Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

CHAPTER 4
FRICTION
Dr. Le Thanh Long
[email protected]

Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

OUTLINE
4.1. Types and cause of friction.
4.2. Friction on slower pairs.
4.3. Friction on higher pairs – Rolling resistance.
4.4. Friction on belt drive.
4.5. Some mechanisms operate based on friction.

Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

4.1. Types and cause of friction

- Friction is a common phenomenon in nature and engineering
- Friction is both beneficial and harmful
+ Disadvantages: reduce efficiency, produce heat, wear down
machinery,…
+ Advantages: Some mechanisms operate on the principle of friction
như phanh, đai,…

→ Study the friction to find ways to reduce the disadvantages and take
advantage of the benefits of friction 3

Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

4.1. Types and cause of friction

1. Types of friction:
- By contact surface property
+ Fluid friction + Dry friction + Fluid-dry friction

- By movement property
+ Sliding friction + Rolling friction

- By movement status
+ Static friction + Dynamic friction
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Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

4.1. Types and cause of friction

2. Cause of friction
Mechanical cause

Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

4.2. Friction on slower pairs

1. Coulomb’s law for sliding friction
- The maximum frictional force and the dynamic friction force are
proportional to the normal reaction F
Fmax  ft N ft  max
N
Fd  f d N F
tan t  max  ft
- The coefficient of friction depends on N
+ Contact surface material
+ Contact surface conditions
Fd
+ Contact time f d 
N
- The coefficient of friction doesn’t depends on F
tan d  d  f d
+ Normal contact pressure N
+ The contact surface area
+ The relative velocity between two contact surfaces
- For most materials, the static friction coefficient is
greater than the dynamic friction coefficient ft > fđ
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Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

4.2. Friction on slower pairs

2. Friction in sliding pairs

  
- Apply a force into A P( P x , P y )
- Driving force Pd  Px  P sin 
- Resisting force Pc  Fms  fN  fP cos 
- Moving condition: Driving force ≥ Resisting force
P sin   fP cos 
tan   f  tan     
→ Concept of a friction cone
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Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

4.2. Friction on slower pairs

2. Friction in sliding pairs
- Slider moves up the inclined plane
   
+ Forces acting on A Q, P, N , F ,
   
+ Equilibrium equation PQ N  F  0
 
S R
+ At the equilibrium point P  Q tan(   )
→ Moving condition for A P  Q tan(   )
+ Self-lock condition
     / 2 P   It is impossible to do such a large force
    / 2 tan(   )  0 → P is in the opposite direction

→ Self-lock condition    
2
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Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

4.2. Friction on slower pairs

3. Friction in the revolute pairs: Bearing
- Helical pairs are used in many machines, called bearing
- There are 2 types of bearing
+ Radial ball bearing: radial load (perpendicular to the axis of rotation
+ Thrust ball bearing: axial load (parallel to the shaft centerline)

- Bearing subjected to both radial and axial forces is called axial thrust
bearing
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Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

4.2. Friction on slower pairs

3. Friction in the revolute pairs:
For new shaft end
- Assume the shaft end is absolute flat
→ the pressure on the contact surface p is constant
Q
p
 (r2 2  r12 )
- Consider the area dS  2 rdr
Q 2Qr
- The force acting on dS dN  pdS  2 rdr  dr
 (r2 2  r12 ) r2 2  r12
- The friction force acting on dS
2Qr
dF  fdN  f 2 2
dr
r2  r1
- The moment of friction force
2Qr 2Qr 2
dM  rdF  rf 2 dr  f 2 dr
r2  r12 r2  r12
- The moment of friction force on new shaft end
r2 r2 2Qr 2 2 r23  r13
M   dM   f 2 dr  fQ 2
r1 r1 r2  r12 3 r2  r12 10

Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

4.2. Friction on slower pairs

3. Friction in the revolute pairs:
For old shaft end - Assume only the liner is old
→ at any point of the contact surface the wear u
is proportional to the contact pressure p and the
long velocity
u  kp r k  const v  r
- Pressure distribution
u A u
p  A
k r r k
A
- Reaction force on dS dN  pdS  2 rdr  2 Adr
r
r2 r2
 Q   dN   2 Adr  2 A(r2  r1 )
r1 r1
Q Q
 A p
2 (r2  r1 ) 2 (r2  r1 )r
r r
- The moment of friction force M  fQ 2 1
2 11

Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

4.3. Friction on higher pairs (Rolling

resistance)
1. Phenomenon

2. Cause
The rolling friction is explained by the hysteretic elasticity of the material

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Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

4.4. Friction on belt drive

1. Euler equation
- Belt drive includes: driving pulley 1, belt 2 and driven pulley 3

S0 S2

S0 S1

- When not in motion, initial tension of belt is S0

- When the drive works, the tension on the tight side of belt increases
to S1, the tension on the slack side of belt decreases to S2

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Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

4.4. Friction on belt drive

1. Euler equation
- Assume that the change of stress is the same on tight side and slack
side of belt
S0  S 2  S1  S0  2 S0 2 S0 e f 
  S 2  S1  f 
S1  S2 e f   e f  1 e 1

- Consider a very small piece of belt (ignoring the mass of the belt),
which is subjected to a force F

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Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

4.4. Friction on belt drive

1. Euler equation
- Consider a very small piece of belt (ignoring the mass of the belt),
which is subjected to a force F
M 0  SR  RdF  ( S  dS ) R  0
S2
 dF  dS   dF   dS  F  S1  S 2
S1


- Moment of friction force on the belt

M ms  FR  ( S1  S 2 ) R

e f  1
 M ms  2 RS0 f 
e 1

f friction coefficient of belt/pulley

β angle of contact
R pulley radius
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Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

4.4. Friction on belt drive

2. Improve efficiency of belt drive
- Increase S0: The force acting on the shaft increases, the belt life decreases: pay
attention to the cross-section of the belt, the bearing.
- Increase R: Belt drive is bulky
- Increase f: M ms  4 RS  e f   0
0
f (e f   1) 2

+ Choose suitable belt and pulley material

+ Sprinkle belt dressing on belt and pulley
- Increase β M ms fe f 
 4 RS0 f 2
0
 (e  1)
+ Choose the direction of driving pulley such as the salck side of belt on top
+ Increase shaft distance→ increase vibration of belt and size of transmission
+ Choose an appropriate speed ratio → decrease contact angle
+ Use idle pulley→ decrease service life of belt
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Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

4.5. Some mechanisms operate based on

friction (read it by yourself)
- Some ways to stretch the belt

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Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering