HALALAN PILIPINAS: THE LIVED EXPERIENCES

AND CHALLENGES FACED BY ELECTION POLL

WATCHERS

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

2023
Volume: 7
Pages: 202-209
Document ID: 2023PEMJ539
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7653196
Manuscript Accepted: 2023-15-2
Psych Educ, 2023, 7: 202-209, Document ID:2023 PEMJ539, doi:10.5281/zenodo.7653196, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Halalan Pilipinas: The Lived Experiences and Challenges Faced by

Election Poll Watchers
Andrea Mae C. Santiago*, Kyle Edson B. Santor, Gerald T. Villanueva, Galilee Jordan C. Ancheta,
Jayra A. Blanco, Charles Brixter S. Evangelista, Liezl R. Fulgencio, Jhoselle Tus
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.
Abstract
One of the main highlights from last year’s event was the 2022 Philippine National and Local
Elections. The Philippine elections involve a lot of people interaction from poll workers and other
deputized agencies. Further, this study explores the lived experiences, challenges, and coping
mechanisms of poll watchers during the 2022 Philippine election. Employing the Interpretative
Phenomenological Analysis, the findings of this study were: (1) Filipino workers value a good-paying
job and preferred meaningful work. (2) Amidst the experiences and challenges, the poll watchers
remain determined and motivated to take part in the seasonal election. (3) Poll watchers must be
physically, emotionally, and mentally prepared to participate in this crucial work. Mainly, poll-
watching is a self-reliant job.

Keywords: Philippines, challenges, lived experiences, poll watchers, election

Introduction conceptualizing administrative burdens (Moynihan,

Herd, & Harvey, 2015).

One of the main highlights from last year’s event was Recently, efforts to conceptualize administrative
the 2022 Philippine National and Local Elections. The burdens occurred, which identifies the categories of
Philippine elections involve a lot of people interaction costs of access in public services (learning cost),
from poll workers and other deputized agencies. demanding application processes that require extensive
According to Education Secretary Leonor Briones, documentation and paperwork (compliance costs), and
756,083 poll workers from different institutions the increase in stress arising from program processes
participated in the recent election (Balita Online, (psychological cost) (Moynihan, Herd, & Harvey,
2022). Hence, studies have supported that poll workers 2015; Herd & Moynihan, 2019; Barnes, 2021).
played a significant part in obtaining a successful According to Barnes and Henly (2018), this
election administration as they provide a crucial public conceptualized administrative burden can undermine
administrative service (Burden & Milyo, 2015; Clark the effectiveness of the policy and negatively shape
& James, 2021; Lefterov, Ignatieva, Prykhodko, perceptions of the government.
Timchenko, Formaniuk, & Holina, 2021).
Moreover, concerns about electoral malpractice and
Poll watchers play a critical role in politics, given the integrity are still raised in many democracies in recent
significant role of elections. Poll watchers are years, and many of these occur in polling places (Clark
considered street-level bureaucrats− front-line & James, 2021). Also, issues regarding significant
government workers who interact directly with the levels of violence on polling day and even the
public and implement policies that are a crucial part of aftermath of voting add to the cruciality of the job of
the functioning of government (Nathan & White, poll watchers. At the same time, less research has
2019). This gives poll watchers serious and demanding studied the welfare of poll watchers towards these
responsibility that challenges and burdens them. As election challenges. This interests the researchers of
Burden, David, Mayer, and Moynihan (2012) stated in this study to investigate and examine the watcher’s
their study, all work has a specific set of demands, and lived experiences and challenges during election day.
all public officials experience some level of
administrative burden in their work. Accordingly, they This research will mainly explore three various ways.
defined administrative burden as an individual’s First, the study will examine the poll watchers’ lived
policy implementation experience as onerous, which experiences, challenges, and also their coping
signifies that burdens are distinct from rules. mechanisms on the day of the election. Second, this
Primarily, aspects of administrative burden are research will address how poll watchers keep their will
explored in different streams of research. However, to take the job despite the negative perceptions of the
there is not a broad discussion across prior work about government and the election process.

