Cambridge

(BA, MA, PhD)

Known for Josephson effect

Awards FRS (1970)

Elliott Cresson Medal (1972)
Entrance to the old Cavendish Laboratory
Nobel Prize in Physics (1973)
on Free School Lane, Cambridge
Faraday Medal (1982)

Institutions Trinity College, Cambridge

University of Cambridge

Thesis Non-linear conduction in

superconductors (1964)
Josephson junction array chip developed
Doctoral Brian Pippard by the National Institute of Standards and
advisor Technology as a standard volt

111
1974 MARTIN RYLE

Born 27 September 1918

Brighton, England

Died 14 October 1984 (aged 66)

Cambridge, England

Nationality United Kingdom

Education Bradfield College

Alma mater University of Oxford (BA, DPhil)

In 1605 Oxford was still a walled city,
but several colleges had been built
Known for Aperture synthesis
outside the city walls (north is at the
Radio astronomy
bottom on this map)

Awards Hughes Medal (1954)

RAS Gold Medal (1964)
Henry Draper Medal (1965)
Knight Bachelor (1966)
Faraday Medal (1971)
Royal Medal (1973)
Bruce Medal (1974)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1974)

Institutions University of Cambridge

Gresham College Most aperture synthesis interferometers use the

rotation of the Earth to increase the number of

Doctoral J. A. Ratcliffe baseline orientations included in an observation. In
advisor this example with the Earth represented as a grey

sphere, the baseline between telescope A and

Doctoral Malcolm Longair
telescope B changes angle with time as viewed from
students Peter Rentzepis
the radio source as the Earth rotates. Taking data at
Jan Högbom
different times thus provides measurements with

different telescope separations

112
1974 ANTONY HEWISH

Born 11 May 1924 (age 95)

Fowey, Cornwall, England

Nationality United Kingdom

Education King's College, Taunton

Alma mater University of Cambridge

(BA, PhD)

Known for Pulsars

Awards Hughes Medal (1977)

Nobel Prize for Physics (1974)
Eddington Medal (1969)
Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory

Institutions Gonville and Caius College,

Cambridge
Cavendish Laboratory

Thesis The fluctuations of galactic

radio waves (1952)

Doctoral Jocelyn Bell Burnell

students

Gonville & Caius College

Cambridge University

113
1975 AAGE NIELS BOHR

Born 19 June 1922

Copenhagen, Denmark

Died 8 September 2009 (aged 87)

Copenhagen, Denmark

Nationality Danish

Alma mater University of Copenhagen

Known for Geometry of atomic nuclei A graphical representation of the semi-empirical

binding energy formula. The binding energy per
Awards Dannie Heineman Prize for nucleon in MeV is plotted for various nuclides as a
Mathematical Physics (1960) function of Z, the atomic number (on the y-axis), and
Atoms for Peace Award N, the neutron number (on the x-axis). A dashed line
(1969) is included to show experimentally-known nuclides
H.C. Ørsted Medal (1970) are typically above approximately 7.6 MeV per
Foreign Associate of the nucleon—the highest binding energies, in excess of
National Academy of 8.5 MeV, are seen for Z = 26, iron.
Sciences (1971)
Rutherford Medal and Prize
(1972)
John Price Wetherill Medal
(1974)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1975)
Institutions Manhattan Project
Institute for Advanced Study
Columbia University
University of Copenhagen

Thesis Rotational States of Atomic

Nuclei (1954)

114
1975 BEN ROY MOTTELSON

Born July 9, 1926 (age 93)

Chicago, Illinois, U.S.

Nationality American-Danish

Citizenship Danish

Alma mater Purdue University, B.S. 1947

Harvard University, Ph.D. 1950

Known for Geometry of atomic nuclei

A model of the atomic nucleus showing it as a
Awards Atoms for Peace Award (1969) compact bundle of the two types of nucleons:
John Price Wetherill Medal (1974) protons (red) and neutrons (blue). In this
Nobel Prize in Physics (1975) diagram, protons and neutrons look like little
balls stuck together, but an actual nucleus (as
understood by modern nuclear physics) cannot be
Institutions Nordita explained like this, but only by using quantum
mechanics. In a nucleus which occupies a certain
Doctoral Julian Schwinger energy level (for example, the ground state), each
advisor nucleon can be said to occupy a range of locations.

115
1975 LEO JAMES RAINWATER

Born December 9, 1917

Council, Idaho
Died May 31, 1986 (aged 68)
New York
Alma mater Columbia University
Caltech
Awards Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award
(1963)
The Library at Columbia University, ca. 1900
Nobel Prize in Physics (1975)
Institutions Columbia University
Manhattan Project
Thesis Neutron beam spectrometer studies
of boron, cadmium, and the energy
distribution from paraffin (1946)
Doctoral John R. Dunning
advisor The Trinity test of the Manhattan Project was
the first detonation of a nuclear weapon

116
1976 BURTON RICHTER

Born March 22, 1931

Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Died July 18, 2018 (aged 87)
Stanford, California, U.S.
Nationality American
Alma mater MIT
Known for J/ψ meson
Awards E. O. Lawrence Award (1975)
Nobel Prize in Physics
(1976)
Enrico Fermi Award (2012)
National Medal of Science
(2012 )
Institutions Stanford University
Stanford Linear Accelerator
Center
Doctoral Bernard T. Feld
advisor

117
1976 SAMUEL CHAO CHUNG TING

Born January 27, 1936 (age 83)

Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
Alma mater University of Michigan
Known for Discovery of the J/ψ particle
Founder of the Alpha Magnetic
Spectrometer experiment
Awards Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award (1975)
Nobel Prize for Physics (1976)
Eringen Medal (1977)
De Gasperi Award (1988)
Gold Medal for Science from Brescia
(1988)
NASA Public Service Medal (2001)
Institutions Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Chinese name
Chinese 丁肇中 Alpha magnetic
spectrometer

118
1977 PHILIP WARREN ANDERSON

Born December 13, 1923 (age 96)

Indianapolis, Indiana, United
States

Nationality United States

Alma mater Harvard University

U.S. Naval Research Laboratory

Known for Anderson localization

Anderson Hamiltonian
Kramers–Anderson Spinon moving in spin liquids
superexchange
RVB theory
Higgs Mechanism
Quantum spin liquid
Spin glass
Awards Oliver E. Buckley Condensed
Matter Prize (1964)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1977)
ForMemRS (1980)
National Medal of Science (1982)
Institutions Bell Laboratories
Princeton University
Cambridge University
Doctoral John Hasbrouck van Vleck
advisor
A termite "cathedral" mound
Doctoral F. Duncan M. Haldane
produced by a termite colony
students Michael Cross
offers a classic example of
Piers Coleman
emergence in nature
Gabriel Kotliar

119
1977 NEVILL FRANCIS MOTT

Born 30 September 1905

Leeds, England

Died 8 August 1996 (aged 90)

Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire,
England
Wannier-Mott exciton, bound
electron-hole pair that is not localized
Nationality United Kingdom
at a crystal position. This figure
Alma mater University of Cambridge schematically shows diffusion of the
exciton across the lattice.
Known for Mott problem
Mott–Gurney law In quantum mechanics, the Mott problem
Schottky-Mott rule is a paradox that illustrates some of the
Mott Insulator difficulties of understanding the nature of
Mott transition wave function collapse and measurement
Mott Medal in quantum mechanics. The problem was
Mott scattering first formulated in 1929 by Sir Nevill
Wannier-Mott exciton Francis Mott and Werner Heisenberg,
illustrating the paradox of the collapse of a
Awards FRS (1936) spherically symmetric wave function into
Hughes Medal (1941) the linear tracks seen in a cloud chamber.
Royal Medal (1953)
Copley Medal (1972)
A. A. Griffith Medal and Prize
(1973)
Faraday Medal (1973)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1977)
Institutions University of Manchester
University of Cambridge
University of Bristol The Old Quadrangle at the
University of Manchester's main
Doctoral R.H. Fowler campus on Oxford Road.
advisor

120
1977 JOHN HASBROUCK VAN VLECK

Born March 13, 1899

Middletown, Connecticut
Died October 27, 1980 (aged 81)
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Nationality United States
Alma mater University of Wisconsin–Madison
Harvard University
Known for Van Vleck paramagnetism, Van
Vleck transformations, Van Vleck
formula
Awards Irving Langmuir Award (1965)
National Medal of Science (1966)
ForMemRS (1967)[1]
Elliott Cresson Medal (1971)
Lorentz Medal (1974)
Institutions University of Minnesota Balliol College Garden
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Harvard University
University of Oxford
Balliol College, Oxford
Doctoral Edwin C. Kemble
advisor
Doctoral Robert Serber
students Edward Mills Purcell
Philip Anderson
Thomas Kuhn
Aerial view of Merton College's Mob Quad, the
John Atanasoff
oldest quadrangle of the Oxford university,
Arianna Rosenbluth
constructed in the years from 1288 to 1378
Carol Jane Anger Rieke

121
1978 PYOTR LEONIDOVICH KAPITSA

Born 8 July 1894 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa

Kronstadt, Russian Empire was a leading Soviet Physicist
and Nobel laureate, best
Died 8 April 1984 (aged 89)
known for his work in
Moscow, Soviet Union
low-temperature Physics
Resting Novodevichy Cemetery, Moscow
place
Nationality Russian, Soviet
Citizenship Russian Empire (1894–1917) → RSFSR
(1917–1922) → Soviet Union
(1922–1984)
Known for Superfluidity
Kapitza's pendulum
Awards FRS (1929)
Faraday Medal (1942)
Franklin Medal (1944)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (1959)
Rutherford Medal and Prize (1966)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1978)
Doctoral David Shoenberg
students

During World War II he was assigned to head the Drawing showing how a Kapitza
Department of Oxygen Industry attached to the USSR pendulum can be constructed: a
Council of Ministers, where he developed his low-pressure motor rotates a crank at a high
expansion techniques for industrial purposes. He invented speed, the crank vibrates a lever
high power microwave generators (1950–1955) and arm up and down, which the
discovered a new kind of continuous high pressure plasma pendulum is attached to with a
discharge with electron temperatures over 1,000,000 K. pivot.

122
1978 ARNO ALLAN PENZIAS

Born April 26, 1933 (age 86)

Munich, Germany

Nationality United States

Alma mater City College of New York

Columbia University

Known for Cosmic Microwave Background

Radiation

Awards Henry Draper Medal (1977)

Nobel Prize in Physics (1978)
Harold Pender Award (1991)
IRI Medal (1998)
The Holmdel Horn Antenna in
Institutions Bell Labs use in 1962

123
1978 ROBERT WOODROW WILSON

Born January 10, 1936 (age 84)

Houston, Texas, USA
Nationality United States
Alma mater Rice University
California Institute of Technology
Known for Cosmic Microwave Background
Radiation
Awards Henry Draper Medal (1977)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1978) The first workable unit built by
Robert Watson-Watt and his team

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

124
1979 SHELDON LEE GLASHOW

Born December 5, 1932 (age 87)

New York City, New York, U.S.
Alma mater Cornell University (A.B., 1954)
Harvard University (Ph.D., 1959)
Known for Electroweak theory
Georgi–Glashow model
Criticism of Superstring theory
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1979)
Institutions Boston University
Harvard University
University of California, Berkeley
Thesis The vector meson in elementary
particle decays (1958)
Doctoral Julian Schwinger
advisor A brownstone town house used by
Boston University as dormitory

SOME PICS FROM UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

125
1979 ABDUL SALAM

Born 29 January 1926

Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan)
Died 21 November 1996 (aged 70)
Oxford, England, United Kingdom
Nationality Pakistani
Alma mater Government College University Lahore
(BA)
Punjab University (MA)
St. John's College, Cambridge (PhD)
Known for Electroweak theory , Goldstone boson
Grand Unified Theory ,
Higgs mechanism
Magnetic photon , Neutral current
Pati–Salam model ,
Pakistani Missiles on display at the
Quantum mechanics
IDEAS 2008 defence exhibition in
Pakistan atomic research program
Karachi, Pakistan
Pakistan space program
Preon , Standard Model
Awards Smith's Prize (1950) , Adams Prize
(1958)
Sitara-e-Pakistan (1959)
Hughes Medal (1964)
Atoms for Peace Prize (1968)
Royal Medal (1978)
St John's College, Cambridge
Nishan-e-Imtiaz (1979)
where Salam studied
Jozef Stefan Medal (1980)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (1983)
Copley Medal (1990)
Cristoforo Colombo Prize (1992)
Institutions PAEC , SUPARCO , PINSTECH
Punjab University
Imperial College London The road named after Abdus
Government College University Salam in CERN, Geneva
126
 University of Cambridge
ICTP , COMSATS , TWAS
Edward Bouchet Abdus Salam Institute
Doctoral Nicholas Kemmer
advisor
Other acade Paul Matthews
mic
Abdus Salam International
advisors
Centre for Theoretical Physics
Doctoral Michael Duff, Ali Chamseddine was founded by Salam in 1964
students Robert Delbourgo
Walter Gilbert, John Moffat
Yuval Ne'eman
John Polkinghorne
Ray Streater , Riazuddin
Fayyazuddin , Masud Ahmad
Partha Ghose
Kamaluddin Ahmed
John Taylor , Ghulam Murtaza
Christopher Isham,
Munir Ahmad Rashid , Peter West
Other notab Jonathan Ashmore
le students Faheem Hussain , Pervez Hoodbhoy
Abdul Hameed Nayyar
Ghulam Dastagir Alam
Influences Paul Dirac

127
1979 STEVEN WEINBERG

Born May 3, 1933 (age 86) In theoretical physics, the unitarity gauge or
New York City, New York, U.S. unitary gauge is a particular choice of a gauge
fixing in a gauge theory with a spontaneous
Nationality American symmetry breaking. In this gauge, the scalar
Alma mater Cornell University (A.B., 1954) fields responsible for the Higgs mechanism
Princeton University (Ph.D., 1957) are transformed into a basis in which their
Goldstone boson components are set to zero.
Known for Electroweak interaction In other words, the unitarity gauge makes the
Unitarity gauge manifest number of scalar degrees of
Asymptotic safety freedom minimal.The gauge was introduced
to particle physics by Steven Weinberg in the
Weinberg angle
context of the electroweak theory.
Weinberg–Witten theorem
Joos–Weinberg equation
Awards Heineman Prize (1977)
Elliott Cresson Medal (1979)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1979)
ForMemRS (1981)
National Medal of Science (1991)
Andrew Gemant Award (1997)
Weinberg angle θW, and relation between
Institutions University of Texas at Austin couplings g, g', and e = g sin θW. Adapted from T
University of California, Berkeley D Lee's book Particle Physics and Introduction to
Massachusetts Institute of Field Theory (1981).
Technology
Harvard University
Columbia University
Thesis The role of strong interactions in
decay processes (1957)
Doctoral Sam Treiman
advisor
Doctoral Fernando Quevedo
students Mark G. Raizen
John Preskill
Influenced Alan Guth

128
1980 JAMES WATSON CRONIN

Born September 29, 1931

Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Died August 25, 2016 (aged 84)
Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S.
Nationality American
Alma mater Southern Methodist University
University of Chicago
Known for Nuclear physics
Awards E. O. Lawrence Award (1976)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1980)
John Price Wetherill Medal
National Medal of Science
Institutions University of Chicago
Since 1920s cloud chambers played an important
role of particle detectors and eventually lead to the
discovery of positron, muon and kaon.

