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Unit 5 Pharmacology 1 by Chandu

This document provides information about psychopharmacological drugs used to treat behavioral conditions related to mood. It discusses antipsychotic drugs, dividing them into categories: antidepressants, anti-anxiety agents, and antimanic drugs. Antipsychotics are drugs that affect psychosis. They are classified into two groups: phenothiazines and butyrophenones. Specific drugs are listed as examples within each classification.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
115 views41 pages

Unit 5 Pharmacology 1 by Chandu

This document provides information about psychopharmacological drugs used to treat behavioral conditions related to mood. It discusses antipsychotic drugs, dividing them into categories: antidepressants, anti-anxiety agents, and antimanic drugs. Antipsychotics are drugs that affect psychosis. They are classified into two groups: phenothiazines and butyrophenones. Specific drugs are listed as examples within each classification.

Uploaded by

ANAM ARORA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 41

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This Notes is Provided by Chandan MOCP


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sychophomacological
dQets

hesor he druas used to treat CS


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Artipsuhotic
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arethe dugs Vovimg bove
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cial effect n Psychases
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lassification
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L)henoth azines
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a liphetic slde chan chlorpsomazve

tviklupromazie

piperldne side ckan biovidazive


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razine 3ide cha'n tidluopesazine
Ppe

C
phenonive

yButyiophenove s haloperidol.i

tiflupeiao
a

a
pernfuridol
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rm
A
ha

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thioxontheneslupethiuol
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lP

lP
primozide lonasime
1y 0ther letero cyeis
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Atypcal avtipouc ho-tics
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clozapime aripimzole
C

C
Rispericane" bzipasidone
OAMisU|
S
Olatzapine ),

Quctiapme zotepine
a

oc
rm

rm

lochaism tiorl
ha

ha

ha
AU tupical antipsychoticgwng CtaS, vTaooni-
lP

lP

lP
Sts atO O)D3/y dopamine
op0mine ceptos
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F/typical antipsyekoties: block other mancamines


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Tecag tors espatially Cepts


SHA
C

ypcal antipsycho ts produce Competidveblockade

o post -unate receptorsin O mesolimbic ytem


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Atypiralontpsuchokics hove

C
they hove antogonistie o
3-LA
S-HEA Tecegtois
but
dopamine Da secept
O Ach Mi, kistomire ty f
- A1
a

a
antipsychotic dugs erhbit a latent period
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of weks tor attoing enapeutie e fects
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2-3
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Uses
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Antipsyahetiks are used
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primatilyin functional
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Pychoses 5C hi2ophsenia
C

C
- Antipsyckoto ave Sequi red in hah dases ; ytor
1ayd cotol of acutt monia

ggLithiwnm O) Valpioate
a

a
rm

rm

- Artipsychotic dsus haveimited eficad im


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dementid and deirium aasociateduoith
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lP

lP
pychotici tiatures.
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Jhese are hav avtianxie tyactian


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-Sne tupical neyrolaptics, are


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potent an tiemetic5
C

dve s eftects
-CN
-Drowsness, lethorqy mental Contusion, toleraacul
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mcreased apetita eiqht gain clc

C
-pas fuwal hypotensio, pal pitatio, mhibition of

due to adreregle blecko de


a

a
cjaculotio axe
rm

rm
Andichoie rqic
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ha

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dry
mou
h, blurrinq of
of vision, onsliprtio,
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hesitancy eldesly males
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inary
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tndocrive
C

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-ypermolac tine mial is Commo1 with ypical

Meuroleptics avid rispesidone

- Amenorrhoea,
'

infertiliy, galactosrhoea 9yMaccomas-


a

a
rm

rm

.i
inhequently atter polonqed treome nt
occur
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Mioxc lanesus
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Weight of ten OCCuIs due to lovnq-tem


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gein
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antpachotic therapy blue piqmen tatoM of


C

coTneal Sentic ula7 opaCites,


Cpased skin,
1etina degencration
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a
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rm

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Anti-bepteavts

C
Arttidepeas3anls wkich Can elevale
- ATe TUqs

mood de preaivve lness


a

a
lassiticalion
rm

rm
ha

ha

ha
Keversible inhibito13 of MAO-A (RIMA)
lP

lP

lP
**

Moclobemide, cloqyline
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Sricyelke antidepre33ants (TCA:)
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NA +5-HT Teuptake inhibitors
C

C
i

iniphamine, amtiptuline

trimipzomine, dozepin dothiephn, clomipramine

Predominanttly NA Teuptake inhbitors


a

di)
rm

rm

desipmamine, Nortripty tine, amoxa pine, Te boietine


ha

ha

ha
A

9 Aeiective 3eTotonin seuptake inhibtors (53Ri)


lP

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tluoxeline , uvoxamine, poroietine, seita ine,


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citalopram, e3citalopram dapoxe tine


