HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

PROJECT REPORT

ELECTRONICS 2
TOPIC: AUTOMATIC BATTERY CHARGER

Instructor: Dr. Nguyen Canh Quang

GROUP 1

Vu Duc Trung 20195821

Vu Huy Binh 20195761
Vu Anh Huy 20195784
Le Doan Hai Anh 20195758

Hanoi, 07/2023
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents
List of Figures
Abstract
Chapter 1: Introduction
1. Overview
1.1. Introduction to the topic
1.2. Battery Charger
1.3. SCR operating modes and Application
2. Market Research
3. Electrical Characteristics
Chapter 2: Methodology
1. Type of methodology
2. Our Methodology
Chapter 3: System Design
1. Block Diagram
2. Circuit Diagram
2.1. Transformer
2.2. SCR
3. Working Explanation
Chapter 4: Calculation
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation
References

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Battery Charger – LiFePO4, Li-ion, Ni-MH, Ni-C ……………………………………7
Figure 2. Enecharger Battery Charger 4x AA/AAA/C/D ………………………………………..7
Figure 3. Panasonic AA/AAA Charger With 4 Eneloop AA Batteries ………………………….7
Figure 4. Fast Battery Charger AA/AAA ………………………………………………………..8
Figure 5. Methodology ………………………………………………………...………………...9
Figure 6. Block Diagram ……………………………………………………………………….10
Figure 7. Circuit diagram ……………………………………………………………………….10
Figure 8. Current to SCR1 Gate ………………………………………………………………..13
Figure 9. Uncharged Current …………………………………………………………………...13
Figure 10. Complete diagram…………………………………………………………………….14
Figure 11. First mesh……………………………………………………………………………..14

Figure 12. 3 meshes………………………………………………………………………………15

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 ABSTRACT
Battery chargers are essential devices that play a crucial role in powering various
portable electronic devices. With the increasing dependence on technology, the demand
for efficient and reliable battery chargers has grown significantly. This abstract provides
an overview of battery chargers, their working principles, and the advancements in
charging technology.
Battery chargers are devices designed to recharge the batteries of electronic devices
such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, and cameras, ... They convert alternating current
(AC) from a power outlet into direct current (DC) to charge the batteries. The charging
process involves several stages, including bulk charging, absorption charging, and float
charging, which vary depending on the battery type and charger design. In recent years,
advancements in battery charger technology have led to the development of smarter and
more efficient chargers. Smart chargers utilize microprocessors and advanced algorithms
to monitor and control the charging process. They can detect the battery type, condition,
and charge level, allowing for optimized charging cycles and preventing overcharging or
undercharging.
A circuit for battery charging includes an SCR that is periodically gated on for a
duration corresponding to the state of charge of the battery, being gated on for a duration
corresponding to the state of charge on the battery being the gated for only a short interval
when the battery is essentially fully charged to keep it charged. The conduction angle is
determined from the open circuited battery potential and the previous charging history of
the battery obtained from potential sensing circuits. A pedestal and cosine modified ramp
circuit triggers the SCR's through capacitors with a resistor inter coupling the SCR gate
and cathode electrodes. Circuitry prevents the unipolar junction transistor in the latter
circuit from remaining latched on. A potential circuit for determining the rate of charge
includes a resistor connected to the output terminal that is bypassed when the average
value of the signal connected on the collector of the transistor having the base connected
to the output terminal has a predetermined value. Diodes inter-couple the SC R's and the
emitter of the latter transistor for providing operating potential to the circuits and the
starting charging current to the output terminal when a connected battery is fully
discharged.
Furthermore, fast charging technology has emerged as a significant trend in battery
chargers. Fast chargers are capable of delivering higher current levels to recharge
batteries at a much faster rate than traditional chargers. This technology is particularly
beneficial for users who require quick battery top-ups, reducing downtime and improving
productivity. Another notable innovation in battery charger technology is the integration
of wireless charging capabilities. Wireless chargers use induction or resonant technology
to transfer power to compatible devices without the need for physical connections.
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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1. Overview
1.1. Introduction to the topic
The battery is charged with a small amount of AC voltage or DC voltage. The AC
source is given to the step down transformer which converts the large AC source into a
limited AC source, filters the AC voltage and removes the noise and gives that voltage to
the SCR where it rectifies the AC and gives the resulting voltage to the battery for
charging.
1.2. Battery charger
A battery charger is a device used to put energy into a secondary cell or
(rechargeable) battery by forcing an electric current through it. The charge current
depends upon the technology and capacity of the battery being charged.
The battery charger consists of a separate boost charger and separate float charger.
The boost charger is of silicon diode type and float is of thyristor type. The booster
charger is meant to boost the battery .When it is first commissioned, when the battery is
discharged completely. Float Charger is meant for feeding regulated 220v DC supply to
DC loads like breakers, coils, memory circuits, emergency lights, pump sets Etc.
Operating on DC voltage and also to trickle charge the 220v battery both boost and Float
charger work on 3-phase, 415v, 50 Hz, 4-wire AC input supply
1.3. SCR operating modes and Application
To turn on the SCR the small amount of voltage or voltage equal to break over
voltage is required to the gate which will trigger the SCR and when the SCR is turned on,
it will have very low resistance and allow the power to conduct and also increase the
anode current. Even if we remove the gate voltage also it will be in conduction. The only
way to make the SCR turn off is to make the voltage to zero or make the current less than
the handling current between the anode and cathode.
There are two ways to turn on the SCR. The first way is to turn on by opening the
gate and compensating the power supply to the break over voltage. And the second way is
to supply the voltage to operate the SCR with less than break over voltage and apply the
small amount of about 1.5V applied to the gate which will trigger the SCR.
When the SCR is turned off it will have high resistance and restrict the current to the
leakage current. To turn off the SCR from one state also has only one way. Normally
people think that if we stop the gate current the SCR will turn off, but it will not this state

