& “f Vn pd w\0 fe C iss WA ‘ GCS Scheme il 15EC6L Sixth Semester B.E. Degree Examination, June/July 2018 Digital Communica ‘Time: 3 hrs. Max. Marks: 80 Note: Answer any FIVE full questions, choosing one full question from each module. Module-1 Define Hilbert transform, List the properties of the Hilbert transform. (04 Marks) Obtain the canonical representation of band pass signals. (06 Marks) ‘What is line coding? For the binary stream 011010 sketch the following line codes: i) Unipolar NRZ ii) Polar NRZ. iii) Unipolar RZ iv) Bipolar RZ v) Manchester (06 Marks) OR Define pre-envelope of a real valued signal. Given a band pass signal s(0, sketch the amplitude spectra of signal s(t), pre-envelope s(t) and complex envelope 3(1). (04 Marks) Derive the expression for the complex low pass representation of band pass systems. (08 Marks) Write a note on HDBN signaling (04 Marks) Modute-2 Explain the geometric representation of signals. Show that energy of the signal is equal to the squared length of the vector representing it. (08 Marks) Derive the expressions for mean and variance of the correlator outputs. Also show that the correlator outputs are statistically independent, (08 Marks) OR Explain the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedure. (6 Maths) Obtain the maximum likelihood decision rule for the signal detection problem. (10 Marks) Module-- Explain the signal space representation for binary phase shift keying modulation. Also derive the expression for the probability of error for the binary phase shift keying. (10 Marks) With a neat block diagram, explain the generation and coherent detection of QPSK signals. (06 Marks) OR With a neat block diagram, explain the non-coherent detection of binary frequency shift keying technique (04 Marks) Derive an expression for probability of error of binary frequency shift keying technique ‘Also draw the biock diagrams of BFSK transmitter and coherent receiver. (10 Marks) For the binary sequence given by 10010011, illustrate the operation of DPSK. (02 Marks) Solwhion & scheme 1of2 he Departmen 2 Ccinmunicoton Engs ree A. S. Dost UL10 a ASEC6L Module. With a neat block diagram of digital PAM system obtain the expression for inter symbol interference (ISI). (06 Marks) State and prove Nyquist condition for zeto ISI. (06 Marks) For the binary data sequence {da} given by 11101001. Determine the precoded sequence, transmitted sequence, received sequence and the decoded sequence. (04 Marks) nen OR Explain the design of band limited signals with controlled IS) (0 Marks) ‘What is a zero forcing equalizer? With a neat block diagram(Explain the operation of linear transversal filter. Sy 5), (06 Marks) Module. Explain the model of a spread spectrum digital communication system. (06 Marks) Explain the generation and demodulation of direct sequence spread spectrum signals with necessary equation and block diagram. (07 Marks) Write a note on low detectability signal transmission as an application of direct sequence pread spectrum. (03 Marks) OR With a neat block diagram, explain the frequency hopped spread spectrum. (07 Marks) Explain the effect of despreading on a Narrow band interference in direct sequence spread speetrum systems. A direct sequence spread spectrum signal is designed to have the power ratio Pp/Py at the intended receiver is 10°. If the desired E;/N, = 10 for acceptable performance, determnine the minimum value of processing gain. (06 Marks) Write a note on code division multiple access as an application of direct sequence spread spectrum, (03 Marks) 20f2 OooO Jun | Tuy 2018 Subject | Digital Communieatser ASEc6 1D Note: Ansevek CIVE fal\ questions Ble Oe fall question from cash vrodlule . Medule_£ Ta) Datine Hiller Framurforro, List the prpeees of the Hi Went tramuforen CH marks, \ Arne: Deginition + Gcty = (gt) de (cos) x az-c propertion iy gc $ 5 C4) have came stade Spectrum Ci) Hilext warmPovrn of Jon is gc A) and Gy) ge ond gw axe eodttaggena| ec» camo nical rrepresenitalaon of loaand 1.6. Olotaim the C6 marks) pase signals Canonical Represenctertion eo} Borne! Pass Signale By olafinivion of. pve ~ envelope EGC eats Go eninge ean” @) wehure gt) — levornd pas aignall Sa) — HT of Scr) S4 Cr) ~ pre envelope ey ste) From equ @ i & cleak that te veal spout 64 Woe pre envelope S4.C) a equal to “Hee * original Loomd pase signal ee)hye Covuplex envelope of lovornd ypous Signal str) i rie 3404) Sandee + = Sctye — eqr® cold vraheke. SCt) — whe coupler envelope ef the Yoromd pass aignal ct) Lirik a Covplenc emvelope es loromnd ous ehqod ets) Simmilotyy, comple envelope of Yoornd pour sigoal SCE) com lot written ab — aes) . @ [Beng] = ae"@) As 8CH) Uo eo uyplen — wolued quant by vor evnprasize tout prpaly oy, erprecs\ YO, Ir Ww Cartesiom ov equ" Sct) = SgCt) + Sach) Wohene Set) $SaC4) ave Wooth veal vatued tow Pate function , thoeve (ow pars popaly ie pohested drm the Comuplex emvebope Sct), (089 Os “ eq UE) w eqe"G we cen enpvess SCA) yo the cermonieal fon _ ot Stomderd form at SC) = OgC4) Cos Cariger) — Sa CH sie canser) -egu"@® Worse ert) — d-peus componedl ofthe loornd poss eiqna\ ect) Sacey —Qnadvatuve ~ phe component Ge ott)@ ieee t equ®G@) ane covplen envelope mM Loe Pictured