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Research Article

Instrument of the Study

In this research, a semi-structured interview guide
enabled participants to freely speak their minds,
Finally, this research will contribute to a better feelings, and beliefs regarding the specific question
understanding of poll watchers in Cognitive and topic. Hence, a panel of professionals in the field
Psychology, Social Psychology, and Filipino reviewed and approved the interview guide to ensure
Psychology. The study's findings are the basis of the its reliability and authenticity.
interpretation and analysis of data collected through
interviews with individuals who experienced life being The researchers interviewed the participants face-to-
a poll watcher during the latest Philippine election. face to collect the research’s data. The researchers
discussed the interview’s content, research objective,
Research Questions and process on the day of the interview. With the
participant’s consent, the interview was documented
This study aims to explore the lived experiences, and recorded their responses on smartphone devices.
challenges, and coping mechanisms of poll watchers in
the Philippines. Specifically, this study sought to Data Collection Process
answer the following questions:
Primarily, the data collecting process began with
1. What are the lived experiences of a poll watcher? broadening the knowledge of the field of the study
2. What are the challenges faced by a poll watcher? through the use of online resources. Through online
3. What are the coping mechanisms of a poll watcher? searches using Google, Google Scholar, Research
Gate, and other web-based resources such as
qualitative journals, articles, and other academic
Methodology studies, these unveil the poll watchers' experiences,
challenges, and coping strategies on the day of the
election.
In this qualitative study, Heideggerian Phenomenology
was employed examine the lived experiences of poll Furthermore, this research has taken an effective
watchers and the challenges in their work. procedure to come up with reliable data. The
Heideggerian Phenomenology also called researchers customized an interview that has been
interpretative phenomenology and commonly labeled checked and underwent content validation to verify its
as hermeneutic phenomenology is primarily concerned reliability. The semi-structured interview consists of
with ontological questions about how certain lived 20 questions that tackle the three main themes of the
experiences influence an individual’s being study; (1) the poll watcher's lived experiences, (2) the
(Bordogna, 2021). Heideggerian Phenomenology poll watcher's challenges, and (3) the poll watcher's
approach undertakes interviews and analysis focusing coping mechanisms.
on existential themes to identify essential structures of
the phenomenon. The researchers will compare written Beforehand, on the interview day, the researchers
descriptions of the phenomenon of interest, wherein, in discussed the interview's content, research objective,
this study is the “life experiences” of poll watchers, to and process to give the participants enough knowledge
identify the essential structure of the phenomenon, about the study. With the participants' consent, they
which is the “lived experiences” of poll watchers were subjected to answer the interview and recorded
(Rodriguez & Smith, 2018). Therefore, using their responses for transcription only. Answering the
Heideggerian Phenomenology the researchers can interview may take more or less than 5 minutes. After
explore and deeply analyze the lived experiences and the participants answered the interview, the
challenges faced by the poll watchers. researchers organized and analyzed all the gathered
data.
Participants of the Study
Ethical Considerations
The participants of this study were ten (10) election
poll watchers who participate in the latest election. The researchers in this study sought their research
professor's permission for the study's data collection
along with its research design and instruments'
validation to ensure that the ethical standards were
strictly observed and that the approval was secured.
Hence, the participants have been identified and
qualified to be involved based on the criteria layout

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Research Article

and were asked to express their voluntary support election day. It has been found that the most
through informed consent. The informed consent commonly stated reason for becoming a poll watcher
contained discussion in compliance with the protocol was because ‘the payment was good, ‘to help my
standard for data gathering. community,’ and because it became their ‘family
motive.’
Moreover, the confidentiality of this study is protected
under the Data Privacy Act of 2012 (R.A 10173). The payment was good
Thus, this assured the participants that the data
gathered and the responses collected in this research Most respondents claimed their initiative to be a poll
would be kept confidential and used for academic and watcher because the payment for its service was
research purposes only. seldom high. Hence, Participant 4 expresses her
motivation to work as a poll watcher because of the
Data Analysis Procedure incentive she will receive.

