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[Specimen]
43.[a].Identify six trade centres established by the Portuguese on the Mozambican coast
and in the interior of the Mutapa State. [6].
➢ Sofala
➢ Beira
➢ Quelimane
➢ Luanze
➢ Bukutu
➢ Sena
➢ Tete
[b]. Describe the trade between the Portuguese and the Zimbabwean societies in the
16th and 17th centuries. [11].
➢ Portuguese traders made contact with Mutapa state in 1505 when they built fort
Sofala.
➢ At first trade was through the Swahili or their agents, thevashambadzi.
➢ Gold was main export from Mutapa kingdom
➢ Portuguese developed interest to enter the interior to control the sources of the gold
trade
➢ Portuguese traded with the king of Mutapa controlled trade.
➢ Portuguese brought cloth, beads and ceramics, which were desired in the interior.
➢ Portuguese then went into the interior to establish the own trade centres like Sena and
Tete in the 1830s.
➢ Later trade goods were expanded to include salt, copper iron, maize seed.
➢ Trade bazaars were established were sometimes private trade took place behind the
Mutapa’s back.
➢ Later Portuguese began to offer guns to sub-chiefs who later turned against the
Mutapa
➢ In the 17th century the Mutapas were beginning to be reluctant with their
goodsespecially gold, and the Portuguese had to resort to use force.
[c].To what extent was the political stability of the Zimbabwean societies affected by
this trade?
➢ Portuguese activities led some sub-chief to be disloyal to the Mutapa
➢ Introduction of guns gave power to the wrong people who began to rebel against the
king
➢ Competition for foreign goods also caused ethnic wars as Africans fought for the
lion’s share of the trade
➢ Portuguese also created some puppet chiefs e,g Mamvura which led to the decline of
the state.
➢ Portuguese warlords emerged who created states within the state using Achikundas
➢ Break away also occurred as a result of Portuguese interference in the interior
➢ The ambition of certain groups eg the Rozvi also created instability as they led
rebellion and attack on the Mutapa state.
➢ Calibre of leaders who ruled the state in the 17th century was poor and they lacked
character to hold the state together.

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[Nov 2003]
44.[a].List the names of three Portuguese people who visited the Mutapa kingdom and
three trade commodities that the Portuguese brought into the Mutapa Kingdom in the
16th century.
➢ Antonio Fernadez, Gonzalo da Silveira, Francisco Barreto, Vasco Homen. Dona
Katarino, Antonio Caido, Diogo Madeira, Pereira, Gasper Bocarro.
➢ Guns,cloth,beads, jewellery,knives, maize seed, alcohol/spirits, fruit trees, rice.
[b].Describe the economic activities of the Portuguese in the Mutapa kingdom during
the 16th and 17 centuries. [11].
➢ Trade- brought guns, cloth, beads, jewellery, knives, ceramics in exchange for gold
ivory, cattle, goats, sheep, grain, etc
➢ Used paid African labour in mining and agriculture
➢ Portuguese introduced the prazo system, new crops were introduced such as
maize/fruits
➢ Forced Africans to pay tribute to them and introduced forced labour
➢ Initially Portuguese paid tribute curva to the Mutapa
➢ Mining gold, hunting for ivory.
➢ Slavery
[c].To what extent did the people of the Mutapa kingdom benefit from Portuguese
activities in this period? [8].
[i].Benefits:
➢ New crops
➢ New weapons
➢ New goods, clothes
➢ New farming and mining methods
[ii].Demerits:
➢ Political interference
➢ Africans were exploited during trade
➢ Depletion of African resources
➢ African culture disturbed
➢ Loss of land
➢ Forced labour
➢ Abuse of African women
➢ Slavery
[June 2004]
45.[a].Give six aims of the Portuguese in the Mutapa State. [6].
➢ To check the spread of Islam.
➢ To establish trading centres/markets/feiras
➢ To replace Swahili as trading partners of the Shona
➢ To spread Christianity

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➢ To colonise the Mutapa State