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C

4)erotonin ond MOY-ad renaline veuptake mhibitas

(NRI)
venlafozine, duloe line
a

a
rm

rm

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PAlypical antidepessans

C
trazodone, Mianseiin, mirta za pine, bupropio tianett

Meckonism
ammep tine

. atomoxetine

tien-
a

a
rm

rm
19 rgsohich block NE ad Teugtake,
ha

ha

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antideprassants
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lP
are ricuclie
hese
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of ald S-HT in to
euptake NE
-hk blork
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y inhilitnm Tspective transotess.
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MeUTd1
C

C
9SNRT
Besides he s cifects shun by tricyc lic

anticepressants, SNRIs uck - adienevqic , histomine


a

eceptor blockina of
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HL and cholinerqic Propertics


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TCAs
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euptake
9 uugslocking NE
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TCuptake
-hese predominarttly inhibit NE
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druqs
Ccnccntration of NE
n
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Tesults increased
C

sunaptcclett

SRIs of Se10tbnin M
S5RIs selectively inciease leves
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a
rm

rm

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M 3ynagtic cleft

C
has macokinetics
Oral absorption of most antide pressart is ge

he
a

a
bioavoilabihi is uncertain because of
rm

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hey ist pass me tabshsm
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Ylosma
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lP

lP
half. ife 'ot Mostantidepaes3anis.Is
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Xona
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- Moclobemide si eadily ahsoibtd but ds tist
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C

C
pos5 me ta bolim educes bioovoila bi

Usc
he aim of antidepres3onts is oelieve
a

a
rm

rm

Symptoms ofdepsesionand Testor noTmal


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Social behavouT
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lP

lP
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g ticyete antidep1essants
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Obsesive- Compul5ive and phobic 3ates


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-he sRIspartie ulasly uotominec


C

drugs of choice due to better patient


acceptabilhty
a

a
rm

rm

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- TcA3.Cspecially clomiptamine are highly cffechve

C
OCO panic disovdes
i
Anuticty disoude.s
aelaued
delayed
Cet
a

a
-Antidepressants, especially JSRTs a
rm

rm
butsustained beneicial effect in Many porkients
ha

ha

ha
anxic. diotder
lP

lP

lP
ot qerealised
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havc also proven helptul in phobic
35RTs
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Suiained treatment of altocks
dstdes panic
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post-Toumatic Strcss disotdeis
C

C
in

Neuropathic pain

Amitrgiy hne and other TcAs affosd Considerable

ane other types of


a

diabete Some
sehiet
rm

rm

pam
ha

ha

ha
Chronic
lP

lP

lP
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-Sn chldien above Syeais, imipisamine 2S ma t


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but bed Wetting may


bee time s etfectve,
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is Jtopped
C

agoin siort when dug


A de
Adve1se efecs.
blanred visiM, urinany c tens
TC on,
Es ion, cotipartiov1,
a

a
rm

rm

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Nausco, dj2zine55, headoche,
andiety, iNSonia,

C
dizziness,
weight qain,

agents :
nti-anxiety
a

a
- Anticty, its an motiona tatej unpleason
rm

rm
distanti
ha

ha

ha
ctusc assdciated wthsi uncasimes5
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lP

lP
some dëfinedi (
FConcein 61tear about
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Landefire d; Autúve threat.
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Adone Pychotics depressed patients also
C

C
Ci hibit putholeqical anzicy

-Antianiet drugs are an ill-detired 3TOup ot


.

diugs, mostly mil CNSdepresson t5,shich


a

a
rm

rm

aime d
Covttrol the mptbm of
ha

ha

ha
Testul state w
anziety, pTo duce of
lP

lP

lP
Dithout deslcimg oith noimal mental, o)
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PySig functons.
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l033ihicadon
,
C

1) Bemzodiaze pines diazegam


chlordiaeppiide
Q1a2epaM Yosa zepan
alpra 2olam
a

a
rm

rm

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A 2apitones Buspirone, 9pionepap ione
)

C
edatve antihistominic hydoyzine

.Propronolol
19.P bloker

.
a

a
nti-maniac 5
rm

rm
cotdtion tho
Mania
isthe etemely
ha

ha

ha
lP

lP

lP
clevatedand cxritable mad ually asDciote
el

el
wth bipolor diolder.
ew

ew
ar

ar
ac(sNC desive
-Wlaniais characterised. by an
C

C
Hoo omuch ot euphoricd.

- Lithium carbonate drug isused t upress


mania and to exeit a prophy lactic effect in
a

a
rm

rm

bipolar (mogic depresiyve)


disoderatoses wigh
ha

ha

ha
have no OVeit CNS effects
lP

lP

lP
-tkunis estabished as the standayd
inic
el

el
ew

ew

andmood stabitaing dug


ar

ar

oanzape
C

Catbamazepine, valproate (01)

Can be Used as altenatves hium


Catboncrle.
a

a
rm

rm

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Mecharism of acion

C
-/Mechonim ofacionof thium is related h
Serond messenqe invalved M d-a dre nerqi ond
a

a
muscoric neuiotransmis to
rm

rm
ha

ha

ha
-Snosiloltiphos phoie (I,) is inothvoied to
lP

lP

lP
inesiioldiphosphote (T) ,
inosidol Mbrophasphate (ta
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el
and hen inasitol.
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Akium seleclivel iahibits signol tansductin in
C