129
1980 VAL LOGSDON FITCH

Born March 10, 1923

Merriman, Nebraska
Died February 5, 2015 (aged 91)
Princeton, New Jersey
Alma mater Columbia
McGill University
Known for Discovery of CP-violation
Awards E. O. Lawrence Award (1968)
John Price Wetherill Medal Simulated Large Hadron Collider CMS
(1976) particle detector data depicting a Higgs
Nobel Prize in Physics (1980) boson produced by colliding protons
National Medal of Science decaying into hadron jets and electrons
(1993)
Institutions Manhattan Project
Princeton University
Thesis Studies of X-rays from
Mu-Mesonic Atoms (1954)
The decay of a kaon (K+) into three
Doctoral James Rainwater
pions (2 π+, 1 π−) is a process that involves both
advisor
weak and strong interactions.

130
1981 NICOLASS BLOEMBERGEN

Born March 11, 1920

Dordrecht, Netherlands

Died September 5, 2017 (aged 97)

Tucson, Arizona, U.S.

Citizenship Netherlands
United States

Alma mater Leiden University

A huge diffraction grating at the heart of the
University of Utrecht
ultra-precise ESPRESSO spectrograph.

Known for Laser spectroscopy

Awards Oliver E. Buckley Condensed

Matter Prize (1958)
Stuart Ballantine Medal (1961)
National Medal of Science (1974)
Lorentz Medal (1978)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1981)
IEEE Medal of Honor (1983)
Dirac Medal (1983)
Institutions University of Arizona
A laser beam used for welding
Doctoral Cornelis Jacobus Gorter
advisor

Other acade Edward Purcell

mic advisors

Doctoral Peter Pershan

students Yuen-Ron Shen
Eli Yablonovitch

Leiden University Library in 1610

131
1981 ARTHUR LEONARD SCHAWLOW

Born May 5, 1921

Mount Vernon, New York,
U.S.
Died April 28, 1999 (aged 77)
Palo Alto, California, U.S.

Nationality United States

Alma mater University of Toronto
Known for laser spectroscopy
Wavefunctions of a hydrogen atom, showing the
Awards Stuart Ballantine Medal (1962)
probability of finding the electron in the space
Marconi Prize (1977)
around the nucleus. Each stationary state defines a
Nobel Prize for Physics (1981)
specific energy level of the atom.
National Medal of Science
(1991)
Institutions Bell Labs
Columbia University
Stanford University
Doctoral Malcolm Crawford
advisor

Vaughan Road Academy

132
1981 KAI MANNE BORJE SIEGBAHN

Born 20 April 1918

Lund, Sweden

Died 20 July 2007 (aged 89)

Ängelholm, Sweden

Nationality Sweden

Alma mater University of Stockholm

Known for high-resolution electron

spectroscopy

Awards Björkénska priset (1955, 1977)

Nobel Prize in Physics(1981)

Institutions University of Stockholm

University of Uppsala

133
1982 KENNETH G. WILSON

Born June 8, 1936

Waltham, Massachusetts
Died June 15, 2013 (aged 77)
Saco, Maine
Nationality United States
Alma mater Harvard University (B.A.)
Caltech (Ph.D.)
Known for Renormalization group
Phase transitions
Wilson loops
Awards Heineman Prize (1973)
Boltzmann Medal (1975) This diagram shows the nomenclature
Wolf Prize in Physics (1980) for the different phase transitions
Nobel Prize in Physics (1982)
Eringen Medal (1984)
Dirac Medal (1989)
Institutions Cornell University (1963–1988)
Ohio State University (1988–2008)
Thesis An investigation of the Low
equation and the
Chew-Mandelstam The new Annenberg Center for Information
equations (1961) Science and Technology at Caltech

Doctoral Murray Gell-Mann

advisor
Doctoral H. R. Krishnamurthy
students Roman Jackiw
Michael Peskin
Serge Rudaz
Paul Ginsparg
Steven R. White South Campus Gateway of Ohio State University

134
1983 SUBRAHMANYAN CHANDRASEKHAR

Born 19 October 1910

Lahore, Punjab, British India (present-day
Punjab, Pakistan)
Died 21 August 1995 (aged 84)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Citizenship United States
Alma mater University of Madras (B.Sc.)
Trinity College, Cambridge (M.Sc., Ph.D.)
Known for Chandrasekhar limit, Chandrasekhar number
Chandrasekhar friction
Chandrasekhar–Kendall function
University of Madras
Chandrasekhar's H-function
Emden–Chandrasekhar equation
Chandrasekhar–Page equations
Chandrasekhar virial equations
Batchelor–Chandrasekhar equation
Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit
Chandrasekhar's white dwarf equation
Chandrasekhar's X- and Y-function
Trinity College
Awards FRS (1944) , Adams Prize (1948)
University of Cambridge
Copley Medal (1984) ,Heineman Prize (1974)
National Medal of Science (1966)
Royal Medal (1962), Padma Vibhushan (1968)
Institutions University of Chicago, Yerkes Observatory
Ballistic Research Laboratory
University of Cambridge
Doctoral Ralph H. Fowler
advisor Arthur Eddington
Wren Library interior, showing the
Doctoral Donald Edward Osterbrock , Guido Münch limewood carvings by Grinling Gibbons
students Jerome Kristian , Yousef Sobouti
Anne Barbara Underhill , Arthur Code

135
1983 WILLIAM ALFRED FOWLER

Born August 9, 1911

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Died March 14, 1995 (aged 83)

Pasadena, California
Other names Willy Fowler

Alma mater Caltech (PhD)

Awards Barnard Medal for Meritorious The Bridge Laboratory of Physics at Caltech
Service to Science (1965)
Tom W. Bonner Prize in Fowler's research was of two kinds:
Nuclear Physics (1970) theoretical studies to calculate fusion rates
Vetlesen Prize (1973) for a wide variety of elements, and
National Medal of Science experiments with accelerators to guide the
(1974) theoretical calculations. His research
Eddington Medal (1978) career was marked by this continual
feedback between theory and experiment.
Doctoral Charles Christian Lauritsen Although Fowler was not directly involved
advisor in astronomy, his work had special
relevance to astronomy, and astronomical
Doctoral J. Richard Bond, Donald observations both supported his results
students Clayton, F. Curtis Michel and often stimulated new investigations.
A lifelong fan of steam locomotives, Fowler
owned several working models of various sizes

136
1984 CARLO RUBBIA

Born 31 March 1934 (age 85)

Gorizia, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy
Nationality Italian
Alma mater Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
Known for Discovery of W and Z bosons
Awards Senator for life (2013)
OMRI , OMCA
Nobel Prize in Physics (1984)
Bakerian Lecture (1985)
ForMemRS (1984) Order of Merit of the Italian
Dirac Medal (1989) Republic (OMRI)

137
1984 SIMON VAN DER MEER

Born 24 November 1925 Stochastic cooling

The Hague, Netherlands Stochastic cooling is a form of particle beam

Died 4 March 2011 (aged 85) cooling. It is used in some particle

Geneva, Switzerland accelerators and storage rings to control the

emittance of the particle beams in the
Nationality Dutch machine. This process uses the electrical
Alma mater Delft University of Technology signals that the individual charged particles
generate in a feedback loop to reduce the
Known for Stochastic cooling
tendency of individual particles to move
Awards Duddell Medal and Prize (1982) away from the other particles in the beam. It
Nobel Prize in Physics (1984) is accurate to think of this as adiabatic
cooling, or the reduction of entropy, in much
Institutions CERN
the same way that a refrigerator or an air
conditioner cools its contents. The technique
was invented and applied at the Intersecting
Storage Rings and later the Super Proton
Synchrotron (SPS), at CERN in Geneva,
Switzerland by Simon van der Meer, a
Physicist from the Netherlands. It was used
to collect and cool antiprotons.

Overview of the Antiproton Accumulator

(AA) at CERN
Simon van der Meer in the Antiproton
Accumulator Control Room, 1984

138
1985 KLAUS VON KLITZING

Born 28 June 1943 (age 76) Quantum Hall effect

Schroda, Reichsgau Posen,
The quantum Hall effect (or integer quantum
Germany
Hall effect) is a quantum-mechanical version of the Hall
(now Środa Wielkopolska,
effect, observed in two-dimensional electron systems
Poland)
subjected to low temperatures and strong magnetic
Nationality German fields, in which the Hall conductance σ undergoes
quantum Hall transitions to take on the quantized
Known for Quantum Hall effect
values
Conductance quantum
Awards 1981 Walter Schottky Prize
1982 Hewlett-Packard Prize
1985 Nobel Prize in Physics where Ichannel is the channel current, VHall is
1986 Order of Merit of the Hall voltage, e is the elementary charge and h is
Baden-Württemberg Planck's constant. The prefactor ν is known as the
1988 Honorary Doctorate filling factor, and can take on either integer
from the Technical University
of Karl-Marx-Stadt
1988 Bavarian Maximilian
Order for Science and Art The quantum Hall effect is referred to as the integer
1988 Dirac Medal or fractional quantum Hall effect depending on whether
1992 Honorary Degree ν is an integer or fraction, respectively.
(Doctor of Science) from the
The conductance quantum, denoted by the
University of Bath
symbol Go, is the quantized unit of electrical
2003 Member of (ForMemRS)
conductance. It is defined by the elementary charge e
2006 Honorary Doctorate of
and Planck constant h as:
the University of Oldenburg
2007 Member of the Chinese
Academy of Sciences
2009 Austrian Decoration for
Science and Art Go= 7.748091729….×10−5 S

139
1986 ERNST AUGUST FRIEDRICH RUSKA

Born 25 December 1906

Heidelberg, Grand Duchy of
Baden, German Empire

Died 27 May 1988 (aged 81)

West Berlin, Germany

Nationality German

Alma mater Technical University of Berlin

Technical University of Munich

Known for Electron Microscopy

Awards Albert Lasker Award for Basic

Electron microscope constructed by
Medical Research (1960)
Ernst Ruska in 1933
Duddell Medal and Prize (1975)
Robert Koch Prize (Gold, 1986)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1986)

Institutions Fritz Haber Institute

Technical University of Berlin

Doctoral Max Knoll

advisor

An image of an ant in a scanning electron microscope A modern transmission electron microscope

140
1986 GERD BINNIG

Born 20 July 1947 (age 72)

Frankfurt am Main
Alma mater J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt
Known for Scanning tunneling microscope,
atomic force microscope
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1986)
The Elliott Cresson Medal (1987)
Kavli Prize (2016)
Institutions IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Schematic view of an Scanning
Doctoral Werner Martienssen tunneling microscope
advisor Eckhardt Hoenig
Doctoral Franz Josef Giessibl
students

Goethe University Frankfurt

141
1986 HEINRICH ROHRER

Born 6 June 1933

Buchs, St. Gallen,
Switzerland

Died 16 May 2013 (aged 79)

Wollerau, Switzerland

Nationality Swiss

Known for Co-inventor of Scanning

tunneling microscope
Schematic view of an STM
Awards Elliott Cresson Medal (1987)

Image of reconstruction on a clean gold

(100) surface using an STM

Heinrich Rohrer Medal

142
1987 JOHANNES GEORG BEDNORZ

Born 16 May 1950 (age 69)

Neuenkirchen, North
Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

Nationality German

Known for High-temperature

superconductivity
Mineralogy , Crystallography
A sample of BSCCO, which currently is one of

Awards Thirteenth Fritz London Memorial the most practical high-temperature

Award (1987) superconductors. Notably, it does not contain

Dannie-Heineman Prize of the rare-earths. BSCCO is a cuprate

Göttingen Academy (1987) superconductor based on bismuth and

Robert Wichard Pohl Prize (1987) strontium. Thanks to its higher operating

Hewlett-Packard Europhysics temperature, cuprates are now becoming

Prize (1988) competitors for more ordinary niobium-based

Marcel Benoist Prize (1986) superconductors, as well as magnesium oxide

Nobel Prize for Physics (1987) superconductors.

James C. McGroddy Prize for New

Materials (1988)
Minnie Rosen Award (1988)
Viktor Mortiz Goldschmidt Prize
Otto Klung Prize (1987)
National Academy of Sciences
foreign associate (2018)

Doctoral Heini Gränicher,

advisor K. Alex Müller
Mineralogy is a mixture of chemistry,
materials science, physics and geology

143
1987 KARL ALEXANDER MULLER

Born April 20, 1927 (age 92)

Basel, Switzerland
Nationality Swiss
Alma mater ETH Zürich
Known for High-temperature
superconductivity
Awards Marcel Benoist Prize (1986)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1987)
Wilhelm Exner Medal (1987)
Institutions IBM Zürich Research S magnet levitating above an
Laboratory high-temperature cooled by liquid
University of Zurich nitrogen: this is a case of Meissner effect
Battelle Memorial Institute

144
1988 LEON MAX LEDERMAN

Born July 15, 1922 Oops-Leon is the name given by particle

New York City, New York, U.S. physicists to what was thought to be a
new subatomic particle "discovered" at
Died October 3, 2018 (aged 96)
Fermilab in 1976. The E288 experiment
Rexburg, Idaho, U.S
team, a group of physicists led by Leon
Lederman who worked on the E288
Nationality United States
particle detector, announced that a

Education City College of New York (B.A.) particle with a mass of about 6.0 GeV,

Columbia University (Ph.D.) which decayed into an electron and a

positron, was being produced by the
Known for Seminal contributions to Fermilab particle accelerator. The
neutrinos, bottom quark particle's initial name was the greek letter
Upsilon Ƴ (Upsilon). After taking further
Awards Wolf Prize in Physics (1982)
data, the group discovered that this
National Medal of Science (1965)
particle did not actually exist, and the
Vannevar Bush Award (2012)
"discovery" was named "Oops-Leon" as a
William Procter Prize for
pun on the original name and the first
Scientific Achievement (1991)
name of the E288 collaboration leader
Institutions Columbia University
Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory
Illinois Institute of Technology

Butler Library of Columbia University

145
1988 MELVIN SCHWARTZ

Born November 2, 1932

New York City, New York, U.S.
Died August 28, 2006 (aged 73)
Twin Falls, Idaho, U.S.
Alma mater Columbia University
(B.A., Ph.D.)
Known for Neutrinos
Muon Neutrino
Neutrino beam method The Moon's cosmic ray shadow, as seen in
secondary muons generated by cosmic
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1988) rays in the atmosphere, and detected
Institutions Brookhaven National 700 meters below ground, at the Soudan II
Laboratory detector.
Stanford University
Columbia University
Doctoral Jack Steinberger
advisor
In the 1970s he founded and became
president of Digital Pathways. In
1972 he published a textbook on
classical electrodynamics that has
become a standard reference for Neutrino Beam Method
intermediate and advanced students
for its particularly clear exposition of
the basic physical principles of the
theory. In 1991, he became Associate
Director of High Energy and Nuclear
Physics at Brookhaven National
Laboratory.
Columbia University Logo

146
1988 JACK STEINBERGER

Born May 25, 1921 (age 98)

Bad Kissingen
Nationality Germany-United
States-Switzerland
Known for Discovery of the muon neutrino

Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1988)

National Medal of Science (1988)
Matteucci Medal (1990)
Institutions University of California, Berkeley The Globe of Science and
Columbia University Innovation at CERN
CERN
Academic Edward Teller
advisors Enrico Fermi
Notable Melvin Schwartz
students Eric L. Schwartz
David R. Nygren
Theodore Modis

Interior of office building 40 at the

Steinberger Spirit-electric guitar Meyrin site. Building 40 hosts many
offices for scientists from the CMS and
ATLAS collaborations.

