A Comparative Study of Drop-out Rates of Grade 11 and Grade 12 Students of Tanza

National Comprehensive High School, School Year 2019-2020

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High School Department

Tanza National Comprehensive High School

Tanza, Cavite

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENTS IN

PRACTICAL RESEARCH II

SANTOS, JOHN EMMANUEL

MANALILI, AMBBIE, P.
TELAN, NATHALIE D.
BELASIO, JUSTINE, D.
BENSON, LOURIECH
GALLARDO, AARON
SILVA, GLENNIEL
SIPAT, BANJOE R.
CESA, RHIANNE
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 TANZA NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

The Philippines school dropout rate is considered to be one of the measurements to

see the effectiveness of a country’s educational system. The Philippine Statistical Agency

(PSA) said that the percentage of pupil students who leave school during the year 2013 was

because of the implementation of K-12 program that led to huge dropout rate in the

Philippines as well as those who complete the previous grade but failed to enroll in the next

year level was the cause of increasing dropout rate of student. ACT teacher representative

Antonio Tinio, citing the latest Philippines statistic Authority survey on poverty indicators,

said 3.8 million or one in ten children, aged 16 to 24 are not enrolled, and almost 3.3 million

are aged 16 to 24 years old who are supposed to be in senior high school or college level

already. More than half or about 53% of them belong to the poorest family, while the

remaining 8 % of grade 6 do not take the diploma and attend grade 7, and the 8% of junior

high school do not reached senior high school.

The Department of Education also said that the commonly factors of the rapid

increasing of dropout rate in the Philippines is because of family matters, teenage pregnancy,

need to employment, peer influence and lack of family support. Based on the PSA survey it

showed that more than 2.97 million of girls are force into marriage and family matters, most

of the students who quit to school is because of the need for employment to help and sustain
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financially support their families. Vargas said that to eradicate this huge problem in the

country education sectors should pay attention to the programs that needs to be done to

ensure that Filipino students are able to complete their basic education.

In the Philippines, the dropout rates revealed an alarming 83.7 percent and more than

2 million dropout as schools adapt to pandemic ( Gatchallian 2020). Factors of students

dropout to school and what can be done was researched by Russel Rumberger (2001). Each

year about 5 percent of all high school student dropout to school (Kaufman, Kwon, Klein and

Champman, 1991). The first group of factors has to do with the relationship between

dropping out and other dimension of educational achievement. One of those dimensions is

student mobility, school mobility (changing school) increases the risk of dropping out of high

school (Astone and Mclanahan 1994; Haveman et al. 1991), Rumberger 1995; Rumberger

and Larson, 1998).

The important criterion to show the quality of education is absenteeism. Crucial

events in particular of poverty, personal problem and poor academic performance of a

students can lead to make a decision such as dropping out to school. However these event is

the culmination of a much longer process of leaving school that begun long before the date

that a student actually discontinues attendance.

The aim of the study was to determine the main reason for dropouts in Tanza

National Comprehensive High School, specifically to (1) determine what the main reason is

for dropouts in Tanza National Comprehensive High School within a year of 2019-2020. (2)

determine which student of Tanza National Comprehensive High School have the same

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main reason for dropout within a certain year, and (3) Identify if there are changes in the

proportion of population at the main reason why students are not attending to school.

Statement of the Problem

Most of the country are affected due this pandemic. The most affected is the

educational sectors that result of the increasing in the rate of dropping out in the Philippines.

This study was conduct to know the cause of Senior High School Grade 11 and 12 dropout

students in Tanza National Comprehensive High School. This case intend to evaluate the

reason of dropping out as a guide questions in conducting the study and to give awareness of

the issues of school drop outs.

1. What are the factors influencing school dropout?

2. What are the effects of dropout to school in the Philippines economic?

3. What is the relationship of teenage pregnancy in dropouts matter?

4. What measures can be taken to lessen the number of school dropout?

5. What are the possible effects of absenteeism?

Significance of the study

The importance of this study is to help’s the future and present researcher in order to

support their research studies and to help the students know the movements happens on

dropout matters in the Philippines.

