HES 101: SESSION 11 – SENSES 2.

Visceral – located in internal organs

Sensation – process initiated by stimulating sensory o Pain

receptors. Brings the information from the outside o Pressure
world into the body and it will then be process by the Types of Sensory Receptors in Gen Senses
brain.
• Free Nerve Endings – the simplest and most
Perception – conscious awareness of stimuli by common type. Responsible for painful
sensory neurons. Involves selecting, organizing, and stimuli and temperature.
interpreting information that is brought by the brain • Temperature Receptors – can only respond
via the various senses. to temperature between 12-47°C
*Cold receptors – respond to decreasing
*Sensory organs begins to process by absorbing the temperature
physical stimulus of the outside environment using *Warm receptors – respond to increasing
the sensory receptors converting it into impulses, temperature
this impulses will be sent to the brain. When the • Touch Receptors – more complex and most
brain needs this impulse, it will organize this enclose capsule
information and will be translated into something *Merkel disks – superficial and very small
meaningful that we called perception. nerve ending and it detects light touch and
superficial pressure
Sensory Receptors – nerve endings or specialized *Hair follicle receptors – detects light touch
cells capable of responding to stimuli but not discriminative
*Meissner corpuscles – deep in the
Senses – the brain receives information about the
epidermis, indicated for fine and
environment and the body. discriminative touch, and very specific and
SENSORY RECEPTORS TYPE localized tactile sensation
*Ruffini corpuscles – deeper tactile
1. Mechanoreceptors – respond to mechanical receptors, detect continuous pressure in the
stimuli skin
2. Chemoreceptors – respond to chemicals *Pacinian corpuscles – deepest receptors,
3. Photoreceptors – respond to light associated mostly in the tendons and joints.
4. Thermoreceptors – respond to temperature They detect deep pressure, vibration, and
changes position/proprioception
5. Nociceptors – respond to the stimuli that
result in sensation of pain PAIN – group of unpleasant perceptual and
emotional experience
• Localized – sharp, pricking or cutting result
General Senses – receptors distributed over a from rapidly conducted action (superficial
large part of the body pain)
1. Somatic – located in skin, muscles, joints • Diffuse – burning or aching pain resulting
from action potential (visceral pain)
o Touch
• Pain Assessment Tool – range from 1-10
o Pressure
o Pain Referred Pain – originates in region that is not source
o Temperature of pain stimulus
o Proprioception
o Vibration
Disrupting Pain Perception – perception of pain can • Adaptation – feedback loops, inhibits
be disrupted by anesthesia transmission of action potential due to
prolong exposure to a certain odor
1. Local Anesthesia – inj. of chemical anesthetics
•
near sensory receptors which suppresses the
action potential from pain receptors Smelling Process
2. General Anesthesia – a treatment where chem
anesthetics the affect the reticular activating -Odorant will bind to olfactory receptors, action
system are admins resulting to loss of potential is initiated and will go through sensory
consciousness neurons until it will reach olfactory bulb to
3. Gate Control Theory – inherent control system olfactory cortex where the smell is to be process
which may explain the physiological basis for by the brain
several techniques that have been used to SENSE OF TASTE
reduce the intensity of pain. Nonpainful input
closes the nerve gates to the painful input so • Taste Buds – located on papillae of tongue,
that the part of the painful will just be contained that detect taste stimuli
it certain parts of the body and would not travel *Specialized Epithelial Cells – form the
all throughout the CNS. exterior supporting capsule
*Taste Cells – total of 40 cells, each contains
hair like processes called taste hair
Special Senses – receptors localized within specific • All taste buds are able to detect all basic
organs taste sensations
• Many taste sensations are strongly
o Smell influenced by olfactory sensation
o Taste • After we eat something, it will be pick up by
o Sight taste buds it will be sent to taste cells, taste
o Hearing cell will send signals to taste hair and action
o Balance potential is initiated the it will be carried by
SENSE OF SMELL three cranial nerve: facial (7),
glossopharyngeal (9), and vagus (10)
• Olfaction – medical term for smell
• occurs in response to airborne molecules,
called odorants SENSE OF SIGHT
• Olfactory Neurons: bipolar neurons within
the olfactory epithelium • The visual system includes the eyes,
• there are at least 400 functional olfactory accessory struct, and sensory neurons
receptors in humans and can detect 10,000 • Accessory Structures:
different smells *Eyebrows – prevents
• only major sensation that is relayed directly perspiration/sweat getting into the eyes
to the cerebral cortex and serves as shade
• Olfactory Cortex: involved in both conscious *Eyelids & Eyelashes – protects the eye
perception of smell, visceral, and emotional from foreign object. Eyelids have blink
reactions to odor reflect (20x per mins)
• 80% of what we taste is actually comes from *Conjunctiva – is the transparent and
