CSC402

PROGRAMMING 1
LECTURE: 03 – BASIC ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER PROGRAM
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Learning Objectives:
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
• describe the basic components of a C++ program, including
functions, special symbols, and identifiers
• use simple data types and examine the string data type
• describe how to input data into memory using input statements
• describe how to use arithmetic operators
• use of increment and decrement operators
• output results using output statements
• properly structure a program, including using comments to
document a program
• use built-in function
• write a C++ program
 3

Introduction
• Computer program: sequence of statements
designed to accomplish some task
• Programming: planning/creating a program
• Syntax: rules that specify which statements
(instructions) are legal
• Programming language: a set of rules, symbols,
and special words
• Semantic rule: meaning of the instruction
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C++ Programs

• A C++ program is a collection of one or more

subprograms, called functions
• A subprogram or a function is a collection of
statements that, when activated (executed),
accomplishes something
• Every C++ program has one and ONLY one function
called main
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C++ Programs (Cont.)

• Programming instructions must be written according
to syntax rules
• The smallest individual unit of a program written in
any language is called a token
• Token: divided into special symbols, word symbols,
and identifiers
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Symbols
• Special symbols
− Include mathematical symbols and
punctuation marks
− Blank also special symbol
+ ?
- ,
* <=
/ !=
. ==
; >=
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• Word symbols
− Another type of token
− Reserved words or keywords
− Reserved words: always lowercase, each considered
to be single symbol with special meaning
− Example:
• int
• float
• double
• char
• void
• return
 8

A Sample Program
data type
variables
void main()
{
int yearBorn, age; Output Statement

int curYear = 2013;

cout << "Please enter year born: ";
cin >> yearBorn; Input Statement
age = curYear - yearBorn;
cout << "Your age is " << age;

} Sequential control structure

Arithmetic expression
 9

A Sample Program
#include <iostream.h>
Preprocessor directives
void main()
{
int yearBorn; Main function
int curYear;
int age; Variables declaration
curYear = 2004;

cout << "Please enter the year you were born: ";
cin >> yearBorn;
Statements
age = curYear - yearBorn;
Take note of the semicolon
cout << "Your age is " << age; at the end of each variable
cout << endl;
} declarations and statement
(instructions)
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Identifier
• Another type of token
• Identifiers: used as names for variables, constants,
and functions
• Identifiers: consist of letters, digits, and underscore
character (_)
• Identifiers: must begin with letter or underscore
(best not to use underscore for portability)
• C++: case sensitive
• Some predefined identifiers (cout and cin)
• Unlike reserved words, predefined identifiers may
be redefined--but generally not good idea
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Identifier
• Although identifiers can be formed by freely
combining the letters, digits and underscores,
common sense tells us that we should give
them suggestive names, that is, names that
reflect the data items that they are going to
store. Identifiers can be of any length
although in practice they seldom exceed 25
characters.
Identifier
Here are some valid and invalid identifiers.

Valid Invalid
x “x”
sumx2 2sumx
hourly_rate hourly-rate
_name name@
GROSS_PAY GROSS PAY
Identifier

C++ identifiers are case-sensitive, meaning, the lower-

and uppercase letters in identifiers are treated as
different characters. This means we cannot freely mix
the lower- and uppercase letters to refer to the same
identifier. For example, the identifiers HOURLY_RATE,
Hourly_Rate, Hourly_rate and hourly_rate are all
different; they refer to different memory locations.
Data Types
Data Type: set of values together with a set of operations is
called a data type
C++ data can be classified into three categories:
– Simple data type
– Structured data type
– Pointers
 Simple Data Types

Three categories of simple data:

– Integral: integers (numbers without a
decimal)
– Floating-point: decimal numbers
– Enumeration type: user-defined data
type
int Data Type
Examples:
-6728
0
78
• Positive integers do not have to have a + sign in front of them
• No commas are used within an integer
• Commas are used for separating items in a list
 bool Data Type