➢ To mine gold
➢ To make contact with legendary Christian ruler Prester John
[b].Describe the political and social activities of the Portuguese in the Mutapa State up
to the 17 th century. [11].
[i] Political
➢ Increase of Portuguese involvement in the Mutapa State’s affairs-especially
followingdeath of Father Gonsalo da Silveira-1561
➢ Punitive expedition sent 1569—1572-under Fransisco Barreto
➢ Settled in Mutapa after being granted prazos
➢ Intervened in succession disputes in Mutapa State
➢ 1628 fought and defeated Mutapa Kapararidze
➢ Installed puppet rulers like Mamvura on the throne –provoking opposition from the
Rozvi
➢ Refused to pay tribute as Mutapa lost political power
➢ Had increased power through training private armies with guns e,g warlords like
Gouveia with big chikunda army
[ii].Social:
➢ Introduction of Christianity-Silveira baptised Mutapa Mapuzuguta and some
followers-but this did not last long
➢ Portuguese practised slavery to obtain labour for their prazos
➢ Practised forced labour
➢ Intermarriages between Portuguese men and African women producing people called
Mulatos[in Shona vana Sinyoro]
➢ Abuse of African women by Portuguese men
[c].Were the Portuguese to blame for the decline of the Mutapa State?Explain your
answer. [8]
[i].Portuguese largely to blame for the decline of the Mutapa Empire
➢ Interfered in local politics supporting rival claimants to the throne
➢ This caused disputes and civil wars e,g Gatsi Rusere ,Kapararidze
➢ Created puppet rulers like Mamvura
➢ Refused to pay tribute- forced the Mutapa to pay tribute to them
➢ Raided African villages for slaves
➢ Undermining African self-respect
➢ Availability of guns brought by the Portuguese greatly weakened Mutapa State
[ii].However,the Mutapa state’s decline
➢ Was also engendered by its vast size which made communication difficult.
➢ Succession disputes inherent in the ruling family
➢ Rise of new and powerful Rozvi State
➢ Also succession to throne by weak leaders
➢ Natural disasters e,g series of drought leading to poor harvests, attacks from
neighbours such as the Sotho –Tswana.

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➢ Swahili influence was also detrimental to unity in the Empire.

[Nov 2004]
46.[a].State any six reasons for Portuguese penetration of the Zambezi valley.[6]
➢ Control mining of gold
➢ Control trade routes into the interior
➢ Establish trading posts
➢ To spread Christianity
➢ To control land in the Zambezi valley for agricultural purposes
➢ To control the Mutapa state
➢ To search for the legendry Prester John
➢ To avenge the death of Goncalo da Silveira
➢ To dislodge Moslems from the interior
➢ Invitation by Gatsi Rusere
[b].Describe the prazo system introduced by the Portuguese in the Zambezi
valley.[11].
➢ Land taken by Portuguese using treaties with the Mutapa, and by force
➢ Africans used as labourers on the prazos
➢ The Portuguese living in luxury
➢ Slave labour common on the prazos
➢ The Portuguese co-habitation with Africans was common on the farms which resulted
in a coloured population –the mulatos
➢ Portuguese on the prazos also controlled trade—use of professional traders-
vashambadzi.
➢ Portuguese on the prazos used private armies known as chikunda
➢ Prazos also a source of slaves during the slave trade
➢ Prazeros-taking over roles of traditional leaders
[c].To what extent did the prazo system assist the Portuguese to control the area? [8]
[i] Prazo system used to control the Mutapa state:
➢ Reduced lands controlled by Mutapa state
➢ Many people now owed allegiance to the prazeros, so weakened the Mutapa state
➢ Prazeros controlled gold production and trade –sources of wealth in the Mutapa
➢ Private armies Achikundas now powerful in the Zambezi valley so reduced power of
the Mutapa
➢ Slave trade weakened the Mutapa state
[ii].Other factors also important in the control of the Mutapa state:
➢ Direct political interference by Portuguese in the Mutapa state
➢ The introduction of Christianity
➢ Weak political leaders in the Mutapa state
➢ Succession disputes
➢ The Mutapa state now too big to be controlled by the Mutapa
➢ Influence of Swahili/Arabs

