INTRA-ACP GCCA+ PROGRAMME An initiative of the ACP Group of States funded by the European Union’s European Development Fund

SADC CLIMATE
CHANGE STRATEGY
AND ACTION PLAN
2020 - 2030

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 1 2023/05/05 12:12

 2 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

Copyright SADC, 2021. All Rights Reserved

The information contained in this publication may be freely used and copied for non-
commercial purposes, provided that any information reproduced elsewhere is accompanied
by an acknowledgement of SADC as the source.

The SADC name and emblem are the exclusive property of Southern African Development
Community. They are protected under international law. Unauthorised use is prohibited. They
may not be copied or reproduced in any way without the prior written permission of SADC.
Requests for permission should be sent to the Executive Secretary of the SADC Secretariat.

Further details of this publication may be sourced from the SADC Secretariat

Address:
SADC Secretariat
SADC Headquarters
Plot No. 54385, CBD Square
Private Bag 0095
Gaborone, Botswana
Tel.: +267 395 1863
Fax.: +267 397 2848
Website: www.sadc.int

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 2 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
SADC would kindly like to acknowledge the following people for their expert input into the Strategy
development process:

Alex Benkenstein SAIIA Harald Winkler Energy Research

Centre, UCT
Alex Simalabwi GWP
Ilse Aucamp Equispectives
Amahle Myataza SAIIA@Youth Research and
Consulting Services
Amos Omore ILRI
Inga Jacobs-Mata IMWI
Andrew Gilder Climate Legal
Jonathan Rawlins One World
Andrew Takawira GWP
Kate Cronin Adaptation Network,
Baitsi Podisi CCARDESA South Africa

One World Khahliso Myataza SAIIA@Youth

Belynda Petrie
AUDA-NEPAD Kidanemariam GWP
Bernice Mclean
Jembere
Brian Mantlana CSIR
Kiryssa Karprzyk Conservation
Brian Nkala University of Pretoria International

UN Environment Kristine Maciejewski USAID Resilient

Cecilia Njenga
Office Waters

Oxford Policy Kule Chitepo USAID Resilient

Chris Brooks
Management Waters

CIMMYT La'eeqa Martin SAIIA@Youth

Christian Thierfelder

Christina Enden Conservation

International
Laura Cramer CCAFS
Cliff Dlamini CCARDESA
Livhuwani Nemakonde North-West
Dean Muruven WWF University

Dewald van Niekerk University of North- Litumelo Mater- GWP

West Sievers
Dieter Nill ACCRA and TUPNR University of
Maike Hamann
Stellenbosch
Elin Lorimer Indigo
Majola Mabuza SACAU
Emma Archer University of Pretoria
Manyewu Mutamba AUDA-Nepad
Emma-Jane Fuller One World
Maria Olanda Bata USAID Resilient
Futhi Magagula CCARDESA Waters

Guy Midgley University of Martin Leineweber GIZ

Stellenbosch
Melissa de Kock WWF-NORWAY
Hanna Sabass GIZ

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 3 2023/05/05 12:12

 4 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

Michelle Fourie Centre for Ross Harvey Good Governance

Sustainability South Africa
Transitions,
Sarshen Scorgie Conservation SA
University of
Stellenbosch SADC Secretariat
Shepherd Muchuru
Monique Bennett Good Governance
South Africa Sibongile Mavimbela SADC Secretariat

Musonda R. Simukoko SADC Secretariat Simon Mwale CCARDESA

Nadia Sitas Centre for Complex Sithembiso Gina SADC Secretariat

Systems in
Transition, Uni Sizwile Khoza Stockholm
Stellenbosch Environment
Institute
Netsai Bollmann GIZ
Stephen Buchanan- Good Governance
Nick King Bembani Group Clarke South Africa
(Pty) Limited
Steve Collins USAID Resilient
Nkobi Moleele USAID Resilient Waters Program
Waters
Struan Monteith One World
Odi Selomane SDSN FABLE
project South African DFFE
Stuart Mangold
Olivia Rumble Climate Legal
Tafadzwanashe UKZN
Philip Thornton CCAFS Mabhaudhi
One World Tina Mabugu SAIIA@Youth
Pippa Tsilik
SADC Titus Baloyi Bembani Group
Prithiviraj Booneeady (Pty) Limited
Qandelihle Simelane Bembani Group
Xolisa Ngwadla CSIR
(Pty) Limited

Romy Chevallier SAIIA

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 4 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acronyms 6

Executive Summary 9

01 Introduction and background 12

1.1 Strategic Context and Objectives 13
1.2 Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel 14
1.3 Supporting the global responses to climate change 16
1.4 Supporting the continental and regional frameworks dealing with climate change 17
1.5 Mainstreaming climate change into existing SADC Frameworks 18
1.6 Overall framing of the SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan Revision 2020 19

02 Overview of climate conditions and Climate change impacts in sadc 20

2.1 Current climate conditions 21
2.2 Projected impacts of climate change 22

03 Climate change adaptation – Sectoral approach 22

3.1 Sector Adaptation Strategies 23

04 Climate change mitigation – Sectoral approach 35

4.1 Sector Mitigation Strategies 36

05 Means of implementation 42
5.1 Climate Change Finance and Resource Mobilization 42
5.2 Capacity Development 43
5.3 Technology Development and Transfer 43
5.4 Communication, Advocacy and Awareness 44
5.5 Institutional Arrangements and Governance 44
5.6 Multi-stakeholder partnerships 45
5.7 Specific inclusion of marginalised and vulnerable groupings, including gender / 45
women and youth

06 Monitoring, evaluation and reporting 46

07 SADC climate change action plan 48

08 List of references 61

09 Annexures 67
9.1 Annex 1: Main Regional Policies, Strategies and Protocols in Key Sectors 67

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 5 2023/05/05 12:12

 6 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

ACRONYMS

1/CP.16 Decision 1 of the 16th Conference DBSA Development Bank of Southern

of Parties to the UNFCCC Africa

ABS Access and Benefit Sharing DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo

ACF African Climate Fund DRR Disaster Risk Reduction

AFC Africa Finance Corporation EbA Ecosystem-based adaptation

ADF African Development Fund EIA Environmental Impact assessment

AfDB African Development Bank Group FANR Food, Agriculture and Natural
Resources
AGN African Group of Negotiators
FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation
AMCEN Africa Ministerial Conference on
Environment FLEGT Forest law Enforcement,
Governance and Trade
AU African Union
GCF Green Climate Fund (of the
AUC Africa Union Commission UNFCCC)

Climate Change Adaptation GDP Gross Domestic Product

CCA
Comprehensive African Agricultural GEF Global Environment Facility
CAADP
Development Programme
GHG Greenhouse Gas
CAHOSCC Committee of African Heads of
State and Government on Climate HIV/AIDS Human Immune Virus / Acquired
Change Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Climate Change Strategy and IPBES Intergovernmental Science-Policy

CCSAP
Action Plan Platform on Biodiversity and
Ecosystem Services
CFTA Common Free Trade Area
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on
CITES Convention on International Trade Climate Change
in Endangered Species
IPM Integrated Pest Management
COMESA Common Market for Eastern and
Southern Africa IUCN International Union for
Conservation of Nature
COP 21 Conference of Parties 21
IUU Illegal, Unregulated and
COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease 2019 Unreported

Climate Service Centre IWRM Integrated Water Resources

CSC Management
CSO Civil Society Organisation
LULUCF Land Use, Land Use Change and
Forestry
CTCN Climate Technology Centres and
Networks Monitoring and Evaluation
M&E
CTWG Cross-Sectoral Technical Working
MAPP Multi-country Agricultural
Group on Climate Change
Productivity Programme

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 6 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 7

MRV Measurement, Reporting and RIDMP Regional Infrastructure

Verification Development Master Plan
MCS Monitoring, Control and Revised Regional Indicative
RISDP
Surveillance
Strategic Development Plan
MEA Multilateral Environmental
RVAA Regional Vulnerability Assessment
Agreements
and Analysis Synthesis Reports
MS Member States
RVAC Regional Vulnerability Assessment
NAMAs Nationally Appropriate Mitigation
Committee
Actions

Nationally Appropriate Plans of SADC LEAP SADC Law Enforcement and Anti-
NAPAs
Adaptation Poaching Strategy

Nature based Solutions SASSCAL Southern Africa Science Service

NbS
Centre for Climate Change and
NDC Nationally Determined
Contributions Adaptive Land use

New Partnership for Africa's REC Regional Economic Community

NEPAD
Development
SADC Southern African Development
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation Community

NIE National Implementing Entity SDGs Sustainable Development Goals

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric SFDRR Sendai Framework for Disaster
Administration Risk Reduction 2015-2030
NVAC National Vulnerability Assessment Traditional Knowledge
Committee TK

Protected Areas UNCBD United Nations Convention on

PA
Biological Diversity
R&D Research and Development
UNFCCC United Framework Convention on
RAP Regional Agricultural Policy Climate Change

RAIP Regional Agricultural Investment United Nations General Assembly

UNGA
Plan
UNWTO World Tourism Organization
RASAP Regional Aquaculture Strategy and
Action Plan United States Agency for
USAID
REDD+ Reducing Emissions through International Development
Avoided Deforestation and Land
WHO World Health Organisation
Degradation

Regional Development Fund WRI World Resources Institute

RDF
Renewable Energy and Energy WTTC World Travel & Tourism Council
REEESAP
Efficiency Strategy and Action Plan Zambezi River Basin Commission
ZAMCOM
RE/EE Renewable Energy and Energy
Efficiency

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 7 2023/05/05 12:12

 8 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 8 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 9

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Climate change is a defining human to agricultural inputs and innovations, credit and
development challenge of the 21st century, and markets, among others.
its impacts are among the most urgent issues
facing decision-makers worldwide. The effects SADC is currently experiencing, and will
of climate change that have already occurred continue to experience, several climate
are widespread and significant, affecting hazards, including heat waves, strong winds,
agriculture, energy, human health, terrestrial drought and extreme rainfall . The occurrence
and marine ecosystems, water resources, and and severity of droughts in the region are likely
other sectors across the world. to worsen due to increases in temperature and
changes in rainfall . There remains a level of
The African Union’s Agenda 2063 uncertainty around how climate change will
acknowledges that even though the continent impact mean rainfall in the region , however,
contributes less than 5% of global GHG extreme rainfall is expected to increase over
emissions, it is the region most vulnerable to large parts of the region, leading to an increase
climate variability and change, a situation that in flooding, landslides, soil erosion and a spread
is aggravated by the interaction of multiple of pests and diseases. While vulnerability
stresses, including high dependence on rain- across the SADC region varies, medium-high
fed agriculture, widespread poverty and weak climate risk is widespread for extreme rainfall
adaptive capacity (Intergovernmental Panel and droughts across Angola, the Democratic
on Climate Change Assessment Report 5). Republic of the Congo (DRC), Tanzania,
The SADC region is non-uniform in terms Mozambique, Madagascar and the Eastern
of socio-economic development, with many Cape in South Africa . There is also a reduction
economies being small and/or undiversified, and greater unpredictability of water supply due
and pronounced inequalities and poverty, to climate variability and warming temperatures
low levels of education, inequitable access to across the region. As the region grapples
resources and services, and skewed regional with these shifts, agricultural production will
migration, amongst other factors. According to need to be increased by approximately 50%
the Southern African Development Community by 2050 to meet the needs of the region’s
(SADC) Regional Indicative Strategic growing population. These climate extremes
Development Plan (RISDP, 2020-2030), the can erase years of investment and progress
region is among the poorest in the world, with in national development – it threatens health,
nearly half of the total population in the region livelihoods, infrastructure and a wide range of
living on less than one US dollar per day. economic sectors, while addressing disaster
risk and recovery, relief programmes and other
The region is also contending with challenges responses to climate disasters may require
such as high population growth and shifts in nations to redirect limited resources intended
demographics; in food and energy provision for other development priorities.
and pricing; urbanisation; land degradation and
depletion of natural resources, water insecurity Over the period 2007-2018, the SADC region
and transboundary diseases - all of which has experienced an average 3.37% economic
affect the development trajectory of the region. growth. This growth largely stemmed from
Rural populations, in particular, are affected climate-sensitive sectors, including service
due to their widespread dependence on natural sectors (such as tourism and hospitality,
resources, lack of alternative livelihood support, real estate, banking, transport), industry and
low adaptive capacity, as well as limited access agriculture. It is therefore important for the

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 9 2023/05/05 12:12

 10 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

region to climate-proof these primary growth

sectors and develop plans to safeguard the
attainment of the region’s broader development
objectives.

Given that climatic and ecological regions

transcend national political boundaries,
Regional Economic Communities (RECs) are
integral in the formulation and implementation
of climate responses. It is within this context
that the SADC region, through the SADC
Secretariat, has developed this SADC Climate Future-orientated planning for climate-
Change Strategy and Action Plan (CCSAP), resilient development will require strategic
to provide a broad outline for harmonized and interventions and actions that consider multiple
coordinated regional actions to address and trends, drivers of change, scenarios, and
respond to the impacts of climate change and uncertainties in the SADC region. SADC MS
to plan for a low-carbon resilient future. need to strengthen their governance systems
and policy responses to enhance long-term
The overarching objective of this Strategy climate-resilient development in the region.
is to enhance the adaptive capacities and This includes foresight tools, methods and
resilience of Member States (MS) with a view approaches that can enhance planning,
to minimizing their vulnerability; pursue a low- ensuring it future proofed to address both
carbon growth path dictated by the principles current and longer-term threats. Foresight, as
of poverty reduction, sustainable resource use a structured set of processes, with stakeholder
and circular economy; and orient governance, engagement and evidence, ensures strategies
knowledge systems, planning, and national/ and policies have robustly considered multiple
regional/international structures to addressing uncertain futures, and is a systemic shift in
climate change as a development imperative. policy development away from reactive and
short-term planning approaches towards
The SADC CCSAP seeks to align existing building strategic approaches to anticipate and
regional protocols, policies and strategies adequately plan for climate change induced
governing key sectors in relation to the regional risks and impacts.
response to climate change. The CCSAP aims
to ensure that SADC’s overarching strategies, The CCSAP can assist SADC to take
Vision 2050 and RISDP 2030, are aligned advantage of opportunities related to the
with these low-carbon and resilience building transition to a low-carbon, green economy,
goals. The SADC CCSAP is in line with, and opportunities that catalyse the socio-
aims to support, the global and continental economic transformation of the SADC Region
objectives set by the United Nations Framework towards more equitable, resource efficient,
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), environmentally sustainable, climate-change
the Africa Union Commission (AUC) and resilient, development pathways. There are
other regional institutions. The Strategy also also numerous opportunities for alignment
supports the national climate efforts of its 16 of CCSAP with Agenda 2030, and its related
MS, in particular, the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), for
region’s Nationally Determined Contributions example, in the transition towards sustainable
(NDCs) to the Paris Agreement, as well as the production, distribution and consumption of
decarbonisation visions contained in member goods and services, that will result in improved
countries’ mid-century, low-carbon, climate human wellbeing and economic growth, while
resilient strategies.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 10 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 11

The SADC CCSAP requires specific

‘means of implementation’ initiatives
centred on:

1 Climate finance and resource mobilization

to raise financial resources in support of the
Strategy’s implementation.

2 Communication, advocacy and awareness

of climate change issues in the region so as
to stimulate public interest and debate, as
well as promote inclusive, multiparty policy
mitigating the exposure of future generations to making.
significant environmental risks and ecological
scarcities.
3 Institutional arrangements and
governance, which places the SADC
Secretariat at the centre of coordination
The CCSAP is a 15-year strategic planning
for the implementation of the Strategy and
document (2015-2030) that sets out a climate-
delineates responsibilities and reporting
resilient pathway for the region, with 5-year
requirements at both Member States and
review planning cycles. This Strategy seeks
Secretariat levels.
to ensure that effective institutions, strategies,
and choices for risk management are identified, 4 Technology development and transfer
implemented, and sustained as an integrated part for enhanced implementation of actions that
of achieving sustainable development as framed achieve the overall goal of the Strategy.
by the Paris Agreement, the SDGs, as well as
Agenda 2063. 5 Multi-stakeholder Partnerships to promote
inclusive stakeholder governance and buy-in
The key principles on which the CCSAP is built for Strategy implementation.
include: ‘to leave no one behind/ a just transition; 6 Inclusion of marginalised and vulnerable
science, knowledge and practice; local ownership; groupings, including women and youth.
capacity building; a balanced approach to
adaptation and mitigation; cross-sectoral Monitoring and evaluation has also been
alignment and integration; gender mainstreaming; incorporated in the Strategy to allow for tracking
communication, advocacy and awareness raising; and measuring the successful implementation of
the avoidance of maladaptation; and democracy the Strategy.
and decentralisation.

The CCSAP outlines multiple sector-based

adaptation and mitigation interventions. The The role out of this Strategy requires a
CCSAP prioritises strategies and actions for dedicated amount of financial support.
adaptation according to the level of associated This is expected to cost approximately
vulnerability of the region to climate change.
US$ 53.22 Million, over a period of
Strategic interventions and actions for mitigation
five (5) years. This estimated budget
are mainly aimed at triggering nationally and
is composed of US$34.1 million for
regionally determined contributions within
adaptation; US$12.95 million for mitigation
the context of common but differentiated
responsibilities and respective capabilities and approximately US$6.17 million for
across the MS, whilst prioritizing responses with supporting institutional, planning and
adaptation and development of co-benefits. coordination of implementation, as well as
monitoring and evaluation aspects.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 11 2023/05/05 12:12

 12 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

01
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
Climate change is undoubtedly one of the atmosphere, and that is in addition to natural
major developmental challenges of our time. climate variability observed over comparable
The UNFCCC defines climate change as that time periods. A schematic framework
change of climate that is attributed directly representing anthropogenic drivers, impacts
or indirectly to anthropogenic interference of and responses to climate change, and their
that alters the composition of the global linkages, is shown in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1: Schematic framework representing anthropogenic drivers, impacts of and

responses to climate change, and their linkages

There is increasing scientific knowledge its efforts to reduce poverty, secure food
and evidence to illustrate the current and and attain the SDGs. However, if climate
potential future social, economic, and change mitigation and adaptation is dealt
environmental impacts of climate change. with proactively, it can offer the region the
Although the region’s contribution to increasing opportunity to develop and grow its green
concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) and blue economies, provide social security,
is small in proportion to other regions (albeit promote peace and stability, and enhance
growing), the region is highly vulnerable to regional development through adaptation and
several severe impacts arising from climate mitigation interventions.
change. These challenges are further
exacerbated by other pressing socio-economic To safeguard the development gains achieved
challenges and the low adaptive capacity of the in the last few decades, and to highlight key
region. climate opportunities, this revision of the
CCSAP offers further clarity and detail on how
The impacts of climate change are (and will the region intends to plan and implement its
continue to) impede the region’s economic climate agenda over the next decade.
growth and development prospects, including

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 12 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 13

1.1 Strategic Context and Objectives

1.1.1 Rationale
In line with Article 12 of the provisions of the voluntary climate change mitigation measures.
Protocol on Environmental Management The CCSAP is also intended to support MS
for Sustainable Development, the SADC compliance with obligations under the UNFCCC
Region is mandated to develop legislative and and the Paris Agreement. SADC countries
administrative measures to enhance adaptation share common vulnerabilities to climate change
to the impacts of climate change, bearing in and therefore this presents an opportunity for
mind the diverse and gender differentiated a regional approach in addressing adaptation
levels of vulnerabilities and to take appropriate challenges.

Vision Low carbon, climate-resilient development in the SADC region, leading to

total decarbonization in 2050.

Goal To provide a regional framework for collective action and enhanced cooperation in addressing
climate change issues in order to improve local livelihoods, achieve low-carbon, sustainable
economic growth and contribute fairly towards preserving a global good.

1.1.2 Strategic Objectives

1 2 3 4
To reduce vulnerability To promote the reduction To enhance the region’s To enhance
and manage risks of GHG emissions to below ability and capacity to inclusion,
related to climate business as usual levels mobilise resources, cooperation and
change and climate taking into consideration access technology ownership from
induced extreme events the respective capabilities and build capacity to a broad range
through the effective of MS, with an aim to limit facilitate adaptation of stakeholders,
implementation global temperature rise by and mitigation actions. governmental and
of adaptation 1.5 degrees pre-industrial This includes climate non-governmental,
programmes. levels. finance. at various levels.

1.1.3 Guiding principles

The strategy is premised on the following principles:
• Leave no one behind/ a just within the international, regional, and national
transition: The CCSAP must address context. This should be based on existing
issues related to equity and justice, given experiences, climate science and traditional
that climate change has the potential to knowledge and practices.
exacerbate current inequality in the region.
This includes procedural, distributional and
• Local ownership: Implementation of the
Strategy should be guided by multi-level
recognitional justice, especially in relation to
stakeholder participation and engagement
who is most vulnerable, where the burden
to ensure ownership and sustainability. To
of adaptation lies, and how to mobilise
encourage stakeholder support, a public
resources for adaptation.