147
1989 NORMAN FOSTER RAMSEY JR

Born August 27, 1915 Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. Physicist who
Washington, D.C. was awarded the 1989 Nobel Prize in
Physics, for the invention of the
Died November 4, 2011 (aged 96)
separated oscillatory field method, which
Wayland, Massachusetts
had important applications in the
Nationality United States construction of atomic clocks
Alma mater Columbia University, University of
Cambridge
Known for Ramsey interferometry
Awards Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award
(1960)
Davisson-Germer Prize (1974)
IEEE Medal of Honor (1984)
Rabi Prize (1985)
Rumford Prize (1985) a continuous cold caesium fountain atomic

Oersted Medal (1988) clock in Switzerland, started operating in

National Medal of Science (1988) 2004 at an uncertainty of one second in 30

Nobel Prize in Physics (1989) million years

Dirac Medal (1990)

Vannevar Bush Award (1995)
Institutions Harvard University
Doctoral Isidor Isaac Rabi
advisor
Doctoral David J. Wineland, Daniel Kleppner,
students Howard Berg
Other notab Sunney Chan (post doc)
le students Chip-scale atomic clocks, such as this
one unveiled in 2004, are expected to
greatly improve GPS location

148
1989 HANS GEORG DEHMELT

Born 9 September 1922

Görlitz, Germany
Died 7 March 2017 (aged 94)
Seattle, Washington, U.S.
Nationality Germany, United States
Alma mater University of Göttingen
Known for Development of the ion trap
Precise measurement of the electron James B. Duke established the
g-factor , Penning trap Duke Endowment, which provides
funds to numerous institutions,
Awards Davisson-Germer Prize in 1970.
including Duke University.
Rumford Prize in 1985.
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989.
National Medal of Science in 1995
Institutions University of Washington
Duke University
Doctoral David J. Wineland
students
A g-factor (also called g value or dimensionless
magnetic moment) is a dimensionless quantity Ion trap, shown here is one used for experiments
that characterizes the magnetic moment and towards realizing a quantum computer
angular momentum of an atom, a particle or
nucleus. It is essentially a proportionality
constant that relates the observed magnetic
moment μ of a particle to its angular momentum
quantum number and a unit of magnetic moment
(to make it dimensionless), usually the Bohr A cylindrical version of Penning trap, with
magneton or nuclear magneton. open ends to permit through flow

149
1989 WOLFGANG PAUL

Born 10 August 1913 He humorously referred to Wolfgang

Lorenzkirch, Saxony, German Pauli as his "imaginary part".
Empire During World War II, he researched isotope separation,
which is necessary to produce fissionable material for
Died 7 December 1993 (aged 80)
use in making nuclear weapons.
Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia,
Germany

Nationality Germany
Alma mater Technical University of Munich
Technical University of Berlin Gaseous diffusion uses semi-permeable
University of Göttingen membranes to separate enriched uranium

Known for Ion traps

isotope separation
Paul traps
molecular beam
Quadrupole ion trap
Awards Nobel Prize in physics (1989)
Dirac Medal (1992)

Institutions University of Bonn

University of Kiel
CERN
Doctoral Hans Kopfermann
advisor
The University of Kiel helped develop
this radiation detector for a Mars probe

150
1990 JEROME ISAAC FRIEDMAN

Born March 28, 1930 (age 89) In 2008, Friedman received an honorary Ph.D
Chicago, Illinois from the University of Belgrade. He won the 1990
Nobel Prize in Physics for work showing an
Nationality United States internal structure for protons later known to be

Alma mater University of Chicago quarks. Dr. Friedman currently sits on the Board
of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic
Known for Experimental proof of quarks
Scientists.
Awards Grand Cordon of the Order of the
Rising Sun (2016)

The cover of the Bulletin of the Atomic

Scientists has featured the famous Doomsday
President's Medal of the IOP (2000)
Clock since it debuted in 1947, when it was set at
Nobel Prize in Physics (1990)
seven minutes to midnight.

Institutions MIT
Doctoral Enrico Fermi
advisor

151
1990 HENRY WAY KENDALL

Born December 9, 1926 Henry Way Kendall an American particle

Boston, Massachusetts physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1990 "for
pioneering investigations concerning deep
Died February 15, 1999 (aged 72)
inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and
Wakulla Springs State Park,
bound neutrons, which have been of essential
Florida
importance for the development of the quark
Nationality United States model in particle physics."
Alma mater Amherst College , MIT

Known for Quark model

Electron-Proton scattering
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1990)
Institutions MIT , Stanford University
Doctoral Martin Deutsch
advisor
A United States Navy Mass Communication Specialist
conducting underwater photography training

Deuterium, hydrogen-2, 2H

Deuterium discharge tube

Electron-Proton scattering

152
1990 RICHARD EDWARD TAYLOR

Born 2 November 1929

Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
Died 22 February 2018 (aged 88)
Stanford, California, U.S
Alma mater Stanford University
University of Alberta
Awards W.K.H. Panofsky Prize, 1989
Nobel Prize in Physics, 1990
Fellow, American Physical
Society
Elected a Fellow of the Royal
Society (FRS) in 1997
Fellow, Royal Society of Canada
Member, American Academy of
Arts and Sciences
Member, Canadian Association
of Physicists
Companion of the Order of
Deep inelastic scattering of a lepton (l) on a
Canada, 2005
hadron (h), at leading order in perturbative
Known for Deep in-elastic scattering expansion. The virtual photon (γ*) knocks a
Pion production , Gluons quark (q) out of the hadron
Institutions Stanford Linear Accelerator
Center
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

Thesis Positive pion production by

polarised bremsstrahlung (1962)
In Feynman diagrams, emitted gluons are
Doctoral Robert F. Mozley represented as helices. This diagram depicts
advisor the annihilation of an electron and positron

153
1991 PIERRE-GILLES DE GENNES

Born 24 October 1932 He was awarded Nobel Prize for discovering that
Paris, France "methods developed for studying order
phenomena in simple systems can be
Died 18 May 2007 (aged 74) generalized to more complex forms of matter, in
Orsay, France particular to liquid crystals and polymers"

Nationality French

Alma mater École Normale Supérieure

University of Paris

Known for Soft matter

Polymer physics Reptation—motion of long linear, entangled
Reptation macromolecules amorphous polymers
Liquid crystalline elastomer

Awards Fernand Holweck Medal and Prize

(1968)
ForMemRS (1984)
Matteucci Medal (1987)
Harvey Prize (1988)
Lorentz Medal (1990)
Wolf Prize (1990)
Nobel Prize for Physics (1991)
Eringen Medal (1998)

Institutions ESPCI
Collège de France
Entrance of the historic building of the ENS, at 45, rue
University of Paris XI
d'Ulm. The inscriptions on the pediment of the
monumental doorway display the school's two dates of
creation (the first, in the oculus, under the National
Convention) and date of installation in this premise

154
1992 GEORGES CHARPAK

Born 8 March 1924 Georges Charpak was awarded the Nobel

Dąbrowica, Poland Prize in Physics in 1992 "for his invention and
development of particle detectors, in
Died 29 September 2010 (aged 86)
particular the multiwire proportional
Paris, France
chamber", with affiliations to both Ecole
Nationality Polish-Jewish superieure de physique et de chimie
French industrielles (ESPCI) and CERN. This was the
Citizenship French last time a single person was awarded the
physics prize, as of 2019.
Alma mater École des Mines A multi-wire proportional chamber is a
Collège de France type of proportional counter that detects
Known for Multiwire proportional charged particles and photons and can give
chamber positional information on their trajectory, by
tracking the trails of gaseous ionization.
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics, 1992

The Hôtel de Vendôme, central building of Equipotential line and field line in a
Mines ParisTech Multiwire Proportional Chamber
(MWPC)

155
1993 RUSSELL ALAN HULSE

Born November 28, 1950 (age 69)

New York City, New York
Nationality United States
Alma mater Cooper Union B.S.
UMass Amherst Ph.D.
Known for Pulsar , Gravitational wave
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1993)
Institutions UT Dallas
Princeton Plasma Physics
Laboratory , NRAO PSR B1509-58 – X-rays from Chandra are gold;
Infrared from WISE in red, green and blue/max
Doctoral Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.
advisor

The Vela Pulsar and its surrounding

pulsar wind nebula
Now disproved evidence allegedly showing gravitational waves in
the infant universe was found by the BICEP2 radio telescope. The
microscopic examination of the focal plane of the BICEP2 detector is
shown here. In 2015, however, the BICEP2 findings were confirmed
to be the result of cosmic dust Gamma-ray pulsars detected by the Fermi
Gamma-ray Space Telescope

156
1993 JOSEPH HOOTON TAYLOR JR.

Born March 29, 1941 (age 78)

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Nationality United States
Alma mater Haverford College
Harvard University
Known for Pulsars
Gravitational wave
Occultation
Awards Dannie Heineman Prize for
Astrophysics (1980)
Henry Draper Medal (1985)
Magellanic Premium (1990)
John J. Carty Award (1991)
Wolf Prize in Physics (1992)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1993)
Tomalla Foundation Prize (1987)
Albert Einstein Medal (1991)
Karl Schwarzschild Medal (1997)

Institutions Princeton University

University of Massachusetts
Amherst
Five College Radio Astronomy
Observatory
In July 1997 still frame captured from
Doctoral Victoria Kaspi video, the bright star Aldebaran has just
students reappeared on the dark limb of the
waning crescent moon in this predawn
occultation

157
1994 BERTRAM BROCKHOUSE

Born July 15, 1918 In October 2005, as part of the 75th anniversary
Lethbridge, Alberta of McMaster University's establishment in
Hamilton, Ontario, a street on the University
Died October 13, 2003 (aged 85)
campus (University Avenue) was renamed to
Hamilton, Ontario
Brockhouse Way in honour of Brockhouse. The
Nationality Canadian town of Deep River, Ontario has also named a

Alma mater University of British Columbia (BA) street in his honour

University of Toronto (PhD)

Known for Neutron spectroscopy
Neutron scattering techniques
Awards Oliver E. Buckley Condensed
Matter Prize (1962)
Duddell Medal and Prize (1963)
FRS (1965)
Henry Marshall Tory Medal (1973) The David Braley Health Sciences
Nobel Prize in Physics (1994) Centre at the McMaster Health Campus
in downtown Hamilton
Institutions McMaster University
Thesis The effect of stress and temperature
upon the magnetic properties of
ferromagnetic materials (1950)

The seven standard HDPE nesting cylinders

which make up the moderating assembly of
Chalk River Laboratories formerly Chalk River Nuclear the nested neutron spectrometer. (Note
Laboratories is a Canadian nuclear research facility in Deep cylinders do not have their lids on.)
River near Chalk River, about 180 km north-west of Ottawa.

158
1994 CLIFFORD GLENWOOD SHULL

Born September 23, 1915 Neutron scattering is practiced at research reactors

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and spallation neutron sources that provide neutron
radiation of varying intensities. Neutron diffraction
Died March 31, 2001 (aged 85)
(elastic scattering) techniques are used for analyzing
Medford, Massachusetts
structures; where inelastic neutron scattering is used
Nationality United States in studying atomic vibrations and other excitations.

Alma mater California Institute of

Technology
New York University
Known for Neutron scattering
Awards Oliver E. Buckley Condensed
Matter Prize (1956)
Gregori Aminoff Prize (1993)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1994)
Doctoral Richard T. Cox
advisor Clifford Shull (right), with Ernest Wollan, working with
a double-crystal neutron spectrometer at the ORNL
X-10 graphite reactor in 1949.

Workers in 1943 loading uranium slugs into the X-10

Graphite Reactor (now a National Historic Landmark)

The core of the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment

159
1995 MARTIN LEWIS PERL

Born June 24, 1927 The tau lepton (τ, also called the tau particle,
New York City, New York tauon or simply tau) is an elementary particle
similar to the electron, with negative electric
Died September 30, 2014 (aged 87)
charge and a spin of ½​ , but with 3477
Palo Alto, California
times the mass. Together with the electron,
Nationality United States the muon, and the three neutrinos, it is
Alma mater New York University Tandon classified as a lepton.
School of Engineering and
Columbia University The tau is the only lepton that can decay
into hadrons – the other leptons do not
Known for Tau lepton, Spark chambers have the necessary mass. Like the other
Strong interactions decay modes of the tau, the hadronic
Bubble chambers decay is through the weak interaction.
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995
Institutions University of Michigan
Stanford Linear Accelerator
Center (SLAC)
University of Liverpool
Doctoral I. I. Rabi
advisor
Doctoral Samuel C. C. Ting
students

Abercromby Square, University of Liverpool NYU Tandon School of Engineering

160
1995 FREDERICK REINES

Born March 16, 1918

Paterson, New Jersey
Died August 26, 1998 (aged 80)
Orange, California
Citizenship American
Known for Neutrinos
neutrino astronomy.
Awards J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial
Prize (1981)
National Medal of Science (1983)
Bruno Rossi Prize (1989) Supernova SN1987A (the bright
Michelson-Morley Award (1990) object in the center), as seen through
Panofsky Prize (1992) the Hubble Space Telescope
Franklin Medal (1992)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1995)

Institutions Los Alamos Laboratory

Case Western Reserve University
University of California, Irvine

Thesis Nuclear fission and the liquid

drop model of the nucleus (1944)

Frederick Reines Hall at the

Doctoral Richard D. Present University of California, Irvine
advisor houses the Physics and Astronomy
Doctoral Michael K. Moe (1965) Department, and part of the
students Chemistry Department.

161
1996 DAVID MORRIS LEE

Born January 20, 1931 (age 89)

Rye, New York

Alma mater Yale University

University of Connecticut
Harvard University

Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1996)

Oliver Buckley Prize (1981)
Sir Francis Simon Memorial
Prize (1976)
Oliver E. Buckley Condensed
Matter Prize (1970)

Institutions Cornell University

Texas A&M University
(2009-present) Helium II will "creep" along surfaces in order
to find its own level—after a short while, the
levels in the two containers will equalize.
Known for Superfluidity in Helium-3
The Rollin film also covers the interior of the
Doctoral Henry A. Fairbank larger container; if it were not sealed, the
advisor helium II would creep out and escape.