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[Nov 2005]
47.[a].List any six crops that were grown in the prazos in the Zambezi valley from the
16th century. [6]
➢ Sorghum, Millet, Maize, Beans, Squash, Melons, Pepper, Cassava, Rice, Sugar cane,
Coffee
[b].Describe the development of the prazo system in the Zambezi valley in the 16th and
17th century. [11]
Prazo system:
➢ Prazo holders called prazeros/senhors
➢ Some Portuguese got land from weak Mutapas as reward for helping them in
succession disputes and civil wars.
➢ Mutapa Nogomo gave Portuguese captain land on the Zambezi valley before death in
1589
➢ Gatsi Rusere gave land to Tete trader Diogo Madeira in 1607.Became a powerful
settler with 4000 Achikundas
➢ Mamvura was a Portuguese puppet and was forced to give his whole kingdom to
Portuguese crown in 1629 as prize for Portuguese help.
➢ Ruler of Uteve gave large areas to Dias Bayao-area stretched from Pungwe to
Zambezi
➢ Portuguese confirmed prazo system by giving official land titles to individual
prazeros. Portuguese wanted prazeros to be centres of Portuguese civilisation and
commercial agriculture
➢ Traditional pattern of shifting agriculture was practised
➢ There was limited use of land and low output
➢ They cultivated sorghum, millet maize, etc
➢ Coffee grew wild in forests and was used to pay tribute by the African population
➢ Gold, copper and iron mined and exported by prazeros
➢ Slaves also exported to Brazil
➢ Portuguese failed to establish a thriving economy
➢ Africanisation of the European institutions
[c].To what extent did the Shona people benefit from the Prazo system? [8]
[i]Benefits:
➢ Introduction of new crops-maize etc
➢ New materials e,g cloth,beads,etc
➢ Manyika copied Portuguese words like “Wada’’
➢ Very few Africans became Christians
[ii].Negative effects:
➢ Christianity brought divisions among Shona
➢ Prazeros used Achikundas to raid African kingdoms for slaves
➢ Prazeros participated in civil wars and succession disputes in the Mutapa and caused
instability
➢ Loss of land

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➢ Loss of political power

➢ Destruction of African culture
➢ Abuse of African women
[June 2006]
48 [a].State any six reasons for the Portuguese penetration into the area between the
Zambezi and Limpopo rivers during the 16th centuries. [6]
➢ Control trade in gold and ivory with African Chiefs
➢ To verify rumours of king Solomon’s mines.
➢ To spread Christianity and displace Islamic religion
➢ To look for the legendary [Prester John]
➢ To revenge murder of Goncalo da Silveira
➢ To create prazos
➢ To colonise the interior
[b].Outline Portuguese penetration into the area between the Zambezi and Limpopo
rivers during the 16th and 17th centuries. [11].
➢ Missionary Goncalo da Silveira reached Chitako Changonyo [mt Fura] during Mutapa
Nogomo’s reign. Converted Nogomo, wife and 500 Shona.Killed and thrown into
Msengezi river
➢ Military expeditions despatched to revenge Silveira’s death
➢ Francisco Barreto’s expedition of 1569 failed due to nagana fever.Little food supplies
➢ Expedition of Vasco Fernadez Homen 1574 also failed
➢ Portuguese sent forces to help Gatsi Rusere in succession disputes
➢ Bocarro’s journey[1616] in search of silver mines-did not find valuable silver deposits
➢ Joao dos Santos a Dominican priest came after da Silveira to Zambezi Valley.Spent
10 years
➢ Jesuits came in 1607- expanded beyond Zambezi Valley into the interior
➢ Alliance system with Rusere and Mamvura
➢ Penetration of Fernadez
➢ Built Feiras at Dambarare,Masapa,Luanze and Masequese where Portuguese traders
settled
➢ Portuguese priests visited isolated churches of Mashonaland and Manicaland to
minister to followers and founded small schools
➢ Mid 17th –a Portuguese delegation to the Kingdom of Butua /Rozvi State
➢ Rozvi Mambo chose to deal with Portuguese via Vashambadzi
➢ Prazo system
[c].To what extent did Portuguese influence contribute to the decline of the Rozvi State?
➢ Little impact militarily. Rozvi actually drove the Portuguese from plateau. Rozvi
indirectly traded with Portuguese
➢ Rozvi declined mainly due to internal problems and external factors. Internal-drought,
succession disputes, decline in gold mining
➢ External factors-decline in trade with Portuguese as gold mining declined. goods to
Rozvi were of lower value
➢ Attack by Mfecane groups eg Ngoni,Ndebele, etc
➢ Portuguese incited vassal Chiefs to rebel