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is called “loss of control”, the only way to turn off the SCR is reducing the supply voltage
to zero.
SCR as Switch: SCR can be used as switch, because SCR has two states ON and
OFF states. We know that to turn on the SCR we need to increase the supply voltage
equal to break over voltage or by giving the small voltage to the gate for triggering, by
this we can turn on the SCR; we can turn off the SCR by decreasing the current to less
than holding current, or we have another method called force communication in this we
discharge a capacitor in parallel with SCR to make it turn off; by this we can use SCR as
typical SWITCH. There are a lot of advantages using SCR as a switch, like
- Switching speed of SCR is very high, like switching operation per second.
- It allows huge current up to 100 m through the load just by triggering the gate with
very low voltage to turn it on.
- Small in size and has low noise which gives high efficiency and reliability.
SCR can be used in half wave rectifiers, full wave rectifiers, inverter circuits, power
control circuits, static contactor, over light detector, speed control circuit, crowbar circuit,
automobile ignition circuits, etc.
2. Market Research
Different Types of Battery Chargers
As technology has advanced, so too have the various types of battery chargers. Here
is a look at some of the different types of battery chargers on the market:

Figure 1. Battery Charger – LiFePO4, Li-ion, Ni-MH, Ni-Cd

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 Figure 2. Enecharger Battery Charger 4x AA/AAA/C/D

Figure 3. Panasonic AA/AAA Charger With 4 Eneloop AA Batteries

Figure 4. Fast Battery Charger AA/AAA

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3. Electrical Characteristics
Table 1. Electrical Characteristics

Parameter Symbol Value Units

𝑉𝑖
Input voltage (AC) 220 – 240V V

Frequency 𝑓 50 – 60 Hz

𝑉𝑜
Output voltage (DC) 32 V

𝑙𝑖
Output current (DC) 0.25 mA

𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
Deliver Power 8 W

Battery 7.5 Ah

𝑡𝑐
Charging time 8-10 Hours

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 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY

1. Type of methodology
1.1. Classified according to research function
- Descriptive research.
- Explanatory research.
- Solution research.
- Forecasting research.
1.2. Classified according to the stages of the study
- Fundamental research.
- Applied research.
- Technological Experimental research.

2. Our methodology

Figure 5. Methodology

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 CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM DESIGN

1. Block diagram

Figure 6. Block Diagram

This whole circuit consists of a 220V AC source, which will require a transformer
to break the Voltage down to 15V, and a combination of 4 diodes to transform it to DC so
that the battery can make use of it.
The SCR is for the automatic stopping function whenever the battery is full.