• Science, knowledge and practice: The

participation process of comment on this draft
strategy within each Member State is strongly
Strategy must continue to draw on the best encouraged.
available science, knowledge and practice

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 13 2023/05/05 12:12

 14 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

• Capacity Building: Capacity building climate change adaptation and mitigation

forms an integral part of the implementation roles, responsibilities and needs of people in
of the Strategy, with a focus on sharing society, especially women, youth and other
knowledge and best practices towards vulnerable groups.
building sufficient capacity to implement
climate change programmes in the region.
• Communication, advocacy and
• Balanced approach to adaptation
awareness rising: Effective implementation
of the Strategy is based on climate change-
and mitigation: The Strategy seeks to conscious society and therefore it should be
support balanced responses for adaptation made accessible to all stakeholders.
and mitigation, with provision of linkage
between mitigation actions and adaptation
• Avoidance of maladaptation: The
Strategy seeks to ensure that actions taken
efforts taking into consideration that low
to address climate change have long-
levels of mitigation ambition will exacerbate
term beneficial effects on socio-ecological
climate change and therefore require greater
systems and avoids maladaptation.
adaptation.

• Alignment and integration: The • Democracy and decentralisation:

The Strategy must be embedded in notions
Strategy seeks to align and integrate key
of sovereignty i.e. rights based, bottom
climate change considerations into other
up engagement with local communities
strategic planning processes and initiatives
and institutions, creating more localised
at regional and national levels.

• Gender mainstreaming: The Strategy

systems, with decentralised control, through
the mobilisation of diverse knowledge- all
takes into consideration the differentiated embedded in nature.

1.2 The SADC, Developmental Context and Climate Change

Established in 1992, the SADC is a Regional the principal executive institution for SADC - is
Economic Community (REC) comprising 16 responsible for strategic planning, co-ordination
Member States spanning over 556 781 km² and management of all SADC Programmes,
with a diverse population of over 345 million including climate change.
(2018) (4.5% of the global population). The
The 16 MS of SADC vary considerably in terms
main objectives of SADC are to achieve
of their geographic makeup, demographic
development, peace and security, and
characteristics, and economic profile - some
economic growth for the region; to alleviate
are landlocked, others have extensive
poverty, enhance the standard and quality of life
coastlines, and four are island states in the
of the peoples of Southern Africa, and support
Indian Ocean. Climate change projections
the socially disadvantaged through regional
across MS will also affect people, economies,
integration. To achieve this, the Secretariat -
and the environment differently. Some SADC

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 14 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 15

MS are confronted with risks from sea level and other livelihoods impacts. The portfolio
rise and extreme weather, including stifling and extent of national climate policies and
heat, intense rains, and powerful storm institutional architecture in each member state
surges. Others face risks of more challenging also varies considerably in terms of the level
conditions for food and agriculture, water, of development, priority, ambition, focal areas,
health, fisheries, infrastructure, transportation, capacity to implement and budgetary allocations.

Figure 2: Growth and population statistics for SADC Member States (2018)

The SADC region registered an estimated

average growth rate of 2.9% in 2018. The
services, industry and agriculture sectors
contribute approximately 59.4%, 20.3%, and
20.2% respectively to the regional economy
(2015). Projections indicate a steady but
increasing growth rate of between 5 - 8% up
to 2025I. However, the region acknowledges
critical constraints arising particularly in the
water-energy-food nexus that can hinder the
achievement of expected economic growth
projections and the SDGs. These constraints
are largely due to an increasing regional
population, averaging at 2.68% growth per year,
characterised by a formidable rise in the middle-
income population and urban class, [39% of
total population and rising by 3.39% across the

I. This was prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, which has already negatively impacted economic growth

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 15 2023/05/05 12:12

 16 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

region] whose consumption demands are rising, about long-term trends if it is to improve the
thus putting a strain on the natural resource design and implementation of climate policies,
base. Already this situation is exacerbated by and take advantage of opportunities arising
high levels of poverty, with approximately half from new technologies, sustained economic
of the region’s population living on less than $1 growth and new role players.
a day.
Positively, a common aspiration exists
Given these constraints, it is critical for the amongst MS for an integrated, climate-resilient
SADC region to pursue a regional development development system, where the government,
pathway that is climate-resilient, sustainable, civil society and private sector are aligned,
and inclusive, factoring in current and future committed, and coordinated in shaping a
climate change projections and associated climate-resilient future.
risks. The region must think systematically

1.3 Supporting the global responses to climate change

With realisation of the detrimental impacts each successive NDC required to represent
of climate change the global community, a progression beyond the previous one and
through the UNFCCC, has negotiated reflect the highest possible ambition.
agreements which aim at stabilising GHG
The UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement are not
concentrations at a level that would prevent
implemented in isolation of other multilateral
dangerous anthropogenic interference with
environmental agreements, which include,
the climate system. The Convention states
amongst others, the United Nations’ Convention
that such a level should be achieved within a
on Biological Diversity (UNCBD), the United
time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to
Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure
(UNCCD), the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
that food production is not threatened, and to
Development and the Sendai Framework on
enable economic development to proceed in
Disaster Risk Reduction. Agenda 2030, for
a sustainable manner (UNFCCC, 1992). The
example, is a global commitment to eradicate
Convention calls on all Parties to reduce their
poverty and achieve sustainable development
GHG emissions and to adapt to the impacts of
by 2030, ensuring that no one is left behind.
changes in climate. A key milestone in global
It sets out 17 Sustainable Development
climate negotiations through the UNFCCC
Goals (SDGs) which include SDG 13, which
was the Paris Agreement (2015), which
specifically addresses climate change. The
affirms the global consensus of the need to
SADC CCSAP recognises the importance of
limit temperature increases to well below 2
streamlining these processes and it therefore
degrees Celsius, while pursuing efforts to
seeks to align its adaptation and mitigation
limit the increase to 1.5 degrees. To achieve
priorities to other multilateral commitments and
this, countries are to peak their emissions
targets.
as soon as possible and. are required to
prepare, communicate, and maintain Nationally SADC CCSAP also supports other continental
Determined Contributions (NDCs) to the PA and regional climate frameworks and policy
targets and to pursue their implementation. instruments, such as Agenda 2063 and the
NDCs are to be periodically revised, with African Unions’ draft Climate Change Strategy,

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 16 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 17

through the mutual understanding of impacts on the availability of support in the areas of
of climate change on development priorities finance, technology transfer and capacity
in Africa, adapting economies, societies, building. Therefore, enhanced, predictable,
natural resource management practices, sustainable, and facilitated access by African
energy investments, budgets and policies to its countries to climate finance is a catalyst to
expected and uncertain consequences. Also, allow for the implementation of the NDCs
for some time, Africa has been developing a through complementary regional actions. In the
common position on climate change at the implementation of the CCSAP, it is recognised
UNFCCC negotiations, which has served that MS are also already working to address
to unite the continent on key issues around climate change under commitments to the Bali
adaptation, access to climate finance and other Action Plan through Nationally Appropriate
issues. Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), National Adaptation
Plans of Action (NAPAs), and various other
The CCSAP also intends to support its MS’s
sectoral strategies and plans. At regional level,
national commitments to international climate
the CCSAP therefore seeks to complement
change processes. The formulation and revision
existing national-level sectoral protocols, policies,
of the NDCs of MS need to be supported, as
plans and regulations (see Annex 1).
well as NDC implementation. A substantial
portion of NDC commitments are conditional

1.4 Supporting the continental and regional frameworks dealing

with climate change

The African Union’s Agenda 2063, ‘The Future the implementation of a comprehensive and
We Want’ seeks to support the achievement robust disaster risk reduction and preparedness
of an integrated, prosperous and peaceful strategies; the implementation of an African
Africa, an Africa driven and managed by its Climate Fund (ACF) to address the continent’s
own citizens and representing a dynamic climate adaptation and mitigation concerns,
force in the international arena. Agenda 2063 including technology development; and the
recognises the importance of developing promotion of renewable energy, envisaged
environmentally sustainable and climate to comprise more than half of the energy
resilient economies and communities. As consumption for households, businesses and
such, Agenda 2063 aspirations include the organizations by 2063. Agenda 2063 further
sustainable management, consumption, and seeks to ensure that all urban buildings will be
production of natural resources; national certified as energy smart and all urban mass
income accounts that fully reflect changes transport will operate on renewable and low to
in renewable and non-renewable natural zero emissions fuels by 2063. Regional power
resources wealth; the conservation, sustainable pools will be in place a few decades earlier, while
utilisation and restoration of Africa’s biodiversity, continental power pools will be fully functional
the promotion of sound and efficient water before 2063 thus making the continent well-lit
practices and technologies; the development of and fully powered.
climate resilient low carbon production systems;

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 17 2023/05/05 12:12

 18 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

The CCSAP also supports the implementation

of the AU Climate Change and Resilient
Development Strategy (2022-2032) that
focuses on four thematic pillars, including
climate governance; research, education,
awareness raising and advocacy;
mainstreaming and integrating climate
change imperatives in planning, budgeting,
and development processes; and promoting
national, regional, and international
cooperation. The implementation of the African
Climate Change Strategy will be coordinated
through the African Union (AU), the Committee
of African Heads of State and Government on
Climate Change (CAHOSCC) and the African
Ministerial Conference on the Environment
(AMCEN). The implementation of the strategy
will be achieved through the AU Member
States, the RECs and other relevant entities.

1.5 Mainstreaming climate change into existing SADC Frameworks

The SADC CCSAP aims to enhance the and SADC’s RISDP (2020-2030). Vision 2050
implementation of SADC’s existing regional sets a long-term desired future for the region
policies and legislative frameworks. These and seeks to find common ground between
include, at sector level, the SADC Green different development aspirations, priorities, and
Economy Strategy for Sustainable Development interests among the 16 SADC Member States
and Action Plan; the Infrastructure Development and other actors. The Vision is based on three
Master Plan; the Industrialization Policy; the related pillars, namely industrial development
Regional Agriculture Policy; the SADC Science, and market integration, infrastructure
Technology and Innovation Climate Change development in support of regional integration,
Response Framework; the SADC Climate and social and human capital development.
Change Adaptation Strategy for the Water The pillars also recognize the transversal
Sector, the SADC Resilience Framework; and components of gender, youth, environment and
the Protocol on Environmental Management climate change, and disaster risk management.
for Sustainable Development, the Protocol on The RISDP is a comprehensive roadmap that
Forestry and Revised Protocol on Shared Water provides the strategic direction for promoting
Courses, amongst others (please see Annex 1 regional integration and achieving SADC’s long
for further details). term social and economic goals from 2020-
2030.
The SADC CCSAP also seeks to advance the
overall objectives of the SADC Vision 2050

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 18 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 19

1.6 Overall framing of the SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action
Plan Revision 2020

The revision of the SADC CCSAP strives to 1 Embed long-term climate priorities in
contextualise it within the framework provided countries’ macroeconomic frameworks;
by the World Bank Outlook 2020.II Given the
2 Embed long-term climate planning
ubiquitous nature of climate change cause
in national budgets and expenditure
and effects across whole economies, this
frameworks;
useful guidance recommends including climate
change in an integrated, cross-sectoral and 3 Embed long-term climate objectives in
holistic manner throughout national and financial sector regulations and incentives;
regional economic planning. The guidance and
proposes a “whole-of-economy” approach to
climate change, prioritizing four economy-wide 4 Embed long-term climate objectives in
strategic interventions (see Fig 1): systems planning.

Figure 3: The ‘whole-economy’, integrated cross-sectoral framework (World Bank 2020).

II. World Bank 2020: World Bank Outlook 2050 Strategic Directions Note: Supporting Countries to Meet Long-Term Goals of
Decarbonization: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33958

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 19 2023/05/05 12:12

 20 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

The guidance further identifies key cross-sectoral opportunities and

makes recommendations across eight sectors that are essential for
achieving the SDGs:

1 transforming food systems; Finally, the Outlook 2050 finds that investing in
cross-sectoral opportunities, including as part
2 protecting land-based ecosystems of stimulus packages, can aid in a sustainable
and carbon sinks; recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic.

3 transforming energy systems; In summary, the Strategy seeks to convey the

necessity for urgent action on climate change,
4 transforming mobility; in both mitigation and adaptation. It seeks to
integrate climate change in a ‘whole economy’
5 building low-carbon, more resilient approach and to ‘climate-proof’ the economy;
urban areas;
and to prioritise nature-based solutions (NbS),
encompassing a ‘re-greening’ of the sub-
6 transforming water systems;
continent, in accordance with the UN Decade
7 transforming the ocean economy; of Restoration 2021-2030, as a cost-effective,
and practical and necessarily decentralised
approach that enables the participation by all
8 digital transformation. stakeholders at all levels.

02
OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE CONDITIONS AND
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN SADC
Climate change is one of the most pressing an instrumental technique for highly developed
issues currently facing SADC MS, and it will countries, most SADC countries (apart from
continue to be a matter of serious concern South Africa) have made limited contributions
in the coming decades. While certain parts to cumulative global GHG emissions.
of the world are likely to face more severe Furthermore, the SADC region, like other
impacts than others, all nations will be affected. African regions, will have to focus on evidence-
Countries need to balance mitigation and based, iteratively updated adaptation strategies
adaptation approaches to tackle climate for the future, while focusing on multiple
change. Even though mitigation may serve as benefits.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 20 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 21

2.1 Current climate conditions

A number of studies show that the SADC region (AR5) published in 2014, and leading up to the
has already experienced an increasing number publication of the Sixth Assessment Report
of hot days and a decrease in the number of (AR6) in 2022, the IPCC has published a
severely cold days. Nhamo et al. (2019) and number of interim ‘special reports’ on certain
Davis and Vincent (2017), for example, show aspects of climate change. Arguably the most
a higher inter-annual temperature variation, important of these is the Special Report on
with prolonged rainy spells and more severe Global Warming of 1.5ºC which unpacks the
droughts in a range of countries. These climate important differences in terms of dramatically
conditions will have major implications for increasing risks and impacts of not restricting
SADC’s future water, energy, and food security. global temperature rise to 1.5 ºC as opposed to
Schreiner and Baleta (2015) state that more 2 ºC, as per the Paris Agreement aspirational
than 61 per cent of the total population of SADC targets.
is estimated to reside in rural areas, primarily
Already, the 2019 Global Climate Report from
dependent on rainfed agriculture and lacking
the NOAA National Centre for Environmental
access to clean water and energy.
Information (NOAA 2019) shows that for much
In terms of climate change, a number of areas of 2019 temperatures in most of the world’s
and communities in SADC are already highly land and sea regions were warmer than
vulnerable. SADC is subject to droughts and average. The IPCC’s projections highlight that
floods, and much of the land surface is arid or the western part of Southern Africa is likely to
semi-arid. This already strained environment become drier, with rising occurrence of drought
is exacerbated by even small changes in and number of heatwaves. The Limpopo River
precipitation or temperature levels. Countries Basin, the Zambezi drainage in Zambia and
such as South Africa and Zimbabwe are, in the Western Cape regions of South Africa are
certain cases, cultivating crops in areas that projected to have a diminishing amount of
are only marginally climate-suitable, and have rainfall at 1.5 degrees. At 2 degrees, however,
restricted water supplies. there are also predictions (using some models)
for an increase in the number of dry days in
It is challenging to predict how exactly climate
Namibia, Botswana, northern Zimbabwe, and
change will evolve in the next decade and in the
the south of Zambia by about 20%. This would
longer term - however, climate modelling can
contribute to a 5 -10% decrease in the Zambezi
equip decisions makers with reliable projections
drainage level. Further, if the world average
to determine anticipated climate changes and
temperature exceeds 2 degrees with global
impacts. Recent studies indicate that the future
warming, the frequency and severity of extreme
changes in climatic conditions are likely to
temperatures in all sub-Saharan regions will
be higher than those already detected due to
dramatically increase.
the lag effect of human activities contributing
to GHG levels in the atmosphere, and their
onward effect on radiative forcing.

Building on the IPCC’s most recent global

assessment, the Fifth Assessment Report

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 21 2023/05/05 12:12

 22 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

2.2 Projected impacts of climate change

As indicated earlier, in certain parts of the the processes of phosphorus release from
SADC region there are already signs of change, lake sediments and mineralization are strongly
including a later start to dry and wet seasons dependent upon temperature.
(Archer et al., 2017). More intense precipitation
Global warming has and will continue to severely
events are projected, as well as an increase
impact all countries in SADC. The extent
in frequency. In countries such as Botswana,
of these impacts depends both on SADC’s
Namibia, Lesotho, and Zimbabwe, climate
collective response and on the specifics – i.e.
change is causing surface temperatures to rise
the region and the people living in them. Climate
every year. By the end of the century there will
change’s direct impact is disruptive, and it further
be an increase of surface temperatures by 3
aggravates social disparities and tensions. For
degrees in the region (Miles and Liffey, 2018).
example, higher temperatures and drought will
Annually there has been a steady increase in
result in less stable supplies of maize, wheat,
surface temperatures, and they are expected
and other staple crops in certain areas, leading
to further increase by between 5% and 18%,
to price spikes and food shortages. The most
particularly in the southern part of the region.
immediately affected people in SADC are the
Rainfall is also likely to become more poor, women, and the youth – effectively, those
unpredictable. Droughts, floods, and storms already vulnerable. Climate change worsens
are likely to intensify, impacting particularly the inequalities and contributes to pressure on
southern part of the SADC region. For some natural resources. The changing climate will
high-risk regions, a 2 degree rise in temperatures further increase the prevalence and transmission
will contribute to a 20-30 per cent decrease of diseases carried by water (eg. cholera) and
in the water supply. Moreover, an increase in zoonotic vectors such as mosquitoes (eg.
temperature can also speed up eutrophication. malaria). Such conditions pose a higher risk to
For example, recycling of phosphate in hot people already living with co-morbidities such as
climate regions has higher eutrophication levels malnutrition and HIV/AIDS.
than that of cold areas, and this indicates that

03
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION –
SECTORAL APPROACH
Adaptation remains the major priority for the seek multiple, reinforcing benefits for resilience.
SADC region due to the current and potential Sectors that are most vulnerable to climate
climate change impacts and associated societal change in the SADC region include water,
exposure and vulnerability at different scales, as biodiversity, health, tourism, agriculture, fisheries,
well as the region’s relatively minor contributions oceans, mining, extractive industries and human
to global GHG emissions. All sectors that settlements. SADC’s vulnerability is compounded
are critical for sustainable development and by its low adaptive capacity and the interaction of
maintenance of livelihoods are sensitive to climate social, economic, biophysical and environmental
variability and climate change. SADC member factors with climate change, such as the high
countries recognise that priority adaptation rates of dependence on natural resources and
responses should target these critical sectors and rain-fed agriculture, poor infrastructure, socio-

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 22 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 23

economic and gender inequality, among others. enhancing nature’s health and resilience, and
This section analyses the context of climate thereby improving the provision of ecosystem
change on the most vulnerable sectors and services for society.III
outlines regional strategic objectives to promote
resilience. National adaptation priorities, as identified
in NAPAs and NDCs, incorporate a range of
Healthy and viable ecosystems contribute to strategic interventions including sustainable
climate adaptation responses and resilience. resource management; ecosystem restoration
Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) is the and afforestation; the conservation of marine,
use of biodiversity and ecosystem services to coastal and terrestrial ecosystems; the
help communities adapt to the adverse effects promotion of agroforestry techniques, non-timber
of climate change. EbA involves governing livelihoods, alternative energy sources and
and managing ecosystems to enhance their climate-resilient tree varieties; and capacity-
resilience to climatic shocks and stresses – building and the strengthening of institutional
maintaining and, where possible, restoring frameworks. Within the development context of
and enhancing the quality and quantity of SADC, it is important that adaptation policies,
ecosystem services they provide to society – programmes and projects simultaneously
and in so doing supporting human communities achieve synergies with socio-economic benefits,
to adapt to current and future climate risks. climate change adaptation and biodiversity and
Nature-based Solutions (NbS) is a broader ecosystem conservation.
concept than EbA as it includes restoring and

3.1 Sector Adaptation Strategies

3.1.1 Agriculture
Agriculture is a major social and economic accelerated agricultural growth for the sector to
sector in the SADC region, contributing up contribute to broader economic growth and poverty
to 17% of the Region’s GDP, approximately reduction in the region.
13% of its overall export earnings and about
However, agriculture is highly vulnerable to
66% to the value of intra-regional trade (SADC
climate change in general, but in particular in
RAP, 2011). Agriculture provides a livelihood,
many parts of SADC where it is rain-fed, with
including subsistence, employment, income,
low rates of mechanisation and input usage, and
and wealth creation for nearly 70% of the
varieties/ breeds that are not well suited to their
region’s population. SADC Heads of State
agroecosystem. Climate change perpetuates
have recognised the importance of agriculture
these challenges with increasing seasonal rainfall
by endorsing the Comprehensive African
variability, the increased occurrence and severity
Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP)
of extreme events such as droughts and floods,
(AU/ NEPAD, 2003). Furthermore, the SADC
delayed start of rains and prolonged mid-season
RISDP, the Regional Agricultural Policy (RAP)
dry spells, increasing mean annual temperatures
and the Regional Agricultural Investment Plan
and sea-level rise, which all have a number of
(RAIP) and the Regional Food and Nutrition
direct impacts on crop and livestock production.
Security Strategy speak to the need for

III. NbS can be defined as actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or modified ecosystems, that address societal
challenges and simultaneously provide human well-being and biodiversity benefits.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 23 2023/05/05 12:12

 24 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

Productivity in dairy, livestock calving rates

impacting animal health. Crop production is
and beef production are already being
heavily compromised by changes in the timing
compromised, with an increase in the severity
and duration of precipitation events, daily
and distribution of diseases and parasites
temperatures, and levels of soil moisture.

