ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVE FLOOD CONTROL FOR MINANGA

RIVER IN CASIGURAN, AURORA

AURORA STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING

2023
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project work entitled “ANALYSIS

OF EFFECTIVE FLOOD CONTROL FOR MINANGA RIVER IN CASIGURAN,
AURORA” submitted to the AURORA STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY,
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING, is a record of an original work
done by us under the guidance of ENGR. JHUN JACINTO, CE
PROJECT 1 instructor at Aurora State College of Technology,
and this project report is submitted in the partial
fulfilment of the requirements for CE PROJECT 1 of the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Major in
Construction Engineering and Management. The results
embodied in this project report have not been submitted to
any University of State Colleges for the award of any degree
or diploma. This thesis does not contain words or ideas
taken from published sources or written works, except where
proper referencing and acknowledgement were made.
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis, ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVE FLOOD CONTROL FOR MINANGA

RIVER IN CASIGURAN, AURORA prepared and submitted by DONNA
FE BAYLON, ALVIN CONCEPCION, MARY JANE CURITANA, RONA MAE
GABOGEN and ZIMRAN PAUL LAZARO in partial fulfilment for the
requirements for the degree, BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING MAJOR IN CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
has been examined and recommended for approval.

ENGR. JEREMI LOPEZ

Adviser

Date signed(month-date-year)

DEDICATION
 This work is the result of very difficult sacrifices. This

work is sincerely and proudly dedicated to the people who serve

as an inspiration by the researchers. From parents and guardians

to classmates and friends who offered assistance when there were

difficulties with the work.

To their adviser and instructor of Engineering Department at

Aurora State College of Technology. Above all, we give thanks to

God Almighty, who has abundantly blessed us in every aspect of

our existence, especially for giving us the stamina, fortitude,

courage, wisdom, time and direction to complete this complete

this project.

Acknowledgement
 First and foremost, praise and gratitude are due to God, the

Almighty, for his numerous favors that enabled the research to be

successfully completed.

The researchers want to thank their research adviser and

instructor, from the bottom of their hearts, Engr. Jeremi Lopez

and Engr. Jhun Jacinto, for providing them with the chance to do

study and for offering priceless direction, counsel and

corrections throughout the project. Working with and learning

from them was a great honor and privilege.

The researchers are also very appreciative to their parents,

friends and classmates for their support throughout this research

project and for their love, prayers and compassion.

Again, thank you very much!

The Researcher
 CHAPTER 1

The Problem and Its Setting

Background of the Study

Worldwide flooding is the most common and a dangerous

natural disaster. The social effects of flood disasters are

influenced by the economy of the affected nation before the

event. The impact is greater the larger the calamity and smaller

the economy. This can be seen very clearly in developing nations

like the Philippines, where already fragile economies suffer

greatly as a result of catastrophic flooding. Tropical Storm

Ondoy in 2009 brought torrential rains that caused catastrophic

floods in the Northern islands of the Philippines, causing

unimaginable damage, particularly in Metro Manila. This prompted

the Philippine government to review its decade-old flood

management plans. A nation (or a town) may benefit from

deliberate effort from reducing flood damage while also

protecting the environment to effectively utilize limited

resources for flood mitigation. Despite this, many governments

lack an adequate institutionalized system for applying reliable

and cost-effective technologies for disaster prevention, early

warnings and mitigation. This is primarily because there aren’t

any reliable and systematic flood management assessment

strategies. In Metro Manila, crucial decision-making factors

including stakeholder perception and environmental preservation

and frequently ignored creating sustainable flood mitigation

strategies (Romeo Libunao 2013).

Floods are thought to be the most harmful of all naturally

occurring disasters on a global scale. This is demonstrated by

documented flood losses that surpass one-third of the anticipated

total cost of all catastrophic occurrences brought on by natural

hazards. In addition, two thirds of the world's population is

affected by flood events (UNDP, 2004). Initiatives like the

International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction have

acknowledged the urgency of reducing such flood losses and are as

a result pushing for increased focus on integrated flood risk

management as a crucial component of sustainable development. In

this regard, the ISDR says that countries and communities who

have successfully decreased their flood losses have done so by

skillfully balancing the importance of other positive

socioeconomic objectives with the possible repercussions of flood

risk. According to reports, these nations also uphold the ideals

of self-reliance and self-help and implement both conventional

methods of mitigation and cutting-edge technologies. They also

reportedly make informed management decisions based on reliable

information.