Ob a te -varue phase positioned cat the origin of Ex, SQ) plane # ie Sous Ww “a®, &4 @ Fg @ s eee 4‘ Q seni Tmagineny, ons ' yotateat Woe a vate ape US 30 Courpl a : Se wplor envelope R hal g Chior ao 5 @ Exponenaat goal ‘ af Nanse tae Sa sy i Loss vale ange —> veal andis Fy ® Complex envelope aftr rwnodien\” Fig ©,® 2@ Mushratany an Wie pretataoro Of the coupler envelope Se) 2G vnuultipicalson lo eoatger gck) > with Hume £ voy covdt neously, sre endl oy she plouet_ Mover Glout inte Plane at Seudn wo HR oO Fy @) stoude Hoe phaues rreprerentatien of The Coupler exponents a esateAn +he chepinition VOW Iw equ’ @ Qo wipler envele pe Sct) vouutttiplied) loy, “tre comple exponential ans The angler oj rere to phasors shous 'p Sig Oe 39 @) add arc) ~neir lemgfes ule and “he yorutt ie elroewn ino F490 Ae shows in S48 Csi SQ) phase avtabivy, ust ow Onn getose velocity, Anse wadlans/see Cis lonly the coupler ommelope £C4) mores 'o whe Cex, Sa) plane , wslile a the same “He tee plane votates about thre origin. The original loornd pars ok ab set) tH the projeraere OF Hea He ~vaxtng Pues oD 2 fred Louw Trepyecentavg, sne veal arcie ok hou vy 34 @ Qinee Lota ech) 4 Sq ct) ave low pour 8 gral dimited to the Vand -wsf ow Th voy lor. extrarted Pom tne vad poss Vaal cs) tung selewme shou v0 fig bodlow o gy) —@)—(cre 8 po game) _(oseytater| CAfter woduletoon) co8)@ Dimi ladty, wreconchchien 3 SCA) foro iG ino ~ pleut 4 ABwedvatiwe ~ploue component cx clone ac Scheme shou in 348 sect), C efor maacluteds ; “| cq com ger) Sac) &) 636 Scheme for rreconttmeching, eee) Nem Bree SQcs) (Qyatoesiner) The above two schemes gyre wo Hy @ + fi96) Gre foasie fo tHe Studley, of Linck proalutertson Selremes, Woe they of aunnlog wrodlulation ae igeter| wrodlulotior , Cos CTF ct) Mu ti plloctron of He (ow Powe tw - phowe cowgeneut SEC4) by CosCatger) and Multi pileation Of ttre Lovo pone quoi vartave - ploue Qomupernet Sq ca) by Liv Cater) veprecent linedt forms of hee Provided fe Coarriey Prta wen) “ Mee “taom The Low pase bomduwidth wy , suo te crexetting - Cat fe) — Sa 4) oma PUT sional 2 Cd) = SyCd) CoecaTife ete a vefereed t aa peus oomnd Siqvel_voawaforenCovries panelist te waippurg tovm 99 Cd) F Sait) eousivad into st) GH enon as (aa Polak Reprererdation of Bomd pore Sigua . WEE ge aye 2 ck) 45 SQth) WG the Eartesion forse oy defining the Complen envelope $64) of the loovnd ~ pass signal sc), Attenobvely, my pelor loves Gs Nv Cipes), me sct)- ache — — equ" @) woheve act) UW nataval envelope de simply, she. envelope sper Jeet of the lovand past aqual shh) amd & asyeal valued low-pass fonction , Based on plat vepresemtetion oy complex inwelope vo eg.) the orginal bend pass Noval eth) a yh oy > is Vesely cupned log, S C4) = ad) Cos fo mpery OCH — 290") Relationship loetweem Cartesian 2 pelor Representatoon 94 cond pare sigual We envelope and phue gcd) 4} a eand pass ah \ et) ave mepresendt tal, aolated te Qed) # Lacs) by selatrons , [sich] =| 5H] aca) = [spayed and -\ (Sar) Lifeay = NAD) = tow! ce.)@) conviksely we may ute By phoue Component _. op 5) c aC4) Cos (Cepc3)) component Quodvatiwt plisae > Sait) = oC4) Sim Coca} Thus bol) the W-phase 2 qyodvatave On Covuponent of a band pase siguraal contain Anpli litecle 4, phoue roformertions BF) Wheat Ww hve aah Foy “the loinary stream Ane: QUOD sketch the -fol Using dive codles: CQ) Onipolak NRX O) Polos NRX GO) Unipolak QZ 2 Gv) Bipolak RZ W) Manchester Line coding! Conversion ay source encodes output te Theetrcctl poke: for purpose ay Gore dvornarnessio® Ovehe 2 i ' ann O° PL [|_eseten 8 cing A ° 4 Bipolay RZ a rm { \_Bipe an) A LI ManchesterOR 2, Define pre-envelope yo veal vyalted Signal Given a Laod pase signal s¢4), sketch +tye amplitude spectra St sigue sc), pr ~ enevelope seCt) amd couyplen envelope 5s), (ik morbs) : tity LN Im) fins Definition 2 gD is 964) +38 oe Ste) | ___, Boneh poss signal : 4 im ea Hew te few * t e es pre envelope ; 4ee Se-® fe Seavo -w w Ab. Howe Fue engpress ior dev Are comple tow pous vepresenterby on of bored pass syeterns. C8 martx) ket sd) ua nowow loomd sign 4 S4y) f@ iG FA We assame ~trat the spertrem of std) is S\uwmited to froeede portion 2 votre Oe —g1m Cay ue droueey, de We alie dseame -terort wesc . Lat the siginal act) be applied fea ive loomed! pow ape Loita impale Yepowse tt} onal Preqsenny, vepmee Hep) |© aes Cas pleroshy We o8sume alah hee) & td, Within + RM. OF the Cavrih cc ‘ Gis ne assume Hae frogger, Feponse of tHe Ste & ttd to Frequendes poithin 2B Ope caver Sreqwenup fe. Bede =F the syrtem landusidth 26 ie uxually, navrowe shan ov equal +o the dopa sa loomdusiellts 2v0, = Exprersi Wed) dm canouteal sforeo as Gim WEED = We Cd) Cos CATH hart) Sim Camiyct) — equ'e Covverpondi , w9e epee athe eonplen vnpulke wresporud oF the oomcl pare eau Ou Ded) © nsCad tyhat) — eqx*@ b9e Oriprers impalie response Lcd) dn teu oF 1G covvespondé eowmplen envelope hear hed)» vol Re es) — eqyy2@ Note rot LagCd) 2 Rh QU) F WOH aval tov pout gunctorr tad te the Freq, bond “BS 4¢B Equ"® etl Gs ~tod vse cam cleteauine C4 to Au of the Wophoue and g,radvatare ~phose wowponsnts af ane Lacmel pur iapale wUporue Wd).BU nockively, F woe wr cy cliteruine comple inppulre vee pore ve ca) from