Figure 4: Climate change impact on subsistence and commercial farming expressed as the change in
length and timing of the cropping season

Beyond agricultural production, climate change important to ensure that no maladaptation takes
also affects other aspects of the agricultural place through inappropriate or unsustainable
value chain, including processors, transporters water storage, provision and use, or locking
and dealers who suffer from extreme climate farmers into water systems that are not
events and long-term climate change effects. As sustainable.
such, strategic planning should aim to enable It must be noted that the region already faces
and support small-scale farmers and a range severe food insecurity. In 2019, an estimated
of other players in the agriculture commodities 41.2 million people (or approximately 12%
value chain to respond effectively to the of the population) in the region were food
uncertainty of rainfall and temperature patterns. insecure. Analysis of the nutrition security
This can be done through the dissemination, situation in SADC MS shows high rates of
adaptation and adoption of climate-smart malnutrition (Van Huis et al, 2013). Stunting
agricultural technologies and management rates for children under five years of age were
practices that support resilience of production reported to be over 30% for 10 of the 16 SADC
systems, adaptation, mitigation, and food countries, with four countries registering over
security, as well as promoting conservation 40% stunting rates, translating to a total of
agriculture techniques such as minimal or no- 20 million children (SADC RVAC, 2018). The
till methods, intercropping and cover cropping. proportion of under-five children not receiving
These techniques conserve soil moisture, minimum acceptable diets is already high,
encourage soil health and reduce dependence ranging from between 8% and 38%. It is thus
on inorganic fertilisers and herbicides. It is also imperative to implement urgently adaptation

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 24 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 25

strategies to increase the production of

nutritious food in the region through sustainable
intensification and diversification.

To address the above challenges,

the following agriculture adaptation
strategies are recommended:
1 Promote adaptation through climate-smart
agricultural technologies and improved
cropping and livestock systems based
on appropriate options suited to local
contexts.

2 Build farmer and community capacity and

opportunities for agricultural adaptation to
climate change.

3 Develop a regional framework for

agriculture research and development
related to climate adaptation, including
climate vulnerability assessments.

3.1.2 Water
Water is recognised as an important driver
of socio-economic development within the
SADC region as indicated in the SADC Water
Policy and Strategy (2006). Optimal water
management particularly supports the SADC tropical cyclones; these weather events are
development objectives on poverty reduction, increasing in frequency and intensity due to
food security, energy security and industrial climate change. Water availability is also reduced
development. Various challenges in integrated through rising temperatures. These changes
water resources management exist in the adversely affect human livelihood systems,
region including, highly variable rainfall and particularly both rain-fed and irrigated agriculture,
uneven water distribution across the region, and water supply for energy, health, sanitation
high water demands resulting in spatial and and human settlements.
temporary scarcities, and challenges related
In light of the above, climate change adaptation
to national and regional water governance and
in the water sector is key to unlocking economic
financing of water management.
and social sustainability, particularly in water-
SADC economies and local communities are dependent sectors such as agriculture,
vulnerable to chronic water shortages as well industry, energy, tourism, conservation and
as compromised water quality and thus the health. Fortunately, the existing regional bodies
capacity to reduce poverty and grow economies responsible for water management in shared
is and will be severely reduced by climate river basins offer an opportunity for regional
change, which will magnify these challenges collaboration and integration in adaptation in the
as water is the medium through which most water sector. Nature-based solutions (NbS) for
climate related disasters and extreme weather water security can greatly assist to enhance and
events occur, including droughts, floods and sustain freshwater.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 25 2023/05/05 12:12

 26 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

To address the above challenges, the

following water sector strategies are
recommended:

1 Promote integrated water resource

management in planning and investment
for climate change adaptation.

2 Promote sustainable management of

water resources in the region, including
water conservation and water use
efficiency, focusing on both quantity
(storage and efficiency) and quality
aspects.

3 Promote institutional strengthening

and capacity for improved disaster
preparedness in the water sector.

3.1.3 Biodiversity

The SADC region has a biodiversity heritage more than 40 per cent of the endemic species
of global importance. The SADC Regional of the region are endangered. For example, in
Biodiversity Strategy (2007), the SADC Madagascar, Seychelles and Mauritius, numbers
Regional Forestry Strategy (2020-2030), of endangered species in proportion to the
the Biodiversity Action Plan (2010), the country’s area is significant; the central African
Transfrontier Conservation Community lakes contain significant numbers of endemic
Programme (2013), all describe how more freshwater fauna, and Miombo forests are the
than 40% of the region’s species are endemic. centre of diversity of birds and butterflies in
Biodiversity is of fundamental importance to the Zambia and Tanzania.
functioning of all natural and human-engineered
Over centuries, the people of Southern
ecosystems, and by extension to the ecosystem
Africa have sustainably used their biological
services that nature provides to human society.
resources for the benefit of their own and future
Biological resources such as plant and animal
generations. Unfortunately, the capacity of
products, timber, and wildlife tourism account
nature to maintain this biological productivity is
for a significant proportion of the SADC
rapidly diminishing due to over-use in the form
region’s GDP and are a source of livelihood
of habitat loss and degradation, and over-use
for the majority of its citizens. In 2018, tourism
resulting from unsustainable development, driven
(predominantly associated with natural spaces
by economic and social factors. Climate change
and wildlife) accounted for 8.6% of regional
coupled with poor enforcement of regulations
GDP, creating over 6 million jobs (6.1% of
pertaining to pollution, invasive alien species,
total employment) with potential for expansion
overharvesting of natural resources and a lack
(WTTC, 2018).
of recognition of indigenous knowledge and
The 2019 IPBES Global Assessment estimates property rights exacerbates the situation.
that globally ecosystem deterioration is
Increased temperatures, increasingly erratic
increasing at an alarming rate, and the rate
precipitation and extended dry periods are
of species loss is reaching critical levels.
already affecting biodiversity, including animal die
According to the regional Biodiversity Policy

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 26 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 27

the CBD Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing

(ABS), which seeks to give local communities
and national economies a share in the benefits
derived from the use of biodiversity originating
from their localities, and most are reviewing their
National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans
in line with the post-Aichi Targets.

It is important to acknowledge the findings of

the 2018 IPBES Africa Assessment and link
these findings to the next iteration of regional
biodiversity targets. Whilst biodiversity should
be addressed at the SADC regional level, it is
also important to scale this down to the species
level as well. Most MS in the region are revising
offs (not species currently), species migrations, their NDCs and National Adaptation Plans, and
coral bleaching, reduced water availability, biodiversity and adaptation are necessarily
reduced productivity and reproduction, all of needed to be included in these.
which increase pressure on the remaining
biodiversity and ecosystem ability to continue To address the above challenges, the
providing the goods and services required to following biodiversity sector strategies
sustain human wellbeing. While some species are recommended:
may respond positively, at least in the short Focus biodiversity strategies, policies and
term, to changed conditions (for example legal frameworks more holistically on a matrix
Commiphora which is seen to produce more of interdependent, connected landscapes and
resin in drought periods), most are projected to ecosystems, larger landscape models that
be impacted by climate change negatively. combine protected areas (PA) and other land-
Adaptation in the biodiversity sector is key in uses outside of PAs, including urban areas, most
providing rural communities with the necessary especially through TFCAs, whilst also seeking to
natural resources essential for their livelihoods, increase the efficiency of PA management.
both to sustain ecosystems productivity and 1 Reduce the fragmentation of protected
thus ecosystem goods and services, as well as areas and create integrated and connected
biodiversity-associated sectors such as tourism. land and water systems, such as
However, to ensure that local communities can Transfrontier Conservation Areas, and
continue to benefit from the sustainable use of surrounding land-uses, that strengthen
natural resources, those resources must also the mitigation and adaptation potential of
be assisted to adapt. Greater efforts towards natural systems.
adaptation have already been realised in the
implementation of other conventions which 2 Implement incentive instruments that
SADC MS are parties to. Synergies in their support mitigation actions and improve the
implementation offer better opportunities to management and conservation of natural
realize adaptation benefits for communities. resources by a variety of stakeholders.
These include amongst others, (the post-
3 Promote sustainable management practices
2020) CBD framework; the Convention on
and approaches in all sectors in order to
International Trade in Endangered Species
reduce habitat degradation, deforestation
of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES); and the
and the over-exploitation of natural
Convention on Migratory Species (CMS). SADC
resources.
MS have also contributed to the development of

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 27 2023/05/05 12:12

 28 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

3.1.4 Blue Economy

In recent years there has been an increasing increasingly being impacted by rising numbers
focus at global, regional and national levels of more intense tropical storms, flooding, coastal
in developing sustainable blue economies, erosion, saltwater intrusion and related impacts,
as expressed in SDG14 to “conserve and for example as witnessed in Mozambique
sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine in 2019 with two cyclones hitting landfall in
resources for sustainable development”. one season for the first time with devastating
The African Union has recently developed consequences. Importantly, climate change is
a continental Blue Economy Strategy and and will also have significant negative impacts
many nations in Africa have embarked on the region’s already stressed freshwater
on comprehensive processes to prioritise ecosystems, considered an integral part of the
and realise their blue economies. With this African blue economy.
renewed interest in the potential of marine and
In considering the response to climate change
freshwater systems to contribute to livelihoods,
impacts on marine and freshwater systems
job creation and food security through both
in SADC, this strategy focuses mainly on the
established (fisheries, tourism, shipping,
fisheries sector, given its centrality in supporting
offshore oil and gas) and emerging (coastal
livelihoods and contributing to food security
and offshore renewable energy, seabed
in the region. Components of the regional
mining, bioprospecting) sectors, there is also a
adaptation response related to the blue economy
growing recognition that marine and freshwater
are covered elsewhere in relevant sections (e.g.
ecosystems are under threat from pollution
integrated water management, coastal zone
(including plastics), overharvesting of aquatic
governance, marine disaster risk reduction within
resources, illegal and unregulated activities,
the water sector and marine protected areas
habitat degradation and destruction through
within the biodiversity sector).
activities such as bottom-trawling and other
factors. In addition, climate change has diverse Fisheries make a significant contribution to food
and significant negative impacts on aquatic security in the SADC region. Fisheries in the
systems. SADC region are diverse, with production of
about 3 million tonnes of fish harvested wild from
Climate change is and will impact ocean
the region’s oceans, lakes, reservoirs and rivers
ecosystems through warming, sea level rise
every year, and an additional 100 000 tonnes
and potential changes to the ocean’s major
produced in the aquaculture sector.
currents. In addition, ocean acidification is a
direct result of ocean carbon capture (from The SADC Protocol on Fisheries (2006) and its
increasing GHG emissions). These changes implementation strategy prioritises aquaculture,
have diverse impacts on marine ecosystems management of shared fisheries resources and
and the communities that depend on them. combating illegal, unregulated and unreported
For example, already evidence exists that as (IUU) fishing. These activities are the building
waters warm marine species are migrating blocks in supporting activities related to climate
from their natural ranges to cooler polar waters. change adaptation in the sector. It is important
Ocean acidification affects the calcification of to note that sustainable, well managed fisheries
molluscs and various other marine life forms, are inherently more resilient to climate change,
as well as the reproductive health of numerous and therefore even activities such as improved
marine species. Coral bleaching due to IUU monitoring and control, though not directly
warming waters, acidification and increasing related to climate change, contribute to
susceptibility to diseases is already severely enhanced resilience of fisheries and aquatic
impacting coral reefs. Coastal communities are ecosystems more broadly. Globally, 540 million

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 28 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 29

people depend on fisheries and aquaculture as impacts fishing communities, who often depend
a source of protein and income; in SADC, about on these sectors as part of diversified livelihood
100 million people consume fish as a regular strategies. Despite these challenges, improved
part of their diet. Climate change will negatively management of the fisheries sector offers
affect fisheries, freshwater and marine habitats, opportunities for climate change adaptation
particularly their composition and productivity, for local communities as well as to contribute
thus compounding the challenges related significantly to the growth of the regional
to food and nutrition security of the region. economy.
Fishers, fish farmers and coastal inhabitants
will bear the full force of these impacts through
To address the above challenges,
destabilised livelihoods, changes in the
the following blue economy sector
availability and quality of fish for food, and
strategies are recommended:
rising risks to their health, safety and homes. 1 Promote the development of sustainable,
Many fisheries-dependent communities already inclusive, equitable and climate-resilient
live a precarious and vulnerable existence blue economies at the national and
because of poverty, lack of social services regional levels.
and essential infrastructure. The fragility of
these communities is further undermined by 2 Promote sustainable production and
overexploited fishery resources and degraded utilization of aquatic (marine, freshwater
ecosystems. Climate change impacts on other and aquaculture) resources.
sectors such as agriculture and tourism also

3.1.5 Human Health

Human and social development is accorded and other aeroallergen levels are also higher in
high priority by SADC MS. The Protocol extreme heat. These can trigger asthma, which
on Health (1999) recognizes that a healthy affects around 300 million people worldwide.
population is a prerequisite for sustainable These climate-induced health challenges are
human development and increased productivity in addition to the existing disease challenges
in a country. SADC recognizes that close experienced by the region which will be
co-operation in health is essential for the exacerbated by climate change. This includes
effective control of communicable and non- health challenges such as HIV/Aids and TB,
communicable diseases within the region. and the recent COVID-19 pandemic.

Climate change affects the social and

environmental determinants of health – clean
air, safe drinking water, sufficient food and
secure shelter. Climate change will increase
deaths that result from food insecurity,
malnutrition, vector-borne diseases such
as malaria, poor sanitation and diarrhoea,
extreme weather events and heat stress.
Extreme high temperatures contribute directly
to deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory
disease, particularly among elderly people, and
high temperatures raise the levels of ozone
and other pollutants in the air that exacerbate
cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Pollen

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 29 2023/05/05 12:12

 30 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

Additionally, climate-related diseases triggered Climate change adaptation activities will need
by heat waves and floods have become more to build upon existing work in the health sector.
prevalent and biomes are shifting, reducing The SADC Health Policy plans to raise the
ecosystem ability to support traditional rural regional standard of health for all citizens to an
livelihoods and dependent populations. As acceptable level by promoting, coordinating,
such, environmentally induced migration (due and supporting efforts of MS to improve access
to insecurity arising from crop failures, stock to high-impact health interventions.
deaths, disease, water stress) will increase,
with subsequent impacts on resource allocation,
To address the above challenges,
settlements and health, and overall security.
the following human health sector
adaptation strategies are recommended:
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines
‘health’ as a state of complete physical, mental 1 Strengthen regional and national research
and health care responses to climate
and social well-being, and not merely the
change related health impacts.
absence of disease or infirmity. Climate change
will also have psychological impacts on families 2 Building resilient communities empowered
that are ripped apart, with livelihoods and lives to take care of basic health care needs
lost. This Strategy seeks to enable MS to equip through empowerment programmes.
communities with tools that will assist them to
deal with the additional stressors, especially
those already living on the edge of survival.

3.1.6 Settlements and Infrastructure

SSADC MS include mainland and small vulnerable to extreme weather events, which
island states with a mix of low- and middle- suggests greatly enhanced adaptive planning for
income economies. Regional infrastructure regional infrastructure development is required
development facilitates a larger market urgently. The threats to infrastructure include
and greater economic opportunities, and is physical damage from extreme events such as
critical for promoting and sustaining regional cyclones, floods or heat waves. Vulnerabilities
economic development, trade and investment, are especially profound where infrastructures
and can contribute to poverty reduction and are subject to multiple stresses beyond climate
improved social conditions. Infrastructure change.
fundamental to cooperation in the SADC
The Regional Infrastructure Development
region includes regional transport, energy,
Master Plan (2012) guides development in
water, and meteorology and communications
key infrastructure such as road, rail and ports,
systems, which are. At the local level, urban
and acts as a framework for planning and
environments comprising buildings, including
cooperation with development partners and
business, residential, educational (schools,
the private sector. Infrastructure is also a key
universities, training colleges), hospitals and
component of the Regional Indicative Strategic
clinics, water and sewerage infrastructure,
Development Plan. Infrastructure is the primary
railway stations, airports and ports and
medium through which human settlements are
industrial installations constitute human
identified and connected.
settlements, which are connected and enabled
by transport infrastructure such as roads Adapting infrastructure to a changing climate
and railways. However, all infrastructure is needs to be considered in two ways. First,

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 30 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 31

when constructing new infrastructure, climate Insurance plays a central role in handling
resilience can be improved by locating, climate risks related to infrastructure and
designing and operating an asset with the physical assets. It can support adaptive
current and future climate in mind. This is practices by helping to manage climate change
particularly important in the case of large risks, providing incentives for climate risk
infrastructure which usually has a lifespan of prevention and by disseminating information
at least 20 years and investment decisions on climate change risks and risk prevention
therefore influence future generations’ measures. As a result, enhanced engagement
wellbeing. Second, existing infrastructure can of the insurance sector in policy development in
be made more climate-resilient by retrofitting SADC will become increasingly important.
and/or ensuring that maintenance regimes
incorporate resilience to the impacts of climate
To address the above challenges,
change over an asset’s lifetime.
the following human settlement and
infrastructure sector adaptation
Adapting infrastructure design to climate strategies are recommended:
change will be essential in maintaining public
service infrastructure such as buildings, 1 Promote public and private partnerships
for climate-resilient infrastructure
water and wastewater reticulation systems,
development and financing.
roads and rail networks, communication
and energy related infrastructure. Climate- 2 Integrate green infrastructure solutions
smart infrastructure supports inclusive and into human settlement planning and
sustainable growth, expands markets, creates development.
job opportunities, promotes competition, and
contributes to a cleaner future.

Climate change impacts on Southern Africa

human settlements manifest in the form of
sea-level rise, impacts on water resources,
extreme weather events, food insecurity,
increased health risks, and temperature related
stresses and morbidity. The extent of these
impacts will variously depend on the localities
of settlements. Land-use policies and spatial
planning play a central role when developing
new infrastructure. Overall, the climate
resilience of infrastructure starts with sound
spatial planning.