C
oVCiattive nCUrs3 blot kinq ve(siDn of
to 17 and he to imositol

- As a reu Ahe
Supof hee imositol o
a

a
rm

rm

eqene nte phosphartidyl inositol aiphosphale (PTP) in


ha

ha

ha
hypeiactive MCUrons5 s iwtenupted and uldmately
lP

lP

lP
Yelease of TPs and diaty glyceul
el

el

(DAa), is
ew

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albo cduced which


deciease3 neurona Tespone
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ar

to NE, DA S-HT
C

n addndon, Tthium UnCDup le eceptors


-

om -proteins.
a

a
rm

rm

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-Aodum Tov1S (DMmoM to neuotronsnii5ion

C
Df ihutm with 3etm
anpeitoM

Jaid o Cnhibuie o he action f


also
a

a
(ithiua
rm

rm
hamacokine -icg
ha

ha

ha
eadily abseshed frw
5
lP

lP

lP
Ca1bonate
ithum
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el
nIT
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bitibutio OCCUrs
thraughourdCrtracelhular tluid E
-
ar

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water no CVidenceof either pro tein
C

C
bod

bin sinq co1) me tabolism

kidney saliva
pug thtwoh
a

a
rm

rm

Sucat
ha

ha

ha
lP

lP

lP
-Litkum s Pimany Used tor mank depreive
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bagolar
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psychoges

cluster heoeache
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- G1 is otcasinaly used to treat


C

Adveise cfects
-Semors, (otfuson, f Slused peech, ia11hoea
a

a
rm

rm

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ocdena,polyuia ydipo1a

C
allucivoge
Jhese a1e dugs which alter, mocd behovioU,
a

a
rm

rm
hought peiceptian in manner simlar
Ond
ha

ha

ha
hat Seen
in psuchosis
lP

lP

lP
hallucinogens ore temed as ycho togen,
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also
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Pschotomimehes, psychedelics. Pychodlyslepics
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'

he
C

C
dsug under, hisCateqon are
'

Jndole amines

|iyeegic acid diedlylimide (Lso)


a

a
rm

rm

effects
his drug9 TD duces 3tron payche delic
ha

ha

ha
in doses ess Ahan
lP

lP

lP
:4toks as agenist. of HT yeceptors F
el

el
ew

ew

electrical activrty
Supess
ar

ar

/Vlescalne
C

+hasa potency
EMa marke,d

5Umpakomime tes effecs


a

a
rm

rm

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cuchdune
Phen

C
mild hallu cinatory effects 1ke disorietta-
has ha3
of sense me
o dstorled bodySoss of hme

fIpament,of Pioces5
a

a
rm

rm
Cannabnbids
ha

ha

ha
psinciple ot, theexhart
-9t activNe
lP

lP

lP
the
plant
el

el
ofhem
ew

ew
JAisvey ptent
iit.
ar

ar
seheve anxiet miqaine
C

C
1
hamacokine tics:-

-On oal adristsation THe(tetrakydiocannabin)


a

is absebed" imove stoualy


rm

rm

ne behavoural and Physiological cffects Tetvn


ha

ha

ha
hours
othin -i
lP

lP

noTmal
lP
ts me tabolites
el

el

and
Beng highly ipoilic, THe
ew

ew

Sequesiced in bodyat aud dipose tsue


0e
ar

ar
C

havmocological dc hons

Srnitally these CNS Jhmulation Yolladed


b
Stdaion
i,
a

a
rm

rm

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-Duing stwulototy phose here is
is Cuphosia,

C
talkativenes inerease i appehe
MCIeased
f
Acelng ingq
o1Cotdencedaxalion elbein
- here is impaly ment of shor?
a

a
egm me morq,
rm

rm
Cncentrafn is mpaired, sleepiness pevails
ha

ha

ha
-he
lP

lP

lP
peipheral effecs inc lude tachcoTdia
el

el
Vasodila an uoith Teddering of Conjwncti va
ew

ew
Tcduc tion lntraocular Presure breachodilotr
ar

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'
C

C
-1 has inhbiryy effecls on immune unc tion

Mecharism
0f.action (liical LUse

- Jao tygegs of Canna binoid KMan


EOTS.are
a

a
rm

rm

and
CB B
ha

ha

ha
- 8o1h aye opro tein Coupled
eceptor3 Tinked
lP

lP

lP
toivnhibrtian of adenlote cuclise
el

el

Rimonabant js
obesi6
ew

ew

used .for
ar

ar

ovlaqonist fo Tecepter
C

-t i also USe d cessaton


'

