faclering GREATEST COMMON FACTOR The GCF is the greatest factor that divides evenly into all terms, eaample? Gxt 45% = 3x (x +4) example? Tx3y% +56 x7 = 1x7 (y? +8) Oxt+bxec, where aad What mutipiies to c and adds to b? K2+bx+c —e (x+ Vx+ ) +bx—c > (x+ 1x— ) x? -bx FGF (x- V(x- ) ae -bK- GP (kt D(x- ) example? K*+7x +10 =(x+5) (x42) example! x2 +2«-15 = Cx +57(X- SD Dwar muatiptes t 1 and adds to FT Sener muntipties % “Band adds to 27 Split the linear term? example? 2x74 13x +15 Q@ritipy arc @2:15 =30 @wnat muttiplies to (ec) and addstob? @) sana 10:<32,°55, @ kewrite *v* wsing those two terms from *2 J) 2x*+Sx + 10x, +15 @ Factor by grouping @ x2 43x) + (10x415) =x (2x +8) +5 (2x93) © Factor out the GCF Ofer aK5} DIFFERENCE OF SQUARES SUM OF SQUARES Q*=b? = (a-b) (a+b) x4 Oxy oy? = (x+y) (x+y) = (x+y)? example! 32 1g = (x4) G0 example? x2 4x +9 =(x432(K43) = OX+3)* example! Ux*=4 « (34 -2)(3x +2) TO UNDO! FOIL First Sal came (X + 3) (2x +5) -2x2+5x+Ox 415 (Last 2 *[ 2x2 + 11x +15) coElimination method Sometimes we need to multiply both equations. Example 3 Example 4 Solve these simultaneous equations, Solve these simultaneous equations, @sx+2y= 12 Ceo Ndonw @ 3r—Sy=7 "the second by 5, @ 4x+3y =11 a (2) 4x +3y = 19 equations have o Answer eeeien Answer eliminating like @) 20x +15y = SS beer @) fx -15y = 21 (4) Wx + By = 48 (4) 20x + I5y = 95 20x + 154 = 5S i qx ~ ISy = 2! Wx + By = 48 We +155 2 15 Ty = 7 29 =e fe yely fo wey Sx 42> 12 V6 434-19 aM Sx = i a Js 3( Js = py yely MATHEMATICSPERCENTS Percent means the port oF a whole, out of 100%. Part ¢is)__ Percent Wholewr lOO Finding the Percentage Example‘ What percent of 301810? x 10 | 20x =1000 OR — = 10 is whot percent of 307 100 30 @finding the Part Example? What is\45% of 50? 49 | x _, 100x=2a50 46% 6F 50.18 what? ee" Ea R= aa 5 @Finding the Whole Example: 75% of what is AO? 75_~.90, _, “%x=%000 of we x= 1ZO. 90 is 15% of what? Percent Change A ratio that describes the amount of change in comparison to the original amount. Percent Change — Amount of change _ final — initia\ amount initial amount initio’ amount PERCENT XNCREASE PERCENT DECREASE SIF AMOUNT aoes UPt SIF AMOUNT GOES DOWN J % Increases [FINAL INITIAL % Decrease = [FINAL —INiTiALt INITIAL INITIALPARALLELOGRAMS * Opposite sides ore parallel and congruent oe, # Opposite angles are congruent # Consecutive angles are Supplémentar: base * Diagonals are bisectors of each other RECTANGLES €farallelogram with 4 right angles height © Diagonals = congruent base RHOMBUSES sfarallelogram with 4 congruent sides ® Diagonals are angle bisectors *Diagonals are perpendicular wet we LS SQUARES #farallelogram with 4 right angles and 4 equal sides Ls Both o rectangie and a rhombus ® Dingonals are angle bisectors *Diagonals are perpendicular and congruent ARES sideo Quadratic formula Not all quadratics can be solved by factorising. But there is a formula that we can use instead. Rules —b+ VP —4ac dls tho numborin rant of <7 += 2a ia thio murntoorintrontot x ‘ele the numbor on its own, Tho equaticin must diso bo equal ta 0 Examples Salve the following quadratic equations. Give your answers to 3 dip. a) 2 +5r+3=0 b) 5x? - 2v-7=0 Answers 9) b) Substitute a = 1,b = Sande = 3. Substituted = 5, b = -2ande = -7, Put brackets around your negatives. OS a JOY bee on te all MATHEMATICS:@unions @ wreasecrion @ comecemenr 8) [DO AUB CNM jerk ce mty AN Bim dortaanoe A aot © nursaus exuuve © ane @ ane Ko eT