Flood control structures are designed to protect coastal and

riverbank, including urban and agricultural communities, homes,

and other economically valuable areas, and the people located

within them. Moreover, flood control is the process of minimizing

the effects that flooding has on towns, villages, and other

communities which can be approached through hard and soft

engineering. Flood controls are used to divert flows of water, by

re-directing rivers, slowing natural changes in embankments and

coastlines, or preventing inundation of vulnerable coastlines or

floodplains. Dikes, spurs, levees, and seawalls often act as the

first line of defense against overflowing rivers, floods, storm

surges, and—in the longer term—rising seas. By keeping water out,

flood control structures lessen harm to physical infrastructure

and help to ensure the continuation of communities’ economic and

social activity.

More so, the flood control program changed boundaries by

redefining the government's political responsibility to support

landowners while giving the idea that it was merely securing some

morally prior landowner's right to property that is ready for

beneficial use (O’Neill, Karen M., 2006). Also, it is crucial to

analyze the historical and paleoflood records to offer flood

control that is appropriate for the location.

Additionally, according to the partial observations in the

Minanga River, one of the factors that contribute to flooding in

the area is continues rainfall and the incomplete flood slope

protection that is connected to Minanga River. According to the

residents who experience the flood, it prevents light vehicles to

pass through given that it is the only way going to the town.

Furthermore, this study aims to analyze flood control that

is suitable for Minanga River without destructing natural

resources and sediments in the area. This may help residents of

Casiguran, Aurora not to experience floods preventing them to

pass through the road going to town.

Statement of the Problem

The statement of the problem is covered in this section

wherein the purpose of this study is to identify the causes of

floods and workable flood control measures for the Minanga River.

Specially, it seeks to answers to the following questions:

1. What are the design considerations for flood control system?

2. What are the causes of flood in Minanga?

3. What flood control method is best for the Minanga River?

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVE FLOOD
CONTROL FOR THE MINANGA RIVER IN
CASIGURAN, AURORA

INPUT PPROCESS OUTPUT

Analysis of Survey through Effective flood

Minanga River interview to control for
MDRRMC of Minanga River
Causes of Flood Casiguran
Severity of Flood Actual site
Rainfall data investigation

Topographic data Interview to

DPWH about the
design
considerations
for flood control

PAGASA
interview about
rainfall data

Scope and Limitations

 This section discusses the scope and limitation of the study

whereas the goal of this study is to determine the best flood

prevention method for the Minanga River in Casiguran, Aurora.

Based on a few considerations and elements, studies from 2012 up

to the present will be utilized to analyze the effectiveness of

flood management. To build an effective flood control system for

the Minaga River in Casiguran, Aurora, the study will concentrate

on analyzing the elements that contribute to flooding and design

considerations. The researchers will carry out an on-site

examination, collect data through interviews with the MDRRMC of

Minanga, Casiguran, Aurora as to what are the causes of flood in

the area, and the PAG-ASA for rainfall data to develop an

efficient flood control for the Minanga River. The researchers

will also consult with DPWH to learn more about their design

considerations for flood protection in various locations.

Furthermore, no software will be used in this study to design the

flood control, as well as no structural details for the flood

control, such as the number of bars, slope height, dimensions, or

other particulars, will be specified. However, the research will

analyze the most practical kind of flood management for the area.

It will also demonstrate how unique location-specific flood

control design effectiveness is influenced by aspects like flood

cause and design consideration. Thus, the study will just compare

4 types of flood control for Minanga River in terms of its cost,

design, and feasibility.

Significance of the Study
The significance of the study is discussed in this section since

it aims to ensure that residents of Casiguran, Aurora, do not

encounter any trouble when there is flooding on the road due to

heavy rain. This study was conducted to benefits the following:

Researchers. This study expanded the understanding of the factors

that contribute to flood control as well as the design factors
that should be considered. The researchers were able to gain a
deeper grasp of flood control and its architecture as a result.