Adveise citects
intobilt4 deuease in appetite in5omnia
a

a
rm

rm

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Yole vance, bronchitis, eti

C
Yarkin Sois
Drugs sed in disease ld
Alzheimeis iscase
a

a
rm

rm
Drugs toparkinjors dicase
ha

ha

ha
slooly poTe ssive
lP

lP

lP
-Jaikinsois discase is a
el

el
Meuro-degenenative disease characterised by
ew

ew
ar

ar
ollaain Sumptoms
C

C
vigady
di) kinesias

diiy.instablepasture
a

ivy akathesia
rm

rm

-Jn Parkmsons dsease here s ass of


ha

ha

ha
a
i
lP

lP

lP
dopam inergic .neurns
el

el

DrugsuSed or treating paskinsois diseaise


ew

ew

clossified tour Catemi


ar

ar

Are
C

which increase Revels


doponiveevels
Drugs
degmdation
81) Drua which prevent dopamile
d) Druget
vcep tors
HSohich stmulate dopamine
a

a
rm

rm

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chybrugs
CN)Drugs rastore DA-Ac
hich bnlance

C
Duge which MCTC dopanine vel
)Levodo with cabidopa
a

a
is the pTeCLi0Y o OA (Atpoeini,
rm

rm
Levodopa
not BEB
DA itse f
ha

ha

ha
do CYOJS
lP

lP

lP
-Levodopd can C1035 8BB ond
13 decorbe
el

el
ted DA In brain
ew

ew
- 4f administere alone, only about
ar

ar
C

C
Levodopo odually Cnters he brain, remonainq

7-99 evodopa gels me tabo ised in GLT

periphera tsue the tnzume dopa deor


a

DA hich Conot enter he


rm

rm

brown

preventi
ha

ha

ha
pearipheral deqmdation, levodopa
lP

lP

lP
sually Co adinis tased th either casbih
el

el

(o) enseiazide periphesal doya dac arbouse


ew

ew

inhbror
ar

ar

inhibrloss-
2 oMT
C

- CoMT metabolises DA ond t pccuisor


pro
Levodopa ducg the inactive metabolite
a

a
rm

rm

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Mence inibitin pciphe rel CoMT wil Ye svlt

C
in incYease n plosm hof-life o1 Levodop0

delee tive CoMMT inhibrlons ikc 1olcapon

cntacapone not on ly drrnish metubeism of


a

a
rm

rm
evodopd bu? olso IncIeasS it icnainlbiiy
ha

ha

ha
brain
lP

lP

lP
Amanta cine
el

el
ew

ew
-t peverts DA uptoke tacihtales pesynopic D*
ar

ar
TClease
C

C
) Drugs ohich prevent doamin eqra datia

-sdelegihme 1S an re versible mhibtor of MAO-3

dopaminergic neurans 1spons ble


enzune in
a

an
rm

rm

metabolin o DA
ha

ha

ha
-31 makes moye DA available stmulaton
lP

lP

lP
ofiis Iecpto3
el

el
ew

ew

)rugs which limulerle dogmie cepto1S-


ar

ar

Dopomine apnists:
C

Stmulate Tcceptovs and


he disecly

do Adt the tomaton of DA hom


hon
depen3 On
levodopa.
a

a
rm

rm

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Bromocarpine ia polent eceptor aqonist

C
cabevqolme has
has a.onger duraton ot action

ohich estoye DA- Ach


a

a
-
he diug under his
rm

rm
Cateqoty Ae Certrally
ha

ha

ha
actinq autimuscayinic drugs
lP

lP

lP
-
n the absence of inhibrlot Contro ct DA
el

el
he actviy ef cholinargic 31sten beumes
ew

ew
ar

ar
doimrt
C

C
Blockadc o Central muscoriic receptory
these drugs Teduces Cholmeqie attivd
g dhenyhenal pio cye h dire,. Cphemdvine fbemotopr
a

a
rm

rm

rugs Alzheima disease AD


ha

ha

ha
Aleheimers sese a
lP

lP

lP
pore'ssive diseae
el

el

hot destious memoy other inmpor tant mental


ew

ew

unc tons
ar

ar

-4t he most prevalent o of dementa


C

is

-Aumptoms of AD ae Proqiessive of

memoiy
dlsoTdesed Cogni five 1Lntons, aith
a

a
rm

rm

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013 of shott fcn memoiy4 thot uually Pre cocds

C
055 of -tem memon

las of choineiqic
-Jhe acdivit in biam Cy
a

a
patienes withAp 1ead to he USG
rm

rm
ha

ha

ha
cholinesterase inh bifinq dTu which Can co5
lP

lP

lP
88
el

el
Jhese druqs block deqradaton of Ach and
ew

ew
clefi
ar

ar
MCTCase availob ley of Ach ympie
C

C
hc drugs use to treat Ao are facrine,

Donc pazil, rivastiqmine and qalomtarmime

Jacriveis aAong acting evetsible anticholikesteros


a

a
rm

rm
ha

ha

ha
Donepcil, Tivastigmine galowrtamine kave bettes
lP

lP

lP
enetradon . CNS
el

el
ew

ew

NS Stimulants e Nootaopics
ar

ar
C

stimulants

CNs simulants aie medicincs Coy dugs hat


that

Stimulate 3Pcedinq up bolh mental


he brain
a

a
rm

rm

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Ondhysical prorec S.