For human settlements to continuously prosper,

there is a need for a holistic approach to
adaptation that addresses concerns across
sectors including transport, water, energy, food
and health. SADC must play an important role
in urgently aligning policy direction and goals
to ensure the uptake of climate resilience in
human settlements infrastructure investment
policies and by promoting new ‘climate-smart’
construction standards.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 31 2023/05/05 12:12

 32 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

3.1.7 Disaster Risk Reduction

The SADC region experiences natural and now 2015-2030 (SFDRR) which highlights the need
increasingly climate-induced disaster risks. The for increased knowledge on disaster risks, calling
increasing frequency, intensity and magnitude for the broader integration of socio-economic
of extreme weather events such as droughts, impacts to the prevention of, response to and
floods, and cyclones, coupled with epidemics, recovery from, disasters. The SADC Disaster
widespread land degradation and loss of Preparedness and Response Strategy and Fund
biodiversity has forced the regional development 2016-2030 is aligned to the revised Regional
lens to focus on disaster risk reduction (DRR). Indicative Strategy Development Plan (RISDP)
Additionally, the coastal regions and Small incorporating Sendai Framework calls for the
Island States face further climate and disaster strengthening of regional vigilance and disaster
risk emanating from sea level rise, coastal risk response coordination and the necessary
erosion, storm surges and destruction of coral capacities and resources for effective reduction
reefs. in the loss of lives, environmental assets
and relapse in the regional economy gains.
Disaster events lead to crop failure, low
The SADC Regional Resilience Framework
agriculture and productivity yields, and basic
2020-2030 supports the implementation of
services disruptions through destroyed
programmes with strong linkages between
infrastructure such as transport systems. The
climate change adaptation (CCA) and DRR.
SADC Regional Vulnerability Assessment
The Framework promotes inclusive participation
and Analysis Synthesis Reports (RVAA 2018)
of the region and communities to respond
indicate escalating food insecurity trends,
appropriately to the risks.
weakening of social capital and widespread
vulnerabilities due to low coping capacities However, broad regional constraints
and secondary impacts existing in high chronic encompassing limited capacity to translate
malnutrition levels, that averages over 25%, climate forecasts into locally usable information,
in the region. Reduced rainfall has led to crop the need for structural and institutional
failures, water scarcity and reduced energy mechanisms and capacities to identify and
production especially for those countries assess climate risks for effective preparedness,
dependent on hydroelectricity Conversely, response and resilient recovery exist. Low
flooding events result in landslides, destruction adaptive capacity contributes to low disaster risk
of infrastructure, disruption of social services investments to facilitate the operationalization of
and water-borne disease outbreaks. Climate- regional and national regulatory frameworks and
driven displacement and migration in the region enforcement.
is rising due to widespread risks and coping
challenges, particularly, in rural and vulnerable
To address the above challenges,
communities. According to the Africa Report
the following disaster risk reduction
on Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2018, during
adaptation strategies are recommended:
this period the SADC region experienced loss 1 Improve regional climate risk governance,
of lives, development assets and infrastructure including planning and risk assessments,
while the economic loss increased more than for pre- and post-disaster preparedness.
five times, from US$492 Million in 2015/2016 to
US$2.5 Billion in 2017/2018IV. 2 Promote the integration of climate change
and disaster risk reduction instruments,
The regional DRR instruments are aligned to the strategies and operationalisation.
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction

IV. Source: EM-DAT Member States reporting on the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction Programme of Action
Emergency Events Data, Africa Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2018, Africa Union 2020.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 32 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 33

3.1.8 Tourism

As a growth sector with high potential

socioeconomic impacts, tourism is of high
interest to SADC. To foster the tourism industry
in Southern Africa SADC passed its Protocol
on the Development of Tourism in SADC in
1998, later amended in 2009. The Protocol
sets out SADC’s objective to build on the
region’s potential as a tourist destination.
SADC intends to ensure even distribution of
tourism development throughout the region
recent Coronavirus 2019 pandemic (COVID-19)
and to create a favourable environment for
disruptions, whereby there is high uncertainty as
tourism, thereby using tourism as a vehicle
to when tourism may regain its former activities.
for socioeconomic development and regional
integration. The Protocol establishes systems Volatility of the SADC tourism sector is
for facilitating travel to Southern Africa, training exacerbated by climate change induced changes
for industry workers, and marketing of the in weather patterns, including droughts, extreme
region as a tourist destination. It includes an weather events experienced in the region’s
institutional framework for implementing the key tourism destinations and affecting regional
Protocol, specifying committees, units, duties, transportation and accommodation infrastructure.
and procedures relevant to improving tourism in Climate impacts also negatively impact on the
the region. region’s natural capital which includes wildlife
and cultural heritage – key draw cards for
The SADC Tourism Programme 2020-2030
tourism to and within the Southern African region.
considers global and continental tourism
Further, tourism is both a ‘vector and a victim
programmes including the World Tourism
of climate change’ (UNWTO, 2016). The global
Organization (WTO) Agenda for Africa, the
tourism industry’s transport-related contributions
African Union’s Agenda 2063, as well as several
to anthropogenic GHG emissions was pegged
SADC initiatives, frameworks, and institutional
at 5% of all man made emissions in 2016 and
developments. Objectives of the Programme
was expected to increase to 5.3% by 2030
include exceeding average global growth levels
(UNWTO, 2016). At a destination level, indirect
in tourism receipts and arrivals, broadening the
emissions stemming from tourism operations
spread of regional tourism receipts and arrivals,
(accommodation, activities, and attractions)
and effectively increasing the length of stay
and key value chain actors such as food and
and return of travellers within the region, while
beverage suppliers, are contributing to climate
ultimately fostering an enabling environment for
change.
sustainable tourism growth and development
through the harmonisation of policies. To address the above challenges, the
In 2018, the sector made an 8.6% contribution
following tourism sector adaptation
to the region’s GDP (USD56.3 bn), creating
strategies are recommended:
over 6 million jobs (6.1% of total employment) 1 Enhance and promote climate-smart
(WTTC, 2018). Tourism achieved this tourism models.
significant impact due to its cross-sectoral,
labour-intensive, and ‘low barrier to entry’ 2 Enhance disaster risk reduction and
nature. However, the tourism industry is also response in vulnerable tourism destinations.
volatile, facing constant economic, political,
3 Promote tourism as a viable, climate-
environmental and health risks, such as the
resilient livelihoods alternative.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 33 2023/05/05 12:12

 34 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

3.1.9 Mining and other extractive industries

Mining is a sector of strategic importance in water and energy, as well as social critique
Southern Africa. A significant share of the of GHG intensity. y Mainstreaming of climate
world’s vanadium, platinum, gold, cobalt, change issues in mining operations is a social,
diamonds and coal originate in the region. environmental and economic necessity. This
These minerals contribute greatly to several is also important in the context of technology
SADC MS’s gross national product and and mineral demand shifts related to the
employment, with many states in the region Fourth Industrial Revolution and the green
relying heavily on mineral exports as a source of economy. New technologies are emerging
foreign exchange earnings. However, the sector that can make mining more resource efficient
is both highly vulnerable to extreme weather and safer (for workers, adjacent communities
events as well as increasingly under pressure to and the environment) as well as extending the
reduce GHG emissions, especially the fossil fuel commercial viability of mining operations. Yet,
sector. the mechanisation associated with these trends
has impacts on labour. At the same time, green
The SADC Protocol on Mining (1997) forms the
technologies and global regulatory responses
basis for SADC’s work programme on mining.
to climate change may increase the demand
This protocol aims to facilitate development
for certain minerals (for example, rare earth
of the region’s mineral resources through
minerals), but may also lead to significantly
international collaboration, in turn improving the
reduced demand for others, particularly fossil
living standards of the people engaged in the
fuels such as coal, potentially leading to these
mining sector. It is noteworthy, however, that
resources becoming ‘stranded assets’. It is
the Protocol does not address climate impacts
crucial that the region responds strategically to
on the mining sector. Mining governance in the
these shifts.
region is also informed by the Africa Mining
Vision (2009), a continental framework that To address the above challenges, the
aims to promote the ‘transparent, equitable following mining and other extractive
and optimal exploitation of mineral resources to industries sector adaptation strategies
underpin broad-based sustainable growth and are recommended:
socioeconomic development’.
1 Integrate climate risk management in the
A changing climate and its impacts represent mining industry.
a physical risk to mining operations and
infrastructure, as well as the people and
environments attached to those operations. The
physical risks to infrastructure arise from flood
and storm damage. Associated risks include
supply chain risks arising from disruption to
transport networks and increased competition
for climate-sensitive resources such as water
and energy.

Investors are starting to compel mining

companies to accelerate public disclosure
and management of risks associated with
climate change on production processes,
health and safety, operations, maintenance,

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 34 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 35

04
CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION –
SECTORAL APPROACH
SADC MS, cognizant of the principle of mitigation are already in place within the region.
common but differentiated responsibilities and These include the Protocol on Environmental
respective capabilities under the UNFCCC and Management for Sustainable Development,
Paris Agreement, seek to undertake mitigation the Protocol on Forestry, the Regional Green
and adaptation actions that contribute to Economy Strategy and Action Plan for
the achievement of the ultimate objective of Sustainable Development, among others.
these instruments, that is, to stabilize GHG
The key sectors in mitigation in the region
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level
comprise energy, land use, land use change
that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
and forestry (LULUCF), agriculture, industrial
interference with the climate system and to limit
processes, mining, transport, waste and human
temperature increases to well below 2 degrees
settlements. By far the bulk of these emissions
Celsius, while pursuing efforts to limit the
are from fossil fuels use in the energy sector.
increase to 1.5 degrees. SADC MS’s, therefore,
support the duty to peak emissions as soon as In terms of overall global GHG emissions
possible, taking into consideration the needs of SADC contributes around 2 – 3% of the total
developing countries, with a view to achieving (UNFCCC 2006; USAID 2011)). Only South
carbon neutrality by 2050. Africa is a large contributor to GHG emissions
where most of the emissions come from
The SADC Region recognises that actions
coal-based electricity generation. SADC MS
to mitigate climate change should be carried
specific emissions are illustrated in Table 2
out in such a manner that they promote
below. Despite the region’s relatively low per
sustainable regional economic growth, ensure
capita levels of GHG emissions, the growing
environmental integrity and foster social equity,
risk of catastrophic global climate change
as set out by the Regional Infrastructure
means that all countries must move away from
Development Master Plan (2012-2027).
high-emission models of economic growth.
Various policy instruments to encourage GHG
Therefore, while the region works to overcome
a well-documented range of development
challenges, it must be part of a wider
movement to develop globally in a manner
that does not lead to large-scale increases
in GHG emissions. There are opportunities
for SADC MS to facilitate the development
of technologies and adopt practices to avoid
lock-in to resource- and emissions-intensive
economies, and to navigate the difficult trade-
offs necessary to achieve sustainable economic
development in a carbon-constrained world. In
fact, the transition away from the dependence
on fossil fuels can provide ‘win-win’ solutions
- reducing GHG emissions, avoiding lock-in to
high carbon development paths and supporting
inclusive economic growth. These transitions

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 35 2023/05/05 12:12

 36 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

include generating electricity from renewable In order to avoid competing policy objectives
sources and implementing higher density multi- and to ensure a just transition, these low-carbon
use urban plans, such as mass transportation shifts will have to be supported through cross-
systems; reducing emissions from construction sector collaboration on a national level, with
materials, methods and building operations; the inclusion of non-state actors. International
reducing GHG emissions from livestock and support in the form of finance, technology
waste; improving the energy efficiency of transfer, and frameworks to promote low-carbon
manufacturing and industrial processes; while trade and productivity will also be critical.
reducing GHG emissions in the transport sector. Developing the necessary policies to transform
Also, a move towards a circular economy model infrastructure, natural and human resources in
is fundamental to close the gap between the the near term, will play a large role in shaping
production and the natural ecosystems’ cycles, the region’s growth going forward.
designing out waste and pollution, keeping
products and materials in use, and regenerating
natural systems.

4.1 Sector Mitigation Strategies

4.1.1 Energy

Recognizing that all Member States need to renewable energy, energy conservation and
grow their economies, future energy demand energy efficiency. This makes the energy sector
and consumption will increase. There is, an important target for mitigation response
however, the possibility for achieving greater measures.
emission reduction through investments in

Figure 5: SADC Energy Mix (SAPP, 2018)

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 36 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 37

The SADC energy sector comprises the GHG emissions, job creation and contribution
following subsectors: electricity, petroleum and to the industrialization development pillar
gas, coal, wood and charcoal, nuclear energy, of the Region. The objective of the energy
renewable energy and energy efficiency. sector is to ensure the availability of sufficient,
According to the SAPP (2018), 62% of power integrated low-cost energy services to the
generation in Southern Africa is from coal SADC Region. The approach is to promote the
and only 32% of rural population in the region use of renewable energy sources to contribute
have access to electricity. As such the SADC to global efforts to reduce carbon emissions.
Regional Energy Access and Strategic Action However, given the fact that coal, oil and gas
Plan (2010-2020) was adopted to provide a remain important inputs to the production of
vision and direction to move Member States energy in the region, an appropriate energy mix
towards universal energy access, with a will be adopted which is characterized by the
midway goal to halve the number of people development of climate smart infrastructure,
without access to modern energy resources while retaining a percentage of traditional
by the year 2020. While this has not yet been sources of energy which are driven by current
achieved, attempts are still being made to and emerging coal, oil and natural gas
promote energy access throughout the region. reserves.

Energy development in SADC is guided, In 2016 SADC Centre for Renewable Energy
among others, by the Protocol on Energy and Energy Efficiency was established to
(1996); the Energy Sector Plan (2012); and oversee the implementation of Renewable
the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Energy and Energy Efficiency Strategy and
Strategy and Action Plan (REEESP) (2016- Action Plan (REEESAP) and contribute
2030). The emphasis across these instruments towards increased access to modern energy
is largely on harmonisation of national and services and improved energy security across
regional policies and regulatory frameworks; the Region through the promotion of market-
cooperation in energy development and trading based uptake of renewable energy and energy
through the establishment of the necessary efficient technologies and energy services.
infrastructure; exploitation of the abundant Hydrogen has potentials in assisting the SADC
renewable energy resources in the region, and region towards decarbonization of the energy
to coordinate planning and governance of the industry.
sector. A number of countries in the region
are developing and implementing mitigation
To address the above challenges, the
pledges within their national green economy
following energy sector mitigation
and climate change policies, strategies and
strategies are recommended:
action plans. This includes their National 1 Promote the development and
Communications to the UNFCCC, as well as harmonisation of policies and regulatory
their NDCs. frameworks for renewable energy, energy
conservation and energy efficiency.
The SADC Industrialization Strategy and
Roadmap (2015-2063) identifies energy as
2 Promote the development, expansion
a major barrier as well as a key enabler for and use of renewable energy and cleaner
industrial competitiveness of the Region. One energy technologies, especially wind and
of the cost-effective measures to overcome solar.
these barriers is for industries to utilize energy
efficiently and adoption of renewable energy. 3 Ensure the successful completion of
The focus will, therefore, be on the promotion existing renewable energy projects, such
and implementation of energy savings and co- as the Great Inga Scheme in the DRC (a
benefits of reduced costs of doing business, priority of Agenda 2063 of the AU).

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 37 2023/05/05 12:12

 38 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

4.1.2 Agriculture

SADC MS’s acknowledge the importance of management techniques and sustainable

agriculture to the future growth and prosperity crop and grazing land management
of the Region. The majority of the Region’s practices.
people live in rural areas mainly as smallholder
Promote low-carbon value chain
farmers that rely on agriculture for their jobs
and livelihoods. SADC is committed to ensuring 2 management and agro processing.
the enhanced contribution to agricultural Build capacity of farmers and other
development and food and nutrition security 3 agricultural stakeholders to measure
by women, youth and other vulnerable groups, carbon emissions in the agricultural sector.
by guaranteeing them effective access to
productive resources, services and social/
economic opportunities. In particular, Member
States acknowledge that women in agriculture
make up more than 50% of the rural population, 4.1.3 Land Use, Land Use
and play a central role in producing, harvesting,
Change and Forestry (LULUCF)
processing, storage and marketing of food. The
agriculture sector has deep interconnectedness
with almost every other sector of the The SADC Region is home to almost 394
economy, hence the central role of agricultural million hectares of forest and forest-like
development to the growth of both urban and formations, which is equivalent to 41% of the
rural economies, including the rural non-farm regions’ land area. Globally, the main carbon
sector, and the transformation of the largely sinks are the oceans and forests. The region’s
agrarian population to a more industrialised still largely intact forest resources constitute
economy. significant carbon sinks, which play a major
role in stabilizing the global climate. However,
The Region recognises that the agricultural significant destruction of SADC’s forest
sector is one of the main contributors to resources is occurring and deforestation and
GHG emissions – mainly from cropping land degradation are the two major sources
and animal husbandry activities. Although of GHG emissions under Land Use, Land use
Africa’s contribution to global GHG emissions Change and Forestry (LULUCF). Globally,
is comparatively small, emissions from the deforestation is the second largest emitter of
agriculture, forestry and other land use sector carbon emissions, after the extraction and
are relatively high and continue to increase consumption of fossil fuels. Of special concern
by 1.6 percent per year. The Region commits to the Southern African sub-region are GHG
to employing crop and livestock technologies emissions from the degradation of forests and
and techniques to reduce emissions below conversion of other vegetation types to other
a business as usual scenario and to lower land uses.
emissions intensities and recognises the scope
for delivering actions that simultaneously According to the Food and Agricultural
address adaptation and mitigation. Organization (FAO), the annual deforestation
rate in the SADC region amounts up to 0,46%
To address the above challenges, the per year (2005-2012 period), resulting in
following agriculture sector mitigation high biomass losses and carbon emissions.
strategies are recommended: Although the extent of forest cover change
and the drivers of deforestation vary between
1 Promote sustainable, green agricultural
different countries, forest cover change is
practices and technology, such as
mainly driven by agricultural expansion, energy
agroforestry and integrated soil fertility

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 38 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 39

production, livestock grazing and logging

activities. Wildfires are also a cause of large- 4.1.4 Industrial Processes
scale destruction in many MS.

A reversal of the impacts of deforestation, land As recognised in the SADC Industrial Strategy
disturbance and degradation is required to and Roadmap (2015-2063), industrial
increase the quantity of, and potential for stored development is a core component of the SADC
carbon. Higher values of stored carbon are regional development and integration agenda.
an indicator of healthy ecosystems. The focus Member States recognise that industrial
for SADC is to maintain, and where possible, development is key to the growth, diversification
increase its capacity for carbon sequestration of their economies, development of their
through ecosystem restoration. Also, the productive capacities, job and wealth creation.
SADC Regional Forest Law Enforcement,
The sector is dominated by low technology
Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Programme
industries, such as food processing, beverages,
has been developed as a first attempt to adopt
textiles, clothing, cement, mining and footwear.
a comprehensive programme to promote forest
On average, the sector contributed 13.9% to
law enforcement and governance, as well as
the region’s GDP in 2012, and this contribution
legal harvesting and trade in forest products in
is set to increase as prescribed by the Revised
the region.
RISDP aspirations. In pursuit of this industrial
Research illustrates that places where growth, inevitably there will be significant
indigenous people and local communities have GHG emissions from the associated industrial
legal rights to their land have at least two times processes.
lower deforestation rates than similar areas
The main GHG emissions from industrial
without secure tenure. Local communities have
processes in the SADC region include; (1) the
protected forests globally that hold 25% of all
use of fossil fuels for energy, either directly
above-ground carbon in tropical forests. Yet
by industry for heat and power generation
these communities legally own less than one-
or indirectly in the generation of purchased
fifth of this land (WRI, 2017). Securing the rights
electricity and steam; (2) non-energy uses of
of local people in SADC will ensure they can
fossil fuels in chemical processing and metal
hold onto their land, protect natural resources
smelting; and (3) non-fossil fuel sources, for
and better sustain their livelihoods in the face of
example cement and lime manufacture. There
climate change.
are various mitigation options which the region
To address the above challenges, the can adopt that focus on optimising industrial
following LULUCF sector mitigation processes to be more efficient and low carbon
strategies are recommended: activities.

1 Promote sustainable forest management To address the above challenges, the

and restoration to enhance carbon following industrial processes sector
sequestration through securing indigenous mitigation strategy is recommended:
peoples land rights and land tenure.
1 Promote policies and regulatory
2 Promote transboundary community frameworks that enhance resource use
management of forest resources through efficiency and cleaner production in
opportunities and active programmes. industry, in line with principles of a circular
economy.
3 Enhance education and public awareness
on the importance of forest ecosystems
for mitigation and adaptation of climate
change (as well as in meeting other
sustainable development targets).

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 39 2023/05/05 12:12

 40 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

4.1.5 Waste Sector 4.1.6 Transport

Waste management represents a key challenge for The transport sector is a key enabler for SADC’s
environmental sustainability in the SADC region. achievement of sustainable development. One
The expected increase in population and growing of the objectives indicated in the RISDP is the
production of industrial and agricultural products will development of seamless, integrated, efficient,
inevitably exacerbate current gaps in national waste safe, cost effective and responsive transport
management systems. There is, therefore, scope systems. Another policy framework relevant in
for regional integration within this sector to achieve achieving the objective mentioned above is the
greater impact in addressing waste management SADC Protocol on Transport, Communications
issues. and Meteorology, which aims to ensure that
the transport sector remains competitive and
The largest source of GHG emissions in the waste
sensitive to emerging issues such as climate
sector is landfill methane (CH4), followed by
change (SADC, 1996).
wastewater (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Minor
emissions of CO2 result from incineration of waste GHG emissions from the transport sector
containing fossil carbon (C) (plastics; synthetic emanate from fuel combustion in vehicles,
textiles). There are large uncertainties with respect maritime and air transport. Transport systems
to direct emissions, indirect emissions and mitigation in the region are characterised by air pollution,
potentials for the waste sector. congestion and energy security (oil import)
problems. Solutions, therefore, cannot be
Existing waste-management practices and increased
focused on GHG emissions alone. Various
infrastructure for wastewater can provide effective
mitigation options are available in the transport
mitigation of GHG emissions from this sector.
sector most of which relate to a shift in the use of
There is a wide range of environmentally-effective
cleaner transport technologies and green fuels.
technologies with the potential to mitigate emissions
and provide public health, energy generation, Hydrogen is being taunted as one of the keys
conservation of water resources, environmental to unlocking sustainable energy and low-carbon
protection, reduction of untreated discharges to transport. Globally, a number of countries
surface water, groundwater, soils and coastal zones have developed and adopted their Hydrogen
and sustainable development co-benefits. Strategies (Australia, Germany and the US).
Within the SADC Region, South Africa has
Synergies in implementation of this strategy and
started compiling a hydrogen roadmap (Creamer
that of the SADC Waste Management Strategy,
Media, 2021).
the Protocol on Environmental Management for
Sustainable Development, other Environmental There are three main uses of hydrogen,
Conventions such as the Basel, Stockholm and namely:

• As fuel for transport and electricity peaking

Bamako, will need to be explored if significant
reductions of emissions from this sector are to be
realised. The waste ‘hierarchy’ should be followed, plants;
including waste avoidance and reduction, re-
use, recycling, recovery, treatment and disposal,
• As heat for industry and residential and
commercial buildings; and

• As feedstock for chemicals (e.g. fertilizers,

activities which potentially contribute to a reduction in
emissions from material life cycle.
fuel refining and plastics) and products (e.g.
To address the above challenges, the
metallurgy, food, steel and glass).
following waste sector mitigation strategies
are recommended: The Hydrogen Council projects that globally,
hydrogen will power about 400 million passenger
1 Promote green principles in waste management.
vehicles, about 20 million trucks and about 5
2 Improve the management of landfill sites. million buses by 2050 (Creamer Media, 2021).

