MWAKICAN JOINT EXAMINATIONS TEAM(MJET)

FORM THREE

BIOLOGY PAPER 1:231/1 MARKING SCHEME

TERM 2 - 2015
1(a) synthesize proteins/site of protein synthesis

(b) Transport of the packaged proteins and lipids

2 This is because the high power objective lens is too near the slide. It could damage the
slide and the objective lens.

3 Mitochondria Chloroplast
- Inner membrane is greatly folded Inner membrane is smooth
into cristae in order to increase the
surface area for respiration
- Sausage shaped Oval/egg shaped
- Has matrix Has stroma
- Lacks grana Has grana with chlorophyll
- Lacks starch granules Has starch granules

4 - gaseous exchange

- Absorption of soluble products of diffusion

- exchange of food substances and waste products between tissue fluid and cells

- Excretion of waste products

(any 2)

5 (a) osmosis

(b)(i) salt crystals did not dissolve to form a solution/no observable change

(ii) Boiling killed the potato cells thereby by destroying their cell membranes which
could no longer act as a semi permeable membrane; Hence osmosis did not occur;
6 Wilting occurs when the rate of transpiration exceeds the rate of water absorption
causing the plants cells to lose their turgidity hence resulting to drooping.

(b) the droops of leaves seen during wilting is advantageous because it reduces the surface
area exposed to the sunlight and atmosphere thus reducing the rate of transpiration.

7(a) A- Isotonic solution

B- hypertonic solution

C- hypotonic solute

(b) plasmolysed cell

8(a) transparent to allow penetration of light to the palisade cells

(b) Contains large numbers of chloroplasts containing the chlorophyll which traps or
absorbs light energy necessary for photosynthesis

(c) The lamina is broad and flat to provide a large surface area for absorption of carbon IV
oxide and sunlight energy.

9(a) Enzyme inhibitors are substances that slow down or completely inhibit or stop the
enzyme activity.

(b) - Raising the temperature

-Altering the PH

- Addition of an inhibitor

10(a) Emulsification of fats/breakdown of large fat droplets into tiny fat droplets to increase
their surface area for digestion.

- Provide an alkaline medium in which the enzymes works best.

(b) The alimentally canal is coated by mucus which forms a protective barrier against
digestion by protein digesting enzymes

- C) cellulose is roughage

11(a) Potometer

(b) - stem of the shoot should be cut and fixed into the potometer under water to prevent
air entering into the xylem vessels (any 2)
- Ensure that the whole apparatus is filled with water.

- All joints should be watertight

12(a) - prevents loss of blood

- Prevents entry of disease causing organisms

(b) Rupture on injured tissues to release thromboplastin which neutralize

heparin(anticlotting factor). It also activates prothrombin to thrombin

(c) thromboplastine/thrombokinase

Thrombin

13 - single circulation is the type of circulation where blood passes through the heart only
once in a complete circulation eg. Fish

- double circulation is where blood enters the heart twice during a complete circulation.

e.g mammals

14 -xylem – transports water and mineral salts to photosynthesizing cells

- phloem transports the manufactured foods

- VEINS – supports the leaf to be upright for the maximum absorption of light for
photosynthesis

15 -In both cases the respiratory surface i.e alveoli in the lungs and gill filaments in gills has
a thin epithelial lining. (any 3)

- in both cases the epithelial lining is moist

- both are richly supplied with blood (are highly vascularised)

- Both have large surface area offered by the large number of alveoli and gill filament
respectively.

- Both have an efficient ventilation mechanism.

16(a) 4% - 0.03% = 3.97%

(b) Exhaled air has more carbon IV oxide than the inhaled air due to release of CO 2 from the
tissues inhaled air has higher concentration of Oxygen than the exhaled air. This is
 because some of the oxygen diffuses into the blood stream and it is transported to the
tissues for respiration.

17(a) Respiratory quotient refers to the ratio of the relationship between the amount of
carbon IV oxide produced against the amount of oxygen used in respiration.

18
(b)(i) RQ = = 0.6923
26

0.7

(II) Lipids(fat)

(iii) Aerobic respiration

18(a) Osmoregulation is the process through which the osmotic pressure of the body fluids is
regulated. It involves the regulation of the volume of water and solute contents in the
body fluids

b)

Urine Glomerular filtrate

1. lacks glucose Has glucose
2. lacks amino acids Has amino acids
3. more water content Low water content
4. high concentration of urea Lower concentration of urea

c) Pituitary gland

d) due to deficiency in insulin secretion from the pancreas malfunctioning of the pancreas
so that it does not secrete adequate insulin

19(a)(i)Diffusion

(ii) sea water contains a high concentration of sodium ions than the cell sap
b(i) iodine ions

(ii) sea water has a lower concentration of iodine ions than the cell hence requires energy
to take up the iodine ions(by active transport)

20(a) phylum – Arthropoda

Class - Arachnida

b) has four pairs of jointed leg

Lacks antennae

21(a)`counter current flow system

(b) It facilitates maximum gaseous exchange between the water flowing over the gills and
the blood in the gills

(c) Kidneys i.e in the loop of Henle

6000
22 = 108.8 μm 109 μm
55

23(a) 3

(b)(i) (ii)

Mitosis
24(a)(i) Anaphase 1

(ii) - Homologous chromosomes separate at the equator

- Chromosomes start migrating to opposite poles

- sister chromatids attached to spindle fibres at the centromeres.

(b) Spindle fibres

25(a) Green plants mice snakes wild cat

Green plants grasshoppers lizards Domestic cat

(b) Mice

(c) - green plants will dry up and decrease in numbers due to drought

- The number of grass hoppers and mice would reduce due to starvation

Secondary consumers i.e snakes and cats would die or migrate to other ecosystems