Solution Manual for Anatomy Physiology and Disease for the
Health Professions 3rd Edition Booth Wyman Stoia 0073402222
9780073402222
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Chapter 2: Concepts of Chemistry
Overview
Chemistry is the study of matter and how it undergoes change. Regardless of the field you have
chosen to go into, an understanding of chemistry can make life more satisfying. Everything we
come into contact with is made up of chemicals. Even our bodies are made up of chemicals.
Learning Outcomes
After completing this chapter, the student should be able to:
2.1 Identify matter and its characteristics.
2.2 Classify important inorganic substances.
2.3 Classify important organic substances.
2.4 Explain how chemical changes impact lifespan.
Lecture Outline
• Case Study (LO 2.4)
o Dehydration: Adam Rooke, a 74-year-old man, was working on his car on a hot
summer day. He became dizzy and had to sit down to rest. His pulse was weak but
he was not perspiring.
• Introduction (LO 2.1)
o Chemistry is the study of matter and how it undergoes change. Biochemistry is a
branch of chemistry that deals with the chemistry of life or biological chemistry.
o When two or more atoms are chemically combined, a molecule is formed. Molecules
are the basic units of compounds. A compound is formed when two or more atoms of
more than one element are combined.
o Atoms are held together by chemical bonds. Energy is stored in chemical bonds.
When the bonds are broken, energy is released that can be used by the body. When
bonds are formed, energy is required. Two of the more important chemical bonds we
see in cells are covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds. Covalent bonds are when two
atoms share the same electrons. A hydrogen bond is an attractive intermolecular
force between two partial electric charges of opposite polarity.
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Booth & Stoia Anatomy, Physiology & Disease for the Health Professions 1E - IM Chapter 2
o Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in our body. The
two processes of metabolism are anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, small
molecules combine to form larger ones. In catabolism, larger molecules are broken
down into smaller ones.
o PPT slide 2-3 to 2-7
• Matter and Atomic Structure (LO 2.1)
o Matter is anything that takes up space and can be a gas, liquid, or solid. Matter is
made up of substances called elements that are made up of the same atom.
o An atom consists of a nucleus which is at the center of the atom. The nucleus may
contain a number of neutrally charged particles called neutrons and positively
charged particles called protons. Neutrons and protons have approximately the same
mass.
o Surrounding the nucleus, we find a number of negatively charged particles called
electrons. Their mass is so small compared to protons and neutrons we say they have
no mass. Electrons farthest from the nucleus are called valence electrons. Valence
electrons are gained or lost to make a molecule more stable or may be shared as in
covalent bonds.
o The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in the element. The
atomic weight is the sum of the number of protons plus neutrons.
o Matter can be divided into two large categories: organic and inorganic matter.
o PPT slides 2-8 to 2-16
• Inorganic Substances (LO 2.2)
o Water is the most abundant inorganic compound in the body and is an essential
component of our cells, our blood and many other body fluids. Because it takes a lot
of energy to change the temperature of water, it helps to regulate our body
temperature.
o Oxygen is another essential inorganic molecule. We inhale oxygen, and then it is
transported through our blood attached to hemoglobin within red blood cells to all the
cells and tissues of our body. It helps to convert glucose to needed energy.
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Booth & Stoia Anatomy, Physiology & Disease for the Health Professions 1E - IM Chapter 2
o Carbon dioxide is exchanged in the cells for oxygen. The carbon dioxide is then
exhaled. Although carbon dioxide is considered a waste product for us and other
animals, it is essential for most plants and is used to make oxygen.
o Inorganic salts are the fourth major category of inorganic substances that are
important to life. They consist of ions such as sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-),
phosphate (PO4-2), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca+2), magnesium (Mg+2),
carbonate(CO3-2), sulfate (SO4-2), and bicarbonate (HCO3-). They are involved in
many important metabolic functions.
o PPT slides 2-17 to 2-19
• Organic Substances (LO 2.3)
o Carbohydrates are our body’s main source of energy. Sugars are one category of
carbohydrate and they are soluble in water. Sugars can be classified as simple or
complex depending on their size. The most common carbohydrate is glucose which
contains 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms in every molecule.
Besides being an energy source, carbohydrates are used to build some structural units.
o Lipids are fats and are insoluble in water. The three types of lipids found in the body
are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Triglycerides are used to store energy
for cells. A major function of phospholipids is to make cell membranes. Steroids are
very large lipid molecules used to make cell membranes and some hormones.
o Proteins have many functions in the body. Many proteins act as structural materials
for the building of solid body parts. Other proteins act as hormones, enzymes,
receptors, and antibodies.
o Nucleic Acids or DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are two
examples of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are large complex molecules made up of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. DNA contains genes, or the
genetic information of cells, and RNA is used to synthesize proteins.
o PPT slides 2-20 to 2-24
• Life Span (LO 2.4)
o Chemical changes occur as we get older and also when we become ill.
o PPT slide 2-25
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Booth & Stoia Anatomy, Physiology & Disease for the Health Professions 1E - IM Chapter 2
Lesson Plan
Time Activity & Instructions Materials Learning
Outcomes
Introduction 5 min Ask students to Infer 2.1
why an
understanding of
chemistry is
important to the
study of anatomy
and physiology.