162
1996 DOUGLAS DEAN OSHEROFF

Born August 1, 1945 (age 74)

Aberdeen, Washington, U.S.
Nationality American
Citizenship United States
Alma mater California Institute of Technology
(B.S.), Cornell University (Ph.D.)
Known for Discovering superfluidity in
Helium-3
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1996)
Simon Memorial Prize (1976)
Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Doctoral regalia of the California
Matter Prize (1970) Institute of Technology

Institutions Stanford University

Bell Labs
Doctoral David Lee
advisor
Influences Richard Feynman

An aerial photograph of the center of

the Stanford University campus in 2008

163
1996 ROBERT COLEMAN RICHARDSON

Born June 26, 1937

Washington, D.C., U.S.
Died February 19, 2013 (aged 75)
Ithaca, New York, U.S.
Nationality United States
Alma mater Virginia Tech (B.S., M.S.)
Duke University (Ph.D.)
Known for Discovering superfluidity in
helium-3
sub-millikelvin temperature
Awards Oliver E. Buckley Condensed
Matter Prize (1970)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1996)
Institutions Cornell University Virginia Tech's Burruss Hall
Doctoral Horst Meyer
advisor

Cornell's Center for Advanced Computing was

one of the five original centers of the NSF's Badge of Eagle Scout in America
Supercomputer Centers Program. Richardson was a member

164
1997 STEVEN CHU

Born February 28, 1948 (age 71) Chu served as the 12th United States Secretary of Energy
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. from 2009 to 2013. At the time of his appointment as Energy
Secretary, Chu was a professor of physics and molecular
Political Democratic
and cellular biology at the University of California,
party
Berkeley, and the director of the Lawrence Berkeley
Education University of Rochester (BA, BS) National Laboratory, where his research was concerned
University of California, Berkeley primarily with the study of biological systems at the single
(MS, PhD) molecule level.

Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1997)

Institutions Bell Labs
Stanford University
Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory
Thesis Observation of the forbidden
magnetic dipole transition
6²P1/2-7²P1/2 in atomic
thallium (1976)
Doctoral Eugene D. Commins
advisor Steven Chu lecturing

Doctoral Michale Fee

students

PlanetSolar, the world's largest solar-powered

boat and the first ever solar electric vehicle to
circumnavigate the globe (in 2012)

165
1997 CLAUDE COHAN-TANNOUDJI

Born 1 April 1933 (age 86)

Constantine, French Algeria

Nationality French

Alma mater Ecole Normale Supérieure

University of Paris

Known for Atom-photon interaction

Dressed atoms

Awards Young Medal and Prize (1979)

Lilienfeld Prize (1992)
Matteucci Medal (1994)
Harvey Prize (1996)
Charles Hard Townes Award
(1993)
CNRS Gold medal (1996)
Nobel Prize, for the development
of methods to cool and trap atoms
with laser light. (1997)
Legion of Honour (2010)

Institutions College de France

University of Paris

Doctoral Alfred Kastler

advisor

Doctoral Serge Haroche

Meeting of doctors at the University of
students Jean Dalibard
Paris. From a 16th-century miniature

166
1997 WILLIAM DANIEL PHILLIPS

Born November 5, 1948 (age 71) He was one of the 35 Nobel laureates who
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania signed a letter urging President Obama to
Nationality United States
provide a stable $15 billion per year
support for clean energy research,
Alma mater MIT technology and demonstration. He is one
Juniata College of three well-known scientists and
Known for Laser cooling Methodist laity who have involved
themselves in the religion and science
Awards Nobel Prize in physics (1997)
dialogue. The other two scientists and
Institutions NIST fellow Methodists are chemist Charles
University of Maryland, Coulson and 1981 Nobel laureate Arthur
College Park Leonard Schawlow.During a seminar at the
Doctoral Daniel Kleppner UMCP Department of Chemistry and
advisor Biochemistry titled Coherent Atoms in
Optical Lattices Phillips stated, "Rubidium
Laser cooling refers to a number of techniques in is God's gift to Bose–Einstein
which atomic and molecular samples are cooled condensates.’’
down to near absolute zero. Laser cooling
techniques rely on the fact that when an object
(usually an atom) absorbs and re-emits a photon
(a particle of light) its momentum changes. For
an ensemble of particles, their thermodynamic
A 40 nm wide NIST logo made with cobalt atoms
temperature is proportional to the variance in
their velocity. That is, more homogeneous
velocities among particles corresponds to a lower
temperature. Laser cooling techniques combine
atomic spectroscopy with the aforementioned
mechanical effect of light to compress the velocity
distribution of an ensemble of particles, thereby
cooling the particles.

167
1998 ROBERT BETTS LAUGHLIN

Born November 1, 1950 (age 69)

Visalia, California, United
States
Nationality United States
Alma mater MIT
University of California,
Berkeley
Known for Quantum Hall effect
Laughlin wavefunction Laughlin (right) in the White House
Awards E. O. Lawrence Award (1984) together with other 1998 US Nobel Prize
Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Winners and the President Bill Clinton
Matter Prize (1986)
Nobel Prize in physics (1998)
The Franklin Medal (1998)
Institutions Stanford
Doctoral John D. Joannopoulos
advisor

Laughlin wavefunction

168
1998 HORST LUDWIG STORMER

Born April 6, 1949 (age 70)

Frankfurt, Hesse,
Allied-occupied Germany
Nationality United States
Alma mater University of Stuttgart
Goethe University Frankfurt
Known for Fractional quantum Hall effect Goethe University Frankfurt Library
Modulation doping at Campus Westend
Modulation doping is a technique
Awards Oliver E. Buckley Condensed for fabricating semiconductors such
Matter Prize (1984) that the free charge carriers are
Nobel Prize in Physics (1998) spatially separated from the donors.
The Benjamin Franklin Medal Because this eliminates scattering
(1998) from the donors, modulation-doped
Institutions Columbia University Bell Labs semiconductors have very high
carrier mobilities.
Doctoral Hans-Joachim Queisser
advisor
The fractional quantum Hall effect
(FQHE) is a physical phenomenon in
which the Hall conductance of 2D
electrons shows precisely quantised
plateaus at fractional values of e 2 / h . It
is a property of a collective state in which
electrons bind magnetic flux lines to
make new quasiparticles, and excitations
have a fractional elementary charge and
possibly also fractional statistics. The
microscopic origin of the FQHE is a
major research topic in condensed
matter physics.

169
1998 DANIEL CHEE TSUI

Born February 28, 1939 (age 80)

Fan village, Henan, China
Nationality American
Citizenship United States
Alma mater University of Chicago (PhD)
Augustana College (BSc)
Known for Fractional quantum Hall effect
Awards Oliver E. Buckley Condensed
Matter Prize (1984)
Benjamin Franklin Medal (1998) Cobb Lecture Hall, part of the Main
Nobel Prize in Physics (1998) Quadrangles of University of Shicago was the

Institutions Princeton University first and most expensive of the campus'

Bell Laboratories original 16 buildings. Designed by Henry Ives

Boston University Cobb constructed in 1892, it was modeled after

Gothic buildings at University of Oxford

Moakley Building, Boston Medical Center Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the
telephone at Boston University

170
1999 GERARD'T HOOFT

Born July 5, 1946 (age 73)

Den Helder, Netherlands

Nationality Dutch

Alma mater Utrecht University

Known for Quantum field theory, Quantum

gravity, 't Hooft–Polyakov
monopole, 't Hooft symbol,
't Hooft operator, Holographic
The Science Park
principle, Renormalization,
(Utrecht University modern campus)
Dimensional regularization

Awards Heineman Prize (1979)

Wolf Prize (1981)
Lorentz Medal (1986)
Spinoza Prize (1995)
Franklin Medal (1995)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1999)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (2010)

Institutions Utrecht University

Doctoral Martinus J. G. Veltman

advisor

Doctoral Robbert Dijkgraaf Gravity Probe B (GP-B) has measured

students Herman Verlinde spacetime curvature near Earth to test
related models in application of
Einstein's general theory of relativity.

171
1999 MARTINUS J. G. VELTMAN

Born 27 June 1931 (age 88)

Waalwijk, Netherlands
Nationality Dutch
Alma mater Utrecht University
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1999)
Known for quantum structure of electroweak
interactions
Institutions University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Utrecht University Michigan Union on Central Campus
Doctoral Gerardus 't Hooft
students Peter van Nieuwenhuizen
Bernard de Wit

Students learn pole climbing in

course for telephone electricians
in University of Michigan

172
2000 ZHORES IVANOVICH ALFEROV

Born 15 March 1930

Vitebsk, Byelorussian SSR,
Soviet Union
Died 1 March 2019 (aged 88)
St Petersburg
Nationality Soviet (until 1991) / Russian
(since 1991)
Alma mater Saint Petersburg State
Electrotechnical University
"LETI"
Known for Heterotransistors
Awards Global Energy Prize (2005)
Kyoto Prize in Advanced
Technology (2001)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2000)
Demidov Prize (1999)
Ioffe Prize (Russian Academy
of Sciences, 1996) Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical
USSR State Prize (1984) University "LETI"
Lenin Prize (1972)
Stuart Ballantine Medal (1971)
Order of Lenin (1986)
Institutions Ioffe Physico-Technical
Institute

Alferov with Vladimir Putin

173
2000 HERBERT KROEMER

Born August 25, 1928 (age 91) Herbert Kroemer , a professor of

Weimar, Germany electrical and computer engineering at
the University of California, Santa
Nationality Germany , nUnited States
Barbara, with a dissertation on hot
electron effects in the then-new
Alma mater University of Jena
transistor, setting the stage for a career
University of Göttingen
in research on the physics of
Known for Drift-field transistor semiconductor devices. In 2000,
Double-heterostructure laser Kroemer, along with Zhores I. Alferov,
Heterojunction bipolar transistor was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics
"for developing semiconductor
Awards J J Ebers Award (1973) heterostructures used in high-speed-
Humboldt Research Award (1994) and opto-electronics". The other
IEEE Medal of Honor(2002) co-recipient of the Nobel Prize was Jack
Institutions Kilby for his invention and development
Fernmeldetechnisches Zentralamt
of integrated circuits and micro-chips.
RCA Laboratories
Varian Associates
University of Colorado
University of California, Santa Barbara

Doctoral Fritz Sauter

advisor

Influences Friedrich Hund

Fritz Houtermans

HEP-640 PNP Germanium Drift

Field Transistor

174
2000 JACK ST. CLAIR KILBY

Born November 8, 1923 Clair Kilby invented first integrated circuit

Jefferson City, Missouri, U.S. while working at Texas Instruments (TI) in
1958. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in
Died June 20, 2005 (aged 81)
Physics on December 10, 2000. To
Dallas, Texas, U.S.
congratulate him, American President Bill
Nationality United States Clinton wrote, "You can take pride in the
Known for Handheld calculator knowledge that your work will help to
Thermal printer, Integrated circuit improve lives for generations to come."

Alma mater University of Illinois at

Urbana–Champaign
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (2000)
National Medal of Science (1969)
IEEE Medal of Honor (1986)
Charles Stark Draper Prize (1989)
Computer Pioneer Award (1993)
Kyoto Prize (1993) Statue on campus titled "Alma Mater"
Harold Pender Award (2000) by Lorado Taft at University of Illinois
at Urbana–Champaign
Institutions Texas Instruments

A Soviet MSI nMOS chip

made in 1977, part of a
four-chip calculator set
designed in 1970

Jack Kilby's original hybrid integrated circuit

from 1958. This was the first integrated circuit,
and was made from germanium

175
2001 ERIC ALLIN CORNELL

Born December 19, 1961 (age 58)

Palo Alto, California, USA
Nationality United States
Alma mater Stanford University
MIT (Ph.D.)
Known for Bose–Einstein condensation
Awards King Faisal International Prize in Velocity-distribution data (3 views) for a gas
Science (1997) of rubidium atoms, confirming the discovery
Lorentz Medal (1998) of a new phase of matter, the Bose–Einstein
Nobel Prize in Physics (2001) condensate. Left: just before the appearance
Benjamin Franklin Medal in of a Bose–Einstein condensate. Center: just
Physics (2000) after the appearance of the condensate.
Institutions University of Colorado Boulder Right: after further evaporation, leaving a
National Institute of Standards sample of nearly pure condensate.
and Technology (NIST)
JILA
Thesis Mass spectroscopy using single
ion cyclotron resonance (1990)
Doctoral David E. Pritchard
advisor
The GNU project
and free software
movement Engineering Center
originated at MIT University of Colorado Boulder

176
2001 CARL EDWIN WIEMAN

Born March 26, 1951 (age 68) Wieman is the founder and chairman of
Corvallis, Oregon, U.S. PhET, a web-based directive of University of
Colorado Boulder which provides an extensive
Nationality United States
suite of simulations to improve the way that
Alma mater MIT physics, chemistry, biology, earth science
Stanford University and math are taught and learned. Wieman is
Known for Bose–Einstein condensation a member of the USA Science and
Engineering Festival's Advisory Board.
Awards E. O. Lawrence Award (1993) Wieman was nominated to be The White
King Faisal International Prize House's Office of Science and Technology
in Science (1997) Policy Associate Director of Science on March
Lorentz Medal (1998) 24, 2010. His hearing in front of the
The Benjamin Franklin Medal Commerce committee occurred on May 20,
(2000) 2010 and he was passed by unanimous
Nobel Prize in Physics (2001) consent. On September 16, 2010 Dr. Wieman
Oersted Medal (2007) was confirmed by unanimous consent. He left
Institutions University of British Columbia that post in June 2012 to battle multiple
University of Colorado Boulder myeloma.
University of Michigan
Stanford University
Doctoral Theodor W. Hänsch
advisor

177
2001 WOLFGANG KETTERLE

Born 21 October 1957 (age 62)

Heidelberg, West Germany
Nationality Germany, United States
Alma mater Heidelberg , TUM , LMU
Max Planck Institute of
Quantum Optics
Known for Bose–Einstein condensates
Awards Benjamin Franklin Medal (2000)
Nobel Prize for Physics (2001)
Institutions University of Heidelberg The main building of the Heidelberg
MIT University Library, built in 1905

Doctoral Herbert Walther

advisor Hartmut Figger
Doctoral Kendall B. Davis
students Marc-Oliver Mewes
Dan Stamper-Kurn
Martin Zwierlein
Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics

The Simmons Hall undergrad dormitory was completed in

2002 at Massachusetts Institute of Technology

178
2002 RAYMOND DAVIS JR.

Born October 14, 1914

Washington, D.C., United States

Died May 31, 2006 (aged 91)

Blue Point, New York,
United States

Nationality American

Alma mater University of Maryland

Yale University
Davis receiving the Medal of Science
Known for Neutrinos from President Bush, with OSTP
Awards Comstock Prize in Physics (1978) Director Marburger on the left
Tom W. Bonner Prize (1988)
Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize (1994)
Wolf Prize in Physics (2000)
National Medal of Science (2001)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2002)
Enrico Fermi Award (2003)
Benjamin Franklin Medal (2003)
George Ellery Hale Prize of the
American Astronomical Society
(1996)

Institutions Monsanto The first use of a hydrogen bubble

University of Pennsylvania chamber to detect neutrinos, on
13 November 1970, at Argonne National
Laboratory. Here a neutrino hits a proton in
a hydrogen atom; the collision occurs at
the point where three tracks emanate on
the right of the photograph.