3 Enhance education and public awareness to

divert waste from landfill sites.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 40 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 41

SADC already boasts the biggest production infrastructure sector mitigation strategies
of platinum in the world. Platinum is a critical are recommended:
element of the hydrogen economy as a catalyst
in fuel cells production and in electrolysis of
1 Promote and harmonize regional standards
water in the production of green hydrogen. and guidelines on green buildings.
Fuel cells in turn are critical in transforming the 2 Promote the uptake of climate resilient
region’s fossil fuels powered transport industry ecosystem-based or green infrastructure in
into electric vehicles urban and peri-urban planning.
To address the above challenges, the
following transport sector mitigation
strategies are recommended:
4.1.8 Mining
1 Promote the design and implementation
of measures to reduce emissions in the The minerals sector contributes significantly to the
transportation sector. region’s economy and is, therefore, also linked to
regional carbon emissions. Mining is an energy-
2 Develop institutional capacity to deal
intensive activity, with a high reliance on fossil
with opportunities and challenges of the
fuel-based energy sources. In addition to the
transport sector going forward.
adaptation strategies and actions outlined earlier in
the Strategy, it is, therefore, also important that the
sector contributes to climate mitigation. More than
90% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the
mining sector stem not from the direct operations,
4.1.7 Human Settlements
but instead from upstream and downstream
and Infrastructure
components of the mineral value chain. These
Over the last decade, the urban population ‘scope 3 emissions’ are central to the discussion
has increased in almost all SADC countries. of the mining sector’s response to climate change.
In 2012, 39% of a total population of 257.7 Significant progress is required in measuring and
million people were living in urban settlements. mapping the GHG emissions across entire value
Human settlements are associated with high chains and at the level of individual operations.
energy consumption, poor waste management Such data will allow for efficient and evidence-
systems and inefficient transport networks and based engagements with partners across the value
high energy consuming buildings. Their growth chain around emission reductions. Standardized
entails an increase in carbon dioxide emissions frameworks are required to effectively track
from energy consumption. progress, enhance accountability and support
comparative analysis.
SADC cities can be turned into an opportunity
to redesign the urban space and promote To address the above challenges, the
sustainable development in the long term. following mining sector mitigation
Investments in green cities have the potential strategies are recommended:
to improve the living conditions of the urban
1 Support the reduction of GHG emissions from
population and reduce future climate change
the mining sector.
impacts.
2 Support the development and adoption of
Infrastructure such as dams, roads, power lines
new climate-smart design, technologies
will be impacted by climate change. Climate
and regulatory standards that promote
proof this infrastructure.
resource use efficiency in the mining sector,
To address the above challenges, including the adoption of emission-reduction
the following human settlements and technologies and processes within mineral
value chains.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 41 2023/05/05 12:12

 42 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

05
MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION
Means of implementation are critical for the effective operationalization of this Strategy and Action
plan. The major components identified in this Strategy are finance and resource mobilization; capacity
development; technology development and transfer; communication advocacy and awareness; multi-
stakeholder partnerships; and institutional governance. These elements below are needed to ensure a
just transition for SADC and people.

5.1 Climate Change Finance and Resource Mobilization

It is acknowledged that within the SADC Region, country’s budgetary allocations, public-
as in most other developing regions, climate private partnerships and private sector-
change investment needs are significant, and based financing mechanisms; direct bilateral
the availability of direct government funding is funding and development partner-based
limited and variable amongst Member States. mechanisms between Member States and
To best address the challenge of climate specific development partner countries and/or
change, financing mechanisms should be organisations; multilateral funding mechanisms,
coordinated to meet the self-identified needs of especially the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and
the region, balancing mitigation and adaptation other mechanisms under the UNFCCC and
spend in proportion to these needs. The Paris Agreement, as well as other sources
transparent tracking of climate finance should of international climate finance and support,
clearly demonstrate this balance, as well as the and international market-based instruments
provision of new and additional climate finance including emissions trading systems.
to support developing country needs. The SADC
region will take direct and urgent responsibility
To that end the SADC region will:
for mobilizing climate finance to implement
1 Mobilise new and additional climate
climate change programmes in all sectors of finance to support Member Country needs.
the economy, especially pursuing mechanisms
which offer Member States the opportunity to 2 Promote and support the resource
transition towards low emission and climate- mobilisation capacity at Secretariat and
resilient development pathways. Member States level.

There are multiple potential avenues to

pursue financing for climate change, which
include domestic financing from member

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 42 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 43

5.2 Capacity Development

For the region to effectively respond to the challenges and opportunities of climate change there is an
urgent need to build and strengthen capacities on climate change issues at various levels. This calls for
actions that will promote and strengthen the capacity of the SADC Secretariat, its Member States, and
other relevant stakeholders, in relation to climate change policies and programme development and
implementation.

To address the above challenges, the following capacity development key performance
areas are recommended:
1 Empower relevant capacity building institutions and facilitate the exchange of experiences,
information, and best practices.

2 Support and strengthen participatory and integrated approaches to mainstream climate change
impacts into planning and decision-making processes.

5.3 Technology Development

and Transfer

The development and transfer of appropriate

technology forms an integral part of the SADC’s
efforts to respond to climate change. It is
against this background that Africa and the
SADC Region call upon developed countries
to commit to the deployment, diffusion and
transfer of technologies to developing countries,
based on principles of accessibility, affordability,
appropriateness and adaptability, as well as to
address barriers to technology transfer.

To address the above challenges, the

following strategies are recommended:

1 Support appropriate technology

cooperation, active development, transfer
and adoption.

2 Support research and institutional

development to foster endogenous
technologies, as well as to develop the
local manufacturing of cleaner mitigation
and adaptation technologies.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 43 2023/05/05 12:12

 44 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

5.4 Communication, Advocacy and Awareness

A well-crafted communication and advocacy plan To address the above challenges, the
is essential for the successful implementation of following strategies are recommended:
this SADC Climate Change Strategy. The overall
goal of the plan will be to link all stakeholders
1 Maximize advocacy, awareness, and
to enable effective understanding of the key communication around climate change
issues. It will also facilitate information sharing, issues in different SADC countries.
enhanced collaboration, attract further support
2 Enhance capacity of climate scientists,
and allow for a feedback on the effectiveness of researchers, science communicators,
the strategy. The plan must consider the role of media specialists and relevant
other relevant institutions and stakeholders, in professionals on packaging and
achieving both the objectives of the Strategy and disseminating appropriate climate change
in its implementation. For this to be achieved the messages.
following actions need to be undertaken.

5.5 Institutional Arrangements and Governance

Climate change is a multi-disciplinary and cross- vulnerability and address risk reduction as an
cutting issue. Implementation of the Strategy integral part of the development agenda of
will require close coordination of relevant the Region. Climate-proofing of the current
stakeholders at all levels, including international, and future development efforts requires the
regional, national and local levels. Coordination development of “climate smart” systems that
of the implementation of the Strategy is a integrate disaster risk reduction, environment
function of the SADC Secretariat as guided management, climate change and sustainable
by the Member States. However, the current development.
capacity and institutional arrangement for the
effective implementation and coordination of
To address the above challenges, the
the Strategy at both Secretariat and Member
following strategies are recommended:
State level is inadequate and will require 1 Enhance the participation, representation,
improvement. and coordination of SADC climate
governance structures.
It is also imperative that the impacts of climate
change variability and change be integrated into 2 Promote multi-sectoral policy design
development planning and budgeting processes and implementation, inter-ministerial
throughout the region. This integration should collaboration, or public-private co-design
lead to the adoption of measures to reduce and implementation.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 44 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 45

5.6 Multi-stakeholder partnerships

Fostering partnerships around shared concerns • Facilitating experience sharing and joint
and opportunities is integral for achieving learning among stakeholders.
climate action. The engagement of non- • Facilitating knowledge generation and learning.
• Facilitating multi-stakeholder dialogues for
governmental actors in the CCSAP, including
community-based structures operating at the
local level, will broaden the democratic basis influencing change at policy and practice levels.
of SADC’s climate vision and impart legitimacy
There have been some efforts to establish
on the recommendations, plans and strategies.
and operate partnerships in the SADC region.
These different groups of stakeholders can
However, sustaining their operations has been a
create new champions of the process, players
challenge. Therefore, effective implementation of
that will ultimately contribute to the successful
the strategy requires taking the following actions.
adoption and ownership of political processes.
To address the above challenges, the
Citizens in the region are requesting more
following strategies are recommended:
accountability, deeper participation, and
collective action in policy formulation, 1 Strengthen regional and national level
engagement, and decision making. partnerships for research, capacity
Partnerships can be established or development, and knowledge sharing on
strengthened for the following purposes: climate change mitigation and adaptation.

• Mobilizing political support and commitment 2 Increase meaningful public participation in

for climate change action. climate policies across the region and in the

• Mobilizing partners for building capacity for CCSAP specifically.

climate action.

5.7 Specific inclusion of marginalised and vulnerable groupings,

including gender/women and youth

The impacts of climate change amplify existing in accordance with the SADC Protocol on
inequalities and disparities across various Environment and Sustainable development,
gender and generational groupings. Women’s and conduct research to assess the differential
dependence on, and unequal access to land, impacts of climate change and put in place effect
water and other resources and productive mitigation and adaptation measures’. Article 20.2
assets, mean that they are disproportionately of the Protocol on Environmental Management
affected by climate change. Article 31 of the for Sustainable Development requires that ‘State
SADC protocol on Gender and Development parties shall undertake gender analysis and gender
recognizes that ‘state parties shall develop mainstreaming of all environmental management,
policies and strategies, and programmes to climate change and sustainable development
address gender issues in climate change policies, programmes, projects and budgets’.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 45 2023/05/05 12:12

 46 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

Furthermore, Article 12 of the Protocol on To address the above challenges, the

Climate Change urges member states to adopt following strategies are recommended:
the necessary legislative and administrative
measures to enhance adaptation to the impacts 1 Develop a regional gender and climate change
of climate change given a recognition that there action plan that will serve as a roadmap for
are diverse and gender differentiated levels guiding gender integration in the member state
of vulnerability. This is in addition to other climate policies, strategies and plans.
documents, protocols and strategies such as 2 Encourage strategic partnerships to develop,
the SADC Gender Mainstreaming in the Water implement and upscale climate resilient and
Sector Handbook, international and national gender responsive policies, strategies and
gender and development frameworks. programmes in the region.

06
MONITORING, EVALUATION AND REPORTING
A Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) framework In terms of reporting on the implementation
is required to track the performance and impact of the Strategy, the SADC Secretariat shall
of the SADC Climate Change Strategy and compile reports bi-annually based on the
Action Plan. To achieve this, a standardized outcomes of the Monitoring and Evaluation
monitoring, evaluation and reporting framework Framework, with inputs from Member States
for climate change programmes needs to be and information derived from the National
established. Communications and the Biennial Updated
Reports to the UNFCCC. The review process
Countries in the region are in the process of
should involve the participation of non-state
updating their NDCs in 5-year increments
actors and should aim to increase the reach of
(2020 and 2025). SADC can record the
the review process.
cumulative commitments of member countries
which is a key priority for regional adaptation, To address the above challenges, the
mitigation and MRV tracking. This is true following strategies are recommended:
also for the mid-century climate development
Strategies for MS (also known as the Long-
1 Track and monitor the cumulative climate
contributions of SADC member countries,
term Strategies).
including both elements of mitigation and
At the same time, it is necessary to take adaptation elements.
advantage of technological change and
2 Harmonize and strengthen country-level
innovation that is making information directly
Monitoring and Evaluation systems and
available to millions of people and allowing for
reporting channels.
the collection of vast numbers of data points
in real time. This will enable more effective 3 Monitor the implementation of the SADC
monitoring and evaluation by communities Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan.
and empower citizens to hold governments
to account in terms of accomplishing their
national climate commitments and SDGs.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 46 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 47

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 47 2023/05/05 12:12

 48 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

07
SADC CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLAN

Table 7-1: Adaptation Action Plan

ADAPTATION ACTION PLAN

Sector Strategic Actions Expected Responsibility Time- CostV
Interventions Outputs frame (USD)

Agriculture Promote Promote research and identification of Uptake Food Security S 500 000
adaptation climate appropriate livestock and crops and of climate and Agriculture
through climate- support their uptake for both commercial and appropriate (FANR)
smart agricultural subsistence farmers. cultivars and
technologies breeds.
and improved
cropping Promote climate responsive agriculture and The adoption CCARDESA M 800 000
and livestock livestock strategies and practices, such as of climate- & MS
systems based conservation agriculture, holistic rangeland responsive,
on appropriate management, improved cereal legume locally-
options suited to systems, agroforestry, targeted fertiliser informed
local contexts. application, and stress-tolerant seeds (amongst agricultural
others). This includes the expansion of practices.
indigenous climate-resilient practices, such as
locally-proven Integrated Pest Management
(IPM) technologies.
Promote soil and water conservation, water- Sustainable CCARDESA S 500 000
use efficiencies and water harvesting for both water use in & MS
crops and livestock. the agricultural
sector.
Promote the ecologically beneficial Crops and Environment S 500 000
combination of crops and livestock to restore livestock are & sustainable
soil productivity and balance income and managemed development
expenditure. In addition, make use of compost to ensure soil (FANR)
as a substitute to traditional fertilizers in order productivity.
to enrich soils, making use of traditional
adaptation knowledge from local communities.
Build farmer Strengthen the participation of indigenous Farmers are Environment S-M 3.5m
and community agricultural stakeholders, including farmers, included in & sustainable
capacity and in climate policy planning, agenda setting, climate policy development
opportunities implementation and monitoring. processes. (FANR)
for agricultural
adaptation to
climate change.
Develop community capacity related to Community FANR) & M 1.5m
seasonal climate forecasts and the use of this is about to CCARDESA
information by extension services. use forecast
information to
build resilience.

Promote and transfer digital solutions to Improved MS

small businesses to improve efficiency in the value chain
agriculture value chain. effiency of
small agro-
businesses.

Enhance and explore the diversification of More women MS

employment opportunities for women and and young
youth in agriculture, including diversification/ people have
high-value of crop types and pursuing other jobs in the
on-farm activities, such as agro-tourism. agricultural
sector.

V. This is budget estimate for the actions that the Secretariat needs to undertake. For member states and other stakeholders,
budget provision has not been made

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 48 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 49

Sector Strategic Actions Expected Responsibility Time- CostV

Interventions Outputs frame (USD)

Agriculture Develop a regional Promote regional harmonisation of legal Legal FANR S 800 000
framework for frameworks on admission of new varieties/ frameworks are
agriculture breeds and pesticides to accelerate innovation harmonised
research and and uptake, including seed exchange across across the
development borders. region.
related to climate
adaptation,
including climate Identify vulnerability hotspots and promote the Informed FANR M 2m
vulnerability strengthening of regional vulnerability mapping planning
assessments. to enhance the effectiveness of targeting and decision
context-appropriate interventions and scaling making .
them up across the region.

Give more emphasis to the roles of indigenous Regional Food Security M 300 000
and orphan crops in research and extension. food security and Agriculture
improved. (FANR)

Support the financing and scaling of local/ Local solutions S-M 2m

indigenous solutions to climate adaptation in receive funding
the agricultural sector. and are
adopted across
the region.

Water Promote Strengthen regional capacity for generating, Informed sustainable M 2.5m
integrated analysing and interpreting water and climate stakeholders development
water resource related data. on water- (FANR)
management climate nexus. Transboundary
in planning and water mgmt.
investment for (I&S)
climate change
adaptation.
Support the recognition and protection of the All SADC Science, S 500 000
right to water and sanitation (as recognized by citizens have technology
the United Nations) at national and regional adequate and and innovation
levels. clean water (I&S)
and sanitation.

Strengthen the monitoring and enforcement Water MS M

of relevant regulations to support sustainable, regulations are
integrated water management. enforced.

Promote the Promote investment in projects that incorporate Natural Transboundary M

sustainable nature-based solutions (Nbs) through the ecosystems water mgmt.
management of sustainable management, protection and are managed (I&S)
water resources restoration of ‘natural infrastructure’, such sustainably,
in the region, as the restoration of mountain catchments, protected and
including water wetlands and riverine vegetation. restored.
conservation,
and water use Promote rainwater harvesting technologies and Reduced Science, S
efficiency, the development of related infrastructure. water losses technology
focusing on both and enhanced and innovation
quantity (storage Promote the development of water resource water balance. (I&S) M
and efficiency) infrastructure in order to increase storage
and quality capacity of the region.
aspects.
Build capacity on efficient water management Improved GWPSA S 2.5m
practices across key sectors. capacity for
efficient water
resource
management
across sectors.
Significantly improve and enforce water Enhanced MS M
pollution regulations and optimise and restore water quality.
river ecosystem health.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 49 2023/05/05 12:12

 50 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

Sector Strategic Actions Expected Responsibility CostV

Interventions Outputs (USD)

Water Promote Enhance regional capacity in early warning, Reduced Regional M

institutional disaster risk reduction and management of population Early Warning
strengthening water-related disasters. at risk from (ORGAN)
and capacity for climate related
improved disaster disasters.
preparedness in
the water sector. Strengthen the capacity of transboundary Climate- Transboundary M
river basin organisations to integrate climate informed and water mgmt.
resilience in their programmes. knowledgeable (I&S)
national and
Promote sharing of water and climate-related regional Science, M
data across relevant national and regional management technology
institutions. institutions. and innovation
(I&S)
Incorporate sea level rise projections and Environ& M 500 000
coastal zone management into regional Sus develop
planning processes, including adaptation (FANR)
measures in the various sectors.

Biodiversity Reduce the Support large-scale programmes that promote The adoption Environ & S 500 000
fragmentation adaptation for through NbSVI , including of large-scale sustainable
of protected holistic rangeland management, conservation programmes development
areas and create agriculture, carbon credit mechanisms, that benefit (FANR)
integrated and sustainable blue economy, mangrove and people and
connected coastal habitat restoration. nature.
land and water
systems, such Promote connected landscapes and Increase in
as Transfrontier ecosystems in the regions’ biodiversity connected
Conservation strategies, policies and legal framework. landscapes.
Areas, and
surrounding
land-uses, that Establish policies and legal frameworks that Increase in the Natural M 500 000
strengthen the facilitate the increase in marine, coastal and overall number Resource
mitigation and terrestrial protected areas (as per the target set of TFCAs in the Management
adaptation by CBD), taking into account climate risks and region. (FANR)
potential of impacts and planning accordingly.
natural systems.

Implement Promote awareness within the policy Uptake of EbA

incentive community and private sector around and NbS.
instruments opportunities for innovative financing and
that support investment to support NbS and EbA.
mitigation actions
and improve the Support carbon credit mechanisms and fiscal Enhanced FANR M 2m
management and incentives for the establishment of community- economic and
conservation of REDD+ projects, and promote other financial social benefits
natural resources mechanisms to support local/national to support
by a variety of biodiversity protection, such as Access and biodiversity
stakeholders. Benefit Sharing. conservation.
Ensure that communities have an incentive Imrpoved Natural S 500 000
to support biodiversity conservation through community Resource
inclusive biodiversity management and revenue based natural Management
sharing models. resource (FANR)
management.
Promote Promote the integration of NbS and EbA in the NbS and EbA Natural S 1m
sustainable NDCs of the region, as well as in other sectoral are included in Resource
management policies such as fisheries, wildlife, forest and broad range of Management
practices and agriculture. policies in the (FANR)
approaches in all region.
sectors in order Employment,
to reduce habitat Labour and
degradation, Youth (SHD)
deforestation
and the over-
exploitation of
natural resources.