the sense of smell, can recall smell 65% very thin mucus membrane that covers
accurately after a year, visual recall 50% the inner circle of the eyelids
after 3 months *Lacrimal Apparatus – consist of
lacrimal gland that produces tears
*Extrinsic Eye Muscle – responsible for the eye separated by iris. Filled with aqueous
movement humor, a watery fluid produced by ciliary
body that provide nutrients to inner
• Eyeball – hollow, fluid-filled sphere within surface of eye, and keeps eye inflated
the orbit; the wall is composed of three • Vitreous Chamber – also known as
tissue layers vitreous humor, a transparent jellylike
*Fibrous – outermost layer. We can find sub that helps maintain eye pressure
here the 1. Sclera, a firm white outer
layer that helps to maintain eye shape FUNCTION OF THE EYE
and protect the internal structure. 2.
Cornea, transparent part that permits • Light Refraction – bending of light
the entry of light • Focal Point – crossing point as the light rays
converge, the image focused on retina is
*Vascular – middle layer that consist inverted to actual image
mostly of blood vessels. We can find • Eye’s main function is to refract light
here the 1. Choroid, consist of vascular • Concave = Diverged/Bend light rays
network and melanin containing (Nearsightedness)
pigment cells. 2. Ciliary Body, contains • Convex = Converged (Farsightedness)
ciliary muscle which is attached to the 20/20 Vision - is standardized for normal vision
perimeter of the lenses, it is responsible
for the changing of the shape of the SENSE OF HEARING
lenses. 3. Iris, colored part of the eye
which controls the amount of light that • External Ear
enters the eyes. Inside of it we can find *Auricle – fleshy part on the outside of the
Circular SM which is responsible for the head, to collect sound waves
parasympathetic stimulation of the pupil *External Auditory Canal – passageway that
and Radial SM which dilate the pupil via opens from the auricle and transmit
sympathetic stimulation. soundwaves to eardrum
*Ceruminous Glands – the lines or it lines
*Nervous – innermost part of the the canal and it produces cerumen
eyeball which is consist of retina. It has 2 *Cerumen/Earwax – modified sebum it
layers: Pigmented, outer portion which helps to prevent objects in reaching the
gives light from reflecting back in the eardrum
eye. Sensory, inner portion that contains *Tympanic Membrane/Eardrum – thin
photo receptors membrane that separates external from
middle ear causing soundwaves to vibrate
• Middle Ear
Rhodopsin – photosensitive pigment *Malleus/Hammer – attached to median
surface
Opsin – colorless protein that is loosely bound to
*Incus/Anvil – connects malleus to the
retina
stapes
Cone – required more light and they provide color *Stapes/Stirrup – smallest bone in the
vision (Red, Blue, Green) human body
• Inner Ear
*Cochlea – snail shape structure in which is
THREE CHAMBERS OF THE EYE involved in hearing
*Vestibule -involved primarily in balance
• Anterior Chamber and Posterior *Semicircular Canals
Chamber – located bet cornea and lens,
 blood vessel degeneration and
hemorrhage
DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF VISION 11. Retinal Detachment – separation of the
1. Conjunctivitis – Aka sore eyes or pink sensory retina from pigmented retina
eye. Inflammation of conjunctiva.
Types: Viral (cause by virus), Bacterial
(cause by bacteria, manifest with a sticky DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF HEARING
yellow discharge), Allergic (usually
accompanied by nasal congestion), and 1. Conduction Deafness – hearing impairment
Trachoma (caused by a bacteria from mechanical deficiencies
chlamydia) 2. Sensorineural Hearing Loss – hearing
2. Stye – (Kuliti) a reddish lump on the impairment caused by deficiencies in spinal
outer edge of your eyelid. Filled with pus organs or nerves
and inflammatory cells
3. Refractive Errors
*Myopia – near-sighted, ability to see VESTIBULAR DISORDERS
close but not distant objects. Caused by 1. Motion Sickness – caused by continuous
refractive power of cornea and lens is stimulation of semicircular canals that
too great creates conflicting information
*Hyperopia – far-sighted, ability to see 2. Tinnitus – phantom sound sensations
distant but not close object. Caused 3. Meniere Disease - most common disease
when cornea is too flat or lens has too involving dizziness from inner ear, unknown
little refractive power cause but may involve a fluid abnormality in
*Astigmatism – irregular vision, cornea ears
or lens is not uniformly curved so image
is not sharply focused
*Emmetropia – normal
4. Strabismus - an eye turn, the most
common cause of double vision,
especially among children. Occurs when
the eyes are not aligned properly due to
weak eye muscles. Esotropia (crossed
eye) and Exotropia (wall eye)
5. Color Blindness – absence of perception
of one or more colors
6. Night Blindness – vit. A deficiency
characterized by difficulty seeing in dim
light
7. Glaucoma – there is an increased
pressure in the eye by accumulation of
aqueous humor
8. Cataract – clouding of lens, most
common cost of blindness in the world
9. Macular Degeneration – loss of sharp
central vision, peripheral vision
maintained, unknown causes
10. Diabetic Retinopathy – common to
people with diabetes, often causes by