Heep) boornd pos fregventy, ecpors @ iv we Followswy voce, (are eo (@) Te wrt Ce Gomdet) nx ejangerd AhkCA = here Ee le MVC a equ’ @ co ae nec Compltn conjrgethon (rcaition of comglen siginetl + Apely FT te wots cidler of iB conypler corn Se yeuut kus @ woe oe wo, dAwes addi Jor of vee a ave Paxt+ concellaison of AH) = ACG Joe WC IO imagine, part] Le eqa*® @ Ech) carsefier ttre wequivenwid swol KY) > Hey) for © seat valued ivnpulre sesporue hb Ch) Ginnce rep) yepresenls a Low poue Aveo muy, Waperue ltd to IFISB with Bdkc boe conctude tom bor @) het HCHAe) = AMC) 52° — Sur @) The abeve eqn G) statu ~trat fov a epectiedl Laomd pour Areqeenup, reponse HC) woe mou, chetervaine Whe coves pondn Couple tow — Area, we porues ng) oy, Faeiny He Port of HC) cltHned for posive drequmeies SUP na, VY “to Hoe can and acaliro, iy los deutoy oeeles fine © Hav Ceara A ep) nse checommpore it ate Fra = Rg) +3 hcg) eo. @) rohere , HeGp= + [ Heyp+ Bey Sq" &) Mg) ~ & Lag je B45] — 2out@ © Finally © cheterudiue Rod) of tre lacvnd pore SF we take eT of REED as erm * as cyatt44) reps § Aepe PS a “eo omic a volt O RDBN siqnaltyg . The HDB scheme it om TTU Chorroodtp, Cort) shordord In niu scheme oe problem o. Hom trorupercnce}, Fo lo\polok shgoating uw etwinated Cy adding palse vale tre numlsed of consecutive Oc exceeds N. Sere @ wroolifiec! coding eo designated as igh- density loipolak eodinny CHROBN), vohore Al. can take on ame, Male 7,a,8 2. 2 The Wost wo portomt Of the HOB cocker u HDdBS format, rohieh hat been adopted Ok AN istetnerbrona| Stomdard, a The loasie tdlea @} Hoe HOBN code i “hot vohen a veo OY Nt] Reror occeers thu up of Kv? replaced ley 96% ofthe epedial Alt] toinany iget sequmelee , Vo mmcveonke “He ttm nay, eootent Of the si act , “the Seguonciez ave chocen -ko include gome Linanp fs The ku poeluctedl cletiloercctely Violate “tre ipolor vruile -fov easy,i alertifi ccataon oF Ave aabstitated ceguencies . In toes coding 5 sfov enanmple ibe special Seq uencien tue are OOON and BOOV poher B=) rat -—l” Conforms te the loipolak rule cind vel tat Violates tive Lipolce yule. the choice lr Seq ten tege OQOOV ey BOOV U wade in sue a v pluses altenete ai +o avoid de wonder (nr) ond te null i the PSD . This requives that he sequence BOoV loe cute! rob thee ceive cm even NuUWeeh of te fotlousiag the tat cpeetal eq uence apd tre sequence OOOV loe wrecl volth tere are am odd unos of Is follousing ee out Seg renerg.. [Medute- 2 | omeatnc reprer entertien of ak otk maintain ~tre ce Bia, Explain the Show that endkget of vthe clgnet cs equal te the Lquared Lon Of Whe vector veprecending it, Anew: Geosnatesc Reprecontevtron of Mgoals DThe eseonce of gromorhic crepvecentation © signals i to Cryprese cuny cet of M energep aioe $2564)3 ok tnenk Moomlainetions oy N onthonovmal loauis Functdona , naloke NSM —> That is to ¢ 1 RVON a eat of veal- valued ener signals , chet) , Sat Sm C4) eo of cluvation T seconds we corte N BHhe FAM, O kvoveckes cetta ee Thus fins evadinon oy equ 6) arates 8 oe ® Lunes product usity itselh roel i | cae Cecond condition Oinne Product ysis other dunciors vesells m Kero oR hee eau thal locare~ funetion BU), GyCd —... PyCt) ave ortangom’ wird. earh othes over the dsternal ot Lek cat oy conte tents f su 3 ; : ea OO N= iwuntiond eigual veetn $i Ci lew one © one sreldtiomhip voith “the TxA igual C8) re nce lor Views> Geornahic Represeretertion ° mraxcge vectors ~? Ciivon-tre N elemonts of Me vettor ci epeaton GL tepwt, wee w wee achewe Shown im {iO loetoen fo qureale” the ciguretle QCD) ratielr follow divectty Aver uO Ba Bee) qm Na —§ —@— sco Dy Cbd Sn 8) 4ig@ Qyotoerixer pov i Qyee ant) generating the Ssgquel ) Conyessely , Lyon “re siguaals Me), i=12,---4 Speratiny av Tpet vor may cute The echo aroun Ww 448 te cakutate tne eootfici ents Sees neers valrich follows Riorerttey from equ ®@, 5 This gecond sehewe eavainta of bemk of N product mor eqeatTons or correlators wits a common put and sith eath one Of Hae supped with 1B eum loais tunction, x fat Sy ice) Sy)® In am N- diwwntivoal Enctidean Lpcce, woe mary an Lemattos Of veetors. wey? ech p sj - IMne pre clet or clot prodluet Of Si Wo it jen ce mE Si pot sett, es feta, ....m -Ce jt t Retadorahip loetwoeen energy content of a ie onch iB wepresenteibion as a vertor, oe ish, 0204 ™) WET ect) X ppp { ogte7 q Js! Ve Va, --- (Ee au Ee aioe onde] a 3° Doter chon ae’ ue ordi © Sp oer ty tion, Eicge = f8 Sie (aim oeydt —-OM js) ee Since boy dep niion , he GLO fore a® @xtho normal get vo attorclance evtitts the woo conditor: 3 vent fel § Gigi dt = pee ° 3 ° y a N a la a iain) = sill Bb. Dewve ~he enprucsion tor meom + varione of the correlator autpul. Alto Show “trat the correlator outputs ave statrevicall y. rodepenceut. At. > Hevea n9e raith to cevelop o ctabiabscerl Clarartenxation of the get af N corselator eutpate.