Future researchers. The ideas offered may be used as reference

data when performing new research or evaluating the reliability
of earlier findings in the same field. This study will also act
as a cross-reference for them, providing a background information
or an overview of the study of effective flood control

Government. The benefits of this study to the government are to

determine what is the most suitable slope protection to be used
for different types of rivers that are flooded in different
locations and to know the factor causing flood in specific area.

Community. This study will be beneficial to the community of

Casiguran, Aurora to be reminders to them what are the different
factors that cause flooding in their area and to know how to
lessen the flashflood. This study can be an instrument to conduct
a project in Minanga river and solve the problem of flooding in
the area.

Definition of Terms
1. Floodplain - A region of land near to a river or stream that
is typically flat is called a floodplain. It extends from
the river’s banks to the valley’s outer reaches.

2. High Magnitude Flood - A flood that lasts longer has a

greater flood magnitude. Moreover, floods greater magnitudes
will be seen at higher peak discharges. Although the
magnitude value compares the flood volume to the flood of
record, volumes will be larger from larger watersheds (other
things being equal). River and watershed size have no
bearing on the magnitude number.

3. Flood Mitigation - Flood mitigation lowers the probability

of a structure to sustain damage from flooding and lessens
the impact of any such damage. Planning and zoning, managing
floodplains, discouraging development in areas at high risk
of flooding, and offering outreach and education are a few
examples of mitigation measures that a community might
implement. Purchasing flood insurance, raising buildings, or
moving entirely outside of the floodplain are a few examples
of mitigation strategies that homeowners can use.

4. International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction

(ISDRR/ISDR) - A global framework known as the International
Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) was established in
the UN for the promotion of measures to lessen social
vulnerability and risks associated with environmental and
technological disasters as well as natural disasters. Its
main goal is to facilitate governments and communities
working together across agencies. Incorporating risk
management into development in areas vulnerable to disasters
policies, programs, and initiatives. The long-term objective
is to assist localities in developing into disaster-
resistant, saving lives, and protecting social, economic,
and environmental assets.

5. Flood Control/Flood Control Structures - All techniques used

to lessen or stop the negative effects of flood waters are
referred to as flood control. Installation of rock berms,
rock ripraps, and sandbags, maintaining normal slopes with
vegetation or applying soil cement on steeper slopes, and
 construction or expansion of drainage channels are some of
the common flood control techniques. Levees, dikes, dams,
and retention or detention basins are additional techniques.

6. Paleoflood - Paleoflooding is a phenomenon that can be seen

in the geologic record at different spatial and temporal
scales. Large-scale freshwater outbursts caused by glacial
ice melt or freshwater bodies being breached by high sea
levels were the two main causes of this phenomenon.

7. Flood - A flood is when there is an excessive amount of

water, and it covers normally dry land. The science of
hydrology includes studying floods. They are the most
frequent and pervasive type of severe weather in nature.
Flooding can cover anything from a few inches of water to
several feet, floods can have a wide variety of appearances.
They may also start out slowly and then pick up speed. 

8. Natural Disaster - When a natural agent (such as a flood,

mudslide, earthquake, avalanche, or drought) manifests
itself with unusual intensity and the usual precautions to
prevent this damage is either ineffective or impractical, a
natural disaster has occurred.

9. Effective Flood Control – An effective flood control must be

designed in accordance with what is needed in a certain
area. Effective flood risk management is collaborative,
future-facing and considers local needs. Resilient
communities prioritize and invest in natural resources,
engineered solutions and insurance to withstand and recover
from flood.

10. Climate Change - Long-term changes in temperature and

weather patterns are referred to as climate change. These
changes could be caused by natural processes, like
variations in the solar cycle. But since the 1800s, human
activities—primarily the burning of fossil fuels like coal,
oil, and gas—have been the primary cause of climate change.
Climate change influences the water that circulates around
the planet or our water cycle. In general, wet areas are
becoming wetter, and dry areas are becoming drier. Intense
downpours are also occurring more frequently, which
increases the likelihood of flooding.