VI. NbS defined by IUCN as “actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or modified ecosystems, that address
societal challenges effectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits”. IUCN Global
Standard for Nature-based Solutions - https://www.iucn.org/theme/nature-based-solutions/resources/iucn-global-standard-nbs

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 50 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 51

Sector Strategic Actions Expected Responsibility Time- CostV

Interventions Outputs frame (USD)

Biodiversity Promote Promote alternative, climate-resilient Increase in Natural S

sustainable livelihood opportunities to reduce pressure on number of Resource
management biodiversity, including a focus on ecosystem sustainable Management
practices and restoration. jobs. (FANR)
approaches in all
sectors in order Promote societal recognition and awareness Protection and Employment, S
to reduce habitat of the need for ecosystems to be resilient to sustainable Labour and
degradation, climate change, the key role that ecosystems management of Youth (SHD)
deforestation play in climate adaptation and mitigation, and ecosystems.
and the over- the co-benefits they will receive through the
exploitation of provision of ecosystem goods and services,
natural resources. (e.g. mitigation, food security, etc).
Promote scientific and indigenous knowledge, S
research and information sharing on the
vulnerability of biodiversity to climate change
and the need for adaptation strategies.

Implement capacity building initiatives on Improved and S 3m

the sustainable utilization and management more inclusive
of biodiversity at different levels, particularly biodiversity
within communities, through the promotion of resource
rights and access to resources and benefits. management.

Blue Promote the Promote climate change adaptation as a key Blue economy FANR & S 500 000
Economy development component of national and regional efforts strategies applicable MS
(fisheries) of sustainable, to develop blue economies and promote that promote
inclusive, improved ocean and freshwater ecosystem climate
equitable and governance. adaptation.
climate-resilient
blue economies at Improve evidence-based decision making to Research FANR S 500 000
the national and tackle climate change impacts on marine and informs
regional levels. freshwater ecosystems and aquatic resources adaptation
through targeted national and regional research strategies
efforts that inform adaptation strategies. on oceans
and marine
ecosystems.
Promote a regional approach to adaptation Regional FANR S 1m
through lesson sharing and cooperation in approach to
developing adaptation strategies, recognising adaptation.
the particular vulnerability of small-scale fishing
communities.

Strengthen regional efforts to adopt an Adoption MS M

ecosystem approach to fisheries management, of regional
including the protection of critical marine and ecosystem
coastal ecosystems. based
approach to
fisheries.
Improved environmental legislation and Decrease MS M
management to address pollution, especially in ocean
marine litter and plastics pollutio. pollution.

Promote Develop an effective Monitoring, Control, Marine and MS M

sustainable and Surveillance system for aquatic resource freshwater
production and management. resources
utilization of are managed
aquatic (marine, Support evidence-based decision making on sustainably. MS M
freshwater and management of fishing effort and addressing
aquaculture) unsustainable fishing practices (by-catch
resources. discard).

Enhance capacity building in coastal and inland MS M

fisheries communities on sustainable utilization
of resources and value addition through
improved storage and processing to reduce
waste and loss as well as diversification of
livelihood strategies.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 51 2023/05/05 12:12

 52 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

Sector Strategic Actions Expected Responsibility Time- CostV

Interventions Outputs frame (USD)

Human Health Strengthen Further research the epidemiology of zoonoses, SADC is more Health and S-M 400 000
regional and animal diseases, as well as emerging infectious prepared nutrition (SHD)
national research diseases (such as COVID-19) to understand and better
and health care disease systems, forecast and provide early equipped
responses to warning and assess economic impacts. to deal with
climate change the health
related health implications
impact. of climate
Strengthen regional collaboration and change. Regional M
information sharing to respond to the changes Early Warning
in the transmission seasons and geographical (ORGAN)
range of vector-borne diseases (malaria) and
health issues related to air pollution increase.

Build technical capacity in national, regional, SARUA S-M 500 000

and professional training institutions to reduce
risk to diseases transmitted by vectors,
infectious diseases and others exacerbated by
climate change.

Build capacity in public health institutions Public health MS M

for rapid response to climate change related facilities
epidemics. respond
quickly to
climate change
related health
issues.
Address the livestock/wildlife-health nexus The threat Natural M 500 000
through the ‘One Health approach’ that of animal- Resource
employs integrated approaches to reduce the wlidlife disease management
threat of diseases that pass from animals to transmission is (FANR)
people. reduced.

Building resilient With involvement of local leadership, build Communities Health and S 500 000
communities public awareness and educational programmes are trained and nutrition (SHD)
empowered through curriculum development, training and empowered to
to take care of public media to enable community-based be in climate-
basic health care monitoring and buy-in. health care
needs through awareness.
empowerment
programmes. Promote preventive healthcare to reduce Resilient Public S
vulnerability to climate change and variability in community Relations (ES)
the public health sector. that is well
prepared.

Develop mental health awareness training Communities Education M

and basic health information systems, that are informed & Skills
include simple affordable solutions to prevent and trained development
illness without having to access healthcare to deal with (SHD)
professionals. mental health
issues.
Human Promote public Collaborate with the insurance sector on Infrastructure Infrastructure M 800 000
settlements and private strategic climate risk assessments and in and human
and partnerships for developing guidelines for making infrastructure settlements are
Infrastructure climate-resilient investment climate-resilient. more resilient
infrastructure to climate
development and Promote climate adaptation and mitigation impacts. S-L
financing. in human settlements planning frameworks,
land-use and building plans approval granting
procedures.

Support research to guide design and M

construction of new infrastructure for future
climate resilience.

For existing infrastructure promote retrofitting MS S-M

and/or ensuring that maintenance regimes
incorporate resilience to the impacts of climate
change over an assets lifetime. This includes
climate proofing strategic public infrastructure.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 52 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 53

Sector Strategic Actions Expected Responsibility Time- CostV

Interventions Outputs frame (USD)

Human Integrate green Restore, enhance and sustain natural Uptake Environment M
settlements infrastructure ecosystems (eg. urban river systems) and of green and Sus Dev
and solutions into green spaces in the built environment. infrastructure (FANR)
Infrastructure human settlement in planning and
planning and Increase institutional capacity in the region to design. M 2m
development. improve understanding, guidance and design
supporting decision making around replacing
hard, engineered grey infrastructure with
nature-based (green infrastructure) solutions
(e.g. porous surfaces in cities to absorb water
and prevent flooding) to climate impacts on
infrastructure and human settlements.

Disaster Risk Improve regional Enhance coherence of regional climate risk The region has Regional S-M
Reduction climate risk management and resilience building. a coherent and Early Warning
governance, operational (ORGAN)
including Develop and operationalise integrated climate early S-M
planning and risk early warning systems in the region, upscaling warning and
assessments, to a broader climate-based multi-hazard disaster risk
for pre- and disaster contingency risk planning. management
post-disaster approach.
preparedness. Strengthen systemic climate risk reduction M
and climate adaptation measures at regional,
national and community levels.

Invest in regional climate risks preparedness, M

response and recovery capabilities.

Promote ecosystems-based disaster Environment M

risk reduction including the protection of and Sus
transboundary ecosystems, sustainable Develop.
use of natural resources and biodiversity for (FANR)
productive landscapes and services.

Improve post-Disaster Needs Assessment Regional L

(PDNA) capacities and operationalisation. Early Warning
(ORGAN)
Promote the Expand and diversify climate-resilient Value chains Value Chains M
integration of production processes, value chains and and processes (IDT)
climate change markets. are climate-
and disaster proofed.
risk reduction
instruments, Promote regional evidence generation and More informed Information S-M
strategies and knowledge management for disaster risk region on (I&S)
operationalisation. reduction and climate change integration. disaster risk
reduction. Regional
Early Warning
Integrate disaster risk responses in existing Regional (ORGAN) M
regional climate initiatives – Climate Service initiatives
Centre (CSC), Regional Vulnerability integrate
Assessment and Analysis (RVAA) and National disaster
Vulnerability Assessment Committees (NVACs). responses.

Tourism Enhance and Explore and promote approaches for tourism A tourism Tourism M
promote climate- stakeholders to support ecosystem-based sector that (FANR)
smart tourism adaptation. promotes
models. climate
Support sustainable tourism development adaptation and Regional M
that does not undermine terrestrial or marine mitigation. Early Warning
biodiversity ecosystem services that support (ORGAN)
climate adaption.

Initiate SADC carbon offset programmes S 1m

which can be used by the tourism industry to
offset carbon emissions while also enabling
local SADC communities to generate income
and strengthen their own resilience to climate
change.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 53 2023/05/05 12:12

 54 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

Sector Strategic Actions Expected Responsibility Time- CostV

Interventions Outputs frame (USD)

Tourism Enhance disaster Improve the assessment of climate risks for The tourism MS M
risk reduction specific tourism sectors (terrestrial, marine, sector, and the
and response urban, business tourism, etc) and develop communities
measures in appropriate response strategies. reliant on it, are
vulnerable tourism prepared for
destinations. climate related
eventualities.
Promote the development of adaptive FARN & MS S
strategies for local communities living near
tourism areas, or dependent on tourism for
their livelihoods.

Develop appropriate risk management and M 500 000

disaster prevention measures for the tourism
sector based on local circumstances, such
as flood warning systems, and fire prevention
plans, evacuation drills, and appropriate
strategies to inform tourists and to prepare
them for such eventualities.
Promote tourism Promote internal and regional tourism to Increased job Employment, S
as a viable, reduce the reliance on unsustainable livelihood creation in the Labour and
climate-resilient practices. tourism sector. Youth (SHD)
livelihoods
alternative.

Mining Integrate climate Strengthen environmental governance of the Climate change MS M

and other risk management mining sector and support effective solutions risk and related
extractive in the mining to climate conflicts related to resource use concerns are
industries industry. (e.g. water/ air pollution) with mine-adjacent sufficiently
communities. included in
mining sector
Include climate change in the environmental operations and MS S
impact assessments and monitoring in the planning
minerals sector.

Encourage mining stakeholders to integrate MS M

climate change drivers within existing risk
management and planning procedures and
identify the action areas for climate risk and
resilience within existing activities and across
the entire asset life cycle.

Support the restoration of ecological MS S

infrastructure (e.g. afforestation) as part of mine
closure and rehabilitation processes.

ESTIMATED COST FOR ADAPTATION $34.1m

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 54 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 55

Table 7-2: Mitigation Action Plan

MITIGATION ACTION PLAN

Sector Strategic Actions Expected Responsibility Time- CostV
Interventions Outputs frame (USD)

Energy Promote the Support the implementation of existing energy Increase in Energy (I&S) S 300 000
development and plans, including the prioritisation of the SADC the use of
harmonisation Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency renewable
of policies Strategy. energy in the
and regulatory region.
frameworks
for renewable Review regulatory frameworks in MS to allow S 250 000
energy, energy greater investments and trade in renewable
conservation and energy.
energy efficiency.

Promote the Develop renewable energy map for SADC S 500 000
development, and overlay this map against water/food/
expansion and biodiversity concerns to avoid trade-offs with
use of renewable other sectors.
energy and
cleaner energy Promote electricity access from off-grid and M
technologies, mini-grid systems in rural areas.
especially wind and
Develop carbon pricing forums and alliances Alignment of M 500 000
solar.
with a view to developing a regional carbon energy-climate
pricing market and fostering national carbon plans and
pricing instruments. commtiments.

Develop a Regional Gas Masterplan that is S 500 000

aligned with existing mitigation plans and
commitments.
Ensure the Ensure constant liaison with SAPP and MS Great Inga Relevant MS M
successful to track and promote projects completion of Scheme is
completion of renewable energy projects. completed.
existing renewable
energy projects,
such as the Great
Inga Scheme in the
DRC (a priority of
Agenda 2063 of the
AU).
Agriculture Promote Promote climate-smart agriculture in small, Carbon and Food Security S 3m
sustainable, medium and large-scale crop and livestock nitrogen and Agriculture
green agricultural production to improve productivity, enhance emissions in (FANR)
practices and carbon sequestration, reduce emissions the agriculture
technology, such intensities, and foster system resilience. sector are
as agroforestry, reduced.
integrated Improve crop and grazing land management FANR & MS S
soil fertility systems to increase soil carbon storage and
management reduce deforestation, through nutrient use,
techniques, and tillage practices and residue management.
sustainable crop
and grazing land Develop regulatory frameworks and M 200 000
management incentives that promote the adoption of green
practices. technologies in agriculture.

Promote regional research on agricultural M

technologies and practices that enhance
carbon and nitrogen sequestration.

Promote low- Share research on best practice efficiencies Low carbon Value Chain M
carbon value chain and low-waste technology. value (IDT)
management and chains are
agro processing. implemented.

Build capacity Address data gaps and tools on measuring Farmers Food Security M 500 000
of farmers and emissions from livestock, soil and vegetation can quantify and Agriculture
other agricultural carbon to encourage reporting and monitoring. emissions (FANR)
stakeholders to reductions.
measure carbon
emissions in the
agricultural sector

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 55 2023/05/05 12:12

 56 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

Sector Strategic Actions Expected Responsibility Time- CostV

Interventions Outputs frame (USD)

Land Use, Promote Promote reforestation and afforestation Reduce Natural S

Land Use sustainable forest programmes at the country level to offset the rate of Resources
Change and management and deforestation associated with land use change. deforestation Mngt (FANR)
Forestry restoration to and forest & MS
enhance carbon Promote and incentivize use and application of degradation. S
sequestration, decentralized renewable energy technology to
including through reduce dependency on wood and charcoal.
securing indigenous
peoples land rights Promote and simplify the implementation of the S 500 000
and land tenure. SADC REDD+ programmes.

Enhancing the sequestration rate in new or L

existing forests through adopting better land
and soil management practices.

Promote Promote regional veld and forest fire prevention Enhanced MS S

transboundary programmes. regional
community community
management of management
forest resources of forest
through resources.
opportunities and
active programmes.
Enhance education Conduct education and public awareness Forests are Public S-M 2m
and public programmes to enhance understanding valued for Relations (ES)
awareness on the and value of forest ecosystems, goods and the multiple
importance of services. climate and
forest ecosystems development
for mitigation and benefits.
adaptation of
climate change (as Apply a system of ecosystem accounting / Environ and M 500 000
well as in meeting natural capital accounting. Sus develop
other sustainable (FANR)
development
targets).

Industrial Promote policies Establish regional standards and guidelines on Carbon Industrial M 300 000
Processes and regulatory cleaner production systems. emissions project
frameworks that are reduced preparation
enhance resource in industrial (IDT)
use efficiency and Promote and incentivise development of local processes S
cleaner production small, medium and large-scale clean industries. across region.
in industry.

Waste Sector Promote green Develop policies that encourage investment Increased Environ and S 300 000
principles in waste in alternative energy production using waste energy Sus Dev
management. products. production (FANR)
from waste.
Develop an enabling framework to promote Widespread S 1m
waste minimization through education and waste
behavioural change of waste generators and avoidance
the general public. and reduction,
reuse and
recycling.
Improve the Manage landfill sites through the capping of Minimised Science, M
management of sites with recovery and flaring, or use of landfill pollution and technology
landfill sites. gas (LFG). groundwater and trade, IDT
contamination & MS
Reduce illegal dumping and open landfills through S-M
through monitoring and surveillance. improved
management of
Promote alternative waste disposal options, landfills. S
such as the diversion of organic waste from
conventional landfill activities.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 56 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 57

Sector Strategic Actions Expected Responsibility Time- CostV

Interventions Outputs frame (USD)

Waste Sector Enhance education Reduce waste to landfill through promotion of Reduced waste Public relations S 500 000
and public programmes that encourage incineration of in landfills. (ES)
awareness to divert MSW with energy recovery, and that encourage
waste from landfill source-separation of food waste for use of
sites. biogas for energy production; food and garden
waste for composting and large-scale in-vessel
composting; dry recyclables including paper,
and paper recycling.

Transport Promote the design Promote green public transport networks and Reduced Transport (I M-L
and implementation multimodal transport. emissions & S)
of measures to from SADC’s
reduce emissions in Harmonise national standards and collaborate transport M
the transportation with SADCSTAN to develop regional standards sector.
sector. on cleaner fuels and vehicle emissions.

Promote the shifting of freight from road to rail L

and consider cross-MS development of rail
infrastructure to ensure improved trade and
ease of movements.

Intensify and accelerate research on cost and M

benefit analysis on cleaner fuels and efficient
vehicles.

Encourage voluntary sectoral agreement to M-L

reduce net CO2 emissions in the aviation
sector across SADC member countries.

Support the greater uptake of e-vehicles and S-M

use of hydrogen fuel cells.

Develop Train internal personnel to identify mitigation Officials are Education S 300 000
institutional opportunities, integrate climate efforts with aware of & Skills
capacity to deal other development priorities, execute economic opportunities in development
with opportunities reforms, and cultivate investment opportunities. low emissions (SHD)
and challenges of transport
the transport sector sector.
going forward.
Human Promote and Develop and implement green building codes Low-carbon Environment M 300 000
Settlements harmonize regional to reduce energy demand. human and Sus
and standards and settlements & develop,
Infrastructure guidelines on green infrastructure. (FARN)
buildings.

Promote the uptake Enhance and sustain ecosystems in the built Inclusion Environment M-L 200 000
of climate resilient environment. of green and Sus
ecosystem- infrastructure develop,
based or green Promote/develop green corridors in urban and human (FARN)
infrastructure in peri-urban areas, including the identification settlements
urban and peri- of areas at risk for environmental degradation, across region.
urban planning. areas appropriate for green corridors, and
guidelines necessary for establishing green
corridors.
Mining Support the Support information sharing and standard Mining sector FANR and S 500 000
reduction of GHG setting relating to the mapping of GHG has reduced CTCN
emissions from the emissions of mineral value chains in the region, emissions and
mining sector. as well as enhanced transparency related to sustainable
this information. closure
processes
Support the Support the greater use of e-vehicles and S-M 300 000
development renewable energy resources.
and adoption
of new climate-
smart design,
technologies
and regulatory
standards that Support the restoration of ecological Environment S 500 000
promote resource infrastructure (e.g. afforestation) as part of mine and Sus
use efficiency closure and rehabilitation processes. develop,
in the mining (FARN)
sector, including
the adoption of
emission-reduction
technologies and
processes within
mineral value
chains.

ESTIMATED COST FOR MITIGATION $12,95m

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 57 2023/05/05 12:12

 58 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

Table 7-3: Means of Implementation and Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Action Plan

MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING, EVALUATION AND REPORTING ACTION

PLAN
KPA Strategic Actions Expected Responsibility Time- CostV
Interventions Outputs frame (USD)

Climate change Mobilise new Lobby SADC MS governments to maximize Climate finance Secretariat Medium 100 000
finance and and additional resources through wide-scale domestic mobilised and member term
resource climate finance to financing approaches. and projects states
mobilization support Member supported.
Country needs. Promote and secure private sector climate Short 500 000
funding through the SADC Private Sector
Forum.
Promote the establishment of mechanisms Short 200 000
for regional climate financing to leverage and
attract international climate finance.

Support the accreditation of national and Short 150 000

regional entities to promote direct access to
multilateral climate funds.
Lobby for the provision of new and Medium 100 000
additional climate funding, including the
adequate replenishment of climate funds to
meet climate needs, and the reduction of
conditionalities associated with accessing
climate change financing.
Address market barriers to accelerate private Medium 100 000
sector climate investments including the
need for co-financing or financial incentives
and the role of concessional finance in
leveraging climate finance across the region.

Promote and Promote and support the capacity of direct Climate finance Secretariat Short 500 000
support the access entities across the region, including raised through and member
resource through south-south co-operation. successful bids. states
mobilisation
capacity at Support capacity building for the successful Short
Secretariat and preparation of funding proposals by a range
Member States of national and sub-national entities.
level.

Capacity Empower relevant Promote regional collaboration through Institutions are Secretariat, Short 100 000
Development capacity building regional networks and regular best practice strengthened. SARUA and
institutions and exchanges. member states
facilitate the
exchange of Access and harness international climate Short – 120 000
experiences, change capacity building programmes and Medium
information, and initiatives as per the technical needs of
best practices. relevant stakeholders.

Support and Support capacity building needs of SADC Approaches Short 300 000
strengthen countries to address institutional and are integrated
participatory technical challenges and constraints at and more
and integrated national and local levels. participatory.
approaches
to mainstream
climate change
impacts into
planning and
decision-making
processes.