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[Nov 2006]
49 [a].Name any six Portuguese nationals who penetrated the Zimbabwean plateau
between the 16th and 17th centuries. [6].
➢ Antonio Fernadez, Goncalo da Silveira, Francisco Barreto, Vasco Homen, Diogo
Madeira, Miguel Fernandez,Antonio Caiada,Gasper Bocarro, Joao dos Santos,Diago
de Menesis, Dona Katarina
[b].Outline the Political and social activities of the Portuguese in the Zimbabwean
Plateau during the 16th and 17th centuries.
[11]
[i] Social
➢ The Jesuits Father Goncalo da Silveira visited Mutapa Negomo converted him, his
wife and 500 others. Murdered at the instigation of Moslems
➢ A Dominican priest called Joao dos Santos spent 10 years in Zambezi Region after
Silveira’s death
➢ Missionary work spread widely after 1627 when Portuguese assisted a convert of the
royal family called Mamvura to become Mutapa
➢ He encouraged Missionary work
➢ A few priests came to isolated churches of Mashonaland and Manicaland, preaching
and running small schools.Sons of Mutapa and Senior Chiefs sent to larger schools at
Sena and Tete or Theological College at Mozambique Island
➢ Abuse of women
➢ Practised slavery
➢ Degradados eg Antonio Fernandez married African wives
[ii] Political
➢ Death of Silveira provoked military expeditions
➢ Participated in civil wars
➢ 1569 expedition under Francisco Barreto
➢ Raised private armies
➢ 1574-expedition under Vasco Fernandez Homen
➢ Refused to pay tribute
➢ Interfered in succession disputes.e,g Assisted Gatsi Rusere to power in 1596
➢ Prazos became independent chiefs and did pay tribute but refused latter
➢ Also helped Mamvura to power in 1628
➢ Chiefs became puppets of Portuguese
[c].Did the Political activities of the Portuguese contribute to the decline of their
influence in the region? Explain your answer.
[8]
➢ Participation in civil wars
➢ Succession disputes
➢ Slavery and slave trade
➢ Refused to pay curva
➢ Abuse of African women
➢ Prazo system

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➢ Prazeros rebelled against port authority

➢ Led to increase of influence of Portuguese in the Mutapa State as they interfered in
succession disputes and installed puppet Mutapas.This led to them unpopular and led
to their ultimate expulsion
➢ Took land
➢ Got land concession to create prazos
➢ Political defeats in Rozvi State
➢ Political activities partly contributed to the decline of Portuguese influence as Rozvi
drove them away
Other factors:
➢ Rise of strong and powerful leaders of the Mutapa eg Mukumbire
➢ Revival of Mutapa authority
➢ Decline in gold trade
[Nov 2007]
50 [a].Name any six rulers of the Mutapa State who had contact with the Portuguese [6]
➢ Chikuyo Chisamarengu[a.k.a Kakuyo koMunyaka]
➢ Nenshangwe Munembire[nephew of Chikuyo]
➢ Chivhere Nyasoro[son of Chikuyo]
➢ Negondo Mapunzagutu[a.k.a Chirisamhuru or Sebastian][1543-1589]
➢ Nyambo Kapararidze[son of Gatsi Rusere][1623-29]
➢ Gatsi Rusere [succeeded Negomo]
➢ Mamvura[a.k.a Felipe or Mavura Mhande][1580s-1652]
➢ Mukombwe[Kamharapasu Mukobwe{Alfonso}]
➢ Nyakunembire
➢ Chioko
➢ Dambamutupe
➢ Mutapa Mukombo
[b].Describe the attempts by the Portuguese to gain control of the gold trade with the
Mutapa State during the 16th and 17th centuries. [11]
➢ 1505 Portuguese captured coastal town of Sofala which was the outlet for Shona
exports. This severed the gold trade
➢ 1507 Portuguese took control of Mozambique Island as gateway to the interior
➢ 1511-15 Portuguese sent Antonio Fernandez –to Barwe, Manyika, Dande, Guruuswa,
Mbire, Harare, Chegutu to locate the source of gold
➢ 1530 Portuguese established trading Feiras at Tete and Sena on the Zambezi river.
also opened some at Dambarare, Masekesa,Massapa,Luanze, Baccuto
➢ Driving away of the Swahili
➢ 1560-61 Portuguese Catholic priest Goncalo da Silveira converted the Mutapa
[Negomo] and court officials
➢ 1569-71 Portuguese armies under Barreto sent to avenge Silveira’s death and to take
control of gold trade.Expedition failed due to Malaria, Shona resistance and nagana as
well as Barreto’s death at Sena
➢ Another punitive mission under Vasco Fernandez Homen- conquered Manyika and
Uteve but found little gold

