UNIT 1 Force, Motion, and EnergyUNIT 1: Force, Motion, and Energy Overview in Grade 7, students learned that energy exists in different forms and it can be transformed from one form to another. They also learned that energy can be transferred from one object or place to another in different ways. In Grade 8, students deepen their understanding of the different forms of energy by deseribing how the energy transferred affects, or is affected by, abjects, This unit has six modules. The first two modules discuss the effects of eneray at the macroscopic level while the next four modules tackle these effects at the particle level. Module 4 focuses on the idea that if a net or unbalanced force acts on an object, the motion of the object will change. Madule 2 picks up this idea and explains how the application of farce can do work an an object with a corresponding transfer of energy. Medule 3 describes the effects of heat on objects involved in energy transfer and explains these effects at the particle level. Module 4 deals with how energy affects the movement of charges in electrical circuits. Module 5 discusses how energy propagates through solids, liquids, and gases. It also describes how the speed of the energy transferred varies with some factors, such as temperature. Module 6 describes how the different colors of light differ in terms of their frequency and energy. Most of the topics in this module are dealt with qualitatively in order for students to have a basic understanding of the concepts. Some tasks include measurements and computations in order to illustrate the relationship among quantities, Through the activities included in each module, it is also aimed to make students gain interest in these topics and motivate them to learn more in the succeeding grade levels, The following ideas are expected to be developed among the students: + Energy is transmitted in the form of heat from one place to another due to temperature differences or in the form of mechanical work (potential and kinetic energy) + Energy affects objects. The effects are manifested in the changes thal ‘objects undergo. For example, energy can cause changes in the motion of objects, particles, or charges. It can also cause changes in some properties ‘of matter such as temperature. The amount of change depends on the amount of energy transferred. + The energy transferred can also be affected by the nature or kind of materials involved,Unit 1 MODULE 1 FORCES AND MOTION After learning about the ways by which the motion of an object can be described and represented in grade 7, students will now study the motion of objects using the concept of force. They will describe the effects of forces on an object and determine the relationship between the net force acting on an object and its acceleration due to this force. Key questions for this module Do forces always result in mation? What are the conditions for an object to stay at rest, to keep moving at constant velocity, or to move with increasing velocity? How is force related to acceleration? This module aims to address the following misconceptions related to force and mation: 1. Ifan object stays at rest, there is no force acting upon it. 2. An object continues to move at constant velocity because a constant force acts on it. 3. Ifthe speed of an object increases, its acceleration also increases. 4. Objects move because they have a force; they stop when their force is already used up. (Force is thought to be a property of a material)Start the module by eliciting students’ prior knowledge of force and mation. Questions such as the following may be asked: + What makes objects move the way they do? + Why do objects move in differant ways? Why are some objects faster than the others? * What makes objects stay in place? Note that there are no correct or wrong answers yet at this point. Just take note of their answers and go back to some of them after they finish the module, Balanced and Unbalanced Forces 1. To introduce the concept of FORCE, place a ball or any object on top of a table and ask: a) Will this object move by itself? b) How can we make this object move? ¢) While itis moving, how can we make the object speed up or slow down’? d) How can make it stop? e) How can we make it change its direction? Ask students to describe or demonstrate how they can achieve the given conditions above, This will lead them to realize that to make the object move, speed up, slow down, stop, or change its direction, it has to be pushed or pulled. The mation of an object can be changed if we apply FORCE on it 2. Pose another question: Consider again this ball here on top of the table. Since this batl stays at rest (meaning it does not change its motion) can we say that there is/are no force’s acting on it?React e e eee + In this activity, students are asked to identify the forces acting on objects at rest. This is a vary simple activity and the materials are readily available, so students can work on it individually or in pairs. This is to ensure that everybody is participating during the activity proper. + At this point, students need not to explain why the objects stay in place. They may explain this after they finish doing Activity 2 * During the post activity discussion, students can be asked to recall what they leaned in the previous grades about the force of gravity. They may be asked to show or cite examples that demonstrate the presence of the force of gravity