In this study, the researchers used Interpretative “Gusto ko lang, at saka sayang din ang kikitain ‘kong
Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to adequately pera.”
describe, interpret, and understand the research
participants' innermost reflection about their lived Likewise, Participant 2 mentioned that:
experience situations. IPA is a kind of approach
considered "participant-oriented," allowing the “Sa totoo lang kung tutuusin, dahil sa pera. Malaki
participants to express themselves free from distortion. kasi bigayan, may sahod kasi yon tapos makikita mo
The essential goal of this technique is to examine the kung pa’no nangyayari sa election pero primary is
research participants' life experiences and to describe pera talaga kasi may sahod ka don.”
the research findings through their lived experiences
(Alase, 2017). Thus, based on the participant’s responses, they
support the significance of material incentives on the
Moreover, this phenomenological study is also
volunteering motivations of poll watchers. A former
anchored on the Modified Van Kaam technique by
study also argues that incentive systems, such as
Moustakas to successfully obtain the research's
material incentives, are vital in bridging the gap
objective, which is to examine the lived experiences of
between individuals and organizations. A sort of
poll watchers and the challenges in their work. The
material gain provides material incentives either
Modified Van Kaam technique allows the researchers
through payment or career advancement. But, in most
to extract insights and meaning from the participants'
cases, there is unlikely to be any career advancement
experiences through face-to-face and tape-recorded
involved. Instead, it is conceivable that poll workers
interviews. Thus, this approach is claimed to be the
work on election day to earn extra money (Clark &
most effective and common for gathering relevant data
James, 2021).
in phenomenological research and significant in
identifying existential themes (Yeh & Chang, 2014). Based on a study, Filipino workers are described as
someone who value good pay, which is significantly
Results and Discussion correlated to the country's economic situation. Money
is the primary extrinsic motivator for Filipino workers
as they use their salaries to provide for themselves and
The following themes were identified from the their families. (Ilagan, Hechanova, Co, & Pleyto,
gathered results from the in-depth interviews. These 2014). Therefore, being a temporary employee, like a
themes include (1) The Ground, (2) The Encounter, (3) poll watcher, helps the majority of workers to make
The Burden, and (4) The Withstand. The findings of ends meet.
this study are grouped into themes derived from the
participants’ responses. Help my community

The Ground According to studies, poll workers presumably appear

as ‘stipended volunteers. Stipended volunteers are
As poll watchers became the key to understanding how workers that receive a little amount of financial
elections are delivered on the ground, it also has been compensation which is below fair market value to help
found in this research several roots of motivations for others with whom they rarely have any connection.
poll watchers choosing to pursue this line of work on With this concept, Participant 6 shared her motivation

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Research Article

that aims to help her fellow Filipino to have a clean akong problema, goods ako. Masaya rin kasing mag-
election. volunteer ng taga-rito kasi nakakatulong ako.”

“Para mababtayan ko ren yung malinis na halalan, at Tablan (2021) stated that supporting one’s family is
para din sa mga ano naten, kababayan.” the major reason many people work, not just Filipinos.
If money is the number one extrinsic motivator, this is
Participant 9 also shares the initiative of poll workers because Filipinos use their salaries to provide for the
which were intertwined motivations driven by civic maintenance and education of their children and
responsibility, and public service. extended family. Therefore, some Filipino families
encourage their family members to apply to work with
“Kasi gusto ko ring makatulong. Matulungan lang them to gain the same incentives and use them for the
sila, mga pari at PPCRV.” family.

McAuliffe (2009) conducted a survey indicating that The Encounter

in the scale of motivations, the first three incentives
are serving the community, supporting democracy In this study, the poll watchers encounter different
process, and rendering a civic service. This confirms scenarios of experiences on the day of the election.
that poll watchers are not self-interested but instead Poll watchers expressed their experiences into three
much more encouraged by the intrinsic rewards of subthemes: It’s so tiring, Frustration is real, and It’s
doing civic duty. Thus, in light of the way of public just a normal day.
service, it is good to say that Filipino poll workers are
likely motivated by their feeling of being public It’s so tiring
servants supporting the ideals of democracy and
sharing a sense of civic responsibility (Amegnran, The long and difficult day clocked in at 15 hours,
2017; Clark & James, 2021). Furthermore, a number leaving the poll watchers feeling achy, exhausted, yet
of studies have supported that intrinsic factors remain proud (Molineaux, 2022). Participant 7 expressed how
more significant rather than extrinsic ones in the draining it was for the poll watchers to comply with
Philippines. Thus, for Filipino workers, intangible the public administrative service.
rewards such as self-satisfaction, autonomy, and
recognition weigh more than tangible rewards (Ilagan, "Grabe sobrang nakakapagod dahil magdamag kang
Hechanova, Co, & Pleyto, 2014). nakatayo at kumakausap ng mga tao.”