C
hese ayc Sub-classifie 05

AmphetamjnesNon-amphetamines

Anphetomine goup amphetamine, deaampheta:.


a

a
rm

rm
ine methamphe tarine methylphenicdate 1entluwm
ha

ha

ha
Notomphctomine goup Vlodafinil, atomosetine
lP

lP

lP
el

el
5ibutramine
pemoliwe
ew

ew
Metkiaadhines
ar

ar
namaco loqjcal
C

C
effects of Ompnetamine Nm-anph
tamincs aTe almost Jame

onthme desinatives Te Catfeine, heo bromme


a

eophline et
rm

rm

lechanizm ofaction
ha

ha

ha
lP

lP

lP
- Jhese diugs enter the neve Crding active
el

el

Aronspost and doplace DANE1


m storaqe
ew

ew

Vesic las alleig heir


ar

ar

-3hay
C

inhibit DA melabolism b nhibitug MAO-B


'

iM MCIVC cndin
'
to inhibirton of the
bue enyme, cmcentraton
a

a
rm

rm

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DA
of intcrncTOnal incieases

C
eVC1seS The dhecton ot trouport mechanism

hart
DA
i a Telea sed iM to 3ynapie

ttas pos
sorlher on b4 usaal
a

a
TeVCí3E
by
rm

rm
etotosls
ha

ha

ha
Conçen tra fon in
, the
Jhis uther MCTCase3 DA
lP

lP

lP
cleft
el

el
ynoptic
ew

ew
Mechonom of action or methylyonthnes " 13
ar

ar
C

C
u) Methultan tkime s imhibit he enumc phosphodicsterase

(PDE) Tesultingin inceased Concentration of 3s-cAM-

biovntc hodi lution.


Causn
a

a
rm

rm

iyIhey whtbit he cell 3urtace Teceptors tor adenasi-


ha

ha

ha
he. Adenosive a Modulotor.
lP

lP

lP
- actions actionS arc inhibitory Seadng to
el

el
ew

ew

droosines5 Moor mco-o1dinartion CeiebralNasodilation,


ar

ar

CNS
depicsson anticonvulsant action bronchocansti
C

chion Mcthylkanthmes antaqoniseall these eflects

enhance deoceiylaton of his tones


a

a
rm

rm

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prevent ranscoiption ofinllammartor gene

C
4 inflommato action.
leads to

hama coloqical. etfacts


ollouoing main cental ttac5 oamghe
are.
a

a
rm

rm
Omine like augs
ha

ha

ha
Sicreosed
lP

lP

lP
motor achvi '
el

el
tuhorla Citenent
ew

ew
ciiy Anorexia
ar

ar
ov Ysuchotic behaviouruoth administraton.
C

C
prolenqed

Jesipheal ympathomimefie actios inclu de rise

in BP inhibition of GLT motilit

-Awnhetapines the
the
a

inceas uaketulness, capacrty


rm

rm

work Cuphoria
ha

ha

ha
phoma co loqical actiosof melylsanlkines
lP

lP

are
lP
el

el

in CN ecds
ew

ew

- act as CNSStmulants.
.'
ar

ar

-
CNs shmula tion CausesS akequlness, alestness,
C

incvease d capacit do

'
sied
-Jhey p1o duce incesc in heaut Iate, periphenil
a

a
rm

rm

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Vasodilatton Cardiac output
Cardiac incieased,) corDnay

C
blooHlu.s
?
incTCased; , '

iy Kidngy
mild siuetits
a

a
rm

rm
due t inCTeased Hltro tionM
ac ion
ha

ha

ha
qlonerulus also due to Creaee
at
lP

lP

lP
YCSUTe

outrut
el

el
coidiac
ew

ew
hamaco kine tics
ar

ar
wellahsorbed oraly.
C

C
A hese diugs a1e

penetrat B8B
Teely
Unmetabolized diug CXCreted thraugh uine
a

a
rm

rm
ha

ha

ha
huperkinete disordes (ADHO) wth
with
yAttention, defict
lP

lP

lP
. fi
dustuncton.
minimal brain
el

el

-J ' '
sd
ew

ew

a childhwd disease characterixed by hyere-


ar

ar

bchaviour
Ctivity inabihty to Concentrate impu impu lsive
C

Deiamphetomine, methylphenidate atomoze ivie are

hupeeketc chldren.
Qui ffecive in contolling
a

a
rm

rm

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DNatolegsu

C
sleep attacks arti
4t ischanocterized3

durinq day fine Vivid niqhtmares ach tnau

persist in awakenin 3tato ond Siudden


a

a
CNen
rm

rm
ohich 15
loss of musele tone usually CVe
Teves
ha

ha

ha
lP

lP

lP
JMcthylfenicate, modafinial used to treat
el

el
CAYe
ew

ew
hartolep3y
ar

ar
melhyloionthne
C

C
Ore

-taffene is combined oith aspiinfor treatm.

nt of keadache.
a

- 9ral heophyline Sed in the trea tment


rm

rm

ot COPD
ha

ha

ha
fAmmopnyliwe s useful in Telievinq paroxy3mal
lP

lP

lP
el

el

associatecd with Yenticular failure


dymoa '
ew

ew

Advese eftects
ar

ar
C

-
toleronce, Pyc depepdence.Cuphoria, dizzines3
tremots, hupestension,
iitabiy. insomika.