179
2002 MASATOSHI KOSHIBA

Born September 19, 1926 (age 93)

Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan

Nationality Japan

Alma mater University of Tokyo

University of Rochester

Known for Astrophysics, neutrinos

Awards Humboldt Prize (1997)

Wolf Prize in Physics (2000)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2002)

Institutions University of Chicago Neutrino telescope

University of Tokyo
Tokai University

Doctoral Morton F. Kaplon

advisor

Other academic Shin'ichirō Tomonaga

advisors Takahiko Yamanouchi

Doctoral Yoji Totsuka

students Atsuto Suzuki

Other notable Takaaki Kajita

students

Early 20th-century comparison of

elemental, solar, and stellar spectra

180
2002 RICCARDO GIACCONI

Born 6 October 1931

Genoa, Kingdom of Italy

Died 9 December 2018 (aged 87)

San Diego, California, U.S.

Nationality Italian
American

Alma mater University of Milan

Known for X-ray astronomy

cosmic X-ray sources
NASA's Chandra X-ray The Crab Nebula is a remnant of an
Observatory exploded star. This image shows the
Awards Helen B. Warner Prize for Crab Nebula in various energy bands,
Astronomy (1966) including a hard X-ray image from the
Bruce Medal (1981) HEFT data taken during its 2005
Henry Norris Russell observation run. Each image is 6′ wide.
Lectureship (1981)
Heineman Prize (1981)
Gold Medal of the Royal
Astronomical Society (1982)
Wolf Prize in Physics (1987)
National Medal of Science
(2003)
Asteroid 3371 Giacconi
Elliott Cresson Medal (1980)

Institutions Johns Hopkins University Andromeda Galaxy – in high-energy X-ray

Chandra X-ray Observatory and ultraviolet light (released 5 January 2016)

181
2003 ALEXEI ALEXEYEVICH ABRIKOSOV

Born June 25, 1928

Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet
Union
Died March 29, 2017 (aged 88)
Palo Alto, California, United States
Citizenship Soviet Union (1928–1991) Each point on a surface is associated
Russia (since 1992) with a direction, called the surface
United States (since 1999) normal; the magnetic flux through a
Alma mater Moscow State University point is then the component of the
USSR Academy of Sciences magnetic field along this direction.

Known for Abrikosov vortex

Condensed matter physics
Awards ForMemRS (2001)
Member of the National Academy
of Sciences (2000)
Russian Academy of Sciences
1964
Honorary Doctor of the University
of Lausanne, 1975
Order of the Badge of Honour,
1975
Gold Medal of Vernadsky from
National Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine, 2015 Vortices in a 200-nm-thick YBCO film
Institutions Landau Institute imaged by scanning SQUID microscopy
Moscow State University
Moscow Institute of Physics and
Technology
Argonne National Laboratory

182
2003 VITALY LAZAREVICH GINZBURG

Born 4 October 1916 (Ginzburg–Landau theory) named after Vitaly

Moscow, Russian Empire Lazarevich Ginzburg and Lev Landau, is a
mathematical physical theory used to describe
Died 8 November 2009 (aged 93)
superconductivity. In its initial form, it was
Moscow, Russia
postulated as a phenomenological model which
Nationality Russia could describe type-I superconductors without
Alma mater Moscow State University (MS examining their microscopic properties. One
1938) (PhD 1942) GL-type superconductor is the famous YBCO,
and generally all Cuprates.
Known for Ginzburg–Landau theory
Ginzburg criterion
Transition radiation
Undulator
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (2003)
Wolf Prize in Physics (1994/95)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (1995)
ForMemRS (1987)
Stalin Prize in 1953
Order of Lenin (1954) Nobel laureates who worked at the LPI
Order of the Badge of Honour, (Lebedev Physical Institute)
twice (1954, 1975) Cherenkov, Tamm, Frank, Basov
Gold Medal of the Royal Prokhorov, Sakharov, Ginsburg
Astronomical Society in 1991
Institutions P. N. Lebedev Physical
Institute, Russian Academy of
Sciences
Doctoral Igor Tamm
advisor
Working of the undulator. 1: magnets,
Doctoral Viatcheslav Mukhanov
2: electron beam entering from the upper left,
students
3: synchrotron radiation exiting to the lower right

183
2003 ANTHONY JAMES LEGGET

Born 26 March 1938 (age 81)

Camberwell, London, England
Citizenship British and American
Alma mater University of Oxford (BA, DPhil)
Known for Caldeira-Leggett model of
quantum dissipation
Quantum mechanics
Superfluid phase of helium-3
Leggett–Garg inequality

Awards Maxwell Medal and Prize (1975)

FRS (1980)
Paul Dirac Medal (1992)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2003)
Wolf Prize in Physics (2002)
KBE (2004)

Institutions University of Sussex

University of Waterloo
Institute for Quantum Computing
University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign

Doctoral Dirk ter Haar

advisor
Doctoral Amir Caldeira
students Matthew Fisher University of Sussex Coat of Arms
Mohit Randeria

184
2004 DAVID JONATHAN GROSS

Born February 19, 1941 (age 78)

Washington, D.C., U.S.
Nationality American
Education Hebrew University of Jerusalem
(BSc, MSc)
University of California, Berkeley
(PhD)
Known for Asymptotic freedom
Heterotic string
Gross–Neveu model
Awards Dirac Medal (1988) The portrait of Albert Einstein by Leonid
Harvey Prize (2000) Pasternak (1924) in the Mathematics
Nobel Prize in Physics (2004) and Computer Science Library of the
NSF Graduate Fellowship Hebrew University of Jerusalem
(1963–66)
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
Fellow (1970–74)
MacArthur Foundation
Fellowship Prize (1987)
Institutions University of California, Santa
Barbara
Harvard University
Princeton University
Doctoral Geoffrey Chew
advisor
Doctoral Frank Wilczek
students Edward Witten
William E. Caswell The Crucifixion window at
Rajesh Gopakumar Princeton University

185
2004 HUGH DAVID POLITZER

Born August 31, 1949 (age 70) Politzer was a junior fellow at the Harvard
New York City, New York, U.S. Society of Fellows from 1974 to 1977
before moving to the California Institute
Nationality United States
of Technology (Caltech), where he is
Alma mater University of Michigan currently professor of theoretical
Harvard University physics. In 1989, he appeared in a minor
Known for Quantum chromodynamics, role in the movie Fat Man and Little Boy,
asymptotic freedom as Manhattan Project physicist Robert
Serber. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (2004) was awarded jointly to David J. Gross, H.
Institutions California Institute of David Politzer and Frank Wilczek "for the
Technology discovery of asymptotic freedom in the
theory of the strong interaction."
Doctoral Sidney Coleman
advisor
Doctoral Stephen Wolfram
students

Charmonium Charm Quark

Illustration of electric charge of particles (left) and

antiparticles (right). From top to bottom; electron/positron,
proton/antiproton, neutron/antineutron. Quantum chromodynamics

186
2004 FRANK WILCZEK

Born May 15, 1951 (age 68)

Mineola, New York, U.S.

Nationality United States

Education University of Chicago (B.S.),

Princeton University (M.A., Ph.D.)

Known for Asymptotic Freedom

Quantum chromodynamics A Sensible Model for the Confinement and
Quantum Statistics Asymptotic Freedom of Quarks

Awards MacArthur Fellowship (1982)

Sakurai Prize (1986)
Dirac Medal (1994)
Lorentz Medal (2002)
Lilienfeld Prize (2003)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2004)
King Faisal Prize (2005)

Institutions MIT
T. D. Lee Institute and Wilczek
Quantum Center, Shanghai Jiao Quantum Tomography
Tong University
Arizona State University
Stockholm University

Thesis Non-abelian gauge theories and

asymptotic freedom (1974)

Doctoral David Gross

advisor

187
2005 ROY JAY GLAUBER

Born September 1, 1925

New York City, New York, U.S.

Died December 26, 2018 (aged 93)

Newton, Massachusetts, U.S.

Alma mater Harvard University (B.A., Ph.D.)

Known for Inventing Quantum Optics Waves of different frequencies interfere to

Orders Of Coherence form a localized pulse if they are coherent
Photodetection
Glauber states
Glauber dynamics
Glauber-Sudarshan P representation

Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (2005)

Heineman Prize (1996)
ForMemRS (1997) The first stages of the explosion of
Albert A. Michelson Medal (1985) the Trinity nuclear test
Institutions Harvard University
Los Alamos National Laboratory

Doctoral Julian Schwinger

advisor

Doctoral Leo Kadanoff

students Daniel Kleitman
Daniel Frank Walls
Visualization of the translation-invariant probability
measure of the one-dimensional Ising model

188
2005 JOHN LEWIS HALL

Born August 21, 1934 (age 85)

Denver, Colorado, U.S.
Nationality United States
Alma mater Carnegie Institute of
Technology
Known for Optical frequency comb
Awards Department of Commerce
Gold Medal (1969)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2005)
E. U. Condon Award, 1979 An ultrashort pulse of light in the time
Davisson-Germer Prize 1988 domain. The electric field is a sinusoid
Einstein Prize for Laser 1992 with a Gaussian envelope. The pulse
Max Born Award 2002 length is on the order of a few 100 fs
Rabi Award of the IEEE
2004
Doctor of Science, honoris
causa, University of Glasgow,
2007
Institutions University of Colorado
Boulder, JILA, NIST
Doctoral Jun Ye
students President George W. Bush meets with the 2005
Nobel Prize recipients. From left to right are Dr.
John Hall, 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics; Dr. Thomas
C. Schelling, 2005 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences;
Dr. Roy J. Glauber, 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics; Dr.
Richard R. Schrock and Dr. Robert H. Grubbs, 2005
Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry.

189
2005 THEODOR WOLFGANG HANSCH

Born 30 October 1941 (age 78) The history of spectroscopy began with
Heidelberg, Germany Isaac Newton's optics experiments
(1666–1672). Newton applied the word
Nationality Germany
"spectrum" to describe the rainbow of
Alma mater University of Heidelberg colors that combine to form white light and
Known for Laser-based precision spectroscopy that are revealed when the white light is
passed through a prism. During the early
Awards James Joyce Award (2009) 1800s, Joseph von Fraunhofer made
Rudolf Diesel Gold Medal (2006) experimental advances with dispersive
Ioannes Marcus Marci Medal (2006) spectrometers that enabled spectroscopy to
Philip Morris Research Prize (1998, 2000) become a more precise and quantitative
Arthur L. Schawlow Award (2000) scientific technique. Since then,
Stern-Gerlach Medal (2000) spectroscopy has played and continues to
Arthur L. Schawlow Prize (1996) play a significant role in chemistry,
Einstein Prize for Laser Science (1995) physics, and astronomy.
King Faisal International Prize (1989)
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize(1989)
Michelson Medal (1986)
William F. Meggers Award (1985)
Herbert P. Broida Prize (1983)
Comstock Prize in Physics (1983)
Otto Klung Prize (1980)
Institutions Ludwig-Maximilians University
Max-Planck-Institute
Stanford University Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
European Laboratory for Non-Linear
Spectroscopy (LENS)
Doctoral Carl E. Wieman , Markus Greiner
students Immanuel Bloch , Tilman Esslinger

190
2006 JOHN CROMWELL MATHER

Born August 7, 1946 (age 73) The cosmic microwave background (CMB,
Roanoke, Virginia, USA CMBR), in Big Bang cosmology, is
electromagnetic radiation as a remnant from
Nationality United States
an early stage of the universe, also known as
Alma mater Swarthmore College "relic radiation". The CMB is faint cosmic
University of California, Berkeley background radiation filling all space. It is an
Known for Cosmic microwave background important source of data on the early universe
radiation studies because it is the oldest electromagnetic
radiation in the universe, dating to the epoch
Awards Dannie Heineman Prize for of recombination. With a traditional optical
Astrophysics (1993) telescope, the space between stars and galaxies
Nobel Prize in Physics (2006) (the background) is completely dark. However,
Institutions NASA a sufficiently sensitive radio telescope shows a
University of Maryland faint background noise, or glow, almost
isotropic, that is not associated with any star,
galaxy, or other object.
Doctoral Paul L. Richards
advisor

NASA is famous for the first human visits to

the Moon, (Apollo 8 image of Earth, 1968)

191
2006 GEORGE FITZGERALD SMOOT

Born February 20, 1945 (age 74) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL),
Yukon, Florida, U.S. commonly referred to as Berkeley Lab, is a
United States national laboratory that conducts
Nationality American
scientific research on behalf of the United
Alma mater Massachusetts Institute of States Department of Energy (DOE). It is located
Technology in the Berkeley Hills near Berkeley, California,
Known for Cosmic microwave overlooking the main campus of the University
background radiation of California, Berkeley. It is managed and
Dark Energy operated by the University of California
Cosmic Background Explorer
Awards NASA Medal for Exceptional
Scientific Achievement (1992)
Kilby Award (1993)
American Academy of
Achievement Golden Plate
Award (1994)
E. O. Lawrence Award (1994)
Albert Einstein Medal (2003)
Diagram representing the accelerated
Gruber Prize (2006)
expansion of the universe due to dark energy.
Daniel Chalonge Medal (2006)
Oersted Medal (2009)
Institutions UC Berkeley/Lawrence
Berkeley National
Laboratory/Paris Diderot
University/Hong Kong
University of Science and
Technology
Doctoral David H. Frisch
Condorcet building, headquarters of the
advisor
Department of Physics Paris Diderot University

192
2007 ALBERT FERT

Born 7 March 1938 (age 81) Spintronics also known as spin

Carcassonne, Aude, France electronics, is the study of the intrinsic spin
of the electron and its associated magnetic
moment. The field of spintronics concerns
Nationality French
spin-charge coupling in metallic systems;
the analogous effects in insulators fall into
Alma mater École normale supérieure the field of multiferroics. Spintronics
University of Paris fundamentally differs from traditional
electronics in that, in addition to charge
Known for Giant magnetoresistive effect, state, electron spins are exploited as a
spintronics, skyrmions further degree of freedom, with implications
in the efficiency of data storage and
transfer.
Awards CNRS Gold medal (2003)
Wolf Prize in Physics (2006)
Japan Prize (2007)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2007)
Hewlett-Packard Europhysics
Prize (1997)
Elected to the French Academy
of Sciences in 2004
Gay-Lussac Humboldt Award
(2014)
The founding results of Albert Fert and
Institutions University of Paris-Saclay
Peter Grünberg (1988): change in the
CNRS/Thales
resistance of Fe/Cr superlattices at 4.2 K
in external magnetic field H. The current
Doctoral I. A. Campbell and magnetic field were parallel to the
advisor axis. The arrow to the right shows
maximum resistance change. Hs is
saturation field.