ATCT OMe ia A dur WOT ow ORVenn Diagrams u AUB Aunion 8 Elements that belong to either A or B or both, A intersect 8 Elements that belong to both A and B. 8 A complement Elements that don’t belong to A.Parts of a Circle CO O Q) Radius Diameter Circumference Chord Tangent O) a Segment Sector atCc Rational Numbers w ois ta! Rae) it iO io j * a hE a:a|— wl | foal foE=H [oa ello Boul) aC) compare, SAU MM LeU Tuli) ces add, or Pe Cmte ati ard COME eer ok su eee CCUM CTC ne CRT ee Ct Ae eC bac Cy fractions: RUC OROSolving quadratic equations by factorising We can solve quadratic equations by factorising. 2 Important Aquadratic equation has an.x* part. fete Saunilons must be equal to zero Example 1 before they can be solved. Solve this quadratic equation. 5 Example 2 w+2x+12=0 Solve this quadratic equation. Answer + 5r-20=4 First factorise the left hand side. Answer 12 1 ey This quadratic is equal to 4. L by So first subtract 4 from both sides, 3 os x 47x ele = (x +3Ker4) So (x +3x+4) =0 Now the: brackets are multiplied together and equal to zero. Which means one of them must be zero. S% (x-3Xx+8)=0 me -320 w X48 0 And that's it! fo KB, oe The two solutions are x =-3andx=-4 MATHEMATICS,Ladi Irrational numbers 2645751311 25) 4704 WTF Ve- 5945123074 VeMULTIPLY fractions help Pies Cee el AT Pel 5x3 multiply numerators rewrite the whole number as an 22 improper fraction 8 2 Ge 3 multiply across Se a Picea y es ar ees Marry 2ixz convert mixed numbers fo improper fractions Tk 23°35 multiply across simplify 49 _ 24 a find the rien of convert whole number convert whole number the a num to improper fraction to improper fraction 5 = 2 4=4 a V4 replace = with x fogs the os rocal of fae the recij 7 of 14 2nd num cl number 273 cn multiply across tees 2—3-—>6 simplify |bx +1)5x2+3x-2 5x x +1)5x24 3x—2 5x x +1) 5x2 + 3x —2 = (5x + 5x) —2x-2 Sy. - 2 x+1)5x2@+3x—2 —(5x? + 5x) == 2 -(-2x- 2) ) Set up the division problem. 5x? divided by x is 5x. Multiply x + 1 by 5x. Subtract. Bring down the next term. —2x divided by x is —2. Multiply x + 1 by —2. Subtract.ASIMILAR TRIANGLES Similar means same shape, different six Similar triangles have 3 pair: B pairs of « (Equal angles, proportional sides) THEOREMS Side -Side-Side (SSS) Tf the measures oF all 3 pairs of Corresponding sides of 2 triangles are proportional, then the triangles are similar. yp ax/ ~ f ~ Side-Angle -Side (S AS) If the measures of 2 sides of a triangle are proportional to the measuresof two corresponding sides of another triangle, and the included angles are congruent, then the triangles are similar. Angle-Angle (AA) If Zangles of one triangle are congruent to 2 angles oF another triangle, then the triangles are similar. [~ [~~TRANSITION TO ALGEBRA FORMULA CHART Distance formula Percent proportion d=rt Be of 100 Simple Interest formula Percent of Change [= prt difference _* original 100 Distance between to ordered Midpoint pairs (as nsu) d= (%-x) +(,-9) 2 2 Pythagorean Theorem Slope of a line esa +h fi. ai Slope-Intercept Form Perimeter of Square y=mx+b P=4s { Perimeter of Rectangle Volume of Rectangular Prism P=2+2w V=lwh Volume of Cube Area of Square V=s* A=s* Area of Rectangle Area of Triangle A = bh A= a Area of Circle Area of Trapezoid Azar’ A= Sib +b) Circumference of Circle C=xa —Perfect Cubes and Cube Roots Perfect | Cube Reots Perfect | Cube Roots 216 ; -216 (-6) =-216 343 | 3 (7) =-343 ee =8 ae 512 -$12 3/729 =9 9 =729 -729 -1000 | 3/1000 =—10 | (-10)' =—1000Divide 2x) - 3x" - 3x + 2byx-2 x-2 | 2x?