CHAPTER - 7

Transport
Layer

Neso Academy
OSI Reference Model - A Recap
OSI Reference Model

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Transport Layer
Transport Layer
Transport Layer
Transport Layer
Computer Networks
A Bottom up approach

Port Numbers
Outcomes
Upon the completion of this session, the learner will be able to

★ Understand the role of port numbers.

★ Know the various ranges of port numbers.
★ Understand well-known, registered and dynamic port numbers.
★ Know how port number is used in URLs.
Transport Layer
Transport Layer
Port Numbers
★ In computer networking, a port is a communication endpoint.
★ At the software level, within an operating system, a port is a logical
construct that identifies a specific process or a type of network
service.
★ A port is identified for each transport protocol and address
combination by a 16-bit unsigned number, known as the port number.
★ The most common transport protocols that use port numbers are the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol
(UDP).
Port Numbers
★ In computer networking, a port is a communication endpoint.
★ At the software level, within an operating system, a port is a logical
construct that identifies a specific process or a type of network
service.
★ A port is identified for each transport protocol and address
combination by a 16-bit unsigned number, known as the port number.
★ The most common transport protocols that use port numbers are the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol
(UDP).
 Port Numbers

★ This includes the registration of commonly used port numbers for

well-known Internet services.
★ The port numbers are divided into three ranges:
○ Well-known ports,
○ Registered ports, and
○ Dynamic or private ports.
1. Well-known ports
Port Number Assignment

20 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Data Transfer

21 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Command Control
22 Secure Shell (SSH) Secure Login
23 Telnet remote login service, unencrypted text messages
25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) E-mail routing
53 Domain Name System (DNS) service
67, 68 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
80 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) used in the World Wide Web
110 Post Office Protocol (POP3)
123 Network Time Protocol (NTP)
143 Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) Management of digital mail
161 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
443 HTTP over SSL/TLS (or) HTTP Secure
2. Registered Ports
★ The registered ports are those from 1024 through 49151.
★ IANA maintains the official list of well-known and registered ranges.
★ IANA is responsible for the global coordination of the DNS Root, IP
addressing, and other Internet protocol resources.
★ This includes the registration of commonly used port numbers for
well-known Internet services.
3. Dynamic Ports
★ The dynamic or private ports are those from 49152 through 65535.
★ Assigned by the Operating System dynamically.
Port Number in URLs
★ Port numbers are sometimes seen in web or other uniform resource
locators (URLs).
★ By default, HTTP uses port 80 and HTTPS uses port 443.
★ URL - http://www.example.com:8080/path/ specifies the web browser
to connect to port 8080 of the HTTP server.
Homework
The port number of Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is _____.

A) 45
B) 65
C) 25
D) 35
Outcomes
Upon the completion of this session, the learner will be able to

★ Understand the role of port numbers.

★ Know the various ranges of port numbers.
★ Understand well-known, registered and dynamic port numbers,
★ Know how port number is used in URLs.
Thank you!
Outcomes

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Transport Layer Protocols
Process to Process to
Process Process

TCP/IP Model TCP/IP Model

Transport Layer Protocols - TCP and UDP
Applications that use TCP

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Applications that use UDP

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Outcomes

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UDP
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UDP
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UDP
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UDP
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Use of UDP
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Use of UDP
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Outcomes

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UDP Header Format
UDP Header Format
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UDP Header Format

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UDP Header Format

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UDP Header Format

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UDP Header Format

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Question
UDP Header Format

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UDP Header Format

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UDP Header Format

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Answer

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Question 1

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Question 2

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Question 3

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Outcomes

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Pseudo-header in UDP
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Pseudo-header in UDP
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UDP Header Pseudo-Header
Pseudo-header in UDP
Example

01101001
00010100
Outcomes

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TCP
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Features of TCP
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TCP Stream Delivery
TCP Sending and Receiving Buffers
TCP Segments

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Outcomes

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TCP Stream Delivery
TCP Sending and Receiving Buffers
TCP Segments

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Outcomes

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Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
TCP Header Format

U A P R S F
R C S S Y I
G K H T N N
TCP Header Format

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TCP Header Format

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TCP Header Format

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TCP Header Format

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TCP Header Format

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TCP Header Format

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Outcomes

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TCP Header Format

U A P R S F
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G K H T N N
TCP Header Format

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TCP Header Format

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TCP Header Format

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TCP Header Format

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TCP Header Format

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TCP Header Format

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Outcomes

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TCP Connection

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Analogy
Three phases of TCP connection
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Three phases of TCP connection
TCP Connection Establishment
TCP Connection Establishment
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Three phases of TCP transmission
TCP Data transfer
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TCP Data transfer
Outcomes

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Three phases of TCP transmission
TCP Connection Termination
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TCP Connection Termination
TCP Connection Termination
Outcomes

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Flow Control
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TCP Sliding Window
Points to Ponder
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Outcomes

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TCP Sliding Window
TCP Sliding Window
Points to Ponder
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TCP Sliding Window
Question
Question 2
TCP Sliding Window
Points to Ponder
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Question 1

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Question 2
TCP Data transfer
Question 2

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Question 3
Question 4
Question 4
Question 5
Outcomes

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Switching Techniques
Congestion - Analogy

Neso Academy
proudly
presents….
Congestion
When packet arrives at incoming interface?
Congestion Control
Outcomes

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Congestion
Congestion Control
Congestion Control
Congestion Control

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Congestion Control

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Congestion Control

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Congestion Control

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Congestion Control

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Outcomes

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Congestion Control
Congestion Control
Congestion Control
Congestion Control
Congestion Control

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Congestion Control

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Outcomes

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Congestion
Congestion Control in TCP
Congestion Control in TCP
Congestion Control in TCP
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Congestion Control in TCP

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Congestion Control in TCP

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Congestion Control in TCP
Outcomes

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Congestion Control in TCP
Slow start
Slow start
Slow start
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Outcomes

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Congestion Control in TCP
2. Additive Increase
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Additive Increase
Additive Increase
Outcomes

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Congestion Control in TCP
3. Multiplicative Decrease
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3. Multiplicative Decrease
Multiplicative Decrease
Outcomes

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Analogy
The Internet
QoS

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Flow characteristics

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Flow characteristics

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Flow characteristics

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Flow characteristics

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Outcomes

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Analogy
Flow characteristics

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Flow characteristics

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Flow characteristics

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Flow characteristics

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Outcomes

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Techniques to improve QoS
Techniques to improve QoS
Scheduling

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Scheduling

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FIFO Queuing
Scheduling

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Priority Queuing
Weighted Fair Queuing
Outcomes

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Techniques to improve QoS
Techniques to improve QoS
Traffic shaping

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Traffic shaping

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Leaky Bucket
Leaky Bucket
Leaky Bucket
Leaky Bucket

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Token Bucket
Token Bucket
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Outcomes

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Techniques to improve QoS
Techniques to improve QoS
Traffic shaping

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Traffic shaping

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Leaky Bucket
Token Bucket
Combining Leaky and Token Buckets

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Techniques to improve QoS
Admission Control

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Techniques to improve QoS
Resource Reservation

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Neso Academy