> Kee KC) — olonole toe stocloutte process ond Neitstoce Gite nec sample function of stochastic Process xce), —> Covver pons 1 , heb Ky - clenote +e vemden yaalse vohese fomple value iz veprecevited ly, te comrelettor eoutpul x; , Nae > Accord To AWYN moodlel, tire gtoctoastic Process HCE) UA attesion prvcere. (In —> FF follouse , Thewjfore chat xj ia Gaussiond Yornclony variable for all j im atcorclowee voile Pre pelt fl EF ty a Gaussion process KCL LL applied to a Stotole Nineak filtee tren tte stockastic process Yet) cleveloped at ttre outpat of the filler atso Gatusion | > Hence Kj is chavatterd xed concpletelyy toy it mean -f vase omer Let wi Arnote he random yarahle vepreented oy the Sample value Wj prodercect by me jib Covretator in vetpense to ystite Gan sion Nelse Covrponent oct) . >The yordens vonicllele Woj har Aero mean loecaceze thre channel poise process wold (i representect low, vod Yo the AWGN wooelel her Kero nun by akypinion, wn —> As Arvresalh , mean of xj Aupeoduls cas | By ox etrouss etAte) = EL] > Efe +i] > Stele] - —- — Equ®*e + Sh = (iW) >To find the voscmee of Kj we stort usits Arraivion » Oxy > VokL x4] > €Loy-s45} Lr eye) sew) <7 eguxey” > Heve Rij sreplaced toy, ny 4} > WET vomdeen vakictle wo; u cebined er - jt neta a) ai ae voce) Jct). Abe Equa" 6) Uge ag @ in Sq’ @ ton Ory E Goes gjee, at s ww) 85 CU) Aer _ Gy HEL Sayeed Gyew WH weed.dt ch]... eel For the Linea aperatsons ve com nee the ovdlep of summation + erupett alson ges on = g Saco Efe. wow J. at idun = OT 6h GeO FEW) Volt a).dt.du ~~ -- Ea" im value Rvo€t,u) = Arato corretabron famion of We usice procese volt) > Sime thir noise iu staonty, Qolt x) depends OY oD the tre dlitferonee +0 7 WET vott) G volite Causeion notre voit pep= No_ PaHherore we meu, express Ruolewd = CNe Joc-w ~ ~~~ &5u@) Pat Eqs" © io &ga"© cmd teren using shit tivy proprly of te detta fun cot), we ge ats 2 Ne Sai = SIS gwgjeo-oe 0) dt he Gay - Lz NG {git at F Since Py vrewe cenit moat » oy ktHvivion , able exprersion for novice voricemnee Sx reduce Bay Sey = No for ally ~ - ae Soe" G) > Thi mmpertomt result shouss thet all te correlator eutput denotect by Xj weit j= \2-0N hove a vaviante ec.ual te re Noite preeas wt) Nloreover , cinee tee houic cfenctions go From OD Orthonemal set xj omd Ke ave mutaally, uncorretcted ar shoumm to Cov xy] = B[ Oxi HS CXE eed) ey = eloy-sip Ce - Sve) Sea) ae [sree gjorda. Fo -Fece)- de] . " a ¢ SpA OF Ro (t,o) at du -- 4.8) 0 0 PED = No the Ce -u)- did = Ne FC aen eenceewo dt as ¢ © No) S$ G5 G00. Cova xe] oo ip y#¥we) Sivce Kane Cautselian yornelors varcubles , equ"®) | Vwyplide trot “hey ave alse ctaticteatly, Fo aceorelouee | with property & ef a Gaussian prces. | for | | Excplain the Crsam-Schmidy orthogonal xotion Prrecedure, J Aa, aus: —>Leappore we ave given a signal set £ 21Ct), Spc). 2. Sent) — Find the orthogonal bout cborm for thea aiqoal eet e ie S BO) Mee - -- - Fy f NSM Step 4 Construct the fost baie sunchen te —7 Complete E, = ("ota tee > The fist bos uncon es 6b) = Sx, e Je => Se) = JE, PW =3,\9,\0 Sus (swgw.d =e, OM {2-00 Step Ai Comstruct tee second basic uoch on —> Complete -the correlation between signal a amd trois funchen 4 \ ca Say =F SCO G,O At — dw te -60 > Yubtrart off We correlation ported GLO = BCb) =e SaC GC) — a9 => Jott) w ertioogona) to $.CE)> Complete the Oe, tm the remalning, perhoo a4 - 9a = { CgsadJ. ot t2-6o > alr) = _IL*? VEga => Soo ae 08) byt) = [Fe R — te tr-oo Sep 3 Commeet the euccerrive basi funutions ~ for aigoal Sele), consplete Sei = (LO PjW.dt x {2-00 teb-\ > DBaine Gelb) = set) —S ski Piced tet > Envgy COE if eqe = [Cato tt tie > Thoucfore be lpia Funbon Gece) 2 Se Ege cae en Fae deCtd.dt = J Ege eo” tec Arb, Obtain -tire wonimum likelihood decision cea for the sigeal detectrory Preller. Pes For an AWGN Channel, a sample tum ojtne veeelved yondom procee xCt) given ley, alt) = Sh) wed ORE RT, Fe hat => EGUM CNY VENUE wt) — comple fun Of nIVATE Gauscion Hose Proceze wltd, with xo mean and Seles Ne/o -CiMa) The set of outputs Of toe correlabsons constitute & yertoy % Ro Sy 4w a hres eins -equ0@) Ky cr Wahee x - 3 i wr Mela | Sisley] we | wa Be 5 . | Vertovs % + sit WH ove sample value of te sods vertors *% amd W_ seepectively, Pe = POM, sent x aeceived) equ"@) > The averoyge prolocloiily of sy wuool aes ts ee bo fae - PeC Proloaloi lity Sf correct decizion) Pe = I- P Cm Sent lx sreceived) —— Eqn" @) “Hoe estivmerle of Rett g wrboo| we Wem, if, POmi sent le received ) ">, Powe sent|x received dor all b21Q,---mM eet €qv"@ -qw => The cletision vrule gers loy &e"@) is called Mon . & posterioss proberi ity . > The tikelihood Jenson 4yCodlmi) & tne conditjenal POF Of thre veceived vertor % Given het wy wer troreumrted | —> the deeieion aule & te choose estimate we my 7 — (> fy Culm) & moximuns for bei —— €qv"6) set =m iF LCE) & mordmun dor bah ObeVwahon veetor x lies two aegion a Lome ‘eB mand mum for bet = amOhagrrcttm) vector ao Wer mw megow ES if aan et! = 0 jay ck minioouay for t Cheeroahron vertor uw We to region Pal Af Nasal BR minimun for esi cea vector % lie in region Ri if = ase - 4b Er & maximum for bs, de) g ae ho) = DEA Reejon ie on \ oe em Scie decision a a Ne ae Pasion Ba Figure {Mustrater PArbBeionin oF the clos ewabron Space wha Aecician wegiors “for “he coud when aa, m= uy 5.0, Explain tie etqnal spae syepreserdteition for loinary, pluue swt be moduiatwn , Alo Aenve tthe enpression or He proboaatity § qe) C} error jov He loinesu prrcue ehift & fst Sryoal cpare Ye pyesCUlotsen _ oF Bese Berwie mition § Bid « ao cos an dctSa) = SEL BCH) = q BPSK — Probocebitilly of @rror Caltulatsorn Dedsion boundary AUaN ay ios ——> Revo mova) along esitts sigoal |PeD= Ne wi es pole) & present mcd | =O CMessage pis) Coenen (Be acd as Prepay of Ty cy oO fo’ bat Ros f ena Prevelbi tty of rvs = Pet Peo The cleeroatron \roetor ve, U related Te the received Sigual x(t) b or J X= i ale) g Ct). At o The evvor us of too we te ‘ OC) pelo’). traninitted CT*4) cs 4 ioe res (® PeCtlo) 1:2. trorumitted ce'o' lout ~eceiwed ou 't —— Gy woe Quseume thal im work Of Me corre woe have the aveas A and Aa, Ove gare. 7 Row w0e ausunne Gauscion nofse Any Gaustaw fue is Se rg = Canoe vemeclom vweetlleC 2 1 $00 Sgt Ora[ ate an Pecilo) ,_ ! x oo at Jame | SP |~OO= | ay, A 20> —p” cua vs value Cemperted yatue) - -JE, for athe Tx 94 Seca ‘oe 2 ; Oo = varsiamce ~ Ne, for Avg Cae value = Th -0 L vochicertes tower Newitt io A HQOUS KO shifted & integration Meany value CrJEovYE, Rervolls beccaue af nolee oe aan ) ; “ a 3 =aciyy | ee ane] = 2 el GND) eon C ony+ JED aC) Ta! aap |* Tt Uw not fo Stomdaxe) Jor The tye Standard formes ave O ee GO @ form "Peo = Xe tJ Swed Nin : ! a 8 A oe [emp [e-SI bn 4 efecs AL. ( og Zz =f Ee, St ae Peo » Sn ee (VE) = 3 evge (Lésogy yy of the igre — (1 r9 Noise parey |5 Bieilarty PeCol) - rt = Sane en Bat exp ( as? Joe =e Me Gals) = ada Se Total proloobitily oF evnor fe . Pe Clo) Peco) + PeColy) Pedy) ae probalei lity of ANN peolemyanve eg cect = £(pecitoy d+ PeCold | Dele cates Eb One pede ] Se ‘ Bb dite A neat lock aliagKans , explain tte cS And coheuut etercion of @Psk siqnalt. G~ Ans: CQlwant Qeee Tromumitier “Uy rr ® Evpat [ee ese loinany ? weve ctota sequence ern — an) £ oi Be go Ce) sigO cohvunt Qpske TH Operation >Poig iw he Fopat binary, Sequence ORCAS wreswal @f Ty seronds. > Oemuttiplxer uw seal to poratlel converte, . Thus ce Demur , a soinars ceguenwa, U divided wile am odd wdtxed cequente a,6t) and an won Mndome Sequene ect) . ey > Ty Sy} =f bo. bys ba, bu, be, be --- ¥ then eg Facte)? «Poo, bs bu, be be, -.7 3 ondoo fred} > fb, bsibe,br.... 7 > For the eq. ueneer , § ag) 3 ond Saectt tbe bit mreval Te aT, Secooc —> Ti cam loe yeqarded “thoat’ fated} and af ae wo Seguencer “voit Lait rtewal oTy twice that Of sequence f lai Thue even jadlined cnc odd Tnclened cequenre Prose modulate hwo cavrier Ccoe afer Pdi atiyer) with same frequen, bout ‘het ot no plobe Gadvature . — Since lomedlwidis & rovoreely, svretated to oe hotehval it can concluded that , fw a i) bina, dota val, QP signal eceupie — Yall ttre HYOmumiceion loomdwidts ar compared te BRS signal. ; Tnorhetuoords for a given BW, tre data ale SF arse cers UG doebile rat of eet cyeroon Coldunt Detection ef @pst sla. —? We sche of count artection fer o apse signal & os hours in YQ. at) % ; aS > [Decision % ° Aevice a) Qict) " we a a ime Etimate eae Sane pre crane of A THe alt) = Quadratuve chonnel ena P-s Cpaailel srocenal Converter)&) Operator » ~7 Tt consis of a pay of correlators vsitts locally Perated pok of colweul oef tance eignetle 6R Covthonormed oats functors) POF Qactd volich mreaw Anat RE iu synch vonised waith Tx, Let ®, $ ho ave Whe covrdatoey outpa& yo veaponse so the vecetved signal ott) >A alecision & weeche lou, company, a tveslold of Ker wollt Cven 70 volts) Ly dnphove channel eutput 9,70 a dexishon u roadle imfavoub of symbol t, otherwise ths vo en 4, £2, with fovous of ayerloo\ oO Likewstue , Ty quadrature channd outpat 4570 a dle eidow & mode Mm sfavew: of ae) 1, otherunce it i Favour of 2 lO, > The binasy sequence from isphoue and qusadature “channel are multtiplerced to at an estimate Of ovicd nal binary sequence. 7 7 The covwuent Aetection schema & opttmum F tous ertuver minimum prebooai iy Sf evrer, oR Ga, VIE QO neot Raga , erplain tre non- coher ~ut deteetsom O4 loihery frecpu slitt ceeqer Technique. Cand KG aa Ny dee Me WET % BESK Abe ctvorumiited siqual Alef ned) fete = ayct)e PEL coscatipit) OS tS Te Th °o elsewhereboheke Ty ~ bit duvation Si= 9% Ceavier Sreguep, equals thre ars OF Fro posgible valteeds f+ 405 Fo encune that the cigoale representing qnore two frequencies aye ae ? The rvomumission °F Jreqavenory, $4 represent See 1 + trornemiec on of frequency, fo => Represent symioo) 2 > For the non cower cletectson oF this Frequency, mooclutated cignal the aeceivee condsle of & parr of martelrech fitters sjotlowed to : $50 <= (oy) envelopes Aeterctove onc shown im Sample at Envelope |__ 6, +t=Te peer |e Ge 4, if \>Jo —— Choose 1" Covmparisen |, device + — = thay 0 sauxple at close’? tou 3g ® Non coherent Ry for cletertiom of BFSK > The Fites Yo the upper path oj the Rx morthed to Cor Catpit) and Filter vo the loewer pats matehed to coe Catiyat) dor she eignaling, mrerval OLt ST,9 > The seeaulti ngy envelope detector outputs aye sarnpled at t=Te and their value ave co wpared) ~ Keve envelope detector outputs ave shousn ar dada. > The Ry decider io Savor of eyrelool £ if ty> So amd Ry cecices vw favour of syuabool Ob if dis de. > Ty dys do the Rx cinaply queses vandom\y. ina Javer of surabol A ov ©, Qn Derive an erpyereion ger Probaloi Uy of ervey of inary. Jrequenup chit Keying cteelrnigue, Alee Avaw awe block di ans of BESK trom nites ond cohvunt received, ae tt stavi with assumphon that he noiee