bool type
– Has two values, true and false
– Manipulate logical (Boolean) expressions
true and false are called logical values
bool, true, and false are reserved words
 char Data Type
• The smallest integral data type
• Used for characters: letters, digits, and
special symbols
• Each character is enclosed in single quotes
• Some of the values belonging to char data
type are: 'A', 'a', '0', '*', '+', '$', '&'
• A blank space is a character and is written ' ',
with a space left between the single quotes
Floating-Point Data Types
C++ uses scientific notation to represent real numbers
(floating-point notation)
Floating-Point Data Types (cont.)
• float: represents any real number
− Range: -3.4E+38 to 3.4E+38
• Memory allocated for the float type is 4 bytes
• double: represents any real number
− Range: -1.7E+308 to 1.7E+308
• Memory allocated for double type is 8 bytes
• On most newer compilers, data types double
and long double are same
 string Type
• Programmer-defined data type (not included in earlier
versions of C++)
• To use string data type, string library must be included
(include file)
• Sequence of zero or more characters
• Enclosed in double quotation marks (e.g., "r")
• null string: string with no characters
 string Type (cont.)
• Each character in string has a relative position
• Position of first character is 0 (zero), 2nd character is
1, etc.
• Length of string is total number of characters (e.g., "C
++" length = 3)
Arithmetic Operators
• C++ Operators
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
% remainder (mod operator)
• +, -, *, and / can be used with integral and floating-
point data types
• Unary operator - has only one operand
• Binary Operator - has two operands
 Order of Precedence
• All operations inside of () are evaluated first
• *, /, and % are at the same level of
precedence and are evaluated next
• + and – have the same level of precedence
and are evaluated last
• When operators are on the same level
− Performed from left to right
 Expressions
• If all operands are integers
− Expression is called an integral expression
• If all operands are floating-point
− Expression is called a floating-point expression
• An integral expression yields integral result
• A floating-point expression yields a floating-point result
• Mixed expression:
− Has operands of different data types
− Contains integers and floating-point
− 5.4 * 2 – 13.6 + 18 / 2
 Input, Memory, and Data
Using Input:

• Data must be loaded into main memory before it can

be manipulated
• Storing data in memory is two-step process:
1. Instruct computer to allocate memory
2. Include statements to put data into allocated memory
Input, Memory, and Data (Cont.)
Allocating Memory (Constants and Variables):

• Name and define data type to store data for each

memory location
• Declaration statement used to allocate memory
 Input, Memory, and Data (Cont.)
• Variables: memory cells whose contents can be modified during
program execution
• Possible to declare multiple variables in same statement (must be
same type)
• Four characteristics of variables:
1. Name
2. Type
3. Size
4. Value
Syntax for declaring variables to allocate memory:
dataType identifier;
Examples:
int myVar; //declares one int variable
float myFloat, myFloat2, myFloat3; //declares three float variables
 Input, Memory, and Data (Cont.)
• Simple Data Types(Integral, Floating-point, enumeration)

Data Type C++ keyword Bits

integer int 16

long Integer long 32

Variables can hold different types of
data. The various data types, the short integer short 8
number of bits (size) required to
store them are shown in Table 1.1. unsigned integer unsigned 16

character char 8

floating point float 32

double floating point double 64

boolean bool( true or false) 8

 Input, Memory, and Data (Cont.)
• Named Constant: memory location whose data cannot change
during program execution
• Using named constant simplifies code modification - change in
declaration statement affects code globally
• In C++, const is reserved word

• Syntax for declaring named constants to allocate memory (uses

keyword const and must assign value):
const dataType identifier = value;

• Example:
const double PI = 3.14;
 Input, Memory, and Data (Cont.)
Storing Data into Variables (declaring and initializing variables):
• Variables can be declared anywhere in program
• Must be declared before can be used
• In C++, = called assignment operator
• Data stored in memory (using name of variable or constant), either using assignment
statement or input statement
• C++ does not automatically initialize variables
• When variable declared, only memory is allocated
• When variable declared with no value, memory cell may contain value from setting of
bits from previous use
• Expression on right side is evaluated, then its value is assigned to variable (a
memory location) on left side
• Variable initialization: variable given a value at declaration (good programming
principle)
• Remember: assignment (=) is NOT equality (==)
 Input, Memory, and Data (Cont.)
Assignment Statement Examples:
variable = expression;

myVar = 10; //assigns value of 10 to myVar

int i; //allocates memory for variable i

i = i + 2; //evaluates i (right side), adds two
to it, and assigns new value to memory location
i (left side)
 Input, Memory, and Data (Cont.)
Initialization Statement Examples:
int variable = expression;

int myVar = 10; //allocates memory for variable

myVar, and assigns value of 10 to myVar

//declares two double variables (myDouble and myDo

uble3), initializes myDouble2 with value of 25.5
double myDouble, myDouble2=25.5, myDouble3;
 Input statement
• Input (Read) Statement:
cin used with >> (stream extraction operator) to gather input
When value for variable not known before program is written
--value input through cin and >>(stream extraction operator)

• Input (Read) Statement Examples:

• cin >> variableName >> variableName. . .;

• cin >> miles; //computer gets value from standard input

device, and places value in memory cell named miles

• cin >> feet >> inches; //input multiple values into

multiple memory locations with single statement
 Operators
• C++ is very rich in built-in operators.
Operators trigger some computations
when applied to operands in an
expression.
• There are several general classes of
operators. But for now, we will present just
the arithmetic, relational, logical and
assignment operators.
 Arithmetic operators
There are seven arithmetic operators in C++ as shown below.