on Earth. If there is enough time, discuss more about gravitational force. Emphasis should be given on the following ideas: + Gravitational force is the attraction between any two bodies wit mass. = Gravitational force increases with mass. If the mass of either object increases, the gravitational force between them also increases. - As the Earth attracts objects around it, these objects also attract the Earth, But the Earth is much more massive than them that is why their attraction is ot as great as the gravitational pull of the Earth. ~ All things on Earth fall (ar are: attracted) towards the center of the Earth.Answers to Questions Situation 1: Hanging pen Qt. The pen is at rest, Q2. Yes. The forces acting on the pen are the tension force (the force exerted by the string ‘on the pen) and the force of gravity. Hanging pen Q3. When the string was cut, the pen falls to the ground, The force of gravity makes the object fall down, Situation 2: Book on a table 1 Force the lable Q4. The book is at rest. Q5. Yes. The forces acting on the book are the force exerted by the table on the book and the force of gravity. Q6. No, the book stays at rest. The book Book ona table may be moved by pushing it on one side only Balance of forces The aim of this activity is to help the students understand how the forces acting on the objects in Activity 1 prevent them from moving. * Incase the number of spring balance is not enough, each group can work on the first part of the activity first using two spring balances. Then they can be asked tojoin with another group to complete the 4 spring balances needed for the four holes around the board. During the post activity discussion, the students must realize that there are still forces acting upon objects at rest. But these forces balance each other thereby causing the objects to stay in place. Emphasize the following ideas: If two forces acting on an object are equal in magnitude but opposite in irection, they are considered as balanced forces. These forces must lie along the same line. If the forces acting on an object are balanced, the object either stays. at rest ‘oF continues to move at constant velocity, \f the forces acting on an object ara unbalanced, the motion of the object will change. This concept was discussed in the module using the rdlling ball as an example. Eniphasize thal the ball Slowed down and eventually stopped not because its force was already used up nor the force acting om it was conitinuously decreasing (misconceptions). The ball slowed down and stopped because an unbalanced force caused It to change its motion. That unbalanced force is friction. This can be reiterated when Newton's First Law ‘of Motion is discussed. Answers to Questions a7. a8. The forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, If the lings of action of the forces are extended, they meet at a singie point. Note: Atithis point, the term “concurrent forces” may be introduced. When the tines ‘of action of the forces acting on an abject meet at-a single paint, they are ‘considered as cancurrent forces. When the forces: acting on an object are concurrent, the object does not move nor rotate, Concept check: Feat = 20 units Fea = 5 units. The object will move in the direction of the 10-unit force (larger force). Fax = 0. The object will not move.Newton’s Three Laws of Motion. If needed, introduce first Isaac Newton to the class. Discuss briefly some of his significant contributions especially in the field of physics. e.g. Newton combined his idea and the ideas of the other scientists like Galileo to give us a more unified picture of haw aur universe works. He formulated the laws af motion and gravitation. Through his three laws of motion, we can describe and predict the movement of everything around us. Investigating inertia This activity demonstrates how the inertia of an object affects its motion. Inertia is the tendency of the body to resist changes in its state of mation, This is described through Newton's First Law of Motion, also referred to as Law of Inertia, ‘Teaching Tips After discussing the result of the activity, relate the Law of Inertia to the previous discussion on balanced and unbalanced forces. Emphasize that if an object is acted upon by balanced forces, its motion or its velocity will not change. Since acceleration is defined as the change in velocity over time, then we can say that the object will not accelerate. It will only accelerate if the forces acting on it are unbalanced. This is what the Law of Inertia is all about. It states that, “An object will stay at rest or move: at constant velocity unless an unbalanced external force acts on it.” If time permits, discuss also the effect of mass on inertia: the greater the body's mass, the greater will be its inertia For the application part, relate the concept of inertia to students’ experiences: while riding a vehicle. Then discuss the importance of using a seatbelt. Answers to Questions Coin Drop Qs. When we slowly pulled the cardboard, the coin an top moved with the cardboard. 