Going to explore…

• Basics of Networking
• OSI 7-layers model
• TCP/IP-5 layers model
• IP Addressing
 Let’s Start …
• What is network?
• When we connect one PC with another for
some common objective then that is known
as a network
• How to name a network?
• Both PCs are connected,
– in same place  LAN
– in different geographical location  WAN
 Why Network
Networking Informati
Enables: on
Sharing

Centralized
Administrati
on and
Support
(Hardware and
Software)
Resource Sharing
 Min. components required to
establish a network --

• PC – Server or Client

• NIC – to connect cable with computer

• Cable – Co-axial, Twisted Pair, Fibre optic

 Roles of Computers in a Network
Mail
Server
Database Fax
Server Server

Databa
se

File and Print Directory

Server Services
Server

Client
Computer
Sample network adapter card
 MAC Address
24 bits 24 bits

Vendor Code Serial Number

0000.0c12. 3456
ROM
RAM

• MAC address is burned into ROM on a

network interface card
Structure of Unicast MAC
Address
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

• CO-AXIAL

• TWISTED PAIR

• FIBRE OPTIC
 Coaxial Cable
Braided Copper Shielding
OuterJacket
Plastic Insulation
Copper Conductor

BNC Connector
Speed and throughput: 10/100/1000 Mbps
Relative cost: More than UTP, but still low
Media and connector size: Medium
Maximum cable length: 185/500 m
Twisted-Pair (UTP and STP)

Speed and throughput: 10/100/1000 Mbps

Relative cost: Least costly
Media and connector size: Small
Maximum cable length: 100 m
Unshielded twisted-pair and shielded
twisted-pair cables

Shielding
Crosstalk occurs when signals
from one line mix into another
line
RJ-45 connector and jack
 Maximum
Category data Usual application
rate

Up to 1 analog voice (POTS)

Mbps Integrated Services Digital Network Basic Rate
CAT 1 (1 Interface in ISDN
MHz) Doorbell wiring

4 Mbps Mainly used in the IBM Cabling System for Token

CAT 2
Ring networks

10 Mbps
CAT 3 Voice and data on 10BASE-T Ethernet
(16MHz)
 Used in 16 Mbps Token
16 Mbps Ring
CAT 4 Otherwise not used
(20MHz)
much

100 Mbps TPDDI

100 Mbps 155 Mbps ATM
CAT 5 No longer supported;
(100MHz)
replaced by 5E

100 Mbps TPDDI

1000 Mbps 155 Mbps ATM
CAT 5E (10000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet
prototype) Offers better near-end
crosstalk than CAT 5
 Super-fast broadband
applications
CAT 6 Up to 250 MHz Most popular cabling
for new installs

Up to 625 MHz Support for 10 Gigabit

CAT 6E (field-tested to 500 Ethernet (10GBASE-
MHz) T)

Full-motion video
Teleradiology
600-700 MHz
CAT 7 Government and
1.2 GHz in pairs with
(ISO Class F) manufacturing
Siemon connector
environments
Shielded system
 Fiber-optic cable
Optical fiber (core) Glass cladding

Fiber-optic connector
Protective outer sheath
(jacket)

ST—Straight Tip SC—

Subscriber Connector
 Fiber-Optic Cable
Plastic
Kevlar Reinforcing
Outer Jacket Shield Glass Fiber
Material
and Cladding

Single mode: One stream of laser-generated light (100 km)

Multimode: Multiple streams of LED-generated light (2 km)

Speed and throughput: 100+ Mbps Multimode

Connector
Average cost per node: Most expensive
Media and connector size: Small
Maximum cable length: Up to 2 km
Example of Types of Ethernet
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• common types
– Bus topology
– Star topology
– Ring topology
– Hybrid – TREE & RING-STAR
• Topologies are logical architectures
– Actual devices need not be physically
organized in these configurations
Bus topology network
Simple star network

Hub
Ring Topology (LAN)
Redundant ring to
avoid network failure

• Repeaters at each
component
• Unidirectional
transmission links
• Closed loop
• Typically used
in FDDI networks
 TREE (Star Bus) Network
Hub Hub Hub
Typical small Wired & Wireless
SOHO LAN
ISO’s 7 LAYER OSI MODEL
Why a Layered Network Model?
Application • Reduces complexity (one big
problem to seven smaller
Presentation ones)
Session • Standardizes interfaces
• Facilitates modular
Transport engineering
• Assures interoperable
Network
technology
Data Link • Accelerates evolution
• Simplifies teaching and
Physical learning
 Host Layers

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
} Host layers: Provide
accurate data delivery
between computers

Data Link
Physical
 Media Layers
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
} Host layers: Provide
accurate data delivery
between computers

Network
Data Link
Physical
} Media layers: Control
physical delivery of messages
over the network
 Layer Functions
7 Application Provides network services to
application processes (such as
electronic mail, file transfer, and
terminal emulation)
 Layer Functions
7 Application Network services to applications

6 Presentation Data representation

• Ensures data is readable by
receiving system
• Format of data
• Data structures
• Negotiates data transfer
syntax for application layer
 Layer Functions
7 Application Network services to applications

6 Presentation Data representation

5 Session Inter-host communication

• Establishes, manages, and
terminates sessions between
applications
 Layer Functions
7 Application Network services to applications