Operator Action

+ Addition

- Subtraction

* Multiplication

/ Division

% Modulus division

++ Increment by 1

-- Decrement by 1
Arithmetic operators
Operator Action Example (no1 = 7, no2=2) Result
+ Addition no1 + no2 9

- Subtraction no1 – no2 5

* Multiplication no1 * no2 14

/ Division no1 / no2 3

% Modulus division no1 % no2 1

++ Increment by 1 no1- - 6

-- Decrement by 1 no2 + + 3
 Arithmetic Operators
• Caution on divide rules:
–5/2=2
– 5.0 / 2 = 2.5
– 5 / 2.0 = 2.5
– 5.0 / 2.0 = 2.5
– double answer = 5 / 2; // 2
– int answer = 5 / 2; // 2
– int answer = 5.0 / 2 ; // 2
 Increment & Decrement Operators
• Increment operator: increment variable by 1
• Decrement operator: decrement variable by 1
• Pre-increment: ++variable
• Post-increment: variable++
• Pre-decrement: --variable
• Post-decrement: variable--
Example
• Caution on increment/decrement
operators:
– int no1 = 5, no2 = 5;
– no1++;
– ++no2;
– cout<<no1<<" "<<no2<<endl; // 6 6
– cout<<(++no1)<<endl; // 6
– cout<<(no2++)<<endl; // 5
More on Assignment Statements:
Compound assignment statements: shorthand method of assignment
Compound assignment defined: op is binary arithmetic operator, op=
Simple assignment statement variable = variable op (another variable or
expression);
Rewritten as compound assignment: variable op= (another variable or
expression);
Example:
+=, -=, *=, /=, and %=

x *= y; //equivalent to x = x * y;
Relational and Logical Operators
The six relational operators in C++ are shown next.

Operator Meaning
< less than
<= less than or equal
> greater than
>= greater than or equal

== equal
!= not equal
 Relational and Logical Operators
• The results of evaluation of a relational
operation is either true (represented by
1) or false (represented by 0).
• For example, if a = 7 and b = 5, then
a < b yields 0 and a != b yields 1.
Relational and Logical Operators
The three logical operators in C++ are shown below.

Operator Meaning
&& AND
|| OR
! NOT
Relational and Logical Operators
The result of the logical operations on a and b are summarized in
the following table.

a b a || b a && b !a

0 0 0 0 1

0 1 1 0 1

1 0 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 0
 Hierarchy of operations
• There are times when you combine several operators in
one statement. For example, total = a + b / c.
The statement codes both the addition and division
operators. So, the question which operation will be
performed first arises; is it addition first, division later or
what?
• In this situation, you need to know the hierarchy of
operator precedence.
• The hierarchy of operator precedence reflects the order
of evaluation that will take place.
Hierarchy of operations
The hierarchy of operator precedence from highest to lowest is
summarized below.
Operator Category Operator Associativity
Parentheses () Left to right
Unary ++ - - - + Left to right

Arithmetic multiply, divide, remainder * / % Left to right

Arithmetic add and subtract + - Left to right

Relational operators < <= > >= Left to right

Equality operators == != Left to right

Assignment operator = Right to left

Logical AND && Left to right

Logical OR || Left to right

 Output statement
• Send output from a variable (some memory location) to the system
console (the monitor) by using the function cout (console output)
and the redirection operator <<.

• The symbol cout represents the output stream, a sequence of

characters which are placed into the cout by the program when it
executes and displayed on the screen.

• The redirection operator << is called the output operator or the

insertion operator.

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 Output statement (Cont.)
For example:

1. cout <<number1; //insert the sequence of characters that

//represent the value of
//number1 into the stream cout
//OR, in other words, write number1

2. cout <<”Welcome to C++ class!!!!”; //insert the string

//of characters
//into the stream cout
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 Escape Sequence
• An escape sequence always begins with the backslash \
and is followed by one or more special characters. One
that you will use frequently is \n which means newline.
For instance, the statement,
• cout<<”\nWelcome to\nC++ class!”;
• will display the following output
• Welcome to
• C++ class!