Family motive Moreover, according to a study, administrative

burdens have increased unambiguously over time,
The interviewers also found in the interviewing that specific policies provide greater citizen convenience
some poll watchers are encouraged and expected by but create more work for officials, and implementation
their family relatives to work as poll workers on the rests with local officials who have many tasks to
day of the election. Participant 10 revealed that her perform beyond election duties (Burden, David,
relative has personally assigned her as a poll watcher Mayer, & Moynihan, 2012).
to support their desired candidate.
Frustration is real
“I was assigned by my relative who was supporting a
candidate.” Poll watchers faced a great deal of frustration during
the election due to the long lines and slow-moving
This pertains to the family’s motive to help their bet of processes that were in place (Luna, 2022).
candidates to be assured that their votes are secured
and will take part in their election standing. Participants 4 and 3 both shared their feeling of
frustration due to long hours of work during the
Similarly, Participant 8 claimed that she was election.
encouraged by her mother which influenced her to
volunteer as a poll watcher. "Mahirap sya kasi halos buong araw kami nandoon at
nagbabantay."
“Mga magulang ko… nung una kasi si mama yung
nagpo-poll watcher. So, nagtanong siya sa akin kung "nakakapagod sya dahil buong araw ka nasa pwesto
pwede daw ba akong magvolunteer. Wala naman mo at nagbabantay."

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Lack of work activity may lead workers to feel poll watchers (Amegnran, 2017).
frustrated.
Buzzfeed
It's just a normal day!
Poll watchers often face a variety of challenges such as
For others like Participant 5, it's just like a normal day gossiping. It is unavoidable in the job of poll-watching
for them because they have done all the necessary to hear workplace gossip. Gossip that may pertain to
preparation for the upcoming election and prepared for the candidate they are supporting also leads them to
what will happen during the election. get into trouble. Respondent 8 commented that one of
the challenging aspects of being a poll watcher is the
“Maayos naman dahil naging handa naman ako bago negative gossip you may hear from other parties
ang araw ng election.”
“Nakakapagod din sya dahil may oras na naririnig mo
Participant 5 shows that being prepared and ready on yung nasa kabilang presinto na kuha ng ibang
your duty will make your work way more efficient and kandidato na nagpaparinig sayo ganon. May ibang
easier. poll watcher na nagpaparinig sa’yo na naaapektuhan
ako sa emosyonal pero hindi naman gaano.”
The Burden
Workplace gossip is defined as informal, negative, and
Poll watching is consequential in terms of the burden evaluative discussions among organization members
that it bears. Poll watchers provide front-line service, aimed at an organization member. Former studies have
which is crucial to the nature and quality of employed different perspectives to explain the impact
government services that citizens receive. Therefore, of negative workplace gossip. Some studies have
poll workers take significant responsibility, giving an confirmed the detrimental effect of gossip on targets’
undeniable burden to do their job well. attitudes and behaviors, such as reducing their
organization-based self-esteem, increasing emotional
Interviewers have noticed three subthemes that occur exhaustion, promoting negative mood, raising
throughout the interview. First, Grind hard− poll organizational cynicism, and causing a decline in
watchers work long hours to obtain their significant engagement (Cheng, Dong, Zhang, Shaalan, Guo, &
role. Second, Buzzfeed− this is about gossip roaming Peng, 2020).
around the area, affecting the poll watchers,
specifically in their emotional and psychological Cranky Villagers
aspects. Third, cranky villagers. Short-tempered voters
had become one of the significant challenges in Poll watchers take a significant responsibility to
dealing with poll watching. deliver quality elections to voters as the assigned front-
liners as they interact with the voters at polling places.
Grind hard Hence, voters demand exceptional work quality on
their part. However, unpredictable inconveniences
Poll watchers devote their time and effort to may arise along their job which may affect their
accomplish their assigned tasks, resulting in them efficiency. This includes unpredictable voter cases,
taking long hours of duty on election day. Respondent massive workloads, staff shortages, and inadequate
8 claimed that: voting materials and equipment (Amegnran, 2017).
Consequently, these inconveniences led voters to
“Dahil ang pagbibilang boto ay nakakapagod, dahil display negative attitudes and behaviors. Participant 8
minsan pa ay inaabot na ng umaga na siyang talagang claimed that
nakaka-mental drain dahil maghapon akong gising.”
“Hindi maiiawasan yung mga malimit na pag-aaway o
Most of the respondents also answered with the same init ng ulo”,
sentiment as Respondent 3,
Participant 8 also mentioned,
“Nakakapagod siya dahil... buong araw ka nasa
pwesto mo at nagbabantay.” “Yung iba [naman] is hindi naming makita yung mga
pangalan nila kasi nahihintuan sa commission of
Altogether the pace of activities, pressure from voters, election o di kaya lumipat sila ng tirahan nila. Akala
and the length of the workday definitely put a strain on nila dito pa rin sila sa place na ito, pero hindi. Yung