10‘The frictional force acting between the coin and the cardboard caused the ccoin to stay on top of the cardboard and move with it. Q10. When the coin was flipped quickly, the cardboard moved forward but the coin ‘did not move with it. When the cardboard was removed from undemeath it, the coin dropped into the glass, The coin did not move forward with the coin because of the tendency of the coin to stay at rest (inertia). Stack of Coins 11. When we hit the bottom coin with the edge of the ruler, it moved out from the pile of coins but the other coins stayed in place. The inertia of the coins has ‘caused them not to move out with the coin that was hit by the ruler. Pye e ew CC ecka Chie In this activity, students will describe the relationship between the unbalanced external force acting on an object and its acceleration by analyzing tape charts. * If the materials are available, try to demonstrate how the data or tape charts ‘were obtained. Hang four identical rubber bands from one end of a wooden bar as shown in Fig. 1. Then mark on the wooden bar the position where the rubber bands should be stretched (Fig. 2). When the rubber band is ‘stretched, it pulls with it the cart. Make sure that the person holding the ‘wooden board with rubber bands is free to move and ready to run, if needed to maintain the length by which the rubber band is stretched while pulling the cart. This is to ensure that the force acting on the cart is constant. The number of rubber bands used to pull the cart is related to the amount of farce acting on the cart. If the number of rubber bands is changed, say doubled, the force acting on the cart is considered also to be doubled. Figure 1 Figure 2 uuSince they do not need to perform the activity, students can be asked to work on the tape charts (Figure 3) individually or in pairs. Note that their measurements may differ even if they are provided with the same copies of the tape charts. This is why they are asked to compute for the acceleration of the cart at least three times using different values of average velocity, Then they will just get the average. Relate Newton's Second Law of Motion, also called Law of Acceleration, to the previously discussed topics, particularly on the effects of unbalanced forces on the motion of objects. Since the law of acceleration quantifies the relationship among mass, farce, and acceleration, it i8 but necessary to discuss also the effect of mass of the object On its acceleration, As the mass of the objact increases, with the same amount of force applied, its acceleration also increases. To state in another way, if the same force acts on two bodies of different masses, the acceleration af the body with lesser mass is greater than the acceleration of the body with greater mass. Answers to Questions Tape chart analysis Q12. We noticed that the lengths of tr strips in all the tape charts are in increasing order. In terms of the difference, we noticed that the amount of change in length of the strips differs among the tape charts. It is greatest in F=4 units. 13. The increase in lengths of the strips suggests that the average velocity of the cart at equal time interval increases. The cart is accelerating, This is also true to all other tape charts. Q14, The increase in length of each strip from one strip to another is of equal size, This indicates equal changes in the velocity of the cart at equal periods of time when the force acting on it is constant. ‘Yes, this is also true with the other tape charts. Q15. The increase in length of the strips varies among the four tape charts. The amount of change increases as the units of force increases. The increase in length is greatest in F = 4 units and least in F = 4 unit. Q16. When the dots on top of the strips are connected, a straight line was formed. Yes, the same pattem exists for the other tape charts. 2Quantitative analysis Q17, The computed values of Vawe are increasing, The cart is accelerating, Q18. The computed values of Av are equal (or almost equal or very close), ‘This means that the cart is accelerating uniformly or its acceleration is constant. Q19. The computed values of acceleration are equal (or almost equal) 20. The acceleration of the cart increases with the net or unbalanced force applied on it. Or as the amount of force applied on the cart increases, the acceleration of the cart also increases. Action-reaction The Newton's third law of motion, or sometimes called as Law of Action- Reaction, describes the relationship between the forces that two bodies exert on each other. In this activity, students should realize that these forces are equal Magnitude but opposite in direction. * Make clear the difference between this pair of forces and the previously discussed balanced forces. Emphasize that this pair of forces are acting on different bodies, so they do not cance! each other out. Answers to Questions Q21. (answer may differ, but the values should be equal) ‘These values represent the amount of pulling force that we exerted on each other. 22, The forces that we exerted are in opposite directions. Q23. (The readings this time should be greater than the previous ones) 24. We increased the force that we exerted on each other. Q25. (readings may vary) Q26. The forces are of opposite directions. BFigure 3: Tape charts F=2units F=4units‘Solutions: For F=1 unit V, = 2.5emi0,10s = 25 emis Va = 8.0omi0.10s = 30cm/s V5 = 3.5cmv0.108 = 35cmis Va = 4.0crv0.10s = 40cm/s Vez 4 5emi0.10s = 45cm/s Solving for a 30cms = 25cmys 0.108 35cmis - 3ocms ‘0.108 1... = SOs * = 50cm” For F = 2 units V, =4.5em/0.10s Vi = 5.Semi0.10s = 55ers Vy = 6.5Scmi0.10s = 65emis Vi = 7.Semi0.108 = 7Semvs Vis 8.5cm/0.10s = 85cmls Solving for ‘SScms = 45cr/s 0.105 ‘65cms - 5Scmvs 0.108 = 100em¥8 = 100cns For F=3 units Vy = 8.5crv0.10s = 85 cm/s Ve = 10¢m/0.10s = 100¢em/s Vs = 14.50m/0.108 = 115cm/s Va = 13em/0.10s = 130em/s Vs= 14.50m/0,105 = 145¢m/s Solving for a e 100envs ~ B5cn¥s, z 0.105. 