- headache, Yomhng alpitations Convulsions, hupotansion


a

a
rm

rm

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Nootropics

C
-Jhese yehothe rapeuttc agetts wpich

facibtale the acguisi tionM of carninq Cakonce


a

a
rm

rm
memoyy retention
ha

ha

ha
inc luding oto alcokol, ogolaine,
everal defessants
lP

lP

lP
Can impoly emor
allucinogens
el

el
ew

ew
Nootro picscap, bewcu cnhance Memory
ar

ar
Nootroics. Can oveTComMe co se tard cogaidvë
C

C
dee liwe o Curinq in old aie in Jome dieard
Conditions I
he canlpseventthei dinuptonof the pre
a

a
rm

rm

CoAsolidaton
ot MCMo1 oljafrquma, sejzures,
ha

ha

ha
tuctors
ypoglycemia othe aveisive
"
lP

lP

lP
may act mainly bimproving
el

el

-
Qome nootropiCS
ew

ew

ceye metabolism
CCTebral circulation hich
ar

ar

CCr@bro vasc ulas


C

are Tetarded M disease'h:

be log 1Ao etse chmicat Categony,

Some of kem
a

a
rm

rm

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o) Pia(erom

C
hyergne
(niy vinçamine

v) meclofeaoxate.i
a

a
pyitiwol
(
rm

rm
gin kgo biloba esttott
ha

ha

ha
Mechonism
lP

lP

lP
otactioM
el

el
- Nootropics like ntpsifyline .
ew

ew
PTitinol,londat
ar

ar
Ncergoline unction
ke Cerebul piotectocs
C

C
inpoving Cicbral circulaton

Shere evidence hat Cental cuokmerq3uay


Mau be paut of ther itrinsicSustem Coatal
a

a
rm

rm

Memor storoae
ha

ha

ha
Nootvopics ma nduce enynonmet oncurotrati-
lP

lP

lP
Condusveto
rirlcis.C earnin acquisito
el

el
'

Mnoy Tetenton
ew

ew
ar

ar

-Jhe mechonisn 'of acio includes incieae in


C

ceatral. chomeqie, nonadeneyqie dopam inerqic


1

actity with CoMcommtent reducdon in seyotoney

funcion
a

a
rm

rm

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and Antagonistb
Qpioid AnalgesicS

C
-Analgesie ssa drug 1har selectivey ralieves

actiug in the CNS (OY) on peipheral


a

a
mechonisms, wihout significanty alterin coltiousn-
rm

rm
pam
ha

ha

ha
lP

lP

lP
pioid AnalgesicS
el

el
t',

dark
ew

ew
pum s bToun TESinoUs maltia
ar

ar
obtoimed hro OPP fapaver somnitesun) plant.
C

C
|- St contas two types of alkaloids
', t."
phenanthrene derivatrve

MO5 ph me
a

a
rm

rm

codene
ha

ha

ha
hebaine
lP

lP

lP
Benzoisoqumolne eivatiwes
el

el

Papaverne
ew

ew

Noscapine
ar

ar

lassiticatbn Opioids
C

alkaloids -Morphine, codeine


) Natural opiun
il,

dieni-sunthete gpates diacea morphine(heron),


a

a
rm

rm

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pholcodeme, ethylmonphime

C
y Adynthehe opioids pelhdine ntonyl, methadne
.
tramadol destropropoxyphere' "

Codeme
a

a
-3
rm

rm
is me moiphheocuis natuially in opiu
ha

ha

ha
prily Converte in the bd t
lP

lP

lP
morphir.
el

el
-St is less potent
hon Morphine
ew

ew
-Codeine Mofe selecve Cough
ar

ar
3upres3ont
C

C
Codeihe has actvi the
-

d Osa oute
i;,
Phokodeine, ehybnorphire
.

hey have codeine ike prope1tiesf


, . haNe
have
I,.
a

been used mainly as


rm

rm

antitussive
Metoin
ha

ha

ha
lP

lP

lP
about 3 tmes mose potent hon
el

el

Morphine
ew

ew

- 3t is considered to be
'
ar

ar

more Cuphosient
':
C

Yethidine

- Pehisine isPimasily
r USed as onalgesic
an

in pieana esthe temedicaionbut "not"


r" Cou
a

a
rm

rm

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OT dlarrhoed '

C
toatog
Congener, 0 -I00 times. mote
t is. A pethidine .

podent i
ho morphne both in arale5í0
a

a
rm

rm
espiratoy ytem
,
ha

ha

ha
Mehadon
lP

lP

lP
hemical dissimitay phanmacoloqically
bu
el

el
ew

ew
Similar to moYphine
ar

ar
t has analqesic Tespinatosy depressamt , emetic
C

C
ontitussive,' Costipating biliary
iiary actions
' siila
tomo phime

Ases ofmorpAine its Congenes)


a

a
rm

rm

analgesic
ha

ha

-Moxphincs ha
lP

lP

lP
indicated espe6ioly in, toumatic
el

el

VBceiat;ischocmicpstopeiatye:, bun, Cancer pal


paln
ew

ew

etc
ar

ar

sa
C

-Aransdexmal tentonyl suitable opton to


Chonle other teminal ilness pan.
cancer

iotneshetedicron
a

a
rm

rm

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- Motphine pethidine01e USed ,