norich adds with original signal & of type HWEN ie. AL thee vecetwek Wput we ore wevetvii sanders ai qe ace) = 24) + wt), Reve Hrais wit) woe Ave Areusring as Additive WILE Gauetion Noise CAWaN) , weh os mean=o and ped = Ne widle sense skathonery, Wos Jellovoinsy contin. SAG) = powes spectral dons y “eo ma W=0 cs; Cmeam) : > Thus akon quoi ts Gausetony noise we receive eiqoadl Te. qt) = AC) + wCrd ored — (i) ao Ce) 2 Salt) + walt)2 wT Signal s acm Poy cobwwnt BFSe a Rent Berision bouncer “Oi * region C4 te aan | eee — >The wreceivek cheoider fo Javour of syelool’ 1" Vy rhe received signal point mrepreceuted by the cbeeuchion vector % foul, icicle vegion X, Thu ecears pohtn %, 59% 7 On the otherlemd , noe have %, 4%, The wecetvad sigoal point fallt fnci cle rrepiow Xo orrdk the vecetvee checicler im favor Of syoabod 0, —> Let ws asauene herve ¥ ai a new Gesiscion Yandos vyakiable vohese cavuple veele 2Guat to Hoe chifferemte Loetwoeen a (4% \.e. 2H MD a“ 9 The eomctitional meom yeeltee OJ Ave voroclom vaviable ¥ depends os ushicl lemony. syerloo| war tronumitted ie. Lrohwn 8 lool 4 wou voruwai ted | cent the THE Coneli Baral wwom value F vermdons vasalle y & ° ren lo elyh] - efx] - en Note eles ]=0 because is - €( fe, j-efe] ertrogonallte Qs Gam s co) 0 & Semt Man Conditional mean value oy se[Yle]= E[x,\o] fe Lele] Ee etele ies] aoc Qyoo' loxty. vshonds) >The vosunce We werden vaviewdle ¥ x Fockepen Aut of vohich Symrlool wou cent , > Bisce the vomdclomn variculales *)# Xs ave Steet cally, i> dopenclout 2 1 Caos Wa variomee (0?) «Ne - “> 54 fellows Vor(%\ + x3] = Vor Lx] + vor [xs J that var LY] = Vas Lx, J + vod [%0) an J vokEY IT = No , = ey amma Airc oe “Abs, Epyeced Vole 54 Syvlo| Sy fea Uavpected Volo of Syweel aid fin > The 4490 shows Probelai ity Aistsloution ef vorndom Vawalle Y, whee EIN]: Ex 4 -eLya > The cbre%vabon vector % ho two chemonte A AG Nhat ave atuytned boy rretpeetively recs HL nce D.).dt amd +20 AeTe My = 1 alt) Ged. at = t20 > poheke alt) Uwe veeeived signe) , nrohose for depends on voli syprteo| Ceithes Lov O) was romumatted,T? 98 Kero that the Gouselon function ix vodttes eu Joo - bo. Oe a Sa Seas ES fool = (a ay a | an -o” Laherke oc is a Geurrstion sees Vorv\elde > Bat io BFSK we Lowe coosicter ¥ ae Gautsion voreder varsalle , therfore the alaove equation i vowiten ad ugit culatitution. JOO = lace « by YX Substitute sa Cif we ave catuntaling > Peo) 6 Feil) eae re oye = ay a BH Ene) Frm foe 5 i Peo CYANE,LD A brs for Soe 14 — 4 Hegee (np Cay de ee £42"©) Serbecti tute Zs ¥+V5, io £qg.u@ wit V2 No ere Fo Uri of Ya (Qs) cfr DE ON eer atae VEL Lan Y= 0o > Z <0, also dye aNo. do Bau) loecoroes ; ab cr xp CBS (1oNe 8%) Yat No nae ENoBg) ue io required stomdasd fore => Compare &gu @ and @) Se © [ree o a Pelle) = 4 oge [Ee ulate No i Q ™ > Stesi lala, the proloaloi iy at evror yoke Symbol 4 &% gewt but reeeived at O can be caltulated @ voiltto follovsing c Heve tty > eo) value = canoe o*. he —> Per or PeColr) = eee ny Jam No foe 2 No - ta Tew Soe (- ea ] os 2No par x2 Vo JE, shen dy = fare dy NENG DOES Ghionieiers = pes Shas oat arn eS a ees + [Ee No Companing willy equ” 4D we get Poy 2 4 ange SB— Total probetiliy = CR + Per Jor [Pevy Peo + Pay Per] Peo) = Par = ears “see E. ] Ear USD) 2 No Thus Com powng the probaloi tity of Crvor of BES yl) BPSk for coherent! cletertson, Best Bve more prokeboitiGy Of evror at coumpared tv Bese , \ Module & FO. With a neat lolock diagram aigetol PAM eustern obtain the eryprersion sfoy imtes ay rotesPeren ce Crer) ~ . eae ya? “posmittin ne Receivin : ‘5 Chas Siew: Samper 1s} Detector Aer ay Ne) Warcen in tea ean [elec nt) al: 4 & 7 ofp Data Tle data a SIE SG nie te ee Gd» 5: ~ 80 HOD= S agh Ct-mn)e oct) ~ &™ 92-20 Ylont) = S an x Cot pt) rwlret) em Deo Go = XA t F A—%, not we UP) Die The Seconcl term UW TST necting -Qrd Reo ae Fi, 6)uy Fb) State ers jxeme Nyguist coodivion cfor xewp TSI Ans? ey for xeko ee Hecersary ae pa condiien for xt) te somety, xcon- ff ag Agen) isdhat its Fouser tromuformn xcf) must sabsty SxGem) a «ik Cm 62-00 Ce) For the loinary cata cequence Solu} gi ven by lua lool, Determine te precoded Lequence , tromimittedl Sequence , veceivedd sequence and the decoded ceqeone CD eae Sequence dy 1 nto v6 2 | Pere coded Seq rence caveat | Ooo 149 Py Tromimmitied sequence|~) 1 -f t 1 -' 7! -1 (| -» ay - ~ -2 Receivedl een irence oo002 0 2 “eh bu os oer Decocked coq ence an —(im) * Steclent roc, choote Pa =\ wstead of 0, 6. a. Explam +e olasign of bond Limited sigoals voto contelled Ter. Ans! Te ashiwe aa o\ rate of av) symrboolt /eeeoncle, KUO Pst com lee veloned toy Allous ing ome additrena Non -Atho value fo the savwpler Facont sine the morrockueedd Tet U comPrlled, it can be taken mle atroumt at the vecelves msc Duskisary oi a\ pale ~ actor) = ft Te | To dong | x)= ft i feos ts thew — gy ow ° OM Wavineixos! 