193
2007 PETER GRUNBERG

Born Peter Andreas Grünberg Peter Andreas Grünberg was a German

physicist, and Nobel Prize in Physics
18 May 1939 laureate for his discovery with Albert
Pilsen, Protectorate of Bohemia Fert of giant magnetoresistance which
and Moravia brought about a breakthrough in
gigabyte hard disk drives.
Died 7 April 2018 (aged 78)
Jülich, Germany
Nationality Germany
Alma mater Technische Universität
Darmstadt
Known for Giant magnetoresistive effect
Awards Wolf Prize in Physics (2006)
European Inventor of the Year
(2006)
Japan Prize 2007
Nobel Prize in Physics (2007)
Friendship Award (China) 2016
Institutions Carleton University
Forschungszentrum Jülich
University of Cologne
Gwangju Institute of Science
and Technology (GIST)
Doctoral Stefan Hüfner
advisor

Peter Grünberg playing

guitar during his speech.

194
2008 MAKOTO KOBAYASHI

Born April 7, 1944 (age 75)

Nagoya, Japan
Citizenship Japan
Alma mater Nagoya University
Known for Work on CP violation
CKM matrix
Awards 1979 – Nishina Memorial Prize
1985 – Sakurai Prize
Nagoya University campus in Higashiyama.
1995 – Asahi Prize
The university has produced six Nobel Prize
2001 – Person of Cultural Merit
laureates in science.
2010 – Member of Japan Academy
Unsolved problem in physics:
Professional April 1972 – Research Associate Why is the strong nuclear interaction force
achievement of Kyoto University CP-invariant?
April 1989 – Professor of the Why does the universe have so much more
National Laboratory of High matter than antimatter?
Energy Physics, Head of
Physics Division II
April 1997 – Professor of the
Institute of Particle and Nuclear
Science, KEK Head of Physics
Division II
April 2003 – Director, Institute of
Particle and Nuclear Studies
Institutions Kyoto University
High Energy Accelerator
Research Organization A pictorial representation of the six
quarks' decay modes, with mass
Doctoral Shoichi Sakata
increasing from left to right
advisor

195
2008 TOSHIHIDE MASKAWA

Born February 7, 1940 (age 80) Toshihide Maskawa born February

Nagoya, Japan 7, 1940 in Nagoya, Japan is a
Japanese theoretical physicist
Nationality Japan
known for his work on CP-violation
Alma mater Nagoya University who was awarded one quarter of
Known for Work on CP violation the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics
CKM matrix "for the discovery of the origin of
the broken symmetry which
Awards 1979 – Nishina Memorial Prize predicts the existence of at least
1985 – Sakurai Prize three families of quarks in
1985 – Japan Academy Prize nature."
1995 – Asahi Prize
1995 – Chu-Nichi Culture Prize
2007 – High Energy and Particle
Physics Prize by European
Physical Society
2008 – Nobel Prize in Physics
2008 – Order of Culture
Institutions Nagoya University
Kyoto University
Kyoto Sangyo University Maskawa's slide rule on display at
Doctoral Shoichi Sakata the Nobel Prize Museum
advisor

196
2008 YOICHIRO NAMBU

Born 18 January 1921

Tokyo, Japan

Died 5 July 2015 (aged 94)

Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
Spontaneous symmetry breaking
Citizenship United States (1970–2015) illustrated: At high energy levels
(left) the ball settles in the center,
Alma mater Tokyo Imperial University and the result is symmetric. At
lower energy levels (right), the
Known for Spontaneous symmetry breaking overall "rules" remain symmetric,
Nambu–Goto action but the symmetric "Mexican hat"
Nambu-Goldstone boson enforces an asymmetric outcome,
Nambu mechanics since eventually the ball must rest
Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model at some random spot on the
bottom, "spontaneously", and not
Awards Heineman Prize (1970)
all others.
Order of Culture of Japan (1978)
US National Medal of Science
(1982)
Dirac Medal (1986)
J.J. Sakurai Prize (1994)
Wolf Prize in Physics (1994/1995)
Pomeranchuk Prize (2007)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2008)
Institutions University of Tokyo (1942–49)
Osaka City University (1949–52)
Institute for Advanced Study
(1952–54)
University of Chicago (1954– 2015)

197
2009 CHARLES KUEN KAO

Born 4 November 1933 Sir Charles Kuen Kao was a Physicist

Shanghai, Republic of China and electrical engineer who pioneered the
development and use of fibre optics in
Died 23 September 2018 (aged 84)
telecommunications. In the 1960s, Kao
Sha Tin, Hong Kong
created various methods to combine glass
Citizenship United States fibres with lasers in order to transmit
United Kingdom digital data, which laid the groundwork for

Alma mater University College London (PhD the evolution of the Internet. He is Known

1965, issued by University of London) as the "Godfather of Broadband", the

Woolwich Polytechnic (BSc 1957, "Father of Fiber Optics", and the "Father of

issued by University of London Fiber Optic Communications", Kao was

awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics
Known for Fibre optics for "groundbreaking achievements
Fibre-optic communication concerning the transmission of light in
Awards Stuart Ballantine Medal (1977) fibers for optical communication"
Marconi Prize (1985)
C&C Prize (1987)
Faraday Medal (1989)
James C. McGroddy Prize for New
Materials (1989)
SPIE Gold Medal (1992)
Prince Philip Medal (1996)
Japan Prize (1996)
The landmark auditorium in the Hong
Charles Stark Draper Prize (1999)
Kong Science Park has been named
Asian of the Century (1999)
after Kao since December 30, 2009
Grand Bauhinia Medal (2010)
Institutions Chinese University of Hong Kong
ITT Corporation , Yale University
Standard Telephones and Cables
Doctoral Harold Barlow
advisor
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Science Centre

198
2009 WILLARD STERLING BOYLE

Born August 19, 1924

Amherst, Nova Scotia, Canada

Died May 7, 2011 (aged 86)

Wallace, Nova Scotia, Canada
Citizenship Canada and United States
Alma mater McGill University
Lower Canada College
Known for Charge-coupled device
Awards Stuart Ballantine Medal (1973)
IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial
A specially developed Charge-coupled
Award (1974)
device in a wire-bonded package used
Draper Prize (2006)
for ultraviolet imaging.
Nobel Prize in Physics (2009)
Institutions Bell Labs
Willard Sterling Boyle was a Canadian
Physicist. He was a pioneer in the field of laser
technology and co-inventor of the charge-coupled
device. As director of Space Science and Exploratory
Studies at Bellcomm he helped select lunar landing
sites and provided support for the Apollo space
program. On October 6, 2009, it was announced that
he would share the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for
"the invention of an imaging semiconductor
circuit—the CCD sensor, which has become an CCD from a 2.1 megapixel
electronic eye in almost all areas of photography" Argus digital camera

199
2009 GEORGE ELWOOD SMITH

Born May 10, 1930 (age 89)

White Plains, New York,
U.S.
Nationality American
Alma mater University of Chicago
(PhD 1959)
University of Pennsylvania
(BSc 1955)
Known for Charge-coupled device
Awards Stuart Ballantine Medal
(1973)
IEEE Morris N. Liebmann
Memorial Award (1974)
Draper Prize (2006)
Nobel Prize in Physics
(2009)
Institutions Bell Labs

200
2010 ANDRE KONSTANTIN GEIM

Born 21 October 1958 (age 61)

Sochi, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Nationality Dutch and British
Alma mater Moscow Institute of Physics and
Technology
Known for Discovering graphene
diamagnetic levitation
Gecko tape
Awards Ig Nobel Prize (2000) The 2000 Ig Nobel Prize in physics was
Mott Medal (2007) awarded to Andre Geim, Radboud
EuroPhysics Prize (2008) University Nijmegen, and Michael Berry,
John J. Carty Award (2010) University of Bristol, UK, for the
Hughes Medal (2010) magnetic levitation of a live frog.
Copley Medal (2013)
Carbon Medal (2016)
Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz
International Prize for Water (2018)
Institutions Moscow Institute of Physics and
Technology
Institute of Solid State Physics
Russian Academy of Sciences Micro view of gecko tape
University of Manchester
Doctoral Victor Petrashov
advisor
Doctoral Soren Neubeck
students Konstantin Novoselov
Rashid Jalil , Da Jiang
Rahul Raveendran-Nair
Ibtsam Riaz , Gareth Young
"Spider-Man test" of gecko tape

201
2010 KONSTANTIN NOVOSELOV

Born 23 August 1974 (age 45)

Nizhny Tagil, Russian SFSR,
Soviet Union
Nationality Russia and United Kingdom
Alma mater Moscow Institute of Physics and
Technology
Radboud University of Nijmegen
(PhD)
Known for graphene Konstantin Novoselov in his lab
Awards Nicholas Kurti Prize (2007)
TR35 (2008)
EuroPhysics Prize (2008)
IUPAP Prize (2008)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2010)
Knight Commander of the Order
of the Netherlands Lion (2010)
FRS (2011) A lump of graphite, a graphene
Knight Bachelor (2012) transistor, and a tape dispenser.
Leverhulme Medal (2013) Donated to the Nobel Museum in
Onsager Medal (2014) Stockholm by Andre Geim and
Carbon Medal (2016) Konstantin Novoselov in 2010
Dalton Medal (2016)
Institutions National University of Singapore
University of Manchester
Moscow Institute of Physics and
Technology
Radboud University of Nijmegen
Doctoral Jan Kees Maan
advisor Andre Geim Radboud University Nijmegen

202
2011 SAUL PERIMUTTER

Born September 22, 1959 (age 60)

Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, U.S.
Nationality United States
Alma mater Harvard University (AB)
University of California,
Berkeley (PhD)
Known for Accelerating universe
Dark energy
Awards Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award (2002) Diagram representing the accelerated
Shaw Prize in Astronomy (2006) expansion of the universe due to dark energy
Gruber Prize in Cosmology (2007)
Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental
Physics (2015)

Institutions University of California,

Berkeley/Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory
Doctoral Richard A. Muller
advisor

Tower at the University of Puerto Rico,

showing (right) the emblem of Harvard
University‍—the oldest in the United
States‍—and (left) that of National
University of San Marcos, Lima‍—the
oldest in the Americas.

203
2011 BRIAN PAUL SCHMIDT

Born 24 February 1967 (age 53)

Missoula, Montana,
United States

Nationality American Australian

Citizenship United States

Australia

Alma mater University of Arizona (1989),

Harvard University (1993) Gas is being stripped from a giant star
to form an accretion disc around a
Known for Accelerating universe / compact companion (such as a white
Dark energy , Supernova dwarf star). NASA image

Awards Pawsey Medal (2001)

Shaw Prize in Astronomy (2006)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2011)
FRS (2012)
Dirac Medal (2012)
AC (2013)
Institutions Australian National University

Thesis Type II supernovae, expanding

photospheres, and the
extragalactic distance
scale (1993)
Doctoral Robert Kirshner Supernova remnant N103B taken
advisor by the Hubble Space Telescope

204
2011 ADAM GUY RIESS

Born December 16, 1969 (age 50)

Washington, D.C., U.S.
Nationality United States
Alma mater Massachusetts Institute of
Technology,
Harvard University
Known for Accelerating universe /
Dark energy , Supernova
Awards Helen B. Warner Prize for
Astronomy (2002) Saul Perlmutter, Riess, and Brian P.
Shaw Prize in Astronomy (2006) Schmidt being awarded the 2006
Nobel Prize in Physics (2011) Shaw Prize in Astronomy. The trio
Albert Einstein Medal (2011) would later be awarded the 2011
Institutions University of California, Nobel Prize in Physics
Berkeley Johns Hopkins University
Space Telescope Science Institute
Doctoral Robert Kirshner,
advisor William H. Press

Artist's impression of a Type Ia supernova, as

revealed by spectro-polarimetry observations

205
2012 SERGE HAROCHE

Born 11 September 1944 (age 75)

Casablanca, Morocco
Nationality French
Alma mater École normale supérieure
Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University
(Ph.D.)
Known for Laser spectroscopy
Quantum optics
Quantum decoherence
Awards CNRS Gold medal (2009)
Nobel Prize for Physics (2012)
1988 Einstein Prize for Laser
1992 The Humboldt Prize
2017 IEEE Honorary Membership
Institutions Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University
Yale University , Collège de France
Doctoral Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
advisor

Electron orbital of a Rydberg atom

with n=12. Colors show the quantum
phase of the highly excited electron.

206
2012 DAVID JEFFREY WINELAND

Born February 24, 1944 (age 76)

Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United
States
Nationality American
Alma mater University of California, Berkeley
Harvard University
Awards 1990 Davisson-Germer Prize
1990 William F. Meggers Award of
the Optical Society of America
1996 Einstein Prize for Laser
1998 Rabi Award from the IEEE
2001 Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in
Laser Science
2010 Benjamin Franklin Medal The Washington university's landmark
2012 Nobel Prize in Physics reading room, inside Suzzallo Library
Nobel Prize in Physics (2012)
National Medal of Science (2007)
Schawlow Prize (2001)
Known for quantum computing
Institutions University of Washington
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
University of Colorado, Boulder
University of Oregon
Thesis The Atomic Deuterium Maser (1971)
Doctoral Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr.
advisor
Other acade Hans Georg Dehmelt
mic advisors

207
2013 FRANCOIS BARON ENGLERT

Born 6 November 1932 (age 87) FRANCOIS BARON ENGLERT has made
Etterbeek, Brussels, Belgium contributions in statistical physics, quantum
field theory, cosmology, string theory and
Nationality Belgian
supergravity. He is the recipient of the 2013
Alma mater Université Libre de Bruxelles Prince of Asturias Award in technical and
Known for Higgs mechanism scientific research, together with Peter Higgs
supergravity and the CERN. Englert was awarded the 2013
Nobel Prize in Physics, together with Peter
Awards Francqui Prize (1982) Higgs "for the theoretical discovery of a
Wolf Prize in Physics (2004) mechanism that contributes to our
Sakurai Prize (2010) understanding of the origin of mass of
Nobel Prize in Physics (2013) subatomic particles, and which recently was
confirmed through the discovery of the
Institutions Université Libre de Bruxelles
predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS
Tel Aviv University
and CMS experiments at CERN's Large
Hadron Collider".

208
2013 PETER HIGGS

Born 29 May 1929 (age 90)

Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK
Nationality British
Alma mater King's College London (BSc, MSc,
PhD)
Known for Higgs boson
Higgs field
Higgs mechanism
Symmetry breaking A ball is initially located at the top of

Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (2013) the central hill (C). This position is an

Wolf Prize in Physics (2004) unstable equilibrium: a very small

Sakurai Prize (2010) perturbation will cause it to fall to one

Dirac Medal (1997) of the two stable wells left (L) or right

Rutherford Medal (1984) (R). Even if the hill is symmetric and

FRS (1983) there is no reason for the ball to fall on

Hughes Medal (1981) either side, the observed final state is

Copley Medal (2015) not symmetric.