415cmis =100cm/s 0.108 = 150cn =150em4 For F = 4 units Wy = 14.5cm/0.10s = 145 cm/s V2 = 16.Sem/0.108 = 165cm/s Ws = 18.50m/0.108 = 185cm/s WV, = 20.Sem/0.10s = 205cm/s Ws= 22,Semu0.10s = 225emis Solving for 1eSem’s —145em's. _ oo, 0.105 185cm's = 165cm's a 4s.Data for Table 1 Foree ‘# of rubber bands ‘Acceleration F= 1 unit 1 50 mis: 2 units 2 100 mis units 3 150 mi = 4 units 4 200 mis 200 150 S a 100 4 50 1203 4 Force Figure 4: Graph of force vs acceleration References UP NISMED. (2002). Practical Work on High School Physics: Sourcebook for Teachers, UP NISMED, Quezon CityUnit 1 MODULE 2 WORK AND ENERGY In this module, students will learn about motion from the perspective of work and energy. The concept of energy is one of the most important concepts in physics. The students have been studying about it since Grade 3 up to Grade 7. They have learned that energy takes many forms; there are different sources and uses of energy; and energy can be transferred. The module starts with a discussion about work. In the first activity, they will explain whether a situation represents an example of work. It is followed by a discussion about work and energy, and then about Kinetic and potential energy. In the second activity, students will construct a toy that demonstrates how a rubber band ‘stores’ energy. The last activity puts together the concepts of work, energy and power. Key questions for this module What is work? What is energy? How are work, energy and power related? What is work? Figures 1 to 3 in the student's module shows different situations. Ask the students to identify the one doing the work and on which object the work is done. The students should be able to arrive at the cancept that wark is done on an object when the force applied to it covers a distance in the direction of the applied force. WIs there work done? In this activity, students will analyze the situations shown in the illustrations. For them to explain if the situations represent examples of work they should be able to identify the one doing the work and on which object the work is done, They should also look into the direction of force exerted relative to the direction of the movement of the abject ar the distance cavered by the applied force. Teaching Tips 1. Ask the students what's the first thing that comes to their mind when they hear the word work. 2. Let them look for the meaning of work in a dictionary. 3. Recall the lesson about force in Module 4 Answers to Questions © Agitl is pulling her toy car. Yes, the situation is an example of work. The work is done by the girl on the cart. The force exerted by the gir in pulling the tay car is in the same direction as the distance covered when the force is applied. + Aman is lifting a box to be placed on a table. Yes, the situation is an example of work. The work is done by the man on the box. The force exerted by the man is upward and the box is displaced upward. = Agi carrying a bag walks down the street, No, the situation is not an example of work. There is force (the shoulder pushes up the bag) and there is displacement (the bag is moved horizontally). However, the line of action of the force and the displacement are not parallel but perpendicular. The distance covered is not along the direction of the applied force.+A mango fruit faling from the branch Yes, the situation is an example of work, The work is done by the force of gravity on the mango, In this case, the mango loses energy as you will find ‘out in the discussion of potential energy. Calculating work The students are givan the equation of work in their module. However, the equation can only be usad if the force is applied horizontally (pushed across the floor ‘or ground) or vertically (lifted above). W=Fd Figure 1. Equation for solving work The equation of work for forces at an angle is not introduced to the students because they have not yet taken up trigonometric functions in their mathematics class. However, if the students ask how to salve for work if the force is at an angle, you may also show the equation, w Figure 2. Equation for solving work if the force is at an angle 19Answer to the problem: A book which has a mass of 1 kg is on the floor. If the book is lifted from the floor to the top shelf which is 2 meters from the floor, how much work is done? were W = mgh W=1kg (98 3m) W = 19.6 Nmor} Work is a Method of Transferring Energy * In Grade 7, students learned that there are different ways by which energy can be transferred from one place to another. ‘This time, they will learn that work is a means of transferring energy from one abject to another. Is there work done on the ball? In the bowling game described in the student's material, the work is done by the person on the ball to just start it moving. Because of the work done to the ball, it gained something’ that enables it to move, That ‘something’ that was transferred to the ball is called energy, The energy became energy of motion of the ball, + What can a moving ball do? A moving ball has energy. When it strikes the empty plastic bottle, it can push it through a distance. Thus, work is done by the ball on the empty plastic battle, Since wark is done on the bottle, energy is transferred to il + If energy can be transferred, what happens to the energy of the one doing the work and to the object on which wark is done? The one doing the work loses energy and the object on which work is done gains energy. When work is dane by an object, the object loses energy; when work is done on an object, the object gains energy. In the bowling game the students played, the one rolling the ball loses energy while the ball gains energy. When the moving ball strikes the empty plastic bottle it loses energy while the plastic bottle gains energy. 