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iba nagsisimula na sa pagawa ng mga away dahil Moreover, Participant 4 told that it is part of the job
hindi mahanap-hanap ang kanilang mga pangalan.” therefore there is nothing much to consider.

Participant 4 also admitted that dealing with ill- “Hindi ko na lang pinapansin kasi ganon talaga pag
tempered voters has affected her emotionally. botohan nasanay na rin ako, ilang beses na rin kasi
ako naging poll watcher.”
“Yung mga maiin it na ulo na bo tan te ang
n agpapah irap sa akin sa emo syon al.” I entertain myself.

Based on a recent study by Mulvaney (2021), poll Feelings of boredom occur regularly at work. It has
watchers reported being threatened and harassed by been shown that bare work, monotony, repetition, and
individuals on election day, which had an impact on underutilization of skills may induce work-related
the voting process. In some cases, poll watchers felt boredom (van Hooff & van Hooft, 2014). From a
disrespected and disregarded by the individuals who psychological perspective, boredom is an unpleasant
were disrupting the voting process. and demotivated effect characterized by a lack of
motivation or enthusiasm (Noury, Ahuja, Parker,
The Withstand Sturdy, & Tyler, 2020). Hence, according to research,
distractive behavior is one of the types of coping with
In this research, the interviewers have found adaptive work-related boredom. Distractive behavior is a
coping mechanisms to manage the burden of their job. behavior of employees at work that divert attention
Researchers have found four strategies they rely on to from work
cope: Stand firm, Mind my own business, Positivity is
a choice, and We distract ourselves to ease our Participant 2 expressed,“Nag iisip ako ng mga bagay
boredom. na mapaglilibangan habang nandon ako kasi boring
talaga na nagbabantay ka lang, siguro inoobserve ko
Stand firm
lang pano gumawa yung mga tao don, pano sila
Poll watching is not an easy job. Poll watchers magsulat mga ganon.”Therefore, diverting their
experience a range of emotions when working during interest from time to time helps them to endure their
elections. As Participant 1 pointed out, feeling of boredom at work.

“Kailangan matatag ka dyan kase kung ikaw hindi ka

matatag iiyak ka nalang dyan sa sobrang hirap ng pag Conclusion
po-poll watcher.”
Based on the findings of the study, the following
Hence, psychological resilience and physical readiness conclusions were derived: (1) Filipino workers value a
are important to manage the stress of the day and good-paying job and preferred meaningful work. (2)
complete their duties with a sense of accomplishment. Amidst the experiences and challenges, the poll
watchers remain determined and motivated to take part
Participant 1 also added that, in the seasonal election. (3) Poll watchers must be
physically, emotionally, and mentally prepared to
“Pagka poll watcher ka sa pisikal kailangan matulog
participate in this crucial work. Mainly, poll-watching
ka ng maaga bago yung tinakdang araw at oras ng is a self-reliant job.
botohan. Kailangan iready mo yung sarili mo na hindi
ka maggg papadaig o magpapatalo sa mga maririnig
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Affiliations and Corresponding Information

Andrea Mae C. Santiago

Jesus Is Lord Colleges Foundation, Inc. - Philippines
Kyle Edson B. Santor
Jesus Is Lord Colleges Foundation, Inc. - Philippines

Gerald T. Villanueva
Jesus Is Lord Colleges Foundation, Inc. - Philippines
Galilee Jordan C. Ancheta
Jesus Is Lord Colleges Foundation, Inc. - Philippines
Jayra A. Blanco
Jesus Is Lord Colleges Foundation, Inc. - Philippines
Charles Brixter S. Evangelista
Jesus Is Lord Colleges Foundation, Inc. - Philippines

Liezl R. Fulgencio
Jesus Is Lord Colleges Foundation, Inc. – Philippines

Jhoselle Tus
Jesus Is Lord Colleges Foundation, Inc. - Philippines

Santiago et al. 209/209