‫االنبياء (اآلية ‪)30‬‬

TURBINES
• Turbines are defined as the hydraulic
machines which convert hydraulic energy
into mechanical energy.
• This mechanical energy is used in running
an electric generator which is directly
coupled to the shaft of the turbine.
• Thus the mechanical energy is converted
into electrical energy
 TURBINES
• Advantage of the hydraulic power:
1-No environmental pollution
2-Renewable
3- Nearly has no runing cost
Disadvantage of the hydraulic power:
1- Has a high initial cost
 CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES
The hydraulic turbines classified are
1- According to head and quantity of water available:
a) Impulse turbines …. required high head and small quantity of flow.

b) Reaction turbines….required low head and high rate of flow.

2- According to the name of the originator:
(i) Pelton turbine name after Lester Allen pelton of California (U.S.A)
(ii) Francis turbine name after James Bichens Francis, required medium head and medium rate of
flow
(iii) Kaplan turbine name after Dr.Victor Kaplan., required low head and high rate of flow
3- According to the Direction of flow of water in the runner
Depending upon the direction of flow through the runner, following types of turbines are there
a) Tangential flow turbines
b) Radial flow turbines
c) Axial flow turbines
d) Mixed flow turbines
a) Tangential flow turbines
When the flow is tangential to the wheel circle, it is a tangential flow turbine. A Pelton turbine
is a Tangential flow turbine.
b) Radial flow turbines
In a radial flow, the path of the flow of water remains in the radial direction and in a plane
normal to the runner shaft. No pure radial flow turbine is in use these days.
c) Axial flow turbines
When the path of flow water remains parallel to the axis of the shaft, it is an axial flow turbine.
The Kaplan turbine is axial flow turbine
d) Mixed flow turbines : When there is gradual change of flow from radial to axial in the
runner, the flow is called mixed flow. The Francis turbine is a mixed flow turbine.
 CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES
The hydraulic turbines classified are
• According to the disposition of the turbine shaft
Usually, Pelton turbines are setup with horizontal shafts,
whereas other types have vertical shafts.
• According to specific speed of turbines
Specific speed of a turbine is defined as the speed of a
geometrically similar turbine which produces a unit power
when working under a unit head.
The specific speed of Pelton turbine ranges between 8-30,
Francis turbines have specific speed between 50-250,
Specific speed of Kaplan lies between 250-850.
 specific speed
• It is defined as the speed of a turbine which is identical in shape, geometrical dimensions,
blades angles, gate opening etc., with the actual turbine but of such a size it will develop
unit power when working under unit head. It is denoted by the symbol Ns

• The specific speed is used in comparing the different types of turbines as every type of
turbine has different specific speed.

N P
Ns =
H 5/4
Where N= Speed of actual turbine
P = Power developed
H = head under which the turbine is working
 Significance of specific speed
• Specific speed plays an important role for selecting the type of the

turbine. Also, the performance of a turbine can be predicted by

knowing the specific speed of the turbine.

• The type of turbine for different specific speed is given in Table :

S.No Specific speed Types of turbine

. (M.K.S.) (S.I.)

1. 10 to 35 8.5 to 30 Pelt on wheel with single jet

2. 35 to 60 30 to 51 Pelton wheel with two or more jet

3. 60 to 300 51 to 225 Francis turbine

4. 300 to 1000 225 to 860 Kaplan or propeller turbine

 Turbine application

Head (pressure)
Turbine High Medium Low
(150m +) (<40 m)
Impulse
Pelton

Reaction - Francis Propeller

Pump Darius
19
 General Layout of a Hydraulic Power Plant

➢A dam constructed across a river to store water

➢Pipes of large diameters called penstocks

➢Turbines having different types vanes fitted to the wheel

➢Tail race, which is a channel which carries water away from the water
 DEFINITIONS OF HEADS
• Gross Head:
The difference between the head race level and tail race level
when no water is flowing is known as Gross head.
It is denoted by Hg
• Net Head :
It is also called effective head and is defined as
the head available at the inlet of the turbine.
It is denoted by H
Net Head H = Hg – hf
Where
Hg = Gross head
hf = Head loss due to friction