Technology Support Promote the harmonisation of policies for the Climate friendly Secretariat Medium 300 000
Development appropriate development and transfer of climate friendly technologies and member
and Transfer technology technologies among Member States are developed, states
cooperation, transferred, and
active Address technology transfer barriers, adopted in SADC Medium 150 000
development, including rules of trade tariffs, intellectual MS.
transfer and property rights and technical trade barriers
adoption. (standards, eco-labelling)

Encourage the development and transfer of Medium 200 000

technologies through economic incentives

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 58 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 59

KPA Strategic Actions Expected Responsibility Time- CostV

Interventions Outputs frame (USD)

Technology Support research Strengthen Climate Technology and Network Local Secretariat Medium 200 000
Development and institutional Centres, such as Southern Africa Science technologies are and MS
and Transfer development Service Centre for Climate Change and developed and
to foster Adaptive Land Use. manufactured in
endogenous SADC.
technologies,
as well as to Collaborate with international technology Medium 100 000
develop the local centres, such as the Climate Technology
manufacturing of Centre Network.
cleaner mitigation
and adaptation
technologies.

Communication, Maximize Document and share best practices The region is Secretariat Short 500 000
Advocacy and advocacy, on climate change responses in SADC more aware of and member
Awareness awareness, and countries. climate change states
communication in a variety of
around climate Promote different and new communication sectors and at Short – 150 000
change issues in channels and practices, including social different levels. Medium
different SADC media and online climate apps.
countries.
Promote awareness around this climate Short 100 000
Strategy specifically and increase meaningful
public participation through opportunities
for non-state actors to contribute towards
co-design and co-implementation of climate
policies and the CCSAP specifically.
Formulate strategies for harnessing climate Short 100 000
knowledge and information that can
easily be accessed by women, youth and
vulnerable groups.
Widen the scope of this Strategy to harness Medium
scientific, indigenous, and traditional
knowledge on climate adaptation and
mitigation.

Enhance capacity Conduct training to promote the science to Climate science- Secretariat, Medium 500 000
of climate policy interface. policy training SARUA and
scientists, developed and member states
researchers, delivered.
science Promote materials on climate change that Secretariat, Short
communicators, are accessible to all and translated into SARUA, MS,
media specialists languages understood by everyone. Development
and relevant partners
professionals on Promote public education and outreach APPS developed Short 500 000
packaging and programmes on climate change for citizens, and deployed.
disseminating focusing on youths, women, and other
appropriate vulnerable groups targeting both urban and
climate change rural areas.
messages.
Emphasise the importance of raising Short 500 000
awareness through non-formal, informal
and formal education (similar to the way the
population was educated about COVID-19).

Institutional Enhance the Establish and strengthen the National Coordinated and Secretariat Short
Arrangements participation, Climate Change Coordinating Committees representative and member
and Governance representation, at member country level – committees climate change states
and coordination specifically tasked to improve participation regional policy.
of SADC climate and representation in climate policy.
governance
structures. Strengthen and capacitate the SADC CTWG Short –
Cross-Sectorial Technical Working Group on capacitated. Medium
Climate Change (CTWG).
Establish a fully-fledged Climate Change Climate Change Medium
coordinating structure at Secretariat level. Coordinating
Committee
established.
Strengthen National and Regional Climate Well-recognised Short
Change Centres of Excellence that foster centres of
collaboration with other centres regionally excellence.
and internationally.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 59 2023/05/05 12:12

 60 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

KPA Strategic Actions Expected Responsibility Time- CostV

Interventions Outputs frame (USD)

Institutional Enhance the Facilitate regional policy dialogues Regional, inter- Secretariat Short
Arrangements participation, for Ministers responsible for climate, ministerial and
and Governance representation, environment, water, agriculture, energy and multistakeholder
and coordination finance. collaboration.
of SADC climate
governance
structures.

Institutional Promote multi- Establish and strengthen regional climate Regional, inter- Secretariat Short
Arrangements sectoral policy multi-stakeholder platforms for dialogue and ministerial and
and Governance design and exchange. multistakeholder
implementation, collaboration
inter-ministerial
collaboration, or
public-private
co-design and
implementation.

Multi- Strengthen Establish and strengthen regional climate Strengthened Secretariat Medium
Stakeholder regional and multi-stakeholder platforms for dialogue and climate dialogue and member
Partnerships national level exchange. with non-state states
partnerships actors.
for research, Strengthen platforms for private sector Short
capacity engagement.
development,
and knowledge
Articulate and financially support the more Short
sharing on
prominent role of stakeholders, including
climate change
grassroots and civil society groups.
mitigation and
adaptation.

Increase Provide specific opportunities for non- Policies that Secretariat Medium
meaningful public state actors in the co-design and co- are informed and member
participation in implementation of climate policy. This will by ideas and states
climate policies include devolving responsibilities to different interests of
across the region stakeholders various non-state
and in the CCSAP actors.
specifically. Organize dedicated stakeholder engagement Medium
meetings and local dialogues, in local
languages, using tools that are suitable for
low literacy situations. This should include
the integration of local knowledge, which can
later be formalized for integration in policy.

Inclusion of Develop a Advocate for social and gender integration in Mainstreaming Gender (ES) Medium 150 000
Vulnerable regional gender climate and climate sensitive sector policies, of gender into
groups, and climate strategies, programmes and plans, such as climate policies
including change action the NDCs.
plan that will
women and serve as a Promote gender responsive planning and Secretariat Medium
youth roadmap for budgeting to strengthen the climate change and member
guiding gender policy processes. states
integration in the
member state
Develop innovate channels for Medium
climate policies,
communicating climate information to enable
strategies and
women and other groups to cope with the
plans.
climate change events.

Encourage Promote communities of practice interested Partnerships and Gender (ES) Medium
strategic and committed to issues of climate change knowledge are
partnerships and gender. strengthened on
to develop, gender climate
implement Promote research and improve the quality issues Secretariat Medium
and upscale of gender disaggregated data generated in and member
climate resilient priority sectors states
and gender
responsive
Promote the utilisation of local women’s Medium
policies,
knowledge, skills and capacities in
strategies and
adaptation and mitigation measures
programmes in
the region.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 60 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 61

KPA Strategic Actions Expected Responsibility Time- CostV

Interventions Outputs frame (USD)

Monitoring, Track and Initiate a tracking tool to monitor SADC NDCs include Monitoring Short 200 000
Evaluation and monitor the member countries commitments within mechanisms and Evaluation
Reporting cumulative their NDCs and to promote implementation to ensure (FANR)
climate and higher ambition in both mitigation and accountability
contributions of adaptation commitments. to mitigation
SADC member commitments.
countries, both
in terms of
adaptation and
mitigation.
Harmonize Conduct training to strengthen the capacity Short 150 000
and strengthen of SADC Member States in M&E of climate
country-level change programmes.
Monitoring
and Evaluation Promote the replication and up-scaling of Medium
systems and M&E best practices.
reporting
channels. Promote the uptake of new technology to Medium
facilitate evaluation and monitoring, ensuring
that non-state actors are included in this
process.

Monitor the The SADC Secretariat shall compile reports The SADC Short – 200 000
implementation of bi-annually based on the outcomes of the Climate Change Medium
the SADC Climate Monitoring and Evaluation Framework, with Strategy and
Change Strategy inputs from Member States and information Action Plan is
and Action Plan. derived from the National Communications implemented.
and the Biennial Updated Reports to the
UNFCCC.
Involve the participation of non-state actors Non-state actors Medium
in the review process. participate in the
implementation
of the CCSAP.

ESTIMATED BUDGET FOR MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING, EVALUATION $6 170 000

AND REPORTING

08
LIST OF REFERENCES
Overarching References Rowell DP, Chadwick R. 2018. Causes of the
Uncertainty in Projections of Tropical Terrestrial
Sonwa DJ, Dieye A, El Houssine El Mzouri, Rainfall Change: East Africa. Journal of Climate
Majule A, Mugabe FT, Omolo N, Wouapi H, 31(15):5977–95.
Obando J, Brooks N. 2017. Drivers of Climate
Risk in African Agriculture. Climate and Quinn C, Carrie R, Chapman S, Jennings
Development 9(5):383–98. https://doi.org/10.10 S, Jensen P, Smith H and Whitfield S. 2020.
80/17565529.2016.1167659 Rapid Climate Risk Assessment for the SADC
Region. SADC Future’s Developing Foresight
Adejuwon JO, Olaniyan SB. 2019. Drought Capacity for Climate Resilient Agricultural
Occurrence in the Sub-Humid Eco-Climatic Development Knowledge Series. CCAFS
Zone of Nigeria. Theoretical and Applied Report. Wageningen, the Netherlands: CGIAR
Climatology 137(3–4):1625–36. Research Program on Climate Change,
Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 61 2023/05/05 12:12

 62 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

SADC. https://www.sadc.int/about-sadc/ van Huis, A. ; Van Itterbeeck, J. ; Klunder,

overview/sadc-facts-figures/ ARCHER, E. H. ; Mertens, E. ; Halloran, A. ; Muir, G. ;
R. M., LANDMAN, W. A., TADROSS, M. A., Vantomme, P., 2013. Edible insects - Future
MALHERBE, J., WEEPENER, H., MALULEKE, prospects for food and feed security. FAO
P. & MARUMBWA, F. M. 2017. Understanding Forestry Paper 171. Retrieved from http://www.
the evolution of the 2014–2016 summer rainfall fao.org/docrep/018/i3253e/i3253e00.htm (Date
seasons in southern Africa: Key lessons. accessed: October 16, 2020)
Climate Risk Management, 16,22-28
Water
DAVIS, C. L. & VINCENT, K. 2017. Climate
SADC Water Policy and Strategy (2006).
risk and vulnerability: a handbook for Southern
Retrieved from https://www.sadc.int/
Africa. CSIR.
files/2513/5293/3539/Regional_Water_Strategy.
MILES, T. & LIFFEY, K. 2018. Global pdf (Date accessed: October 16, 2020)
temperatures on track for 3–5 degree rise by
2100: UN. Reuters.
Biodiversity

Archer, E. R., Dziba, L., Mulongoy, K.,

NHAMO, L., MATCHAYA, G., MABHAUDHI,
Maoela, M. A. & Walters, M. (2018). The
T., NHLENGETHWA, S., NHEMACHENA, C. &
IPBES regional assessment report on
MPANDELI, S. 2019. Cereal production trends
biodiversity and ecosystem services for
under climate change: Impacts and adaptation
Africa. Intergovernmental Science-Policy
strategies in southern Africa. Agriculture, 9, 30
Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem.
NOAA 2019. State of the Climate: Global Retrieved from https://www.ipbes.net/system/
Climate Report. National Centre for tdf/africa_assessment_report_20181219_0.
Environmental Information. July 2019. pdf?file=1&type=node&id=29243 (Date
accessed: October 16, 2020)
SCHREINER, B. & BALETA, H. 2015.
Broadening the lens: a regional perspective on Biodiversity Action Plan (2010). Retrieved
water, food and energy integration in SADC. from https://www.cbd.int/doc/nbsap/nbsapcbw-
Aquatic Procedia, 5, 90-103. safr-02/SADC%20Regional%20BSAP.pdf (Date
accessed: October 16, 2020)
Agriculture
Campera, M.; Luca, S.; Balestra, M., Nekaris,
AU/ NEPAD (2003). The Comprehensive Africa
K. A. I., Donati, G. Elevation gradients of
Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP).
lemur abundance emphasise the importance
Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/nr/water/
of Madagascar’s lowland rainforest for the
aquastat/sirte2008/NEPAD-CAADP%202003.
conservation of endemic taxa. Mammal
pdf (Date accessed: October 16, 2020)
review 2020 v.50 no.1 pp. 25-37. http://dx.doi.
SADC RVAC (2018). Retrieved from org/10.1111/mam.12172 Retrieved from
https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/
resources/2018_SADC_RVAA_Synthesis_ mam.12172 (Date accessed: October 16, 2020)
Report__060718_0.pdf (Date accessed:
Ellender and Weyl (2014). A review of current
October 16, 2020)
knowledge, risk and ecological impacts
SADC RAP (2011). Retrieved from https:// associated with non-native freshwater fish
www.sadc.int/files/7113/5293/3509/Regional_ introductions in South Africa. Aquatic Invasions
Agricultural_Policy_Review_Reports_2011.pdf V.9, (2) 117–132. Retrieved from DOI: 10.3391/
(Date accessed: October 16, 2020) ai.2014.9.2.01 (Date accessed: October 16,
2020)

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 62 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 63

Lehtonen A, Salonen A, Cantell H, Riuttanen on Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing

L (2018). A pedagogy of interconnectedness (ABS) (2010). Retrieved from https://www.cbd.
for encountering climate change as a wicked int/abs/doc/protocol/nagoya-protocol-en.pdf
sustainability problem. J Clean Prod 199:860– (Date accessed: October 16, 2020)
867. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
SADC Protocol on Forestry of (2002). Retrieved
jclepro.2018.07.186 (Date accessed: October
from https://www.sadc.int/files/9813/5292/8364/
16, 2020)
Protocol_on_Forestry2002.pdf (Date accessed:
Griffiths, C. L., Robinson, T. B., Lange, October 16, 2020)
L. & Mead, A. 2010. Marine biodiversity
SADC Regional Biodiversity Strategy
in South Africa: an evaluation of current
(2007). Retrieved from https://www.sadc.
states of knowledge. PloS one, 5, e12008.
int/files/1213/5293/3516/SADC_Regional_
Retrieved from https://journals.plos.org/
Biodiversity_Strategy.pdf (Date accessed:
plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.
October 16, 2020)
pone.0012008&type=printable (Date accessed:
October 16, 2020) The Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
IPBES (2018): The IPBES regional assessment
(CITES) (1973). Retrieved from https://www.fws.
report on biodiversity and ecosystem services
gov/LE/pdf/CITESTreaty.pdf (Date accessed:
for Africa. Archer, E. Dziba, L., Mulongoy,
October 16, 2020)
K. J., Maoela, M. A., and Walters, M. (eds.).
Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science- Transfrontier Conservation Community
Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Programme (2013). Retrieved from https://
Services, Bonn, Germany. 492 pages. tfcaportal.org/sites/default/files/SADC_TFCA_
Retrieved from https://ipbes.net/sites/default/ Programme_FINAL_doc_Oct_2013-1.pdf (Date
files/africa_assessment_report_20181219_0. accessed: October 16, 2020)
pdf (Date accessed: October 16, 2020)
United Nations Convention on Biological
Kalaba, K. F., Chirwa, P., Syampungani, Diversity (1992). Retrieved from https://www.
S. & Ajayi, C. O. 2010. Contribution of cbd.int/convention/ (Date accessed: October
agroforestry to biodiversity and livelihoods 16, 2020)
improvement in rural communities of Southern
African regions. Tropical rainforests and WTTC (2018). Economic Impact Reports.
agroforests under global change. Springer. Retrieved from https://wttc.org/Research/
Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/ Economic-Impact (Date accessed: October 16,
chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-00493-3_22 2020)
(Date accessed: October 16, 2020)
Williams, V. L., Victor, J. E. and Crouch,
Lubbe W. D. (2014). A Legal Appraisal of N. R. (2013). Retrieved from https://www.
the SADC Normative Framework Related sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
to Biodiversity Conservation in Transfrontier S0254629913000215/pdfft?md5=c1ebbf5f
Conservation Areas. Retrieved from https:// 43560ce31978781a94aabd38&pid=1-s2.0-
doi.org/10.1163/9789004273894_010 (Date S0254629913000215-main.pdf (Date accessed:
accessed: October 16, 2020) October 16, 2020)

Moyo, S., O’Keefe, P. and Sill, M. (1994). The White Paper on South African Biological
Southern African environment: profiles of the Diversity Conservation and Sustainability (1997).
SADC countries. London: Earthscan. 354 pp. Retrieved from https://www.environment.gov.
£35 paperback. Applied Geography. V.14 (3) za/sites/default/files/legislations/biodiversity_
DOI: 10.1016/0959-3780(94)90039-6. (Date whitepaper_18163_gen1095_0.pdf (Date
accessed: October 16, 2020)Nagoya Protocol accessed: October 16, 2020)

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 63 2023/05/05 12:12

 64 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

Fisheries SADC Treaty (1992). Retrieved from https://

www.sadc.int/documents-publications/show/865
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the (Date accessed: October 16, 2020)
United Nations (2010). PART 1. World Review
of Fisheries and Aquaculture. Retrieved from Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
http://www.fao.org/3/i1820e/i1820e01.pdf (Date 2015 – 2030 (2015). Retrieved from https://
accessed: October 16, 2020) www.preventionweb.net/files/43291_
sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf (Date accessed:
SADC Protocol on Fisheries (2006). Retrieved October 16, 2020)
from https://www.sadc.int/files/8214/7306/3295/
SADC_Protocol_on_Fisheries.pdf (Date Settlements and Infrastructure
accessed: October 16, 2020)
Regional Infrastructure Development Master
Blue Economy Plan (2012). Retrieved from https://www.sardc.
net/books/Regional_Infrastructure_2019.pdf
SADC Protocol on Fisheries (2006). Retrieved (Date accessed: October 16, 2020)
from https://www.sadc.int/files/8214/7306/3295/
SADC_Protocol_on_Fisheries.pdf (Date Regional Indicative Strategic Development
accessed: October 16, 2020) Plan (2018). Retrieved from https://www.sadc.
int/files/5713/5292/8372/Regional_Indicative_
Human Health Strategic_Development_Plan.pdf (Date
Constitutive Act of the African Union (2000) accessed: October 16, 2020)
Retrieved from https://au.int/sites/default/files/ Ranganathan, Rupa; Foster, Vivien.
pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf (Date (2011). ECCAS’s Infrastructure: A Regional
accessed: October 16, 2020) Perspective. Policy Research Working Paper;
SADC Protocol on Health (1999). Retrieved No. WPS 5857. World Bank. © World Bank.
from https://www.sadc.int/files/7413/5292/8365/ Retrieved from https://openknowledge.
Protocol_on_Health1999.pdf (Date accessed: worldbank.org/handle/10986/3623 License: CC
October 16, 2020) BY 3.0 IGO

Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Disaster Risk Reduction SADC

Peace and Security Council of the African EM-DAT Member States reporting on the
Union. Retrieved from http://www.peaceau.org/ Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
uploads/psc-protocol-en.pdf (Date accessed: Programme of Action Emergency Events Data,
October 16, 2020) Africa Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-
SADC Treaty (1992). Retrieved from https:// 2018, Africa Union 2020.
www.sadc.int/documents-publications/show/865 SADC Regional Resilience Strategic
(Date accessed: October 16, 2020) Framework (2019). Retrieved from http://www.
Human Security fao.org/3/CA1377EN/ca1377en.pdf (Date
accessed: October 16, 2020)
Constitutive Act of the African Union (2000)
Retrieved from https://au.int/sites/default/files/ SADC Regional Vulnerability Assessment and
pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf (Date Analysis Programme (2019). SADC Regional
accessed: October 16, 2020) Vulnerability Assessment & Analysis (RVAA):
Synthesis Report on the State of Food and
SADC Declaration (1992). Retrieved from Nutrition Security and Vulnerability in Southern
https://www.sadc.int/files/8613/5292/8378/ Africa 2019 (01 - 04 July - Windhoek, Namibia)
Declaration__Treaty_of_SADC.pdf (Date Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/
accessed: October 16, 2020) reliefweb.int/files/resources/SADC_2019_

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 64 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 65

Synthesis_Report_on_the_State_of_Food_ WTTC (2018). Economic Impact Reports.

and_Nutrition_Security_and_Vulnerability_in_ Retrieved from https://wttc.org/Research/
Southern_Africa.pdf/ (Date accessed: October Economic-Impact (Date accessed: October 16,
16, 2020) 2020)