4. ald = Linc@we)+sinGwtAy — 0 ae Moatitied Sucdinom, signal pulse te Vonet a pipe a) 45 ea Sigoal © otnvunice Rrecy! aed = sine Chet ArcincCt-T)-p -U” 2G) = Fei svomt If1< law Generally, paler of the ferro alee SS xG2,) £9 am wlt=%w) “Jove called postal ne) AT Ww (dow) sretporte signals a ja volon PET is eCpy= a =~ Che Siw Upigve |perposefeelly, iow _) Motroclexced 2») = (™ ° Sb. What we ao Kero foreina, eq.ualixed 2 with a neat block chteagteann ercplain Hoe operation of Linear Sy Om ekes: pte 5 Aros Deliniwon of Kero foveing 2g eeixed : we lenow ttre wie Channel filtee Cequilizet) Conmpleteley, e\Wwinetter Ter correct boy, channel. Sroce ik foveee the TsP to be xero at the sampling Hrwut tent, the agualiz&e i called QO Ro ~foreiing eg.ualixor , The output of the wrecelvi ng Fitter c given by CE) =F he PeY-eTL) = — Or be Ofesion oF Lintar TLoruverrad Anew: We lchenrt trot in eto Chanros, Hw Ist is \iwited +o a Avile nw bev oFCqnabized coup, lopaithn for TOP a dysement Eee cae iad Bg _suoe Eno Mrat iw weal channelt , the Ter i Vited toa tile no. of sample L scmyples. As a vetull , im practtee cfov excenmple jtre channel equalixte td approximated boy a finite duvation impulse weiporue CeER) 4ittee ev tomsveesal filter, Witte oljustoale tap coefficients Fen y —Pothe +rme chelay % loetweeo acljcent taps way be elected at tage aT, the syeatool interval i wohieh ecue fre FIR equalize xX called ed gpaced equratixer 7 Tm Wu cose the pal to “the eqeratixed & the geurpled sequence am loy ar pas + SF A %ro-n* Wry Me 60 n+ Howe woe role rat vohron S90 , frequencies Yo Whe received igual Anat ave cloow the foidi wont, ave atiated yt frequeuies belowDTo this cose the e|g.uatinet compensates for the atiased channel —distorted siquel . > wohon the tte etary, Z betnoeen the ard ecemt taps U euch that ; tpawed iio abiativg Occttyt | ponee tre a is Poverze channel eGiwrelixee Covmperuales dor the ree chroumel distortion > Sime XAT, Cuannel equalize ia cod te owe frcionally spaced taps, ond itu eatled @ fractionally spaced oqsealixes . 7 Dy prowtsee Z it often elected at A-L, @ wwe cose ythe gowpli yale athe eutpat of Hue Ate CHR tee cera ae Tv ie qa, Explain thre wroolel of a spread spectrum ge teil COmmunicals0n sicteno. Frnts The loasie elewanti ef a So De system are Wustvoted H9A@ Channel bs O creas Sagor” _ . erannel ~p [theme [redutatey f> rane [> sequenee — lencocker RRS gs ses Peenhosancden| Paterno Qeacrator FigO moclel of a spread spectrum Css) digiter Commumteatior COC) Ste <> The chemnel encoder omncl clecoales » Mroclullator f Aemoolutertor ave the base elewunE Oa Conventionct| De sue.Ey adidibon ,a 22 Sys ced two identical preodorvmdem sequence gen chao rs aw at the Ty enc and etheh at the Rx end. | Thue +wo generators produce a psendoramdom | bin valued Sequenee , pohieh U crech to Spread she tromumitted Sqnal at the wrodutater and te derpread the veeeived etgual at tne clewwoddulator, > Tse synch®omix ation of the Pry sequence nekeled tire Rx with “the PN aegumte Contained the RxfF ctowal x sreguired to preputy, erpread tne Reed oc eigual , 7 XH prachical oye gy nchronixctison u estalaliched {prior to the TY" oF vojor? >The synchveninction i achieved ly re) 0 fired PN bit wit patty , yolich i ctuti gvedl eo “tart Rx voll chetect IE vito Wnigts proloalciily iy “he Prt mmee ey wplery rence, —Y once He we synchvoninctson ef PN seq rrenre genvators ct Te YY end and Ry A end & aahieved, shen the Poor mortse~> & tronumitted . —> Tyne data mode we Comm. sys. testecttlyp, tals “tre Hinting of “tre incomming Red argued crocd beeps tre PN sequence gepercrtor in synchyoniem é pire beronte UU pprtrodiused bo Me ai gurctl sthwough He ehonvels. Trev of the Sf<> The imterfercmee may be categovred at eitheee vei wickkbond eR navrowloond relosve Yo re Bw of tee infor Leanny signal ettee continuous OF discontinuow C pulsed) fo ~Hre. ~~ &™) Ato, Explarm he greats and clumodiutetson oF clivect sequence spread spectrum aigoals watts necescary equaron ornd ‘lock: i cappracs, Ane: Chennel , * Binom ety! 2) YO) AOD Estimate Seq eenet,—? Oma >| $ alt p+ — decision} > of C4) Sey omn “el ee) Geneon ce? PN code| CY, Pseudo exit at cody, Threbotd Jone \ ptereronce: {9 eae fea saqoal ico —arm Now Fg Boaurehmd pees systero, >The Foput loinevy seatrence felt) B Whe ould atqnedl Fo N@X polak format fo vohteh Syerool 1 is vepresented by ti volt end ype © wy A volt, with ectth ott occupying a we of Ty Seconcls. Sctt) Ha wiodlebond code seq uenoee vwolieh Wow moive tike properties. Thu sequent, CLL), crlse called 2 preadi Seg wonwe be qenererfed by & Feedllocerk SLIPE regater > Like bC), cit) U alte expressed to NRX polar format so tthoet iy haw two levels. 44 volt omecl -1 ve lt. Qry ~ Dr U maportawtl te Kote flat , the cluvabron oo! | eack bit CTe) vo cle) te the period OF “He clock puke that & applied tor+ne feectbark @hipr | vegiater ted) for qereratang ect),~7 Normally, TeShT, oracd hence bit vate Re of the eft) & muh gfreatet nan pat bit rate Q, pale TE Often Re Bale called Chip rele mobile T raed ak chip Interval . ASE bet) ee PN signal b -Um dig Cb) Data sigoa| pet ect) + 4 a aoe rgc) product sigoal Sig Genaaten af a osss signal. | Gg Shouss the boasie wethod for Actonplishinep, | the sprecding > The muti plication Sprabion eekvU to Spread | Ae BWI of the information = loravinep, aqua (shore Bw & apprommately, RHA) Into the wide Gw Gcerptad lo, PN geourator signal el) Erohose Bro | & apprordmatelyy, Ye)7S ~ mr) ° __ a Got) cam) Fig@ conv olubsovs of power spectra of ly) edata signal ord eCp) Cepreaciing or PN @eq.uene ) This figure shouse cpectrim apreadling HOBO Go pat loinany eq uence bY) & nenowloond Amd PN Seqerence Ct) Ut voldleloomd ,+he Bi oF the gpettrun s¢z) neorly, eq.cecels that of ctf) — Theafore PN geq wenre PYyornu the gule of ar cocke. — ket ttre signal Ru ed at tre Rr axle). Then . -Unmy) ale) = st tic - - 2 - Fquray ‘ rstoh i€) —clemoles ory Foreference signal ee a Jowmwany siguerl edwned ct urupis vg Aue rojo? PB The fost step io the cletertion proces & t multipltp Hoe Re eignal ale) by a locally, genoratact PN sequence , wohith & Me exacr replica of that used at tthe Tx,ey Th multiplicaon U pejormed ley a proce modulator ehown at the receiver Chig@) wee) s[ scorer] - J. yee) = [DF = (bee) eG) FH] 09 OM = here) + 1-8 Equrr@) ince Cre) 2 1 for all & NCED = BCE) + ICO). CE) Ene Car) Fhut pom equecdon Wu) bu cleak that the speetrerm of ect) u clutpread , sretec ltt ng ro ¢pettrum of bt) Q.c. wwte aq note om low cetectabi tly aiqoetl Trommmission as an application a divert ceqcr0emcee spread spectrun. a — Totba application the Foforments on boeonin) agua w Tet4 at a very (ous power level walative te the low ound Channel noize ond thermal noize that B generated ty “the foroot end of a Ecelvee, Gm) —VTy the sss signal oceapi a BW volt ord PsO Op the additive nolse © No Wit then the av nvlse powess vy the Bw w U Pr=WNo, >the avg Ret signal powed atthe Potended Rx PR. ty) —> Tf we valsh te Vide tre presence of the signal Srp ototh vecetvers CRee*) walle one close te Fotencled Re, the gignal & Teed of © power. (tov) Level sada Ht Pon SS Aue — I»10.. With a neat block Hagrarn , explain the Freq uencep, hopped spread spectrum, Ans: prc ae Binowy h sper Pine a bee) __s, | MEEK pene Moctatatey Be Aci +5} signal _ fe4 - ra BP ConuBion tb biG Th) Ga ® En/viesK trorumitres > The frst stage of om FH(mesis tromemittes & he freq soneyp, medulator emd Second stage te Freg.cony, Me 2 The incoming binary, Sequemey, cypplied too seval - te porallel converter te get wlocks of k-loils — Bepenctiny on K- bit binary, pattern, onuy one Of Hoe BF Aisevete amiplitacle tevelt ap Mra PAM signal i& obtained, — em = Wu Moony PAM signal w applied te a voltage Convolled ae cillator Cv Co) —7hoy ever Onptitucte \eval to the m-any PAM ai he Veo pwctuett ane af tne ak Aesurcate es MEIC wave OM : me ce of the (APSE mrodulator Uthun mixed moith -the outpal™ ian Srequeny pine > The feeguemep, Syrttresi ne‘ output one Ye vakues , role ie equals no. of Wik a “the a Segue gerviotior autpet . y>a OA ruult, Fregaenny, hops oveh af diahnet valttes, > the BPE CBomd poss Filtes) parsed tne sur frequueney, for the tomumission and males sue Aifrwnce frog wens, cowrporent > Beck modular generally, Gives letters pedermaunce strom BFS. ~ Heweuee it ux Aifficetl to mainteim plroue erereneee wm the SaaS oy frenacraiied used gp ne hopping patiern amd alo mm te pepegoer of the aignal ove the Chonned ab “re squeal i“ hoped Joon me frequen, amotbe oth a wide BW. me) oR Eres agtral oceeepik wu larger Baxw ete Sdieal pie eal Jeonveiooe Received 7 fare pipes | _, Extimate of wT Ys ated pinoy data BO) squat a Gim) fig @© ENfrmese - Receiver > Fo Awe Hist stage, wind operation (dour - Copverrion ) senrowes re reg uuentyy hopping. >The wiret dopats ave the Teeetvedl signals and he outpat of O toccl freq.cemerp, cyothaind— atal & Ww soni nctie® pith that of Avarumittes athe outpat of wines iz poused through BPF velitch gelecth +h ifferear freq.wentep, component rom the miwek—> The outpat of Ate GPF wR the MEEK Siguetl , nolith & dew clutated usiiy voucoheyenf MESH Cletector, =m The noncolheveut MPs detector comiel Of % bork oF M mottebed filters coal of role is matetred +o ome ef the M22% MESK tons. “7 HO atimate of ine onginal sy | tronumitted & eltained toy celectiny, ~ne largest filter output, > Th on Fit eystem , an F tt tone ef hort durabion tH yeferded OL a chip. The chip rate , RC, fov an EH Sree i definet bY Re = man CR, Rd = Gin) wolere Ry-hop vale | Re ~ $yrnlodl vate . to lo, Explain re effect of depreacting a o Novveuo boomd tsterJekonte vn direct ceg were 2pvead Spectrum cysteou. A atvect Sec ences apread Speetruns st ol etigued to avo tre powel vetio Pe[Py at ttre potendecl weceiwe i to? Ty sre clusivect Ev/No © 10 for acceplcble performance, dekekuine -the minimum value of proceso ncaa Ars! Received aignal n(t) 2 A.VLE) elt) cos aM fet + ICR oo Dapreacking nit) clO = Pculedcot 2M fet + iu) ct) The total pews, to Pte ol wg sigoal ot the outpat ef chomod a °Ffewtag) = P8/crohre) * Pt/te -. Poste is vecleced! boy. an amount te le called procetevig gem — €2e Eb _ Peto = PaleTe = (PR te. Naa Ne ea oe Cate = BE ‘© Gm » We Worte => Le = 1000 tO. C. worste a note on code division multiple acess cu a0 Applic on oy divect ceg.uence spread spectrum, Pras the enhancement io PYefov momee abtamed throug! proces ing gave can emedlale meng, DS- Ss sigualt 4 oceeepypy the ecame channel bomdwi dito proviclecl ead sigial hat 1% ewe PN sequen. Thur U called coma. - (@iny In demodulation , tne eiqnals fom olntz Simuttomeats sed Of ttre channel appear as Voterte renee — @im a major advant i lange numb of Uses com be actomoctated if each ue tronumib musage for a short perool of we, -@m)