. 2
f .LV
hf =
d  2g
 IMPULSE TURBINE

• If at the inlet of the turbine, the energy available is

only kinetic energy, the turbine is known impulse
turbine

Example:
Pelton wheel turbine
 REACTION TURBINE

If at the inlet of the turbine,

the water possesses kinetic energy as well as
pressure energy, the turbine is known as
reaction turbine.
Example:
Francis turbine,
Kaplan turbine
 RADIAL FLOW TURBINE
If the water flow in the radial direction through the
runner, the turbine is called radial flow turbine
INWARD RADIAL FLOW TURBINE :
If the water flows from outward to inward,
radially the turbine is known as inward radial flow turbine.
OUTWARD RADIAL FLOW TURBINE :
If the water flow radially from inward to
outwards, the turbine is known as outward radial flow
turbine.
AXIAL FLOW TURBINE :
If the water flow through the runner along the
direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the runner, the
turbine is called axial flow turbine.
MIXED FLOW TURBINE:
If the water flows through the runner in the radial
direction but leaves in the direction parallel to axis of
rotation of the runner, the turbine is called mixed flow
turbine.
TANGENTIAL FLOW TURBINE :
If the water flows along the tangent of the runner,
the turbine is known as tangential flow turbine.
Reaction (Static pressure changes)
Converts both Flow & Kinetic energy
Axial flow or propeller turbine

Radial or (Francis turbine)

Impulse: (Static pressure unchanged)

Converts only Kinetic energy

Tangential flow on buckets (Pelton)

 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IMPULSE AND
REACTION TURBINES

Sl: Impulse turbine Reaction turbine

No:

All the potential energy is converted Only a portion of the fluid energy is
1. into kinetic energy by nozzle before transferred into kinetic energy before the
entering to turbine runner. fluid enters the turbine

2. Flow regulations is possible without Flow regulation is possible with loss

loss
Unit is kept entirely submerged in water
Unit is installed above the tailrace below tailrace
3.
4. Blades are only in action when they Blades are in action at all the time
are in front of nozzle.
 IMPULSE TURBINE

If at the inlet of the turbine, the energy available is only

kinetic energy, the turbine is known impulse turbine.
Tangential flow turbine
In tangential flow turbine, water flows along the tangent to the
path of the runner.
Example:
Pelton wheel turbine
Work Done by the Pelton Wheel:

W1

W2

let θ be the angle through which the jet is deflected by

the bucket. β2 is the runner tip angle = 180 - θ.
21
Velocity triangle :

V1=Vu1

W2 V2
W

Vu1=V1

Vu2

W= relative velocity
U= peripheral velocity
V= absolute velocity
Vu=whirl velocity , Vf= flow velocity
at inlet :

V j = u +W →W =V j − u =V u − u =W 1
at outlet :

W 1 = kW
V u 1 = u 1 −W 1 cos 
V u 1 = u 1 − kW cos 
V u 1 = u 1 − k (V − u ) cos 
Bucket Power:
Power=Force x velocity
Force= rate of change of momentum
F = m (V in −V out )
F = m (V u −V u 1 )
F = Q (V − (u − (k (V − u ) cos  ))
F = Q ((V − u ) + k (V − u ) cos  )
Power = F  u = Q ((V − u ) + k (V − u ) cos  )  u
Power = Q (V − u )(1 + k cos  )  u
Q
QH = (V − u )(1 + k cos  )  u
g
(V − u )(1 + k cos  )  u
H =
g
 Bucket power
h =
 QH j
Q
(V − u )(1 + k cos  )  u
g
h =
 QH j
 Q (V − u )(1 + k cos  )  u
h = 2
V
 gQ j