-3x'-3x+2 What do we have to multiply x by to get 2x°? Answer: 23°. We put this on the top line: 2x" x-2 | 2x°-3x'-3x+2 2x? - 4x? multiply the 2x? by (w- 2) and write the answer here Subtract the 2x - 4x? fram the numbers above & bring the next term down (the -3x) 2x x-2 [20-3xt-3xt2 2xt-4xt | x - 3x. Continue doing this over and over again, What do you have to multiply x by to get x"? 2 +x it - 3x+2 After each step, bring down the next term in the quotient, Continue until you have no terms left. 2x¢+x -1 x-2 | 2x°-3x*-3x+2 2x? - 4x" x -3x xt - 2x -x+2 -K+2 0 In this case, there is no remainder (hence the zero).Simplifying algebraic fractions x2 42x -—8 Faclorise and cana! (x-23064-) x?+7x +12 = Gee 3 44) Dividing algebraic fractions x?-4 3x46 Fadsnse (re+2)Or-z) | 3rd) 20y4 * 16y2 Zogt . ley 2) Flip VNe second ae &Cx-2) drackion anc BSoft = Sy wualkplyy Addition of algebraic fractions 3 5 Factoise_ 3 s ——<— - + x2 +7x —30* x? —100 GD) Gane common 3Cx-10) 4 Sbe-3) deneminae Ge -ayCxc4 exis) Ge=3 oer 19-8) combine = 2-30 4+ Sx -8 (a2 es IGS mt ‘i Bx —45 EES Gc BC +1e)(& 10) olLC1711 Sets — Venn Diagrams Venn Diagrams: Shows logical relations between a finite collection of sets. Union of Sets - Consists of all Intersection of Sets - Consists of only elements in sets A and B. the common elements in sets Aand B. AUB AB ao) Complement of Set - Consists of Symmetric Difference of Sets - elements which do not belong to Consists of elements in sets Aand B but setA. " notin their intersection. A,A orA AABorAeB i J © learnhive.com xa 6Grade Quadratic inequalities 8/9 We can solve inequalities that involve quadratics. Example 1 Example 2 Solve the following inequality. Solve the following inequality. x? +2x-24<0 x? -Ox+ 14> 0 t fc Greater than ero means i eet Answer ANSWE? abovethe axis. Find when the graph of y= x* + 2x — 24 Find when the graph ofy = x* — 9x + 14 is below tho.« axis, is above the x axis. x* +2x-24 <0 x*- Fo +14 =O (x +b Yr -4) =O (x -22-7)+0 fo x+67O ww x-4 =O So x-2°O wv x-72G Mel ow x-7 Thete are two parts where the graph is above the axis, me 6 ow rk The graph is below the oxis between x =-6and x=4 -Gexeu LY Se 0, The roots are real and unique, if A= b*—dac < 0, The roots are non-real, if and A are the roots of ax*+irtc= 0,040 apa p= G The quadratic equation with roots é and i Is; (x-a)ix-p)=0 ox? (a4 f)x+ap=0 fn, Mptctat the roots "the rows cee Foctoring ab = (at ba—b), a’ —b' =(a—b)(a* Fab+b*) a’ +b =(a+b)(a*=ab+0") at —B" =(a—B)la" +a" tb bat be os +B!) a= = (a" = ba" 4b") Redieal (Surd) Lows fa=a! for a>0 Va= Va" =a®; a> 0 forpositive valuesaf n: a*; a> 0 forpositive valuesat n, AlJa = Va =a" ; a2 0 for positive valuesof nm, ab = Vax Vo = (ab) ; a,b = 0 forpositive values of n, VE= 4 = (8)! 4.62:0 torpostive valuesofn, Va" =a; forodd values of n. Va" =|al; for evenvaluesofn. inJT Wat+bi=0 where i Iha+bi=x+yi where (a+bi+(e+di)=(a+e)+(b+d) (a+ bi)=(c+di) = (a~c)+(6=d)i (a+ bile + di) = (ae — bt) + (ad + bedi (a+ bila—bi) =a? +b? sifa ;a20 then @=b=0 JT, then a=x and b= y a+bi _atbi, c-di _ (ae-+bd)-+ (be-ad)i ctdi etd ote la+bil= Jars o® a¥bi=a-bi ai =at bi ome +bi)=la+ bi? = bi an ah = @EbNe=B) wae De Moivre's Theorem: [feos + isin®)|* = r'(cosn8 + Fsinn®) Fi +f =e £ i pileaarel w=" seer1 unit 1 unitALGEBRA nyo) was) ARITHMETIC PROPERTIES ‘PROPERTIES OF INEQUALITIES, ASSOCIATIVE «= abe) = (ad)e We Othenas brand