This study is conducted to benefit the following:

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Student. This study may serve as guide and reference for the students who has a similar

studies.

Education sectors. This research benefits the education sectors to prepare methodically to

prevent or to eradicate the proliferation of dropout in Tanza National Comprehensive High

School.

Teachers. The teachers are to be aware of what are the factors of a students to engage in

quitting to school, in that way they may be more understanding and considerate to their

students. Teacher can also help to assist every students who have such problems when it

comes to academic performance and so on.

Parent. The study give idea on how parents can help their child when it comes to peer

influence and the poor academic performance of their child in school, in this case parents can

guide and lecture them to have a better insight of the importance of education in life.

Society. This study will give important role in the people on society in discovering the cause

and effects of dropping out in the economic of the Philippines.

Future researchers. The research study will provide the future researchers with some

knowledge of the Factors of dropout in the Philippines.

Scope and Delimitation of the study.

This study focuses the cause of Senior High School Grade 11 and 12 students to

dropout of schools and Identify if there are changes in the proportion of population at the

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main reason why students are not attending to school. In this case four methods were used to

identify the factors of dropouts. Poverty. Lack of parental support. Peer influence and poor

academic performance. The factors of dropouts of the students in Tanza National

Comprehensive High School were based on their academic performance and grade reports

from the previous and present academic year 2019-2020.

This study was delimited to the population of youths who are no longer in school,

including ten (10) Senior High School Teachers, ten (10) parents and fifteen (15) dropout

students from Tanza National Comprehensive High School. This conducted for their

perceptions of the factors of drop out students within the year of 2019-2020.

Conceptual Framework

Factors of dropping out: A Comparative Study of Drop-out Rates of Grade 11

and Grade 12 Students of Tanza National Comprehensive High School, School Year

2019-2020

FACTORS

BACKGROUNDS STUDENTS
CHARACTERISTICS
 GENDER  ATTENDANCE

 AGE  LAZYNESS

 MOBILITY  ABSENTEEISM

 CHANGE  MISBEHAVIOR

RESIDENCY  PROCASTINATE
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 ATTITUDE

 PEER INLUENCE
 FAMILY FACTORS

 PARENTAL SUPPORT

 LACK OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT

DROPOUT

YEAR 2013

Definition of terms

This are the terms that are operationally and technically defined for clarity and better

understanding of this study.

 Dropout- This refers to the one who leaves school for any reason before graduation

or completion of the program of studies without transferring to another school.

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 Family Factor- These are the problems faced by the students with regard their

family’s situation and financial issues.

 Personal Factor- As used in this study, this refers to the independents of students

affecting them such as, self-esteem, personal behavior, early pregnancy, and other

personal issues.

 Problems- This refers to a question raised for an inquiry, consideration or solution

(Meriam-Webster)

 School Factor- This refers to the school-related problems of the students that hinders

them for performing well in school.

 Statistic- A collective of a quantitative data.

 Eradicate- To do away with as completely as if by pulling up by the roots program to

eradicate illiteracy.

 Students Mobility- Opportunity for students to work or study abroad whilst

undertaking their degree program whether undergraduate or post graduate.

 Absenteeism- Is the habit of staying away from school without providing a genuine

or any reason for not attending classes.

 Unemployment- The number of people who do not have a job that provides money.

 Economic- Of, relating to, or based on the production, distribution, and consumption

of goods and services.

 Proliferation- A sudden increase in number or amount.

 Procrastinate- To put off intentionally and habitually the doing of something that

should be done.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITTERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and in-depth

search done by the researchers. This will also present the synthesis of the art, theoretical and

conceptual framework to fully understand the research to be done and lastly the definition of

terms for better comprehension of the study.