20* Clarify to the students that it is energy and not force that is transferred when ‘work is done * You may also show or demonstrate a billiard game wherein one ball hits another ball. Kinetic Energy * The energy of a moving object is called energy of motion or kinetic energy (KE) How the equation of KE is derived is shown in the student's module. + The KE of an object depends on its mass and velocity. What will happen to the KE of an object if its mass is doubled but the velocity remains the same? The KE ‘will be doubled. How about if the velocity is doubled but the mass remains the same? The KE is proportional to the square of the speed, thus if the speed is doubled, the KE will be quadrupled. Answer to the problem: A 1000 kg car has a velocity of 17 mis. What is the car's kinetic energy? KE= 1 KE = 51000k9 (a7 KE = 144,500) Potential Energy ‘Work is done in lifting an object. When work is done on an abject, energy is transferred to it. Thus, an object lifted from the ground gains energy. Since the work is done against the force of gravity, itis called gravitational potential energy or simply potential energy (PE). The force of gravity also acts on objects falling to the ground. As an object falls, the potential energy decreases because it is transformed to become the kinetic energy of the object. anThe gravitational potential energy is the energy due to its position. This energy depends on the mass and height of the object. The height can be measured relative to an assigned level. But usually, the common reference level is the ground. Teaching Tips 41. Point out that the higher the object is from the ground, the greater is its potential energy. The more massive an object is, the greater is its potential energy. These concepts were demonstrated in the problems. 2. Compare the potential energy of an object/s for different reference level. Answer to the problem: If the same 1.0 kg book is lifted 0.5 m above the table, but the table top is 1.0 m abave the floor, what would be the potential energy of the book if the reference level were the floor? PE =mgh m Pe =1kgx 987 x15m PE = 14.7 N-m or] 22* Prepare a sample toy made of a can instead of the transparent plastic ‘container. This way the students cannot see the mechanism inside the can. Rotate the barbecue stick beforehand before asking them what they think will happen to the can when placed on the floor, * After the activity, ask the students to demonstrate the game they played using a rubber band. Ask them how the rubber bands ‘store’ energy and what this energy can do once transformed to kinetic energy. Answers to the questions: Qt. trolls. Q2, Potential energy Q3, Kinetic energy Q4, Potential to kinetic energy Work, Energy and Power People possess energy. They get their energy from the food they eat. As shown and demonstrated in the previous lesson, this energy can be transferred to objects. ‘When people do things such as walking or running, they expend energy. The rate at which they expend energy is called power. Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of using energy. 23How POWER-ful am I? In this activity, the students will relate the concepts of work and energy to power. The energy expended in climbing a flight of stairs is equal to the gravitational potential energy, PE = mgh or weight x height. Sample data for Table 1 tame | Went) | Tein) | testam ) | expanded) ‘om | Bella 441 5 10 2205 220 | Troy 480 5 8 2450 306 | Mae 392 5 10 1960 196 | Elijah 441 5 9 2205 245 | Answers to the questions (based on the sample data for Table 1): Qs. Troy 6. Eneray’ 2450) _ sag! Q7. Mae a8. P= Energy sal 1960) = 6! time 10s s 24a9, Each member performed different amounts of work except for Bella and Elijah who performed the same amount of work because they weigh the same. Q10. Power output is determined by the amount of work done or energy expended and the time taken to do the work. Summary Below is alist of concepts or ideas developed in this module. + Work is done on an object when the force applied to it covers a distance in the direction of the applied force. + Work is a way of transferring energy. + When work is done by an object it loses energy and when work is done on an object it gains energy. The energy of an object enables it to do work. ‘+A moving object has energy called energy of motion or kinetic energy. = An object above a specified level has energy due to its position called potential energy. + An elastic object that is stretched or compressed or twisted has energy called potential energy. ‘+ Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of using eneray. 