6 Presentation Data representation

5 Session Inter-host communication

4 Transport End-to-end connection reliability

• Concerned with data transport
issues between hosts
• Data transport reliability
• Establishes, maintains, and
terminates virtual circuits
• Fault detection and recovery
• Information flow control
 Layer Functions
7 Application Network services to applications

6 Presentation Data representation

5 Session Inter-host communication

4 Transport End-to-end connection reliability

3 Network Addresses and best path

• Provides connectivity and path
selection between two end
systems
• Domain of routing
 Layer Functions
7 Application Network services to applications

6 Presentation Data representation

5 Session Inter-host communication

4 Transport End-to-end connection reliability

3 Network Addresses and best path

2 Data Link Access to media

• Provides reliable transfer of data
across media
• Physical addressing, network
topology, error notification, flow
control
 Layer Functions
7 Application Network services to applications

6 Presentation Data representation

5 Session Inter-host communication

4 Transport End-to-end connection reliability

3 Network Addresses and best path

2 Data Link Access to media

1 Physical Binary transmission

• Wires, connectors, voltages,
data rates
 Peer-to-Peer Communications
Host A Host B

7 Application Application
6 Presentation Presentation
5 Session Session
Segments
4 Transport Transport
Packets
3 Network Network
Frames
2 Data Link Data Link
Bits
1 Physical Physical
 The complete packet
Application Header Data

Presentation Header

Session Header

Transport Header

Network Header

Data Link Header Data Link Trailer (CRC)

Bits

Packet
Packet creation process
Data Data
 Data Encapsulation
Host A Host B
Application

Presentation

Session

Transport
} { Data
Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network Network

Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical
 Data Encapsulation
Host A Host B
Application

Presentation

Session

Transport
} { Data
Application

Presentation

Session

Transport
Network
Data
Network Header Network

Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical
 Data Encapsulation
Host A Host B
Application

Presentation

Session

Transport
} { Network
Data
Application

Presentation

Session

Transport
Data
Network Header Network

Frame Network Frame

Data Link Data Data Link
Header Header Trailer

Physical Physical
 Data Encapsulation
Host A Host B
Application

Presentation

Session

Transport
} { Network
Data
Application

Presentation

Session

Transport
Data
Network Header Network

Frame Network Frame

Data Link Data Data Link
Header Header Trailer

Physical Physical
0101101010110001
TCP/IP 5 layer Model

The top two layers focus more on the applications that need to send
and receive data.

The network layer focuses on delivering data over the entire path
The data-link layer focuses on sending data over one type of
physical link
The bottom layer focuses on how to transmit BITs over each
individual link
5 Steps of Data Encapsulation
OSI 7-layers Vs TCP/IP 5-layers
Protocols in layer
Commonly used Ethernet Frame
Format
 IP Address

• IP Address is LOGICAL Address working in

Network Layer
• It is used to identify the specific node in a
network
• Length of IP address is 32 bits
• These 32 bit are divided into 4 octet, represented
by dotted decimal format
• IP Address contains net bits & host bits
• Left side bits represent network part & right side
bits represent host part.
 IP ADDRESS CLASS
Network/ Tot.
Number of
IP 1st Octet
High Host ID Default Number
CLASS Order Bits
Host per
RANGE N=Network Subnet Mask of
NW
H=Host Networks
A 1 – 126* 0 N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 16,777,214
126 (27 –2)
(224 – 2)
16,384
B 128 – 191 10 N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0 65,534 (216 – 2)
214
2,097,152
C 192 – 223 110 N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0 254 (28 –2)
221
D 224 – 239 1110 Reserved for Multicasting
E 240 - 254 1111 Experimental; used for research
NOTE Class A addresses 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 cannot be used and is reservedfor
loopback and diagnostic functions.

Rule for IP Address – There cannot be all 0 bits or all 1 bits eitherin
Net part or in Host part of an IP address
 Public address & Private address
• Address are unique • Address may be
and used by internet used by any
servers organisation
• These addresses • Same range is used
are allocated and by multiple
managed by ISP organisations
• To connect to • By using private IP
internet we need we cannot connect
public IP to internet
• We have to pay to • Free of cost
get public IP
 PRIVATE IP ADDRESS
CLAS PRIVATE NETWORK SUBNETMAS ADDRESS RANGE
S K
A 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.1 – 10.255.255.254
B 172.16.0.0 –172.31.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.16.0.1 – 172.31.255.254
C 192.168.0.0 – 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1 --
192.168.255.0 192.168.255.254

Loop Back – 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.254

APIPA – 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.254
(Automatic Private IPAddress)
Default IP Address – 0.0.0.0 (used to specify default route)
 Network address & Broadcast
address
• If all the host bits • If all the host bits
are 0 then it is said are 1 then it is said
to be network to be broadcast
address address
• Eg: 10.0.0.0 is a • Eg: 10.255.255.255
network address is a broadcast
because all the 24 address because all
host bits are 0. the 24 host bits are
1.
 Subnet mask (SNM)

• Used to identify the network

• Used to identify net bit and host bit
• It is also called as prefix length or /value
• Default Subnetmask
Class A – 255.0.0.0
Class B – 255.255.0.0
Class C – 255.255.255.0