The study focuses on predicting dropouts and school failures when student’s data has

been enriched with the data derived from student social behavior. These data describe how

student’s behavior affects to their studies as we conduct the research. Then we will discuss

the gaps, conflicts and factors for student failure prediction that employs cost-sensitive

learning to lower the number of incorrectly classified unsuccessful students.

In global perspective, it is an incontestable fact that the progress of a nation is highly

dependent on the education of their citizens. Education plays an important role in society and

has an impact in human life. This study intend to explore the causes of student’s dropouts

and its impact on the economy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the reasons of

students dropping out to school and the rate of drop out students for the past 2 years.

Students drop out is a serious issue of many country. Student’s primary reasons of dropping

out are poverty, poor academic performance and due to practical problem. Many of the

students in senior high and college don’t graduate because of the hard situation they

experience. Poor grades can be a big factor to for teens because of the disappointment to their

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selves and also to teens who are obligated to work instead of going to school. Student’s

dropout means quitting to schools without finishing their semestral in school sometimes

students stop attending to school by discharging registration. Drop out problem can be face

of all developed and developing countries, drop-out rates are remarkably high. In India

during 2018 the drop-out rate fallen to 2.8 percent, bringing the total school enrollment to a

record of Educational Report, 2018. Rate of drop out children in 2020 are more likely double

due to pandemic, estimating of 24 million of children may not return to education this year.

In United States more than one million students drop out each year and seven thousand

students in USA left to their school in a day.

Today, preference goes to those models of dropout that describe the issue as a

complex process in which individual, institutional and social factors affect the socialization

in the education process and studies. According to the findings of empirical studies, the

inability to cope with the performance related demands of the higher education institution,

wrong expectations and less identification with the subject, as well as problems in financing

studies are considered to be the most important reasons for dropping out. Higher education

institutions and higher education policy in Germany react to this situation with broad

assistance measures that include the flexibilities of the curricula, better information for

students and the expansion of the support offered during the start of the studies. Because

dropping out is influenced by both individual and institutional factors, intervention strategies

can focus on either or both sets of factors. That is, intervention strategies can focus on

addressing the individual values, attitudes, and behaviors that are associated with dropping

out without attempting to alter the characteristics of families, schools, and communities that

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may contribute to those individual factors. Many dropout prevention programs pursue such

programmatic strategies by providing would-be dropouts with additional resources and

supports to help them stay in school.

According to the latest data of Philippine Statistics Authority, as of 2015, the

Philippines’ secondary dropout rate on both sexes, male and female, is 6.6% which is lower

than that of 2010, which is 7.8% percent. Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao holds

the highest rate of secondary dropout rate which is 9.6%. On the other hand,

CALABARZON has the lowest secondary dropout rate in the country, having 4.7%. On

2013, Region IV-A has 7.0%, which is its highest statistics since 2006.

The factors of the increasingly number of dropouts in the Philippines is due to K to 12

program. The introduction of two more years of senior high school will cause a further

dropping out of our learners. Students can’t afford to spend another two years in High School

before they can proceed to college aside from that most of the students are working students

that can’t able to provide their need in college and force to dropout just because of poverty

and not enough minimum wage to sustain their needs. Also dropouts can be caused by

several issues such as academic failure, disengagement, teenage pregnancy, early marriage,

mental illness, physical sickness and disability, and drug abuse or addiction. On September

2019, DepEd Secretary Leonor Briones stated that high dropout rates of most females are

caused by family matters and marriage, which can be treated as teenage pregnancy. On the

other hand, ARMM, having the greatest number of dropout students is caused by its unstable

peace and order.