Institutions University of Edinburgh

Imperial College London
University College London
King's College London
Thesis Some problems in the theory of
molecular vibrations (1955)
Doctoral Charles Coulson
advisor Christopher Longuet-Higgins
Doctoral Lewis Ryder
students David Wallace
HIGGS BOSON

209
2014 ISAMU AKASAKI

Born January 30, 1929 (age 91)

Chiran, Kawanabe District,
Kagoshima Prefecture

Nationality Japanese

Alma mater Kyoto University Akasaki Institute

Nagoya University

Known for Gallium nitride (GaN) p-n junction

blue LED
Awards 1991 – Chu-Nichi Culture Prize
Asahi Prize (2001)
Takeda Award (2002) p-n junction LED
2003 – President's Award, the
Science Council of Japan (SCJ)
2003 – Solid State Devices & Materials
(SSDM) Award
2004 – Tokai TV Culture Prize
Kyoto Prize (2009)
2010 – Lifetime Professor, Meijo University
2011 – Minami-Nippon Culture
Prize-Honorable Prize
2011 – Order of Culture, the Japanese Emperor
IEEE Edison Medal (2011)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2014)
Charles Stark Draper Prize (2015)

Institutions Meijo University

Nagoya University Gallium nitride (GaN)

210
2014 HIROSHI AMANO

Born September 11, 1960 (age 59)

Hamamatsu, Japan
Alma mater Nagoya University
Known for Blue and white LEDs
Awards 1996 – IEEE/LEOS Engineering
Achievement Award
1998 – British Rank Prize
2001 – Marubun Academic Award Very small (1.6x1.6x0.35 mm) red, green,
2002 – Takeda Award and blue surface mount miniature LED
2003 – SSDM Award package with gold wire bonding details
2014 – Nobel Prize in Physics
2015 – Chu-Nichi Culture Prize
2015 – Prizes for Science and
Technology
2015 – Asia Game Changer Award

Institutions Nagoya University

Doctoral Isamu Akasaki
advisor

RGB-SMD-LED

211
2014 SHUJI NAKAMURA

Born 22 May 1954 (age 65) Shuji Nakamura is a Japanese-born

Ikata, Ehime, Japan American electronic engineer and inventor
specializing in the field of semiconductor
Nationality American
technology, professor at the Materials
Citizenship Japan (until 2005) Department of the College of Engineering,
United States (since 2005) University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB)
Alma mater University of Tokushima and is regarded as the inventor of the blue
LED, a major breakthrough in lighting
Known for Blue and white LEDs technology. Together with Isamu Akasaki and
Awards 2001 – Asahi Prize Hiroshi Amano, he is one of the three
2002 – Benjamin Franklin Medal recipients of the 2014 Nobel Prize for Physics
2006 – Finland's Millennium Technology Prize "for the invention of efficient blue
2008 – Prince of Asturias Award light-emitting diodes, which has enabled
2008– Honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering bright and energy-saving white light
from Hong Kong University sources". In 2015, his input into
2009 – Harvey Prize commercialization and development of
2012– Silicon Valley Intellectual Property Law energy-efficient white LED lighting
Association (SVIPLA) Inventor of the Year technology was recognized by the Global
2014 – Nobel Prize in Physics Energy Prize.
2015 – Global Energy Prize
2017 – Mountbatten Medal
2018 – Zayed Future Energy Prize

Fields Electronics engineering

Institutions University of California, Santa
Barbara

Reverse side of a Blu-ray. Unlike CD

and DVD, the reflection has a blue hue.

212
2015 TAKAAKI KAJITA

Born 9 March 1959 (age 61)

Higashimatsuyama, Saitama,
Japan
Nationality Japanese
Education Saitama Prefectural Kawagoe
High School

Alma mater Saitama University (B.S.)

University of Tokyo (M.S., Ph.D.)
Known for Neutrino Oscillations
Main Building of Institute for Solid State
Awards 1987 – Asahi Prize Physics of the University of Tokyo
1999 – Nishina Memorial Prize
2002 – Panofsky Prize
2010 – Yoji Totsuka Award
2012 – Japan Academy Prize
2013 – Julius Wess Award for his
"significant role in the Discovery of
Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillations
with the Super-KAMIOKANDE
Experiment."
2015 – Nobel Prize in Physics
2016 – Fundamental Physics Prize

Institutions Kavli Institute for the Physics

and Mathematics of the
Universe,
University of Tokyo
Doctoral Masatoshi Koshiba
advisor
Other Yoji Totsuka
academic The Kamioka Gravitational Wave
advisors Detector (KAGRA)

213
2015 ARTHUR BRUCE MCDONALD

Born August 29, 1943 (age 76) McDonald is a co-recipient of the 2007
Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics, the
2015 Nobel Prize in Physics, and the 2015
Nationality Canadian
Fundamental Physics Prize for the
Alma mater Dalhousie University (BSc, MSc) discovery of neutrino oscillations and
Caltech (PhD) demonstrating that neutrinos have mass.
Known for Solving the solar neutrino
problem
Awards Benjamin Franklin Medal (2007)
Henry Marshall Tory Medal (2011)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2015)
Fundamental Physics Prize
(2016)
Institutions Princeton University
Queen's University
Thesis Excitation energies and decay
properties of T = 3/2 states in
17O, 17F and 21Na. (1970)
Doctoral Charles A. Barnes
advisor
Herstmonceux
Castle, which
houses the Bader
International
Study Centre in
Queen's
University Perimeter Institute for
Theoretical Physics

214
2016 DAVID JAMES THOULESS

Born 21 September 1934

Bearsden, Scotland
Died 6 April 2019 (aged 84)
Cambridge, England
Nationality British
Citizenship United Kingdom
Alma mater University of Cambridge (BA) The Fitzwilliam Museum, the
Cornell University (PhD) art and antiquities museum of
Known for Kosterlitz–Thouless transition the University of Cambridge
Thouless energy
Topological quantum numbers
Awards Maxwell Medal and Prize (1973)
Fellow of the Royal Society (1979)
Holweck Prize (1980)
Wolf Prize (1990)
Member of the National Academy of
Sciences (1995)
Lars Onsager Prize (2000)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2016)
Institutions University of Washington
University of California, Berkeley
University of Birmingham I
Yale University
Doctoral Hans Bethe
advisor
Notable J. Michael Kosterlitz
students

215
2016 FREDERICK DUNCAN MICHAEL HALDANE

Born 14 September 1951 (age 68)

London, England
Nationality British, Slovenian
Citizenship United Kingdom, Slovenia
Education St Paul's School, London
Alma mater University of Cambridge (BA, PhD)
Known for Haldane pseudopotentials in the
fractional quantum Hall effect
Awards Oliver E. Buckley Condensed
Matter Prize (1993) Image of X-ray diffraction pattern
Dirac Medal (2012) from a protein crystal
Nobel Prize in Physics (2016)
Foreign Associate of the National
Academy of Sciences (2017)
Institutions Princeton University
University of California, San Diego
University of Southern California
Bell Laboratories
Thesis An extension of the Anderson
model as a model for mixed
valence rare earth materials (1978)
Doctoral Philip Warren Anderson
advisor
The entrance to the original
Doctoral Ashvin Vishwanath Cavendish Laboratory on the
students New Museums Site

216
2016 JOHN MICHAEL KOSTERLITZ

Born June 22, 1943 (age 76) Kosterlitz does research in condensed matter
Aberdeen, Scotland, United theory, one- and two-dimensional physics; in
Kingdom phase transitions: random systems, electron
localization, and spin glasses; and in critical
Nationality British
dynamics: melting and freezing.
Citizenship United States
Alma mater University of Cambridge (BA, The Kosterlitz Centre at the University of
MA) Aberdeen is named in honour of his father, Hans
University of Oxford (DPhil) Kosterlitz, a pioneering biochemist specializing in
endorphins, who joined the faculty after fleeing
Known for Kosterlitz–Thouless transition Nazi persecution of Jews in 1934.
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (2016)
Lars Onsager Prize (2000)
Institutions Brown University
University of Birmingham
Thesis Problems in strong interaction
physics (1969)
Academic David Thouless (postdoc)
advisors
The Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition (BKT
transition) is a phase transition in the two-dimensional
(2-D) XY model. It is a transition from bound
vortex-antivortex pairs at low temperatures to unpaired
vortices and anti-vortices at some critical temperature.

Melting ice cubes illustrate the

process of fusion

217
2017 RAINER WEISS

Born September 29, 1932 (age 87)

Berlin, Germany
Education Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (BS, MS, PhD)
Known for Pioneering laser interferometric
gravitational wave observation
Awards Einstein Prize (2007)
Special Breakthrough Prize in
Simulation of merging black holes
Fundamental Physics (2016)
radiating gravitational waves
Gruber Prize in Cosmology (2016)
Shaw Prize (2016)
Kavli Prize (2016)
Harvey Prize (2016)
Princess of Asturias Award (2017)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2017)
Institutions Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Thesis Stark Effect and Hyperfine
Structure of Hydrogen
Fluoride (1962)
Doctoral Jerrold R. Zacharias
advisor
Doctoral Nergis Mavalvala
students
Other notable Bruce Allen
students Sarah Veatch
Influences Robert H. Dicke Launch of the COBE spacecraft
November 18, 1989

218
2017 KIP STEPHEN THORNE

Born June 1, 1940 (age 79) The Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet was a

Logan, Utah, U.S. public bet on the outcome of the black
hole information paradox made in 1997 by
Education California Institute of Technology (BS)
physics theorists Kip Thorne and Stephen
Princeton University (MS, PhD)
Hawking on the one side, and John
Known for Thorne-Żytkow object Preskill on the other, according to the
Roman arch document they signed 6 February 1997,
Thorne-Hawking-Preskill bet as shown in Hawking's The Universe in a
Awards Lilienfeld Prize (1996) Nutshell
Albert Einstein Medal (2009)
Special Breakthrough Prize in
Fundamental Physics (2016)
Gruber Prize in Cosmology (2016)
Shaw Prize (2016)
Kavli Prize (2016)
Harvey Prize (2016)
Princess of Asturias Award (2017)
Lewis Thomas Prize (2018) A schematic diagram of a
Institutions California Institute of Technology laser interferometer
Doctoral John Archibald Wheeler
advisor
Doctoral William L. Burke , Carlton M. Caves
students Lee Samuel Finn , Sándor J.
Kovács
David L. Lee , Alan Lightman
Don N. Page , William H. Press
Richard H. Price Artist's impression of merging
Bernard F. Schutz neutron stars. This event is a source
Saul Teukolsky , Clifford Martin Will of gravitational waves

219
2017 BARRY CLARK BARISH

Born January 27, 1936 (age 84)

Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.
Education University of California, Berkeley
(BA, MA, PhD)
Awards Klopsteg Memorial Award (2002)
Member of the National Academy of
Sciences (2002)
Enrico Fermi Prize (2016)
Henry Draper Medal (2017)
Princess of Asturias Award (2017) It is impossible to make magnetic
Nobel Prize in Physics (2017) monopoles from a bar magnet. If a bar
magnet is cut in half, it is not the case
Known for LIGO detector, Gravitational waves
that one half has the north pole and the
Institutions University of California, Riverside other half has the south pole. Instead,
California Institute of Technology each piece has its own north and south
Fermi Chair Professor, Sapienza poles. A magnetic monopole cannot be
Università di Roma created from normal matter such as
atoms and electrons, but would instead
Thesis A study of the reaction negative pion
be a new elementary particle
plus proton going to negative pion
plus neutral pion plus proton at 310
and 377 MEV (1962)

Doctoral A. Carl Helmholz

advisor

Simplified diagram of an Advanced LIGO

The LIGO Livingston control room as it was during
detector (not to scale).
Advanced LIGO's first observing run (O1)

220
2018 ARTHUR ASHKIN

Born September 2, 1922 (age 97) Arthur Ashkin is an American scientist and
Brooklyn, New York, U.S. Nobel laureate who worked at Bell
Laboratories and Lucent Technologies.
Education Columbia University (BS) Ashkin has been considered by many as the
Cornell University (MS, PhD) father of optical tweezers, for which he was
Known for Optical tweezers awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 at
age 96, becoming the oldest Nobel Laureate
Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (2018)
until 2019 when John B. Goodenough was
Institutions Bell Laboratories awarded at 97. Ashkin started his work on
Lucent Technologies manipulation of microparticles with laser
light in the late 1960s which resulted in the
Thesis A measurement of
invention of optical tweezers in 1986. He also
positron-electron scattering and
pioneered the optical trapping process that
electron-electron scattering (1952)
eventually was used to manipulate atoms,
Doctoral William M. Woodward molecules, and biological cells. The key
advisor phenomenon is the radiation pressure of
light; this pressure can be dissected down
into optical gradient and scattering forces.

Piezoelectric disk used as a guitar pickup A generic optical tweezer diagram with
only the most basic components

221
2018 GERARD ALBERT MOUROU

Born 22 June 1944 (age 75) Gérard Albert Mourou is a French scientist
Albertville, France and pioneer in the field of electrical engineering
and lasers. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in
Education University of Grenoble (BSc, MSc)
Physics in 2018, along with Donna Strickland,
Pierre and Marie Curie University (PhD)
for the invention of chirped pulse amplification,
Known for Chirped pulse amplification a technique later used to create ultrashort-pulse,
very high-intensity laser pulses very high-intensity (petawatt) laser pulses. In
Awards 1995 – R. W. Wood Prize 1994, Mourou and his team at the University of
1997 – SPIE Harold E. Edgerton Award Michigan discovered that the balance between
2005 – Willis E. Lamb Award the self-focusing refraction and self-attenuating
2009 – Charles Hard Townes Award diffraction by ionization and rarefaction of a
2016 – Frederic Ives Medal laser beam of terawatt intensities in the
2018 - Arthur L. Schawlow Prize atmosphere creates "filaments" which act as
2018 – Nobel Prize in Physics waveguides for the beam thus preventing
divergence.
Institutions École polytechnique
ENSTA ParisTech
University of Rochester
University of Michigan
Doctoral Donna Strickland
students

Mourou, speaking in 2018 after

being awarded the Nobel Prize

Scheme of chirped pulse amplification

222
2018 DONNA THEO STRICKLAND

Born 27 May 1959 (age 60) Donna Theo Strickland is a Canadian

Guelph, Ontario, Canada optical physicist and pioneer in the field
of pulsed lasers. She was awarded the
Education McMaster University (BEng) Nobel Prize in Physics in 2018, together
University of Rochester (MS, with Gérard Mourou, for the invention of
PhD) chirped pulse amplification. She is a
Known for Intense laser-matter professor at the University of Waterloo.
interactions She served as fellow, vice president,
Nonlinear optics and president of The Optical Society,
Short-pulse intense laser and is currently chair of their
systems Presidential Advisory Committee. In
Chirped pulse amplification 2018, she was listed as one of BBC's
Ultrafast optics 100 Women.