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➢ Portuguese signed a treaty with Gatsi Rusere in 1607,given land and mining rights,
trade concessions
➢ Portuguese defeated Kapararidze in 1628, concluded treaty with Mavura-1632-given
trading and mining concessions
[c].To what extent were the rulers of the Mutapa State able to resist these attempts in
the period?
[8]
[i] Resistance to Portuguese attempts/Success:
➢ Murder of Silveira in 1561-precipitated repudiation of Christianity
➢ Lack of co-operation led to failure of Barreto’s expedition
➢ Homen-after conquering Manyika and Uteve was shown only worked out mines
[ii]Failure to resist Portuguese:
➢ 1607-Portuguese treaty with Gatsi Rusere granted them land , trading rights, rights to
mine gold
➢ Also attempts to drive out the Portuguese by Mutapa Kapararidze led to the defeat of
Kapararidze in 1628
➢ 1632 Treaty with Mavura Mhande made Mutapa –vassal of Portugal
➢ Treaty gave Portuguese complete freedom to mine ,preach and trade
[Nov 2008]
51 [a].Name any three Portuguese prazeros and any three trading posts in the Zambezi
Valley. [6]
[i] Prazeros
Vincente Jose Ribero, Manuel Antonio de souse, kuvheya, Diogo Simoes Madeira,Sisnando
Dias Bayao, Rodrigo Lobo,Matakenya, Dona Katarina
[ii] Posts
Luanze, Tete, Sena, Dambarare, Massapa, Zumbo, Manyika, Matekenya, Mukuto
[b].Describe the Prazo system in the Zambezi Valley. [11]
➢ Original prazos Portuguese men [some of Indian origin] given land as rewards of
military service
➢ Gained control of lower Zambezi through treaties or force
➢ ‘Owned’ gold mines near Zambezi river and land a long south bank from Tete down
the river
➢ Portuguese divided land into prazos[estates] sanhos/mazungu/lords
➢ Prazos given to settler owners called prazeros Portuguese grew dagga, tobacco, rice
on prazos
➢ Slavery began on prazos and mines
➢ Trusted slaves recruited into personal armies of prazeros[Achikundas]
➢ Armies used to raid chiefs to capture lands with minerals
➢ Traded with and raided African neighbours
➢ Male slaves used as soldiers and female slaves as cultivators/concubines
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➢ Prazeros became African chiefs demanding tribute from people on their lands
➢ Original Europeans/Asian prazeros
➢ Supplanted by Mullatos/Eurafrican children as prazo chiefs
➢ Most Eurafrican prazeros were women called “black donnas”
➢ Portuguese used old feudal laws to govern prazos
➢ Portuguese performed rituals and were consulted by Africans
[c].To what extent did the prazo system contribute to the growth of slavery in the
Zambezi Valley?
[i].Contribution of Prazo system in growth of slavery
➢ Growth of plantations such as Zambezi prazos[rice, dagga, tobacco etc] which
demanded increasing numbers slave labourers
➢ Mining activities of gold in prazos required slave labour
➢ Need for slave armies [Achikundas]
➢ Portuguese superiority complex led to the growth of slaves
[ii].Other Factors:
➢ The institution of domestic slavery also existed in pre-colonial southern African
States e,g Mutapa State
➢ War captives became domestic slaves
➢ Criminals and witches also treated as domestic slaves before prazo system
➢ Ivory trade required slave labour to ferry ivory to the trade posts and coast
[Nov 2009]
52 [a].Name any six trading towns established by the Portuguese in the Zambezi Valley
up to the 18th century. [6]
➢ Tete, Massapa
➢ Sena, Luanze
➢ Masekesa,Dambarare
➢ Chicoa,Buccuto/Bukuto,Zumbo
[b].Describe the relations between the Mutapa State and the Portuguese up to the 18th
century. [11]
Mutapa-Portuguese relations:
➢ Trade –exchange goods eg cloth, guns, alcohol ,tobacco for gold, ivory, animal skins
➢ Establishment of trading centres
➢ Portuguese paid curva to the Mutapa
➢ Christianity –G.da Silveira came in 1560 to spread the word of God, some locals
baptised including the but this ended with the killing of Silveira in 1561
➢ Marrying and raping of African women
➢ War; Portuguese sent an army under F.Barreto and V.Homen to avenge the killing of
Silveira- The invasion was unsuccessful[Fernandez expeditions]
➢ Political interference: the Portuguese took advantage of succession disputes to align
themselves with some leaders. For eg they helped Gatsi Rusere and Mavura to