25References Henderson, Tom, (21 January 2013). Retrieved from httpa/www. physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/ Hewitt, P.G. (2002). Conceptual physics. USA: Prant Jersey, -Hall, Inc. Saddle River, New Kirkpatrick, L.D. and Wheeler, G.F. (1998), Physics a world view. USA: Saunders College Publishing Ostdiek, V.J. and Bord, D.J. (1987). Inquiry into Physics. USA: West Publishing Company DepEd. Science and Technology IV. SEDP Series. (1992). Philippines: Book Media Press, Inc, 26Unit 1 MODULE 3 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE In Grade 7, students leamed about the conditions necessary for heat transfer to-occur and the ways by Which heat transfers from one place to another. This time they will explore what happens to the object when heat is transferred to or from it They will also leam about the factors that affect the amount of heat that an object can transfer. Students are also expected to understand the difference between heat and temperature. Furthermore, this module hopes to address the following misconceptions on heat and temperature: 1. Heat is a substance. 2. Heat is not energy. 3. Heal and temperature are one and the same. 4, The temperature of an object depends on its size or volume. 5. The amount of heat transferred is determined always by the change in temperature, Key questions for this module What happens to solids, liquids, or gases when they absorb or release heal? Does heat affect all kinds of materials in the same way? Are heat and temperature one and the same? Notes: * This module is good for 6 days. The experiments were made simple so that students will be able to finish them early and the discussion of the results can bbe done also on the same day. awThe word heat in the module is written in Italic form to emphasize that it represents the quantity of thermal energy that is transferred ta or from an object Since the students will be using a laboratory thermometer in all the experiments, it is advised that the guides on how to use the device properly are discussed at the beginning of the chapter. Explaining hotness or coldness In this activity, students will describe the hotness or coldness of water in terms of its temperature. They will also compare the amount of heat transferred to the water in terms of the changes in Its temperature and describe the relationship between these two variables. The first part of the activity requires the students to recall their previous lesson on heat transfer. Since this is just a review of their previous lessons, students. may be allowed to discuss their answers within their group. Make sure that the following concepts are made clear among the students: ¥ Heat is a transfer of (thermal) energy between objects or places due to temperature difference. ¥ Heal transfers from an object of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature. When determining the hotness or coldness of the water, make sure that students use different fingers for each water sample. Sample Data eater Temperature Change in Initial Fin: temperature Container 1 12°C 56°C ace Container 2 12°C 20°C 8c" Container 3 12°C 12°C oc? 28Answers to Questions Q1. Heat was transferred from my finger {higher temperature) to the cold water (lower temperature). Q2, The water was cold. The energy was released from my hand to the water. Q3, (Answers may vary, depending on how close the students’ answers are to the measured value} Qa. ‘Container 1 or the container that was added with hot water ‘Coniainer 3 or the container that was added with cold water Q5. The water added to the containers are of different temperatures. Q6. Heat transfer was taking place in containers 1 and 2. There was a change in the temperature of water in these containers, Q7, Greater amount of heat was transferred in container 1, There was greater ‘change in the temperature of water, Q8. The amount of heat transferred is proportional to the change in temperature. The greater the amount of heat transferred to an object, the greater the increase in its temperature, DCR Ltd The aim of this activity is to explain why the temperature of water in Activity 1 increases when heat was added to it. Also, by observing the behavior of the dye through the water, students will describe the effect of heat transferred to the particles. of water. The greater the amount of heat transferred to an abject, the greater the increase in the kinetic energy of the particles and the greater the increase in the temperature of the object. Teaching Tips 4. At this point, students should be made to realize that everything is made up ‘of moving particles. 292. In Table 2, fast column, students’ observations must focus on the scattering of the dye through the water. Ask them to make comparisons, like the dye scatters faster (or slower) or the dye scatters the most (ar the feast). They will later relate these observations to the speed of the moving particles. 3. At the end of the discussion, students should be able to recognize that “hotness or coldness” indicates how fast the particles move. “Hot” may be considered as faster movement of the particles or higher kinetic energy of the particles. Sample data for Table 2: Container Temperntiire Observations (6c) | Container 1 (cold) 12%C | Oye scattered the slowest Dye scattered slower than in Container 2 (tap) 26°C | hot water or faster than in cold water P ‘The dye scattered the fastest Container 3 (hot) ttc, | eons Hot water ‘Water at Cold water room temp Figure I. Scattering of the dye among the three water samples Answers to Questions Q9. After putting drops of dye into the water, the dye scattered throughout the water. The rate of scattering of the dye differs in each container. Q10. Hot water. Cold water. 