C
suqicaamesthes
in Balonce
d gnacsthesia
fertangl mor phine,peihidine, altenlonil, co)
Sulfentanilore animpovianr (omponett f
a

a
rm

rm
anaesthete techniques
ha

ha

ha
i Relef of oM1iety appie hension
lP

lP

lP
el

el
-specially in myocaidial inforcton inteina
ew

ew
bleding moiphine (OY)
pethidine hove been
ar

ar
C

C
USed

)Acute "t Ventricular failurecardiaci asthna)


- Miorphine when bected thraugh piovicé
a

Yeltef b '

,
rm

rm

i) reducinq peloud OM heart ue


due Nasodibti
ha

ha

ha
peniphesal Peq ot, blaod
lP

lP

lP
el

el

i) Cus duan<; Synpathe


tcd shnulatin by
"
coing
ew

ew

he partiert
ar

ar

M)Cough ,
C

-odeine .is aubyttuenta are dkely


Used or Supgresin Cough
a

a
rm

rm

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Nii) diarhoea

C
Constipaitingactionof todeine has heehsed
inGiease1.{he Consis tacy ot 5toDl5i
o
Joperamide dipheroayloie are synthetic optld
a

a
rm

rm
usedextensively 0S anti- diarrho eals
ha

ha

ha
Opioidcegtors
lP

lP

lP
el

el
Jhete are tour ajor cateqotics otendoyeno-
ew

ew
opioid sCccptors have been iden he d,
ar

ar
C

C
hey ate
m
)
2) K (kapp)
.
a

(3elHa) .
9 6
rm

rm

(sgma) .
ha

ha

ha
lP

lP

lP
-Ofhe3t, "A; K eceptos mediate the
el

el

analyesis
main pharmacological "actions
of narcotic
ew

ew

- k eceptots yare impostant tor. nalgesia


ar

ar

ar
C

ohile sma veceptols areiresponsible.

yckto minetc effcts


.

tiit
neütotian snisson
8-eceptors nhibit excitatory
a

a
rm

rm

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iM the bain periphey

C
Based Sn Teceptor actitydrugs octigi o

Opioid
1
veceptors ca be cateqonized as folla
a

a
)Agonisis
rm

rm
Jhey are sublashie based chemital
ha

ha

ha
-
OM
lP

lP

lP
marphine
Mo dikcatios in the Shucture of
el

el
) Morphine analoqs Heroin E (odein
ew

ew
MethadoMe deivrives dettropropyphene
ar

ar
C

C
3) dhe boie deivathves-corphime
1 phenyipendne deivatves pehidine, fenton, 3uferh
dipkorotylote
(
a

Mised gonists oatagenisis


rm

rm

hey chenical modie


ha

ha

ha
Shey are also sub-closifed o
lP

lP

stuctune
lP
tions :in, the of mophime
el

el

)Bnzomorphan derivatives.pntazocine ,(yclazocine,


ew

ew

Morphme ondlons Nalkuphineuprenorphme


ar

ar
C

Morphinandeinartves eyollorphon, mepta zinol

ii) Antagoniss
Nalo one Naltrezome, Nalmefene'
a

a
rm

rm

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Pharmacokine tics

C
- Morphine isnadlily aborbrdifrom CnTT

Hirst pass melabolism


ot crlenslve
Bccausc
' ,7,

is Poo
a

a
bloavailabilih
rm

rm
s me-labolised N-dedlkyla lion
Morphine b
ha

ha

ha
t

01ldaton
bilauoed qlucuronide (O1) Sulphate
lP

lP

lP
to
el

el
Canjuga
ew

ew
Metabol tes aTe CICreted M urine.
ar

ar
Vleckonism ofa ton
C

C
-Morhine acts thraugh oflevent receptors

Snaddition it inuences he achvily of' ome

in ram.
a

ncuTotronmittet in
rm

rm

- 9t iuceases cholineiqic and S-T acdvrty


ha

ha

ha
ARACugi
lP

lP

lP
inhibitsnor-adrenerqic dopaminergic), )
F
el

el

actut
ew

ew

hamacoloqicalgins
ar

ar
C

fects O CNS

Moroame vasiey of actions in CNS


has,de
Suc CS )
a

a
rm

rm

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espiratoy depr sslon
Analgesia