2. Circuit diagram

Figure 7. Circuit diagram

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 This circuit consist of :
- 220V/50hz AC source
- 1 transformer 15V-3A
- 1 combination of 4 diodes
- 2 SCR to control how this circuit will stop the charging of battery
- 1 conductor to filter the current
- Some LEDs to indicate some important timelines of the charging process
- Many resistor to protect the diodes
- 1 12V battery
There are many methods to make a charging circuit for a battery. But if the
requirement is using direct voltage from the plug, we have to use a transformer.
2.1. Transformer
Most important transformer has 2 parameters: how much voltage and current
capacity. For this circuit purpose we will use a 15V 3A transformer. The transformer has
primary and secondary coils. The primary side is to supply 220VAC (mains power, i.e.
taken from the household's electrical outlet), and the secondary side is often left out. The
primary side: Connects to the 220VAC source by wire-electricity. -with a plug (for power
supply, of course), here it should be noted that the second side (small voltage) touching it
will not die (unless there is a power leak), but the 220VAC secondary side - touching it
will die short, so after wiring we need to insulate the terminals to ensure safety.
2.2. SCR
The term SCR stands for silicon controlled rectifier which is one of the most important
members of the thyristor family. It is more popular than the other Thyristors like TRIAC,
SCS, DIAC, etc. that some people even use the words Thyristor and SCR
interchangeably. So next time when someone says just “Thyristor” in general, then they
are referring to the SCR.
SCRs are constructed from silicon and are most commonly used for converting AC
current to DC current (rectification), hence the name Silicon controlled rectifier. They are
also used in other applications such as regulation of power, inversion, etc. The SCRs have
an ability to handle high values of current and voltage hence they are used in most of the
industrial applications.
The SCR has three main terminals: the anode (A), the cathode (K), and the gate (G).
It also has a fourth terminal called the gate-cathode junction (G-K).

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 In its normal state, the SCR acts as an open circuit, preventing current flow between
the anode and the cathode. However, when a positive pulse is applied to the gate terminal
with respect to the cathode, it triggers the SCR into conduction.
Once triggered, the SCR "latches" into a conducting state even if the gate signal is
removed. It remains conducting until the current flowing through it drops below a
threshold called the holding current or until the anode-cathode voltage drops to zero.
To turn off an SCR that is conducting, the anode-cathode current must be reduced
below the holding current or the anode-cathode voltage must be reduced to zero. This
process is known as commutation.
SCRs are often used in applications such as motor control, power regulation, and
AC power switching, where they can handle high currents and voltages.
It's important to note that the detailed operation and characteristics of an SCR can be
more complex, involving concepts such as forward and reverse blocking regions, voltage
and current ratings, and different modes of triggering. However, the basic principle
described above provides a general understanding of how an SCR works.

3. Working Explanation
First of all, the source is at a very high voltage, with approximately 220V AC,
which is taken directly from the electric mesh. If we use this voltage to directly charge the
battery, it will break the battery completely. That is where the transformer comes into the
play. With modern transformers, it can effectively transform the 220V AC into the 15V
AC, which is perfect for our battery health.
The problem is, it is still AC, and the battery requires DC to work with, that is why
we need a system of 4 diodes to effectively transform the AC source into DC source.
The AC supply is converted to 15V DC with the help of a transformer and bridge
rectifier and the Green LED is turned on. The DC output is a pulsating DC as there is no
filter after the rectifier. The R1 and the green LED is to indicate that the source is
connected, and the battery is charging.
Let get through some theory quickly, the SCR will not let the current go through it if
it does not receive Gate voltage, not until the current flow through the R2 and D5, and
into the SCR1:

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 Figure 8. Current to SCR1 Gate
Now, the SCR1 is activated and lets the current flow into the battery, and starts
charging it.
When the charge on the battery is almost full, it opposes the flow of current and the
current starts to flow via R5.
Now the current is filtered with C1 and when the potential reaches 6.8V, Zener ZD1
starts conducting and supplies enough Gate voltage to SCR2 to turn it on and Red led will
be turned on to indicate that the battery is fully charged.
When SCR is turned on all of this mesh will become short circuit and no current flow
in to Gate of SCR1:

Figure 9. Uncharged Current

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 CHAPTER 4: CALCULATION

Figure 10. Complete diagram

The R1 is to protect the RED LED, and this LED can only take 20mA at maximum
so R1 should be at least: R1min = 15V/20mA = 750 ohm. So we choose R1 = 1K Ohm.
Next, we should calculate R2.
For the SCR, we choose the TYN 612 with the spec:
- Irms = 12A
- Igt = 0.2 mA -> 15mA
- Vgt max = 1.5V

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 Figure 11. First Mesh
We have a function: I*R2 + 0.7 = 15 where 0.2mA < I < 15mA
so 953 < R2 < 71500 => We choose R2 = 1k ohm.
We choose The battery to be the Rita 12V9A with the Standby Use Voltage of 13.7
to 13.9V.
When the battery is full, the capacitor becomes open circuit cause the source is now
become the battery which supplies a voltage of 13.7V.

Figure 12. 3 meshes

First let’s calculate R5 and R6.
As we are using RC firing delay, in theory 1ms <= T <= 10ms and 0.01 uF <= C <=
uF. Then we choose C = 1uF We also have an equation: T = (R5 + R6)*C
=> 1ms = (R5 + R6min)*C and R6min = 0 => R5 = 1000 ohm.
10ms = (R5 +vR6max)*C => R6 max = 19000 ohm. We choose R6 = 20000 ohm.
As we only have one capacitor, the minimum delay angle will be 1 * 36° = 36°
And the maximum delay angle will be 10*36° = 360°
When the zener is activated, its voltage become 6.8V
For 3 loops, we have these equation:
- I1*(R5 + R6) - I2*R6 = Vbattery
- I2*(R6 + R4) - I3*R4 + 0.7 = -V zener
- I3*R4 - I2*R4 + 0.7 = Vgt max
Then:

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 - 21k*I1 - 20k*I2 = 13.7
- 20K*I2 + I2*R4 - Igt*R4 = -6.8 - 0.7 = -7.5
- Igt*R4 - I2*R4 = Vgt max - 0.7
So R4 = (7.5 + 20k*I2)/(Igt - I2) = (Vgtmax - 0.7)/(Igt - I2)
Then 7.5 + 20k*I2 = Vgtmax - 0.7 and R4 = (7.5 + 20k*I2)/(Igt - I2)
For our spec of TYN 612, Vgtmax = 1.5V and Igt = 0.2mA to 15mA
so I2 = -(7.5 - 1.5 + 0.7) / (20k) = - 0.335 mA
I1 = 0.333 mA
and 52 <= R4 <= 1496.33 . So we choose R4 = 1k ohm
Conclusion:
● R1 = 1000 ohm.
● R2 = 1000 ohm.
● R5 = 1000 ohm.
● R6 = 20000 ohm.
● R4 = 1000 ohm.
● C = 1uF

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 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

In conclusion, the battery charger report project highlighted the importance of

understanding the charging process and its impact on battery life. Through the analysis of
different charging methods, it was evident that slow and controlled charging resulted in
longer battery lifespan compared to fast charging methods. Additionally, the project
revealed the significance of using the correct charging voltage and current to prevent
damage to batteries.
Based on the findings of the project, it is recommended to design and develop
battery chargers that incorporate slow and controlled charging methods. This approach
will not only extend the battery lifespan but also ensure the safety of the charging process.
Furthermore, it is crucial to educate consumers and raise awareness about the negative
effects of fast charging on battery health.
Manufacturers should consider incorporating intelligent charging algorithms in their
battery chargers to optimize the charging process and prevent overcharging. This can be
achieved by implementing features such as automatic cut-off when the battery reaches its
maximum capacity or monitoring the battery's temperature during the charging process.
It is essential for consumers to be provided with clear instructions and guidelines on
proper battery charging and maintenance. This will help prevent common mistakes, such
as using incompatible chargers or over the batteries.
Overall, the battery charger report project emphasized the need for a more careful
and informed approach to battery charging. By adopting slow and controlled charging
methods and promoting consumer education, we can ensure the longevity and optimal
performance of batteries in various applications.

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