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 With the increase or growth of online learning, the dropout rates of students also

increase. We identified factors that influence student’s decision to drop out and classified

them into three main categories: Student factors, Course Program factors, and environmental

factors. Student’s factors are familiarizing student’s challenges and potential. On the course

program factors providing quality course activities and well-structured supports. Lastly is

environmental factors, the content off this category handling environmental issues and

emotional challenges. The academic year 2020 – 2021 is currently facing a lot of challenges

due to COVID – 19 crisis. Students and teachers are using different platform to perform

academic tasks such as using modules and conducting online classes. Because of this,

21,724,454 learners enrolled in public and private schools, nationwide. The said number of

students were 90% of the total students last year. Region IV – A has the most number of

enrollees, logging 2,951,330 students. On the other hand, Cordillera Administrative Region

(CAR) has the least number of enrollees, logging 333,840 students. The education is one of

the highly affected sector in the Philippines due to COVID – 19 pandemic. By that said,

some of the students chose to drop out of school due to financial problems. Lack of materials

needed for online classes is one of the main reasons why some of the students stopped their

education. Dropping out of school has serious consequences for students and their families.

Students who decided to drop out of school face social stigma, fewer job opportunities, lower

salaries, and higher probability of involvement with the criminal justice system.

The United States is facing a dropout crisis. An estimated of 25 percent of public

school students who failed to earn a diploma four years later in 2003-2004 (Laird Kienzi, DE

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Bell, & Champman, 2007). In California more than 26 percent failed to graduate in the same

period.

Dropouts rates have a negative outcomes to the United States economy , dropouts

have; higher rates of unemployment, lower earnings, poor health and higher rate of criminal

behavior aside from that the negative outcomes of dropouts generate huge social cost.

Federal, state, and local government collect fewer taxes from dropouts. Dropouts themselves

report a variety of reason for leaving school, including school related reason, family problem

and work related reason. (Bridge land, Dilulio Jr., & Morison, 2006; Rotermund 2007). The

most common reasons of students dropping out to school was missed too many school days

(44%); getting poor grades/failing school (38%) (Rotermund 2007).

In the year 2017 United States dropout rate was 4.7% contrasting with 3.5% in 2007

this rate includes students between the age of 15 and 24 in grade 10-12 who left high school

between the beginning of the next without earning a diploma or other alternative credential

don’t factor into the drop-out rate. While in 2018 the overall status dropout’s rate increased

to 5.3 percent.

Survey Questionnaire

We designed a survey that contained questions concerning dropout, absenteeism,

teenage pregnancy and student’s behavior in school.

What is your age?

o 17-18

o 19-20

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 o 20 above

What is the highest level you have completed?

o 7th grade

o 8th grade

o 9th grade

o 10th grade

o 11th grade

o 12th grade

Please identify the reason why you/students dropout to school?

o Didn’t like the school

o Experience bullying

o Peer influence

o Lack of financial sources

o Lack of parents motivational support

o Place of residency

How often do you get bullied in school?

o Always

o Sometimes

o Never

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What was the most difficult part of Senior High School to you?

o School works

o Teachers

o Environment

Please answer the following Yes or No

Do you skipped classes?

o Yes

o No

Do you have problems getting up in the morning to go to school?

o Always

o No

Do family responsibilities hinder you to go to school?

o Yes

o No

Have you ever been suspended?

o Yes

o No

Is absenteeism an issue at your school?

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 o Yes

o No

Do you attend to school unprepared to do your school works? ( paper, books, pens)

o Yes

o No

Have you had a hard time expressing yourself?

o Yes

o No

Do you have behavioral and emotional problems that interfere with learning?

o Yes

o No

Students experience sexual abuse that resulted to teen age pregnancy?

o Yes

o No

Students do not feel safe and secure at school

o Yes

o No

Parents are not involved enough with their child’s academic such as homework and projects?

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 o Yes

o No

What do you think needs to happen to make student continue their school?

What are the School and parents should do to pursue students to study?

What are your insights to the students engaging to teenage pregnancy?

Do you think being pregnant is a hindrance to continue your study?