a/e >be ARITHMETIC GPERATIONS EXAMPLES: PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX NUMBERS tas ab +ac =a(b +c) e20 (e-b) + le+dn = ere eu (a+bi-(c4 d= oe (b-aH (@+UNG +d) = ne bd + (ad +ben (e+ bile = 8) =a +8* |o +t vat+ne Te+b = o- bi QUADRATICEQUATION sasiuueimainaieinasae Z £ (a= bi) abi Forth equation : 32 72 Ov MULTIPLY ADD REPEAT MULTIPLY ADD REPEAT MULTIPLY ADD REPEAT ANSWERS X2+3xX+7 1: wnite the known zero in the house 2 list out the coefficients 3: bring down the 1 coefficient 4: mullply the 1* coefficient by hause number 5: write the product under the 2“ coefficient 6: add down 7 repeat 8 use final numbers to write polynomial 9: use the Quadratic Formula to find the otherzerosPARABOLAS | "rene ' { ox bx 8) o tea} eed) = ; | { EKA Glee more difficult... multiply ay = 3x 5x+2=0 sf 3x 3x-2xF2=0 3x(x-1)- 2(x-1]=0 (3x-2) [x-1]=0 x 4x-3=0 (x+2)-4“S=0 fe420 (x+" = = aa = = bed) era) ( res,A prime. Number has exactly two factors. The number land itself, A composite number has more than wo Factors. —Grade’ 8/9 Quadratic simultaneous equations We can solve simultaneous equations where one is a quadratic. Quadratic equations have an x* part. Example Solve these simultaneous equations. yar -15 ya2e Answer First put the equations equal to one another and solve to find x. This is because xte 1s = dx both start with y = ae( )-t~ x*-ix -15=0 (x -5Xx+3)=0 %& x-5=0 of x+*3-0 wd “Spy 4 werd Then substitute them into either equation to find the y values. Question %=S— Y=1*5 — Weeubstituted into me Fs =10 y = 2x because Solve these simultaneous equations. v it's easier, yode x e=3 O27 K-38 y=x?-21 ° | =-b,7 FLOW MATHEMATICSd , ae. Completing the square 2 We can complete the square when there is a number in front of the. ry Example Write 2x? + 12x + 15 inthe form a(x +b)? +c. Answer ais the number in front of the x°. 2+ bP +e Expand the brackets, simplify, and compare to find b. Wa tbXxrh)ee Uaxt + bx tbe tbr) +e Uxt + Qh +b >) + € 2x* + +2b* +e oe 2x* +(x] +15 b-37 Now substitute b = 3 into 2x? 4 4bx + 2b? + cand compare again to find c. Qx* 12x 4 dade 2x" + 12x + [8 +e] 7, ‘These pans Qxte (2 + A) sane aol 2x? + 12x + 15 = 20 +3)? -34 FLOW MATHEMATICS:ue en up vane, er up u em ub vil, ern ub v strat ‘m up © | wee iOS 2) O0000 2. 4101 300.1 1.52% i the decimal (Move yaa usud| de i fin /Startinc at right, count sar ; same Manet aoat mY ine Wey 2 decimal wh anever ¥i.o00 divide 9s usualName PERCENT, DECIMAL & FRACTION CONVERSIONS PERCENT Move the decimal point 48% 4l two places fo the left. 48 DECIMAL (divide by 100) 0.48 DECIMAL Move the decimal point 0.3 4 two places to the right. 0.30, PERCENT (multiply by 100) 30% Put the percent over 100 and | 8% Pane drop % sign. 8: Reduce the fraction to 00-4 2 FRACTION simplest form. 25 : Multiply to get a denominator | | Option | | "of 100. muy tmrnise oan |S 12020 Then, the new numerator is *20 100 FRACTION . the %. 20% + Divide the numerator by the 1 02 FERSENT denominator. 5 50 0.20, ‘ Change the decimal to a -10 Option 2 PerCENt. wove decinar pai 2 places to the right) 0 20% FRACTION Divide the numerator by 2 ob + the denominator to get a 4 sD DECIMAL decimal. “2 08 Use the place value of the decimal to | 9 9 DECIMAL write the denominator of the fraction. | 9 heed Example: tenths = 10, hundredths = 100, ete. eS i 1, Thenumatars. to the right-of the:gecimsl 100+2 3 FRACTION point are the numerator. 50 . Reduce the fraction to simplest form.