Awards Alfred P. Sloan Research

Fellowship (1998)
Fellow of the Optical Society
(2008)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2018)
Institutions University of Waterloo

Doctoral advisor Gérard Mourou

Structure of KTP crystal, viewed down b
axis, used in second harmonic generation

A positively chirped ultrashort pulse of

light in the time domain
Strickland's ultrafast laser group at University of
Waterloo, in June 2017
223
2019 JAMES PEEBLES

Born April 25, 1935 (age 84) In physics, Quintessence is a

Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada hypothetical form of dark energy,
more precisely a scalar field,
Nationality Canadian, American
postulated as an explanation of the
Education University of Manitoba (BS) observation of an accelerating rate
Princeton University (MS, PhD) of expansion of the universe. The
Known for Cosmic microwave background radiation first example of this scenario was
Cosmic infrared background proposed by Ratra and Peebles
Cold dark matter (1988).
Lyman-alpha emitter
Primordial isocurvature baryon model
Quintessence
Recombination
Ostriker–Peebles criterion
Awards Eddington Medal (1981) A Lyman alpha emitter (left) and
Heineman Prize (1982) an artist's impression of what one
Bruce Medal (1995) might look like if viewed at a
Gruber Prize (2000) relatively close distance (right)
Harvey Prize (2001)
Shaw Prize (2004) , Crafoord Prize (2005)
Dirac Medal (2013)
Order of Manitoba (2017)
Institutions Princeton University
Institute for Advanced Study
This artist's impression shows how
Doctoral Robert Dicke
light from the early universe is
advisor
deflected by the gravitational
Doctoral Margaret J. Geller lensing effect of massive cosmic
students Stuart L. Shapiro structures forming B-modes as it
travels across the universe.

224
2019 MICHEL GUTAVE EDOUARD MAYOR

born 12 January 1942 (age 78) Together with Didier Queloz in 1995, he discovered
Lausanne, Switzerland 51 Pegasi , the first extrasolar planet orbiting a
sun-like star, 51 Pegasi. For this achievement, they
Education University of Lausanne (MS)
were awarded the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics "for
University of Geneva (PhD)
the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type
Known for Discovered first planet orbiting star". Related to the discovery, Mayor noted that
around a normal star, 51 Pegasi humans will never migrate to such exoplanets since
Awards Prix Jules Janssen (1998) they are "much, much too far away hundreds of
Shaw Prize (2005) millions of days using the means we have available
Wolf Prize (2017) today". However, due to discoveries by Mayor,
searching for extraterrestrial communications from
Institutions University of Geneva exoplanets may now be a more practical
Doctoral Didier Queloz consideration than thought earlier.
students

Didier Queloz and Michel Mayor 51 Pegasi

at the La Silla Observatory (2012)

225
2019 DIDIER PATRICK QUELOZ

Born 23 February 1966 (age 54) In the area of religion The Daily Telegraph
Switzerland reports him as saying, "although not a
believer himself, “Science inherited a lot
Nationality Swiss
from religions”
Education University of Geneva
(MS, DEA, PhD)
Known for First person to find planets
outside of our solar system
Awards Wolf Prize in Physics (2017)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2019)
Institutions University of Geneva
University of Cambridge
Thesis Recherches liées à la
spectroscopie par corrélation
croisée numérique;
(INTER-TACOS: guide de
l'utilisateur) (1995) The dining hall at King's College
Doctoral Michel Mayor
advisor
By July 1995, the pair had discovered that a large
planet orbited 51 Pegasi; the planet was identified
as 51 Pegasi and determined to be of a Hot
Jupiter. This was the first exoplanet to be
discovered around a main sequence star. Queloz'
and Mayor's discovery launched a more intensive
search for exoplanets around other stars. For this
achievement, they were awarded half of the 2019
Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of an
exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star" 51 Pegasi (circled) in the constellation Pegasus

226
2020 ROGER PENROSE

Born 8 August 1931 (age 90)

Colchester, England, UK
Education University College School
Known for Black hole bomb
Geometry of spacetime
Penrose interpretation of quantum mechanics
Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems The Penrose triangle
Schrödinger–Newton equations

Awards Adams Prize (1966)

Heineman Prize (1971)
Fellow of the Royal Society (1972)
Wolf Prize (1988)
Dirac Medal (1989)
Albert Einstein Medal (1990)
De Morgan Medal (2004)
Dalton Medal (2005)

Scientific career
Fields Mathematical physics, tessellations
Institutions Cornell University
Bedford College, London
Princeton University
Polish Academy of Sciences
Thesis Tensor Methods in Algebraic Geometry (1958)
Doctoral John A. Todd
advisor
Influenced Michael Atiyah
Stuart Hameroff

227
2020 REINHARD GENZEL

Born 24 March 1952 (age 70)

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, West
Germany (now Germany)
Education University of Freiburg (BSc)
University of Bonn (MSc, DPhil)
Known for Infrared astronomy
Submillimetre astronomy Reinhard Genzel
studies infrared- and submillimetre
Awards Otto Hahn Medal (1980)
astronomy. He and his group are active in
Balzan Prize (2003)
developing ground- and space-based
Shaw Prize (2008)
instruments for astronomy. They used
Crafoord Prize (2012)
these to track the motions of stars at the
Tycho Brahe Prize (2012)
centre of the Milky Way,
Fellow of the Royal Society
around Sagittarius A*, and show that they
Harvey Prize (2014)
were orbiting a very massive object, now
Nobel Prize in Physics (2020)
known to be a black hole. Genzel is also
Scientific career active in studies of the formation and
evolution of galaxies.
Fields Astrophysicist
Institutions Max Planck Institute for
Extraterrestrial Physics
University of California, Berkeley
Thesis Beobachtung von H2O-Masern in
Gebieten von
OB-Sternentstehung (1978)
Doctoral Peter Georg Mezger
advisor

228
2020 ANDREA M GHEZ

Born June 16, 1965 (age 57)

New York City, U.S.
Education Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (BS)
California Institute of
Technology (MS, PhD)
Known for Discovery of a supermassive
black hole at the Galactic Center
Adaptive optics
Awards MacArthur Fellowship (2008)
Crafoord Prize (2012)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2020)
Scientific career
Fields Astrophysics Nobel Prize winner Andrea
Ghez: How a girl who loved
Institutions University of California, Los puzzles grew up to solve a
Angeles galactic mystery
Thesis The Multiplicity of T Tauri Stars
in the Star Forming Regions
Taurus-Auriga and
Ophiuchus-Scorpius: A 2.2μm
Speckle Imaging Survey (1993)
Doctoral Gerry Neugebauer
advisor

229
2021 KLAUS FERDINAND HASSELMANN

Born 25 October 1931 (age 90) Klaus Ferdinand Hasselmann

Hamburg, Germany German oceanographer who was
awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in
Education University of Hamburg (Diploma)
2021 for the foundational progress he
Max Planck Society
and Japanese-born American
University of Göttingen (PhD)
meteorologist Syukuro Manabe made in
Known for Physical modelling of Earth’s developing scientific
climate, quantifying variability models of Earth’s climate, quantifying
and reliably predicting global variability, and predicting global
warming” warming.

Scientific career
Fields Climate variability
Climate model
Institutions University of Hamburg
Scripps Institution of
Oceanography
University of California, San
Diego
Max Planck Society
Max Planck Institute for
Meteorology
German Climate Computing
Centre
Thesis Über eine Methode zur Bestimmung der
Reflexion und Brechung von Stoßfronten
und von beliebigen Wellen kleiner
Wellenlängen an der Trennungsfläche
zweier Medien (1957)

Doctoral Walter Tollmien

The city hall of Hamburg, Germany
advisor

230
2021 SYUKURO (SUKI) MANABE

Born 21 September 1931 (age 90)  Syukuro (Suki) Manabe

Shinritsu, Uma, Ehime, Japan  A senior meteorologist in atmospheric
and oceanic sciences at Princeton University and
Education University of
the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory,
Tokyo (BA, MA, DSc)
created the first global climate model after his
Awards Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research groundbreaking studies of atmospheric
Medal (1992) dynamics in the 1960s. Manabe was co-author of
Blue Planet Prize (1992) a 1967 paper that was the first credible report of
Asahi Prize (1995) climate change, which led to the creation of the
Volvo Environment Prize (1997) first three-dimensional model of global warming
William Bowie Medal (2010) in 1975. Manabe identified profound
Franklin Institute Awards (2015) connections between the sea, land and
Crafoord Prize (2018) atmosphere. His revolutionary idea —
Nobel Prize in Physics (2021) using numerical modeling to predict how the
Academic career Earth’s surface temperatures are influenced by
atmospheric conditions — was a major
Institutions Princeton University
breakthrough, giving researchers a powerful
Nagoya University
new tool to investigate the Earth’s complex
Doctoral Isaac Held, Kenneth Bowman climate systems. His work is foundational for all
students modern climate research.

Main Building of Institute for Solid State

Physics of the University of Tokyo

231
2021 GIORGIO PARISI

Born 4 August 1948 (age 73)

Rome, Italy
Education Sapienza University (BS, MS, PhD)
Known for Statistical mechanics, quantum
field theory, spin glass, complex
systems
The discovery of the interplay of
disorder and fluctuations in Graphical elaboration of three
physical systems from atomic to subsequent photographs of
planetary scales. starling flocks.
Awards Boltzmann Medal Parisi and 20 colleagues spent the past
Dirac Medal winter studying starlings in action.
Enrico Fermi Prize Parisi estimates having taken
Dannie Heineman Prize approximately 100,000 photographs of
Nonino Prize flocks in the air. Now the group is
Microsoft Award writing computer programs to create a
Lagrange Prize 3D reconstruction of the flocks and
Max Planck Medal hopes to have results soon. Starling
EPS HEPP Prize flocks provide a convenient,
Lars Onsager Prize measurable example of a complex
Pomeranchuk Prize system. “They may seem very far from
Wolf Prize spin glasses, but there is something in
Clarivate Citation Laureates common,” Parisi says. “What they
Nobel Prize in Physics (2021) share, and what is very interesting, is
how complex behaviors arise. This is a
Scientific career theme recurrent in physics and biology,
Fields Physics and most of the research that I have
done is to get at this thing: how
Institutions Sapienza University
complex collective behavior may arise
Columbia University
from elements that each have a simple
Academic Nicola Cabibbo behavior.”
advisors

232
2022 ALAIN ASPECT

Born 15 June 1947 (age 75)

Agen, Lot-et-Garonne, France
Alma mater École Normale Supérieure de
Cachan
Université d'Orsay
Known for Experiments with entangled
photons, establishing the
violation of Bell inequalities and
pioneering quantum
information science
Awards Holweck Medal (1991)
Wolf Prize in Physics (2010)
Albert Einstein Medal (2012)
ForMemRS (2015)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2022)
Institutions (Paris-Saclay University)
Polytechnique (Polytechnic
Institute of Paris)
Centre national de la recherche
scientifique
Hong Kong Institute for
Advanced Study
Theses Contribution à l'étude de la
spectrographie de Fourier par
holographie (1971)
Trois tests expérimentaux des
inégalités de Bell par mesure de
corrélation de polarisation de
photons (1983)
Doctoral Serge Lowenthal
advisor

233
2022 JOHN CLAUSER

Born December 1, 1942 (age 79) JOHN CLAUSER HISTORY

Pasadena, California, U.S. In 1974, working with Michael Horne, he first
showed that a generalization of Bell's Theorem
Alma mater California Institute of
provides severe constraints for all local realistic
Technology (BS)
theories of nature (a.k.a. objective local theories).
Columbia
That work introduced the Clauser–Horne (CH)
University (MA, PhD),
inequality as the first fully general experimental
Baltimore Polytechnic
requirement set by local realism. It also introduced
Institute
the "CH no-enhancement assumption", whereupon
Known for Bell test experiments, CHSH the CH inequality reduces to the CHSH inequality,
inequality and whereupon associated experimental tests also
Awards Wolf Prize in Physics (2010) constrain local realism. Also in 1974 he made the
Nobel Prize in Physics (2022) first observation of sub-Poissonian statistics for light
(via a violation of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality for
Institutions University of California, classical electromagnetic fields), and thereby, for the
Berkeley first time, demonstrated an unambiguous
Lawrence Berkeley National particle-like character for photons. In 1976 he
Laboratory carried out the world's second experimental test of
Lawrence Livermore National the CHSH-Bell's Theorem predictions.
Laboratory
J. F. Clauser and Associates Entanglement emerged as a decisive
Thesis Measurement of the Cosmic way to distinguish between these two
Microwave Background by possible versions of reality. The
Optical Observations of physicist John Bell proposed a decisive
Interstellar Molecules (1970) thought experiment that was later
realized in various experimental forms
Doctoral Patrick Thaddeus
by Aspect and Clauser. The work
advisor
proved Schrödinger right. Quantum
mechanics was the operating system of
the universe.

234
2022 ANTON ZEILINGER

QUANTUM TELEPORTATION

Born 20 May 1945 (age 77)

Ried im Innkreis, Austria
Nationality Austrian
Alma mater University of Vienna (UG, PhD)
TU Wien (Habilitation)
Known for Quantum teleportation
Bell test experiments
Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester
experiment
Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state
GHZ experiment
Superdense coding Einstein’s steadfast refusal to accept certain

Awards Klopsteg Memorial Award (2004) aspects of quantum theory was rooted in his

Isaac Newton Medal (2007) insistence that physics has to be about reality.

Wolf Prize in Physics (2010) Accordingly, he once derided as spooky action

Nobel Prize in Physics (2022) at a distance the notion that two elementary
particles far removed from each other could
Institutions University of Vienna nonetheless influence each others properties a
University of Innsbruck hypothetical phenomenon his fellow theorist
Technical University of Munich Erwin Schrordinger termed quantum
TU Wien entanglement. In a series of ingenious
Massachusetts Institute of experiments conducted in various locations
Technology from a dank sewage tunnel under the Danube
Collège de France River to the balmy air between a pair of
Merton College, Oxford mountain peaks in the Canary Islands the
Doctoral Helmut Rauch author and his colleagues have demonstrated
advisor the reality of such entanglement using
photons, or light quanta, created by laser
Doctoral Stefanie Barz
beams. In principle the lessons learned may be
students Pan Jianwei
applicable in other areas, including the
Thomas Jennewein
eventual development of quantum computers.
Gregor Weihs
235
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics

http://www.globalsino.com/EM/page3257.html

https://www.google.com.pk

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

https://www.britannica.com

https://www.pakpedia.pk/dr-abdus-salam

https://physicstoday.scitation.org

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-nobel-prizes-awarded

https://sweden.se/work-business/study-research/the-swedish-nobel-prize

https://www.facebook.com/nobelprize/

https://www.washington.edu/research/or/honors-and-awards/nobel-prize/

https://www.gkduniya.com/nobel-prize

https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/research-at-cambridge/nobel-prize

https://www.lanl.gov/about/awards-achievements/nobel-prize.php

https://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_nobelxprize.htm

https://www.nytimes.com/article/nobel-prizes-2022.html

https://www.usnews.com News › Science News

https://kids.kiddle.co Nobel_Prize

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org entry › Nobel_Prize

https://www.weareteachers.com nobel-prize-winners

https://se.linkedin.com company › nobelprize

https://oaa.osu.edu/faculty-development-and-honors/awards-and-honors/the-nobel-prize

https://www.sciencenews.org article › physics-nobel-prize...

https://www.energy.gov nnsa › articles › 100-nobel-prize.....

https://www.infoplease.com awards › 2000-nobel-priz...

https://sawadee.wiki wiki › Nobel_prize

236
237