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Built-in functions
Built-in functions are also known as library functions.
We need not to declare and define these functions
as they are already written in the C++ libraries such
as iostream, cmath etc. We can directly call them
when we need.
Commonly used header files:
<iostream> //input/output
<cmath> //math functions
<string> //string functions
<iomanip> //formatting manipulations for input/output
 Formatted Output
• setprecision manipulator(to control the output of floating-point numbers)
– setprecision(n)
• fixed manipulator(to output floating-point numbers in a fixed decimal format)
– cout<<fixed;
• showpoint manipulator(to force the output to show the decimal point and
trailing zeros)
– cout<<fixed<<showpoint;
• setw manipulator(to output the value of an expression in a specific number
of columns)
– setw(n)
– cout<<setw(5)<<x<<endl;
• setfill manipulator(to fill the unused columns with a character other than a
space)
– cout<<setfill(‘*’); 54
 Formatted Output
#include<iostream>
#include<iomanip>
using namespace std;
void main()
{ double x, y, z;
x = 15.674;
y = 235.73;
z = 9525.9864;
cout<< fixed << showpoint;
cout<<setprecision(2)<<x<<"\n"<<y<<"\n"<<z<<endl;
cout<<setprecision(5)<<x<<"\n"<<y<<"\n"<<z<<endl;
cout<<"123456789012345678901234567890"<<endl;
cout<<setw(5)<< x <<endl;
cout<<setw(10)<< y <<endl;
cout<<setw(15)<< z <<endl;
cout<<setfill('*')<<x<<endl;
cout<<setw(10)<<setfill('*')<<y<<endl;
cout<<setw(15)<<setfill('*')<<z<<endl;
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}
Formatted Output

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Formatted Output
• Be comfortable with the arithmetic operations
• +-*/%
• Remember division depends on the data type.
• cout << 3.0/4.0; //OUTPUTS 0.75
• cout << 3.0/4; //OUTPUTS 0.75
• cout << 3/4; //OUTPUTS 0
• The mod operator % gives remainder after integer
• division. Useful for detecting odd/even numbers.
• cout << 19%7; //OUTPUTS 5
• cout << 3%4; //OUTPUTS 3
• More complicated operations (sin,cos,pow,sqrt)
• require to #include <cmath> library.

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Formatted Output
• Input/Output
• Watch the direction of your I/O push & pulls.
• Output push: cout << x;
• Input pull: cin >> x;
• Remember the basic escape characters.
• \n new line \t tab
• \\ backslash \a alert beep
• \" double quote \' single quote
• Remember the computer won't show spaces unless
• we tell it to.
• cout << 2 << 3; //OUTPUTS 23
• cout << 2 << " " << 3; //OUTPUTS 2 3
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Formatted Output
• We can line items up in columns with setw(w).
• Remember it only affects the next push.
• cout<<setw(10) << "Hello" << "Gandalf";
• We can specify the number of decimal places with
setprecision(n). Affects all couts that follow.
• Remember it won't print trailing zeros unless we use the command
fixed first.
• cout << setprecision(2) << 3.12 << 3.1 << 3.0 << 3;
• To use these functions, we need to #include the library
<iomanip>

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Formatted Output
• The String Class
• You should be comfortable with the basic member functions of
the string class: length, substr, erase, insert, find.
• We concatenate (add on) pieces to the string with the plus sign
+: string s = "Hello" + s2;
• To use any of these functions, be sure to #include <string>
• Remember strings are indexed from position 0 and end at
position length-1.
• If we want to read in more than one word, use
getline(cin, my_string) rather than cin>>my_string.

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Formatted Output

61
Formatted Output

To declare a C-style string, simply declare a char array and

assign it a value:

char szString[] = "string";

1

The recommended way of reading strings using cin is as follows:

1 char szString[255];
2 cin.getline(szString, 255);
3 cout << "You entered: " << szString << endl;

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Formatted Output

63
Formatted Output
It is better to use strncpy(), which takes a length parameter to prevent buffer overflow:
Other useful functions:
strcat() — Appends one string to another (dangerous)
strncat() — Appends one string to another (with buffer length check)
strcmp() — Compare two strings (returns 0 if equal)
strncmp() — Compare two strings up to a specific number of characters (returns 0 if equal)
strlen() — Returns the length of a string (excluding the null terminator)

char szSource[] = "Copy this!";

1 char szDest[50];
2 strncpy(szDest, szSource, 49); // copy at most 49 character
3 s (indices 0-48)
4 szDest[49] = 0; // ensures the last character is a null ter
5 minator
cout << szDest; // prints "Copy this!"

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 Exercises:

1. Given integer variables a=2, b=5, c=7, determine the

values for each of the logical expressions given below.
a. a < 2 && y > 5
b. c >= a
c. a < b || b > c
d. a = = 25
e. c !=7

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 Exercises

2. Given integer variables x=3, y=9, z=6, determine the

values for each of the following arithmetic expressions.
a. y–x+z
b. y/x*2*x
c. x+z/2
d. y%z/2
e. y+z%4

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 Exercises

a. 3 / 2 + 5.5
b. 15.6 / 2 + 5
c. 4 + 5 / 2.0
d. 4 * 3 + 7 / 5 – 25.5

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THANK YOU…