2g
2(V − u )(1 + k cos  )  u
h = 2
Vj
 2(V − u )(1 + k cos  )  u
h =
V j2
Max . power
power
=0
u
  Qu (V − u )(1 + k cos  )
[ ]=0
u g
 QuV (1 + k cos  ) −  Qu (1 + k cos  )
2
=0
g
V = 2u
u optim =V / 2
 2(V − u )(1 + k cos  )  u
h = 2
Vj
V
put u =
2
V V
2(V − )(1 + k cos  ) 
max = 2 2
2
V
1
max = (1 + k cos  )
2
Efficiencies:
LOSSES AND EFFICIENCIES OF PELTON TURBINE
The various losses that may occur in a Pelton turbine units can be
classified as under:
Nozzle efficiency: It is the ratio of the actual kinetic energy supplied
by the jet and the water power available at the nozzle.
Hydraulic efficiency or wheel efficiency: It is the ratio of
power developed by the turbine runner to the net
power supplied by the water at the entrance to the
turbine (nozzle outlet).
Mechanical efficiency ήmech: Mechanical efficiency of the
turbine is the ratio of the power available at the turbine shad
to the power developed. Mechanical losses are due to
bearing friction and other factors.
34
Impulse turbine (PELTON WHEEL)

Converts

kinetic energy alone

Hydropower system design
Turbines: Pelton wheel
 The main parts of the pelton turbine are

➢ Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement

➢ Runner and buckets
➢ Casing and
➢ Breaking jet
 Nozzle and flow Regulating Arrangement
The amount of water striking the buckets (vanes) of the runner is controlled by
providing a spear in the nozzle as shown in fig. The spear is a conical needle which
is operated either by a hand wheel or automatically in an axial direction depending
upon the size of the unit. When the spear is pushed forward into the nozzle the
amount of water striking the runner is reduced. On the other hand, if the spear is
pushed back, the amount of water striking the runner increases.
 Runner with Buckets
Fig shows the runner of a pelton wheel. It consists of a circular
disc on the periphery of which a number of buckets evenly spaced are
fixed. The shape of the buckets is of a double hemispherical cup or
bowl. Each bucket is divided into two symmetrical parts by a dividing
wall which is known as splitter.

The jet of water strikes on the splitter. The splitter divides the jet into two equal parts and
the comes out at the outer edge of the bucket. The buckets are shaped in such a way that the
jet gets deflected through 1600 or 1700. The buckets are made of cast iron, cast steel bronze
or stainless steel depending upon the head at the inlet of the turbine.
 Casing
The function of the casing is to prevent the splashing of the
water and to discharge water to tail race. It also acts as safeguard
against accidents. It is made of cast iron or fabricated steel plates.
The casing of the pelton wheel does not perform any hydraulic
function.

Breaking jet
When the nozzle is completely closed by moving the spear in the
forward direction the amount of water striking the runner reduces to
zero. But the runner due to inertia goes on revolving for a long time.
To stop the runner in a short time, a small nozzle is provided which
directs the jet of water on the back of the vanes. This jet of water is
called breaking jet.
Turbines: Pelton wheel
Hydropower system design
Turbines: Pelton wheel
Hydropower system design
Turbines: Pelton wheel
 VELOCITY TRIANGLES AND WORK DONE FOR
PELTON WHEEL
• Fig shows the shape of the buckets of the pelton
wheel. The set of water from the nozzle strikes the
bucket at the splitter which splits up the set into two
parts. These part of the set, glides over the inner
surfaces and comes out at the outer edge.