Africa Report on Disaster Risk Reduction GIZ (2004). Tourism Planning in Development
2015-2018. Report on disaster risk reduction Cooperation: A Handbook Challenges –
2015-2018: Southern African Development Consulting Approaches – Practical Examples –
Community, an addendum to the Biennial Tools. Retrieved from https://www.mascontour.
Report on the Programme of Action for the info/images/PDF/2_GIZ-Handbook_Tourism_
implementation of the Sendai Framework for Development_Cooperation.pdf (Date accessed:
Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 in Africa. October 16, 2020)
Retrieved from https://www.preventionweb.net/
Mining and other extractive industries
files/73056_sadcbiennialreport20152018.pdf
(Date accessed: October 16, 2020) SADC Protocol on Mining (1997). Retrieved
from https://www.sadc.int/files/3313/5292/8366/
SADC (2019). SADC Tourism Programme
Protocol_on_Mining.pdf (Date accessed:
2020 – 2030. Retrieved from https://www.
October 16, 2020)
sadc.int/files/9715/8818/8701/SADC_Tousim_
Programme_English.pdf (Date accessed: SADC (2012). Mining. Retrieved from https://
October 16, 2020) www.sadc.int/themes/economic-development/
industry/mining/ (Date accessed: October 16,
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2020)
2015 – 2030 (2015). Retrieved from https://
www.preventionweb.net/files/43291_ Energy
sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf (Date accessed:
October 16, 2020) SADC (2012). Regional Infrastructure
Development Master Plan. Retrieved from
Tourism https://www.sadc.int/files/7513/5293/3530/
Regional_Infrastructure_Development_Master_
Southern African Development Community
Plan_Executive_Summary.pdf (Date accessed:
(SADC) Tourism Programme 2020 – 2030
October 16, 2020)
(2019). Retrieved from https://www.sadc.
int/files/9715/8818/8701/SADC_Tousim_ SADC (1996). Protocol on Energy. Retrieved
Programme_English.pdf (Date accessed: from https://www.sadc.int/files/3913/5292/8363/
October 16, 2020) Protocol_on_Energy1996.pdf (Date accessed:
October 16, 2020)
UNWTO (2019). Agenda for Africa 2030
Tourism for Inclusive Growth. Retrieved from SADC Protocol on Forestry (2002). Retrieved
https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws. from https://www.sadc.int/files/9813/5292/8364/
com/s3fs-public/2020-02/item_3.1_latest_rev1_ Protocol_on_Forestry2002.pdf (Date accessed:
clean.docx050819.pdf (Date accessed: October October 16, 2020)
16, 2020)
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the
UNWTO (2016). Tourism’s carbon emissions United Nations (2013). Forests, rangelands and
measured in landmark report launched at climate change in Southern Africa. Forests and
COP25. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/ Climate Change Working Paper 12. http://www.
news/tourisms-carbon-emissions-measured- fao.org/3/a-i2970e.pdf (Date accessed: October
in-landmark-report-launched-at-cop25 (Date 16, 2020)
accessed: October 16, 2020)

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 65 2023/05/05 12:12

 66 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

Industrial Processes SADC Protocol on Transport, Communications

and Meteorology (1996). Retrieved from
SADC (2015). SADC Industrial Development https://www.sadc.int/files/7613/5292/8370/
Policy Framework. Retrieved from https://www. Protocol_on_Transport_Communications_
sadc.int/files/2013/8969/0505/Final_SADC_ and_Meteorology_1996.pdf (Date accessed:
Industrial_Develeopment_Policy_Framework. October 16, 2020)
pdf (Date accessed: October 16, 2020)
SADC (2012). Regional Infrastructure
Land Use, Land Use Change & Forestry Development Master Plan. Retrieved from
King N (2014) Southern Africa’s Dryland https://www.sadc.int/files/7513/5293/3530/
Forests and Climate Change Adaptation. Regional_Infrastructure_Development_Master_
SADC Policy Brief, South African Institute of Plan_Executive_Summary.pdf (Date accessed:
International Affairs (SAIIA), Governance of October 16, 2020)
Africa’s Resources Programme. Cape Town. Gender
http://www.saiia.org.za/doc_download/540-
southern-africa-s-dryland-forests-and-climate- SADC (2008). SADC Protocol on Gender and
change-adaptation Development. Retrieved from https://www.
sadc.int/files/8713/5292/8364/Protocol_on_
Waste Sector Gender_and_Development_2008.pdf (Date
Retrieved from https://www.un.org/esa/ accessed: October 16, 2020)
earthsummit/sadc-cp.htm (Date accessed: Benson, T. and Shekar, M. (2006). Disease and
October 16, 2020) Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2nd edition.
Transport The International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development. The World Bank. (Dean T.
Creamer Media (2021). A Review of South Jamison, Richard G. Feachem, Malegapuru
Africa’s Hydrogen Sector. Creamer Media’s W. Makgoba, Eduard R. Bos, Florence K.
Hydrogen Report, 2020/21. Johannesburg Baingana, Karen J. Hofman, and Khama O.
Rogo, editors). Retrieved from https://www.
SADC (2001). SADC Regional Indicative
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/dmssa/pdf/ (Date
Sustainable Development Plan (RISDP).
accessed: October 16, 2020)
Retrieved from https://www.sadc.int/documents-
publications/show/Regional_Indicative_
Strategic_Development_Plan.pdf (Date
accessed: October 16, 2020)

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 66 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 67

09
ANNEXURES

9.1 Annex 1: Main Regional Policies, Strategies and Protocols

in Key Sectors

Sector Policy/Strategy/Protocol Date Description

Overarching SADC Vision 2050 August SADC’s Vision 2050 sets a long-term desired future for the region. This is a 30-year
strategies 2020 timeframe (to 2050) that helps to shape policy in anticipation of the goals that are
already committed to. This Vision seeks to find common ground between different
development aspirations, priorities, and interests among the 16 SADC member
states and other actors. The Vision is based on three related pillars namely, industrial
development and market integration, infrastructure development in support of
regional integration, and social and human capital development. The pillars also
recognize the transversal components of gender, youth, environment and climate
change, and disaster risk management.

Regional Indicative August The new RISDP (2020), is a 15-year strategic roadmap that provides the strategic
Strategic Development 2020 direction for achieving SADC’s long-term social and economic goals. Climate
Plan (2020-2030) change is included as one of the overarching principals of the RISDP.

SADC Regional 2012 The Plan builds on the SADC Infrastructure Vision 2027, and it is focused on 6 key
Infrastructure sectors: Energy, Tourism, Transport, ICT, Meteorology, and Water. For each of
Development Master Plan these sectors, a Sector Plan was developed. In each of these key sectors, reference
is made to environmental sustainability (e.g. renewable energy deployment, EIAs).
However, investment in green infrastructure is not prioritized nor mainstreamed.

Tripartite Programme 2011 The programme was an initiative of the COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite, launched as
on Climate Change a joint five-year programme with the aim to harmonize climate change programmes
Mitigation and Adaptation by the three regional blocs and address the impacts of climate change. The overall
goal was to ensure the impacts of Climate Change in the COMESA- EAC-SADC
region are addressed through successful adaptation and mitigation actions which
also build economic and social resilience for present and future generations. The
focus of the programme was to increase investments in climate resilient and carbon
efficient agriculture (climate-smart agriculture) and its linkages to forestry, land use
and energy practices by 2016.

Sub-Regional Strategy to 1997 Priority programme areas were agreed upon for the SADC-SRAP include capacity
combat Desertification building and institutional strengthening; strengthening of early warning systems;
cooperation in the sustainable management of shared natural resources and
ecosystems; information collection, management and exchange; development
and transfer of appropriate technology to the community level; development of
alternative sources of energy and socio-economic issues.

SADC Industrialisation April 2015 The Strategy provides a blueprint for inclusive, long-term modernisation and
Strategy and Roadmap economic transformation in the SADC region and is based on three interdependent
(2015-2063) and mutually supportive strategic pillars: Industrialisation, Competitiveness and
Regional Integration.

The Strategy acknowledges that industrial policy and implementation will be

largely undertaken at the national level and that its success depends on forging a
compact for industry consisting of the government, the private sector, civil society,
labour and the development partners. It seeks to engender a major economic and
technological transformation at the national and regional levels within the context
of deeper regional integration, while aiming at accelerating the growth momentum
and enhancing the comparative and competitive advantage of the economies of
the region. The strategy recognised “the importance of ensuring environmental and
social sustainability, taking into consideration envisaged impacts of industrialization
on climate change and the adoption of technologies and modalities that enhance
resource efficiency and reduced waste.”

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 67 2023/05/05 12:12

 68 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

Sector Policy/Strategy/Protocol Date Description

Agriculture Regional Agricultural 2013 The policy was approved by Ministers of Agriculture and Food Security in 2014 and
Policy endorsed by the SADC Council of Ministers and the SADC Summit in August 2014.
Issues of sustainable development and climate change are prioritized in the policy.
The policy specific objectives are:
1. Enhance sustainable agricultural production, productivity and competitiveness;
2. Improve regional and international trade and access to markets of agricultural
products;
3. Improve private and public sector engagement and investment in the agricultural
value-chains; and
4. Reduce social and economic vulnerability of the region’s population in the
context of food and nutrition security and the changing economic and climatic
environment.
The policy states inter alia: “proposed interventions will include: Promoting the
development of crop varieties and animal breeds that are adaptable to climate
change and variability”. Under “FARM SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND SERVICES:
Improvements in technology not only lead to gains in productivity but also assist in
addressing emerging challenges such as climate change.” The policy recognises a
number of cross-cutting critical forms of vulnerability including climate change and
variability, gender and equity issues, HIV/AIDS, and other such chronic and transitory
vulnerabilities, limit the prospects of attaining food and nutrition security…. all SADC
countries share similar concerns regarding the vulnerability of the agricultural sector
and livelihoods to a wide range of acute and longer-term threats such as climate
change, nutrition and market factors. However, Member States, for various reasons,
have not committed sufficient budget resources to ensure sustainable information
and response systems. It is mentioned that in addressing climate change, variability
and related vulnerability SADC shall support measures to improve the regions’
capacity to adapt to and mitigate climate change and variability.

Regional Agricultural 2016 The Regional Agricultural Investment Plan for 2017-2021 provided indications
Investment Plan regarding the policy instruments to be implemented by SADC and its member states.
The RAIP combines investments and public policy instruments (regulations,
incentives, etc.). The public policy instruments aim at accompanying productive
investments and putting in place incentives and creating a regulatory environment
conducive to agricultural development. Three specific objectives have been assigned
to the RAIP:
• Promotion of strategic commodities for food security and sovereignty;
• Promotion of a global environment conducive to agricultural development;
• Reduction of food vulnerability and the promotion of sustainable access to food.

SADC Food Security and 2014 The goal of this Strategy is to significantly reduce food and nutrition insecurity in
Nutrition Strategy (2015 – the Region by 2025. This will be achieved through multiple objectives including
2025) (i) Promoting availability of food through improved production, productivity and
competitiveness; (ii) Improving access to adequate and appropriate food in terms of
quality and quantity; (iii) Improving the utilisation of nutritious, healthy, diverse and
safe food for consumption under adequate biological and social environment with
proper health care; and (iv) Ensuring stable and sustainable availability, access and
utilisation of food.
The main guiding principles which will apply are Value addition; Broad participation
and consultation; and Subsidiarity
This policy lists climate change as one of the cross-cutting factors affecting food
security and nutrition in the region. Also recognises the need to identify response
strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation.

SADC Multi-Country 2008 The SADC Multi-country Agricultural Productivity Programme is designed as a
Agricultural Productivity comprehensive 15-year programme of change, arranged around three 5-year
Programme (2008-2023) phases. The overall goal is to bring about agricultural technology generation and
dissemination, together with strengthening linkages among agricultural institutions
in the SADC region to accelerate smallholder productivity. The result will be market-
and smallholder-responsive and accessible agricultural technologies which will
create agricultural growth and increase incomes especially amongst the rural poor.

This policy mentions climate change as an important common challenge: ‘many

countries in the region share similar problems and opportunities. Important common
elements include similarities in agro-ecology and climate, the effects of globalization,
political and economic liberalization, urbanization and migration, natural disasters
and climate change, influences of health (especially HIV/AIDS), 4 biotechnology, and
the changing proprietary nature of agricultural technology. Cooperation in some of
these key areas can yield significant benefits – as can greater economic integration
by taking advantage of natural comparative advantages’.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 68 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 69

Sector Policy/Strategy/Protocol Date Description

Agriculture SADC Multi-Country 2008 It also mentions climate change as a cross-cutting issue: ‘Africa and Southern Africa
Agricultural Productivity in particular have not made full use of the opportunity in addressing the issue of
Programme (2008-2023) climate change and in developing projects that can contribute to the reduction of
GHG emission and benefit from investment in environmentally-friendly technology
from developed countries under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the
Kyoto Protocol. This would include: establishing the main agricultural and forestry
activities and practices and their contribution to GHG emissions, mainstreaming
climate change in agricultural R&D projects and programmes and to ensure that new
technologies are environmentally friendly, identifying and promoting best practices
(for example, more and more research internationally points to the fact that organic,
biodynamic, permaculture and related sustainable farming practices help to mitigate
and reverse the effects of global climate change). Research should therefore be
targeted at finding solutions to the factors that limit the uptake of these practices.
Energy SADC Protocol on Energy Entered The SADC Protocol on Energy of 1996 intends to promote the harmonious
into force development of national energy policies and matters of common interest for the
in 1997 V balanced and equitable development of energy throughout the SADC Region. The
protocol seeks to promote the harmonious development of national energy policies
and matters of common interest for the balanced and equitable development of
energy throughout the SADC region.
SADC Energy Cooperation 1996 The Strategy seeks to achieve effective power system management; extensive
Policy and Strategy use of hydropower resources; commercialization of public utilities and power
interconnections to Improve reliability and security of supply.
Regional Energy Access 2010 - The goals of the SADC Energy Access Strategy are at the strategic level to harness
Strategy and Action Plan 2020 regional energy resources to ensure, through national and regional action, that
all the people of the SADC Region have access to adequate, reliable, least cost,
environmentally sustainable energy services, and at the operational level that the
proportion of people without such access is halved within 10 years for each end use
and halved again in successive 5 year periods until there is universal access for all
end uses. This policy makes no specific mention of climate change.
SADC Renewable Energy 2017 The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Strategy and Action Plan (REEESAP)
and Energy Efficiency aims to provide a framework for SADC Member States to develop their own
Strategy and Action Plan renewable energy and energy efficiency strategies and action plans, leading to
(2016-2030) greater uptake of RE resources as well as mobilization of financial resources for the
sector. REEESAP seeks to promote coherency and alignment of national, regional
and global initiatives, objectives and goals. The strategic objectives include energy
security closing the supply demand deficit; access to modern energy services;
offsetting the risk of energy imports; mobilizing finance for investment in Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency (RE/EE) and low carbon economies & climate resilient
energy systems. One of the key objectives is: achieve low carbon development
paths and climate resilient energy systems in MS and hence the Region.
SADC’s Regional Green 2015 The Regional Green Economy Strategy and Action Plan for Sustainable Development
Economy Strategy and analyses is a framework to guide the integration of resilient economic development,
Action Plan for Sustainable environmental sustainability and poverty eradication for a more sustainable future in
Development the SADC region for green economy policy implementation.

The proposed strategy and action plan aim to find and make use of synergies
across sectors, identify and avoid potential emerging bottlenecks and side effects,
in order to fully harness green economy opportunities. The document will support
the integration of Green Economy policy principles into existing national and regional
development protocols, policies and strategies which include the RISDP, the SADC
Industrialization Strategy and Road Map, the SADC Infrastructure Development
Master Plan and the RAP.
Environment Protocol on Environment 2017 The main objectives of this Protocol are to; enhance the protection of the
for Sustainable environment in order to contribute to human health, wellbeing and poverty
Development alleviation; promote equitable and sustainable utilisation of natural and cultural
resources and the protection of the environment for the benefit of the present and
future generations; promote the shared management of trans-boundary environment
and natural resources; and promote effective management and response to impacts
of climate change and variability. In this regard, the Protocol requires Member States
to take measures to address issues of climate change including transboundary
considerations, through adopting the necessary legislative and administrative
measures to enhance adaptation to the impacts of climate change; take nationally
appropriate voluntary climate change mitigation measures; addressing the negative
impacts of climate change on, among others, food security and nutrition; water
resources; health; economic activities, particularly agriculture, tourism, energy
and industrial development, reducing emissions from deforestation and forest
degradation; fisheries and coastal management; infrastructure; poverty eradication;
and gender equality initiatives. Furthermore, Member States are required to take
measures to develop early warning systems and disaster management strategies;
and participating in sub-regional and international climate change engagements in
order to access the benefits related to technology transfer, financing and capacity
building and influence policy and decision-making processes.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 69 2023/05/05 12:12

 70 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

Sector Policy/Strategy/Protocol Date Description

Agriculture SADC Protocol 2014 The Protocol covers a wide range of environmental issues, including climate
on Environmental change. The overall objective of the Protocol is to promote sustainable utilisation
Management for and trans-boundary management of the environment, which is of interest to SADC
Sustainable Development Member States. Specifically, the Protocol seeks to enhance the protection of the
environment; promote equitable and sustainable use of natural resources and the
environment; promote shared management of trans-boundary environment and
natural resources and promote effective management and response to impacts of
climate change and variability.
In Article 12 the protocol states that parties shall take measures to address issues of
climate change including trans-boundary considerations, through:
a. adopting the necessary legislative and administrative measures to enhance
adaptation, bearing in mind the diverse and gender differentiated levels of
vulnerabilities,
b. taking nationally appropriate voluntary climate change mitigation measures,
c. addressing the negative impact of climate change,
d. Food security, water resources, and health,
e. Economic activities: particularly agriculture, tourism, energy and industrial
development, fisheries and infrastructure, human security, poverty eradication
efforts,
f. Gender equality initiatives,
g. taking measures to develop early warning systems and disaster management
strategies and
h. participating in the sub-regional and international climate change programmes in
order to access the benefits related to technology transfer, financing and capacity
building.
Biodiversity SADC Animal Genetic May 2020 This Strategy is relevant for resilience and agrobiodiversity conservation
Resources Conservation
and Utilisation Strategy
Fisheries Protocol on Fisheries Entered One of the main objectives of the Protocol is to prevent the overexploitation of
into force fishery resources in southern Africa. Countries agree to harmonize laws, strengthen
in 2003 cooperation and law enforcement mechanisms to manage fish stocks sustainably.
SADC Regional February The vision of the SADC Regional Aquaculture Strategy and Action Plan (RASAP) is
Aquaculture Strategy and 2016 for SADC to become a leader of sustainably produced aquaculture products in Africa
Action Plan (2016-2026) by 2025, contributing significantly towards economic growth, food security, poverty
alleviation and job creation throughout the region.
With eight strategic objectives, the purpose of the Strategy is to provide strategic
direction for the rapid, environmentally responsible, development of aquaculture in
SADC Member States. The Strategy simultaneously also seeks safeguarding the
ecological integrity of aquatic ecosystems, conserving common genetic resources
and supporting the maintenance of regional aquatic biosecurity and to advance the
development of cross border value chains that better enable the utilization of aquatic
and human resources within the region.
Forestry Protocol on Forestry 2002 The Protocol aims to promote the development, conservation, sustainable
management and utilization of all types of forest and trees; trade in forest products
and achieve effective protection of the environment and safeguard the interests of
both the present and future generations. This Protocol makes no mention of climate
change.
Wildlife SADC Protocol on Wildlife Entry into SADC passed its Protocol on Wildlife Conservation and Law Enforcement on 18th
Conservation and Law force, 30 August 1999 to establish a common framework for conservation and sustainable
Enforcement November, use of wildlife in the region as well as assist with the effective enforcement of laws
2003 governing those resources. This Protocol makes no mention of climate change.
Industry SADC Industrial 2013 This Policy Framework aims to accelerate the development of regional industrial
Development Policy sector through the diversification of national economies; development of productive
Framework capacity; and the creation of employment in order to reduce poverty and set SADC
economies on a more sustainable growth path.
Climate change is mentioned as a cross-cutting issue as it presents challenges for
industrial development, and regional cooperation towards the development of a
cleaner and resource efficient industrial environment.

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 70 2023/05/05 12:12

 SADC SECRETARIAT | SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 71

Sector Policy/Strategy/Protocol Date Description

Tourism Protocol on the Signed in The Protocol on the Development of Tourism establishes tourism as a priority for
Development of Tourism 2009 Southern Africa. The protocol aims to foster the tourism industry for the betterment
of livelihoods. The protocol further suggests that Member States improve their
quality of service, safety standards, and physical infrastructure as a means of
attracting tourists and investment into the region.
A key objective of the protocol is to use tourism as a vehicle for sustainable
development in the SADC region, including by optimizing resource use and
increasing the competitiveness of the tourism sector in an environmentally
sustainable manner. This Protocol makes no mention of climate change.
Transport Protocol on Transport, Eentered Central importance is given to infrastructure development and safety. However,
Communications and into force reference is made to the need for limiting the environmental impacts of transport.
Meteorology in 1998
Water SADC Regional Water 2006 The Regional Water Strategy recognizes the central importance of water for
Strategy the transition towards sustainable development. An entire chapter is dedicated
to ―Water and Environmental Sustainability‖, including specific strategies on
environmental water requirements, EIAs, as well as the harmonization of standards
for minimum water quality. Another chapter covers the issue of resilience to natural
disasters.
Gender Protocol on Gender and 2008 Recognises that: state parties shall develop policies and strategies, and programmes
Development to address gender issues in climate change

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 71 2023/05/05 12:12

 INTRA-ACP GCCA+ PROGRAMME An initiative of the ACP Group of States funded by the European Union’s European Development Fund

For more details, contact: [email protected] | [email protected] | [email protected]

SADC_Strategy Report_Single Page.indd 72 2023/05/05 12:12