GEED 10053

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Department of Mathematics and Statistics

College of Science

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 Lesson 2

LOGIC AND SETS

OUTLINE

1. Propositions

2. Compound Propositions

3. Logical Arguments

4. Sets

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Definition

A proposition is a declarative sentence that can be objectively identified as

either true or false, but not both. If a proposition is true, then its truth value is
true and is denoted by T or 1; otherwise, its truth value is false and is denoted
by F or 0.

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Example
Consider the following sentences.
1. Douglas MacArthur arrived in the Philippines in 1521.
2. Are you insane?
√
3. 2 is an irrational number.
4. Find all x such that xe−x = 2.
5. Is that your laptop?
6. Basketball players are handsome.
7. There is life in other planets.
8. Welcome to the Philippines!

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions
Given a proposition, its truth table is a diagram in table form that is used to show
all its possible truth values.

p p q p q r
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
Remark: In general, a truth table involving n distinct propositions has 2n rows. 5/15
p q r s

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Definition

Quantified statements involve terms such as all, each, every, no, none, some,
there exists, and at least one. In a statement, the words all, each, every, no,
none are called universal quantifiers while the words some, there exists, and
at least one are called existential quantifiers.

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions
Example
1. Every student taking Mathematics in the Modern World subject this semester
will pass.
2. No accounting student is also majoring in food technology.
3. Some people who are NBA fans are also Ginebra fans.
4. There is at least one professor in this school who does not have brown eyes.
5. Someone in this class will get a 5.0.
6. All smartphones have cameras.
Remark: The words each, every, and all mean the same thing. Likewise, some, there
exists, and at least one are considered to be the same and are treated that way as
well.
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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Definition

The negation of a proposition p is the proposition which is false when p is true;

and true when p is false. The negation of p is denoted by ¬ p. The truth table
for ¬p is

p ¬p
1 0
0 1

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Example
Given the statements
p : Everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.
q : Today is Wednesday.

The corresponding negations are

¬ p : Not everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.

¬ q : Today is not Wednesday.

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Remark: For quantified statements,

Proposition contains Negation
All do Some do not/Not all do
Some do None do/ All do not
Some do not All do
None do Some do

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Example: State the negation of the following propositions.

1. Every student taking MMW this semester will pass.

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Example: State the negation of the following propositions.

1. Every student taking MMW this semester will pass.

I Some students taking MMW this semester will not pass.

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Example: State the negation of the following propositions.

1. Every student taking MMW this semester will pass.

I Some students taking MMW this semester will not pass.
I Not every student taking MMW this semester will pass.

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Example: State the negation of the following propositions.

1. Every student taking MMW this semester will pass.

I Some students taking MMW this semester will not pass.
I Not every student taking MMW this semester will pass.
2. No accounting student is also majoring in food technology.

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Example: State the negation of the following propositions.

1. Every student taking MMW this semester will pass.

I Some students taking MMW this semester will not pass.
I Not every student taking MMW this semester will pass.
2. No accounting student is also majoring in food technology.
I There is at least one accounting student majoring in food technology.

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Example: State the negation of the following propositions.

1. Every student taking MMW this semester will pass.

I Some students taking MMW this semester will not pass.
I Not every student taking MMW this semester will pass.
2. No accounting student is also majoring in food technology.
I There is at least one accounting student majoring in food technology.
I Some accounting students are majoring in food technology.

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Example: State the negation of the following propositions.

3. Some NBA fans are Ginebra fans.

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Example: State the negation of the following propositions.

3. Some NBA fans are Ginebra fans.

I No NBA fan is a Ginebra fan.

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Example: State the negation of the following propositions.

3. Some NBA fans are Ginebra fans.

I No NBA fan is a Ginebra fan.
I All NBA fans are not Ginebra fans.

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Example: State the negation of the following propositions.

3. Some NBA fans are Ginebra fans.

I No NBA fan is a Ginebra fan.
I All NBA fans are not Ginebra fans.
4. There is at least one professor in this school that doesn’t have brown eyes.

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Example: State the negation of the following propositions.

3. Some NBA fans are Ginebra fans.

I No NBA fan is a Ginebra fan.
I All NBA fans are not Ginebra fans.
4. There is at least one professor in this school that doesn’t have brown eyes.
I All professors in this school have brown eyes.

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Example: State the negation of the following propositions.

3. Some NBA fans are Ginebra fans.

I No NBA fan is a Ginebra fan.
I All NBA fans are not Ginebra fans.
4. There is at least one professor in this school that doesn’t have brown eyes.
I All professors in this school have brown eyes.
5. Someone in this class will get a 5.0.

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Example: State the negation of the following propositions.

3. Some NBA fans are Ginebra fans.

I No NBA fan is a Ginebra fan.
I All NBA fans are not Ginebra fans.
4. There is at least one professor in this school that doesn’t have brown eyes.
I All professors in this school have brown eyes.
5. Someone in this class will get a 5.0.
I All students in this class will not get a 5.0.

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Example: State the negation of the following propositions.

3. Some NBA fans are Ginebra fans.

I No NBA fan is a Ginebra fan.
I All NBA fans are not Ginebra fans.
4. There is at least one professor in this school that doesn’t have brown eyes.
I All professors in this school have brown eyes.
5. Someone in this class will get a 5.0.
I All students in this class will not get a 5.0.
6. All smartphones have cameras.

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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Example: State the negation of the following propositions.

3. Some NBA fans are Ginebra fans.

I No NBA fan is a Ginebra fan.
I All NBA fans are not Ginebra fans.
4. There is at least one professor in this school that doesn’t have brown eyes.
I All professors in this school have brown eyes.
5. Someone in this class will get a 5.0.
I All students in this class will not get a 5.0.
6. All smartphones have cameras.
I Some smartphones do not have cameras.
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Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Example: State the negation of the following propositions.

3. Some NBA fans are Ginebra fans.

I No NBA fan is a Ginebra fan.
I All NBA fans are not Ginebra fans.
4. There is at least one professor in this school that doesn’t have brown eyes.
I All professors in this school have brown eyes.
5. Someone in this class will get a 5.0.
I All students in this class will not get a 5.0.
6. All smartphones have cameras.
I Some smartphones do not have cameras.
I Not all smartphones have cameras. 13/15
References

I Smith, Karl J. The Nature of Mathematics. 12ed. Cengage Learning. 2012

I Angel, Abbott, Runde. Survey of Mathematics with Applications. 10ed.
Pearson. 2016
I Lippman, David. Mathematics in Society. 2ed. 2017
I Thomas, Christopher. Schaum’s Outline of Mathematics for the Liberal Arts.
McGrawHill. 2009
I Sobecki, Dave. Math in Our World. McGrawHill. 4ed. 2019
I Aufmann, Richard, et al. Mathematics in the Modern World. 14ed. Cengage
Learning. 2018

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The End
Thanks for your attention! =)

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