➢ The inlet velocity triangle is drawn at the splitter

and outlet velocity triangle is drawn at the outer edge W
of the bucket.

u
C=Radial length of bucket =2 to 3 d
a=Axial width of bucket =3 to 5d

Vj = C v 2gH
H = Ho − h L
 = 165,  = 15
Dw
= (7 :12)
dj
Z = number of bucket
o = 0.85 : 0.9
 1- The velocity of jet at inlet is

2-Discharge through the Pelton turbine is

3-Work done per second per unit weight per second:

(V u 2 −V u 1 )u
w =
g
4- Force exerted by water jet in direction of motion of bucket:
F =  AV j (V u 2 −V u 1 )
5- Hydraulic efficiency of the Pelton wheel:
2(V − u )(1 + k cos  )  u
h =
V j2
6- Condition for maximum efficiency of the Pelton wheel: u=Vj/2.
7- Jet ratio: m = D/d, where D is the pitch diameter and d
is the jet diameter. m=(7 : 12)
8- Number of buckets (Z ) for a Pelton turbine:
Z =15+D/(2d) = 15 + 0.5 m
Z =15+D/(2d) = 15 + 0.5 m
9- Size of the buckets: Depth of bucket= 1.2 d, width of
bucket = 5 d and length of bucket = 3.2 d.
10 -Speed ratio: u
=
2 gH
 Hydropower system design
Turbines: Pelton wheel: Jet

v jet = C j 2 gh + v penstock

0.94-0.98
Hydropower system design
Turbines: Pelton wheel
 Hydropower system design
Turbines: Pelton wheel: Multi jet
The water available for a Pelton wheel is 4 m3/s and the
total head from the reservoir to the nozzle is 250 m. The
turbine has two runners with two jets per runner. All the
four jets have the same diameters. The pipe is 3 km long.
The efficiency of transmission through the pipeline and
the nozzle is 91 % and efficiency of each runner is 90 %.
The velocity coefficient of each nozzle is 0·975 and co-
efficient of friction ‘f’ for the pipe is 0·0045. Determine :
(i) The power developed by the turbine,
(ii) The diameter of the jet, and
(iii) The diameter of the pipeline.
A single jet Pelton wheel runs at 300 r.p.m. under a head of 510
m. The jet diameter is 200 mm, its deflection inside the bucket is
165° and its relative velocity is reduced by 15% due to friction.
Determine :
(i) Waterpower,
(ii) Resultant force on the bucket, and
(iii) Overall efficiency.
Take: Mechanical losses = 3%, co-efficient of velocity = 0.98, and
speed ratio = 0.46.
The following are the design particulars of a large Pelton
turbine :
Head at distributor = 630 m; discharge = 12.5 m3/s;
power = 65 MW; speed of rotation = 500r.p.m; runner
diameter = 1.96 m; number of jets = 4; jet diameter =
192 mm; angle through which the jet is defleted by the
buket = 165°; and mechanical efficiency of the turbine =
96%. Determine the hydraulic power losses in the
distributor nozzle assembly and the buckets.
A 1500 kW generator is driven by a Pelton wheel, the total available head being
350 m and the overall efficiency of the turbine, nozzle and generator is 80%, the
transmission losses are 4% and the nozzle coefficient is 0.98. Determine the wheel
and nozzle diameters, speed in r.p.m, turbine output, given that: Speed ratio 0.45,
Wheel diameter =12, nozzle diameter and generator efficiency =90%

o / p = 1500kW; turb,gen,noz = 0.8

H o = 350m; C V = 0.98
Tran, loss = 4%;  = 0.45
D w = 12dj; G = 0.9
Re q :
D w , d j , n, BHP
 BHP o / p 1500
overall = BHP = = = 1666.7kW
QH G 0.9
tran = 1 − tran.loss = 0.96
H = tran * H o = 096*350 = 336m
1500
0.8 =
QH
Q = 0.569m3 / s
 2
Q = d j *C v 2gH
4
d j = 0.1m
D w = 12d j = 1.2m
u = 0.45 2gH = 36.52m / s
D w n
u= , n = 581.2r.p.m
60
The following data is related to a Pelton wheel:
Head at the base of the nozzle = 80 m; Diameter of the jet = 100 mm;
Discharge of the nozzle = 0.3 m3 /s; Power at the shaft = 206 kW;
Power absorbed in mechanical resistance = 4.5 kW.
Determine (i) Power lost in the nozzle and (ii) Power lost due to hydraulic
resistance in the runner.