Introduce the topics for
chapter 2.
Lecture 40 min Utilize lecture outline Lecture 2.1-2.4
and PPTs. outline
Identify matter and its PPT slides
characteristics.
Discuss inorganic
substances and organic
substances relevant to
the study of anatomy
and physiology.
Explain how chemical
changes affect lifespan.
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Booth & Stoia Anatomy, Physiology & Disease for the Health Professions 1E - IM Chapter 2
Time Activity & Instructions Materials Learning
Outcomes
Using the case study,
summarize how
knowledge of chemistry
affects health and
wellness.
Active Learning and 20 min Any activity below
Practice
Review 5 min Review new Learning 2.1-2.4
terminology. outcomes
Assignment Complete questions at Textbook 2.1-2.4
the end of the
chapter.
Discussion Topics
• Ask students why it is important to have a basic understanding of chemistry when
studying anatomy, physiology, and metabolism. Explain that all functioning relates to
chemical and physical processes. (LO 2.1)
• Begin a discussion regarding the difference between organic and inorganic materials,
including the fact that water is the most common inorganic compound in the body.
Instruct students to list four major classes of organic matter. (carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids) (LO 2.2-2.3)
Written Assignments
• Ask students to draw/depict an atom of oxygen, including the appropriate number of protons,
neutrons, and electrons. (LO 2.1)
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Booth & Stoia Anatomy, Physiology & Disease for the Health Professions 1E - IM Chapter 2
• Provide students with a couple of commonly found molecules in the body (e.g., carbon
dioxide, oxygen, glucose, water) and ask them to determine the type(s) of chemical
bonds between the atoms of each molecule. (LO 2.1)
Group Activities
• Ask a group of students to explain to the class the concept of metabolism. The explanation
should include the fact that the sum total of all the body’s chemical reactions is known as
metabolism and that metabolism also includes the processes of catabolism and anabolism.
(LO 2.1)
• Have students, either singly or in small groups, create a chart consisting of the organic and
inorganic materials. In the organic column, information should be included regarding each
of the four classes of organic material.
(LO 2.2-2.3)
Internet Activity
• Students who wish to do further study of the importance of chemistry to the study of anatomy
and physiology may enjoy reviewing NIH News in Health, a monthly newsletter from the
National Institutes of Health, http://newsinhealth.nih.gov. As the name implies, this
newsletter contains practical health information based on research conducted either by NIH's
own scientists or NIH grant recipients at universities and medical schools around the country.
Invite students who visit this site to search and download an article which demonstrates the
importance of chemistry to the understanding of human anatomy and/or physiology.
Case Study
• A five year old child is brought in by his parents after suffering with nausea, abdominal pain
and severe diarrhea for a day. Which of these symptoms is of greatest concern and why?
• Answers to the Case Study: Diarrhea causes loss of body fluids and salts leading to
dehydration of varying severity. Severe dehydration may cause death, especially in children.
Answer Key
Case Study 1
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Booth & Stoia Anatomy, Physiology & Disease for the Health Professions 1E - IM Chapter 2
1. Sodium chloride and water may be a factor in Adam’s situation.
2. c. 60%
3. Adam should drink water and rest indoors in a cool location.
Review Questions
1. c. water
2. a. nucleic acids
3. c. It is a source of ATP.
4. d. Synthesis of ATP
Critical Thinking Questions
1. Cholesterol is necessary to produce the sex hormones, androgens, estrogens and
progestins; therefore, too little cholesterol may cause infertility, decreased sex
drive, amenorrhea, decreased libido, etc.
2. An atom consists of a nucleus, which is at the center of the atom. The nucleus may
contain a number of neutrally charged particles called neutrons and positively
charged particles called protons. A hydrogen atom contains a proton, but does not
contain any neutrons. Neutrons and protons have approximately the same mass.
3. Carbohydrates are our body’s main source of energy. Sugars are one category of
carbohydrate, and they are soluble in water. Sugars can be classified as simple or
complex depending on their size. The most common carbohydrate is glucose which
contains 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms in every molecule.
Besides being an energy source, carbohydrates are used to build some structural units.
Lipids are fats and are insoluble in water. The three types of lipids found in the body are
triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Triglycerides are used to store energy for cells.
A major function of phospholipids is to make cell membranes. Steroids are very large
lipid molecules used to make cell membranes and some hormones. Proteins have many
functions in the body. Many proteins act as structural materials for the building of solid
body parts. Other proteins act as hormones, enzymes, receptors, and antibodies.
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Booth & Stoia Anatomy, Physiology & Disease for the Health Professions 1E - IM Chapter 2
Patient Education
Patient knowledge about organic substances may help with maintaining a balanced diet.
Applying What You Know
1. Water accounts for the greatest percent mass in the body.
2. Cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides are the three main types of lipids.
3. Each gram of fat can provide over twice the energy as a gram of carbohydrate or protein.