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become kings. This caused these leaders to dependent on the Portuguese .The
Portuguese in return were given land and mines
➢ Portuguese controlled most trading activities
➢ Demand for tribute by the Portuguese
➢ Portuguese no longer respected the Mutapa
➢ Ordinary people forced to work for Portuguese in their prazos.
➢ Achikundas used for raiding slaves
➢ In 1663 Mukombwe made an effort to revive the power of the Mutapa with the help
of the Rozvi.The Mutapa was able to drive the Portuguese from the Highveld.
[c].To what extent was military power important in Portuguese control of the
Mutapa State? [8]
[i].Importance of military power.
➢ Portuguese used guns to instil fear
➢ Military power weakened the Mutapa state in the 1570S
➢ Able to control chiefs in the Zambezi valley
➢ Used to raid for manpower/slaves
➢ Used for protection from attacks
[ii].Other important factors:
➢ Christianity used to gain influence on the Mutapa
➢ Weak leaders who asked for Portuguese help during succession disputes and became
puppets
➢ State was too big ,so Portuguese were able to control distant chiefdoms
➢ Portuguese monopolised trade
➢ Prazo system where Chikunda were kept
➢ Portuguese now got tribute[curva]
(Nov 2010)
53.(a).Name any six Portuguese trading posts(feiras) in the Mutapa state. (6)
➢ Massapa, Bukutu, Dambarare.
➢ Zumbo, Maramuca\Remuka
➢ Chiramboruwizi, Luaze, Masekesa,
➢ Sena, Tete,
(b).Outline the terms of the alliances between the Portuguese and
(i) Mutapa Gatsi Rusere,
(ii) Mutapa Mmvura. (11)
(i).
➢ Portuguese helped Rusere to achieve the throne in 1596
➢ Banning of Muslim
➢ Portuguese to Rusere against attacks from the Maravi kingdom and to suppress
rebellions within the state.
➢ Rusere in return, gave the Portuguese the right to mine gold and to take land
➢ Portuguese to take the heir and followers for training in India
➢ Portuguese to trade freely

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(ii)
➢ Portuguese helped Mamvura to the throne in 1629 after defeating his rival
Kapararidze in 1628
➢ Mamvura made land grants to the Portuguese
➢ Portuguese allowed to trade freely in the Mutapa state
➢ Portuguese missionaries were allowed to built churches and to preach wherever they
liked
➢ The Captain of Massapa was given authority over everyone in the area-black and
white
➢ The Portuguese would maintain Mamvura on the throne
➢ Opening of schools, Portuguese demanded tribute from Mamvura.
(c).Did the alliances benefit the people of the Mutapa state? (8)
Benefits
➢ Protection from external attacks
➢ Temporary peace
➢ Portuguese goods from trade
➢ Protection from internal attacks
➢ Literacy
➢ Spread of Christianity
Non-Benefits
➢ Loss of cattle
➢ Loss of land
➢ Erosion of culture e,g spread of Christianity.
➢ Forced labour and slavery
➢ Forced payment of tribute to the Portuguese
➢ Loss of identity
➢ Loss of resources like Gold
➢ Loss of political independence
[June 2011]
54[a] List any six trade items brought by the Portuguese into the Mutapa State during
the 16thand 17th centuries.
➢ Guns, Cloth, Glassbeads
➢ Knives, Maize seed, Alcohol
➢ Cowrie shells, Sugar, Chinaware
➢ Tobacco, Jewellery, Fruits e,g mangoes, guavas
[b].Describe the economic and social activities of the Portuguese in the Mutapa State
during this period. [11]
Economic activities
➢ Credit system, creation of the prazoes
➢ Keeping livestock, grew crops, e,g maize and practised crop rotation
➢ Collected tribute from the Mutapa and his people