C
auphoria ory Constric don

NauSea Vomrity
Sedaton
antitussive Neuto cndb cine effects
a

a
rm

rm
ha

ha

ha
gastic intestirnal, panCTeaticF biliam
bilia Secietns
lP

lP

lP
decieased motphMe
b
el

el
ew

ew
ieca CVS
r
ar

ar
- Mos hme Causes hpoteasion braducardia
C

C
Adverse ertects

Nousea, Nomit doashess Suaeatngbiadyrovda

bionc hospaSn, setenton,


a

huotension, urinary dphario


rm

rm

Constipaton.
i
ha

ha

piold Artaqonists
ha
lP

lP

lP
el

el

Jhe subotutonofNmelhl y bylkier N


ew

ew

t pigeridne
ar

ar

alky grup nitionen'Chages o


C

aqonist to onta qanist

|- Naloxme Naltie Lne , Nolnfene are pure

opold antagonists,
at
a

a
rm

rm

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rece ptos

C
Naloone

- 31 s strong YCeptor antagonist wcak


a

a
oAtogonist. ot Ssecepto
rm

rm
has tust onse1 of action
-4
ha

ha

ha
wsed or trea ment of opioid
lP

lP

lP
primarily
- Jt is
el

el
oveT dose
ew

ew
.
Naltre me
ar

ar
eceptois
3tnq antugonis to U k
C

C
-t is a

antaqonist to 3eceptors
feak
34 has longer dura tion of acton
-

- 41
a

con. be
be used for treotren? fopiad
rm

rm

opibid detoxified toimeily addat


depend ence
ha

ha

ha
lP

lP

lP
patlent .
el

el

Nalmetene
ew

ew

the derivatve fNaltiezone but :con le


-St is
ar

ar

'

Sed onl intovenus


C

also to treament
- to tea?oplod oVeicbe

of cholestatic pr usttis
a

a
rm

rm

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Drug Addicton

C
dkseaso
definedas a
byain and behaviouy an ca
peisons

. use
a

a
control he of
inobility
rm

rm
'

medicatiaM.
ha

ha

ha
du
'
lP

lP

lP
Drug addictiom has tollooi teatuyes
el

el
he datsimerlal affects
ew

ew
of drugs not, Cnl
ar

ar
haTm he idividualbut alsd te society
C

C
wel.

i)here
the g
cllgys
by any
a intase i
Means
.. cyaving to praue
a

ne
rm

rm

ity here. is develapnent,ot toleranc


's
e
ha

ha

ha
nee to ncrease doe
e
lP

lP

lP
SaMe salistying erpuriencei
el

el

iv Uhere arey. lite thestening


ew

ew

y9, olaiming9
effecets after e3atony,: of du
ar

ar

wthcrauwl
C

he're 5 a Pyicalee
hen Con tinu

with of the
USe tear
abstirence Mdrme
a

a
rm

rm

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Drug Abuse

C
he USe ot
4 idefmed as ChcessivVe

Pychoactive as alcohol pain medierti-


hugs, uth
,illegal
Onsoy
a

a
rm

rm
emotional
to phypical Sotal )

C ad
ha

ha

ha
lP

lP

lP
harM

hos fo1lo
ing eatures
el

el
ew

ew
taîlure fo
) Xecurett Substnce Use esults in
ar

ar
oblintionS at ork, 3chol
ul fil his her
C

C
major
i.

(OY)
nome

Kecurrent substante USC despite kaving tepesona


Ji
a

onfly problems
rm

rm

arquments" o) phgsical hght oith buse


ha

ha

ha
aout f'abise
lP

lP

ConsCquence
lP
el

el
.'
di) Kecurrent Substante USC ven i situation5
ew

ew

,4
mere shovild not be wed.
ar

ar
C

durig diiving. operatvg aMac hine et


S

orug abuse discards al ohe tevims 1ike


like

miswe, habituotion elc


a

a
rm

rm

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Orug tolcrance

C
pets0ns Teac tion n
41 is deined 05

a drug decieases as hey Cen timue to


a

a
rm

rm
Solerance develops atler Egecrled admini strertirn
ha

ha

ha
lP

lP

lP
decreased
o druq it pro duces a
el

el
ezpecte d
ew

ew
ar

ar
owersely anger a1e reeded to
C

C
obtoin the Same efectsith PreVious

Drug degenderce
a

Dependence phy sioloqicol


stae of
rm

rm

neuroadaptou 3esulhrig TOm repeated adminis tramsn


d,
ha

ha

ha
'
of he
lP

lP

lP
drug necessitartng Continye
et
el

el

PTvent the appeanence of distressinq oTthdra.


t
ew

ew

which
5yadome is monifested as Ppaite t
ar

ar

1
C

he phamacoloq icat eiect of dsugs

-he drugs of abise which Can andanges

dependene ae aS
a

a
rm

rm

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Drugs havmg only mild pycholoqical depene
agab

C
nce

ithdrauol ynptoms and no


-Jhese are
a

a
rm

rm
coftec€, tea.
pkysical dependence cotfe
ha

ha

ha
lP

lP

lP
o severe psychologic
i) brugs agends with Moderate
el

el
ew

ew
1 depen dence.
ar

ar
C

C
hashish Coccame elc
marijuana,
C
moderate to
iity Dmgs acent
havinq Severe pcholog
a

mild phy sical dependere.


rm

rm

ical dependence with


ha

ha

ha
Benz0aiozepnes, alcohol
lP

lP

lP
Cq
el

el

havine evere physical


rugs agents
ew

ew
ar

ar

P'yehological, de pendence
C

barbiturates alcohol
g opioid5,
a

a
rm

rm

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