References:

 Fast fact: dropout rates

 US drop out rate 2020 statistics
 School drop out study Philippine and Turkey
 Philippine Star
 Manila Bulletin
 Educationdata.org statistic and trends
 www.sciencedirect.com
 www.academia.edu>problems encountered of dropouts
 DepEd: High dropout rate due to teenage pregnancy
 The Philippine Star 5 Sep 2019 By DELON PORCALLA and SHEILA CRISOSTOMO

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 https://openstat.psa.gov.ph/PXWeb/pxweb/en/DB/DB__3E__CH__EL/0043E3E4090.px/table/
tableViewLayout1/?rxid=5bf7d5c2-1a5c-4991-a66d-5a3e07689377
 https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1109587
 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11423-010-9177-y#citeas
 https://www.ejmste.com/article/effect-of-covid-19-on-the-performance-of-grade-12-students
 http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/183/265
 https://www.scribd.com/doc/18443684/The-Cause-of-Drop-Out-Studients
 https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/hersheyssa/research-paper-pre-ed-2
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
281480633_Economic_Effects_of_Student_Dropouts_A_Comparative_Study
 http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/183/265
 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2158244013503834

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 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Historical research design is used in analyzing the past events and in developing the

present concept and conclusion. The purpose of a historical research design is to collect,

verify, and synthesize evidence from the past to establish facts that defend and refute a

hypothesis

The researcher decided to use the historical research design because the study

involves the careful study and analysis of data about past events, their development,

experiences of past, for the purpose of gaining a clearer understanding of the impact of past

on present and future events related to life process. The researchers will rely on available

data which are in form of journals, letters, newspaper, reports and so on. It covers categories

such as historical legal, documentary, bibliography, biographical, institutional, and

organizational.

Locale of the Study

The location of the study is Barangay Daang Amaya II, Tanza National

Comprehensive High School in region IVa Calabarzon. According to TNCHS the enrolled

students as of second quarter in grade 11 and 12 students total of 2189, where in the

researchers decided to gathered some data in Senior High School Students regarding the rates

of dropped students in School.

The researchers chose Senior High School students as their respondents and the

conduct of the study covered from November 2020 to May 2021.

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Population and Sampling Method
The researchers conducted this study because of the desire to determine the dropped

out rate in Tanza National Comprehensive High School. Which refers to the students who do

not complete their study and those who enrolled within the year 2019-2020. The researchers

wants to know the factors affected them in engaging to stop attending in class.

This gives the researchers maximum variability. Therefore, the researchers assume p

= 0.5(maximum variability). And the researchers want a 95% confidence level gives the

researchers a Z value of 1.96. Therefore the resulting sample size is

N0= (1.96)2(0.5) (0.05)/ (0.05)2

=385

Sample size calculation in smaller population

The researchers get a data of enrolled students in S.Y 2020-2021 Senior High School grade

11 and 12 with the total pf 2189 participants of target population. The researchers calculate:

N= 385/ 1+ 385 -1 /2189

= 385/ 1+ 384/ 2189

=385/1+ 0.1758

=385/1.1758

= 327.41

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As a result for this smaller population all we need is 327 respondents of Grade 11 and Grade

12 students in Tanza National Comprehensive High School for our sample; a considerably

smaller sample size.

Data Gathering Procedure

For this study the researchers were going to distribute self – printed questionnaire to

the participants involves in particular to Students, Parents, Teachers, and School

Administration. The survey questionnaire will be given to the continued students as well as

to those who are no longer attend to school during the said year.

The researchers aim was to convince the school administration to allow them to

conduct a study in Tanza National Comprehensive High School. In order to do that the

researcher made a permission letter to conduct a study and allows them to get the names and

list of dropped out students within the year 2019-2020 of Tanza National Comprehensive

High School. Also the researcher made a letter to the school principal to formally ask

permission letter to conduct a study inside the school premises.

After gathering the result of data survey the researchers will began to formulate.

Then, the interpretation was immediately followed up.

Data Analysis

The researchers were going to use the Mean Statistical techniques to find out the total

average dropped out rate in Tanza National Comprehensive High School. In order to get that

we need the result in survey to make a graph and to formulate a concrete computations for

our data analysis.

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