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➢ Mining, especially gold

➢ Practised forced labour, hunting elephants for ivory
➢ Trade with the local s through the Vashambadzi agents
➢ Practised slavery and slave trade
➢ Fishing,established feiras
Social activities
➢ Spread of Christianity, Abuse of African women resulting in the birth of
Mulatoes(Portuguese coloureds)
➢ Private farms in which they illtreated Africans
➢ Disruption of African culture, Portuguese performed African rituals e,g rain making
ceremonies
➢ Opened small schools for children of Royal families
➢ Married African women, e,g Antonio Fernades
➢ Practised slavery, oferred medical services
[c].To what extent did the people of the Mutapa State benefit from the Portuguese
activities during this period?
Positive effects
➢ Introduced new farming and mining methods
➢ New crops were also introduced e,g maize rice
➢ Received guns through trade, some Africans became Christians
➢ Africans benefited in form of new goods such as clothes, jewellery, ceremics etc from
trade
➢ Chiefs and middlemen benefited from slave trade,education, health services,
employment
Negative effects
➢ African culture was disrupted/distorted through Christianity
➢ Africans lost their land, Portuguese influenced civil wars, they also refused to pay
curva
➢ Portuguese undermined African authorities and obtained land by force
➢ Trade between Portuguese and Africans was unfair
➢ African resurces depleted, abuse of African women
➢ Africans were engaged in forced labour, imprisoned, illtreated

[Nov 2011]
55 [a].List any six duties of the Captain of the Gates in the Mutapa state. [6]
➢ Ensured that the Portuguese obeyed the Mutapa King by ensuring that the Portuguese
paid tribute
➢ Supervised paying of taxes on Portuguese goods
➢ Advised the Mutapa king on matters concerning the Portuguese

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➢ Informed the Portuguese government on activites in the Mutapa State

➢ Controlled trade between the Portuguese and the Mutapa State
➢ Linked the Portuguese and the Mutapa
➢ Served as an interpreter
➢ Represented the Portuguese Government in the Mutapa
➢ Settled disputes between Portuguese and Africans
➢ Handing over gifts from Portuguese government to the Mutapa
[b].Outline the methods used by the Portuguese to gain control of the Mutapa state
[11]
➢ Displaced Arab traders
➢ Forced the king to expel the Swahili
➢ Established trade posts in the Mutapa State
➢ Took control of trade in the Mutapa State
➢ Controlled mining using forced labour
➢ Intrtoduced credit system
➢ Converted Mutapa Gatsi Rusere and some of his subjects
➢ Encouraged and intervened in civil wars
➢ Mutapa sons sent to Goa in India
➢ Use of brutality
➢ Helped Rusere to fight Marava
➢ Involved in slave trade and slavery
➢ Adoption of Mutapa religion
➢ Took over the role of religious leaders
➢ Helped to instal vassal chiefs
➢ Signed treaties and concessions
➢ Created private armies i,e Chikunda system
➢ Established private prisons
➢ Took large areas of land from Africans
➢ Took over administrative duties in the Mutapa state
➢ Latter refused to pay taxes
➢ Use of Portuguese names
➢ Married Mutapa women
➢ Forced Mutapa to pay tribute
➢ Forced labour.
[c].How far did these methods contribute to the fall of the Mutapa State? [8]
Contribution of Portugues methods
➢ Left Shona without enough land
➢ Caused decline in gold trade
➢ Mutapa’s wealth declined
➢ Encouraged civil wars which caused divisions and deaths
➢ Created puppet leaders who were not respected by most of their subjects
➢ Slavery prohibited Africans from engaging in their own economic activities to create
wealth
➢ Christianity caused divisions in the state
Contribution of other factors

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➢ Influence of Islam
➢ Rise of the Rozvi
➢ Depletion of natural resources
➢ Succession disputes in the Mutapa State
➢ Nguni incursions
➢ Disunity among Mutapa people
➢ Loss of traditional authority
➢ Weakness of Mutapa leaders
➢ Droughts
➢ Diseases
➢ Zimba and Maravi attacks
➢ Vastness of the State militated against effective control
➢ Civil wars

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