30ant. aia. Q13. ata. ‘The higher the temperature of the water, the faster the scattering of the dye. The particles are moving fastest in the container with hot water. The particles ‘are moving slowest in the container with cold water. The higher the temperature of the water, the greater the speed of the moving particles. The higher the temperature, the greater the kinetic energy of the particles. Thermal Expansion Explain how liquid thermometers work expansion. the concept of thermal Demonstrate the activity described or suggested in the module to exp thermal expansion of solid. [Emphasize that objects or materials expand when heated and contract when cooled. But emphasize also that different materials expand or contract to different extents when healed or cooled. If time permits, ask the students to research more on the applications of thermal expansion to real life. Phase Change What happens when ice melts? Teaching Tips 1. If the materials are available, some groups or students may be allowed to use a bumer to heat the beaker of ice, Then let them compare their results and explain the difference in terms of the effect of the amount of heat absorbed by the ice to the time the ice takes to melt completely. aL2. Students can be allowed to use an iron stand with clamp to hold th thermometer to ensure that it will not touch the bottom of the container. 3. At this point, some guides in constructing graphs might be needed, Note that the independent variable (heating time) is plotted along the horizontal axis while the dependent variable (temperature) is plotted along the Y-axis, 4. Try out the activity first to determine the amount of ice that will allow the students to finish their activity on time. Answers to Questions Q15, The ice melts because the heat from the surrounding (higher temperature) was absorbed by the ice (lower temperature). Q16. The dependent variable is the ‘temperature’ while the independent variable is the time’. Q17. Descriptions may vary depending on how the graphs of the students look tke. The accepted ane should have a straight horizontal line like in the graph shown in Figure 2 below (melting), 18. The temperature of the water while the ice was melting remains the same Q19. After the ice has melted the temperature of the water increases with time. Temperature 100"C --- (Boiling point) Figure 2 32What happens to the temperature of water as it boils? 20. Descriptions may vary depending on how the graphs of the students look like. The accepted one must have a straight horizontal line like in Fig. 2 (vaporization). 21. Both graphs have a straight horizontal line but the temperature level ‘sorresponding to these lines differ. What is the relationship between the cE MM Mut ot VE TCM det Cl eh atey gs heat it can transfer? Afier students learned about the relationship between the temperature of the object and the amount of heat it can transfer, this time they will try to investigate on their own the relationship between the mass of the object and the amount heat it can transfer. In this activity, students are asked to plan and design their own investigation, including the steps on how they will gather and analyze data to come up with an answer to this question: How does the mass of an abject affect the amount of heat it can transfer? Example: ‘Students may fill identical containers with different amounts of water of the same temperature, say hot water. Then they pour both contents info two containers with water of the same amount and temperature. Then they measure the increase in temperature of water in both containers. The amount of increase in the temperature of water ean be related to the amount of heat transferred to the object. 33Comparing heat capacities Teaching Tips 1. Make sure that the liquid samples are stored in the same toom before the experiment to ensure that they will be of the same room temperature when they are used in the activity. 2. Aside from water and cooking oil, other samples of liquids can also be used. 3. If there are enough thermometers available, it is better to use a separate thermometer for each liquid sample 4. During the post activity discussion, provide the class with the table containing the specific heat capacities of some materials. This will confirm their findings that different materials have different heat capacities. 5. During the post lab discussion, include some real life applications of specific heat capacity Answers to Questions Q22. The water requires more time to increase in temperature Q23. The water requires more heat to increas temperature Q24, The water has greater heat capacity. Link http://www. biol. wu edu/donovan!Sci&d491/HeatTempUnit pdf 34Unit 1 MODULE 4 ELECTRICITY in the previous modules, students leam about charges and how their charges determine the forces that exist between them. In this module, they will study charges as moving through conducting materials. Students will be dealing mostly on terms like voltage, current and resistance in studying electricity, In the first activity, they will determine how changing the voltage affects the current in an electric circuit. The second activity deals with haw resistance affects the current in a circuit, The next activity talks about the two types of connection (series and parallel connections) and how the charges flow in these connections. The last activity of this module deals with the effects of too much current in the circuit on conducting materials, and how its effect can be useful in practicing safety practices in using electrical appliances in order to prevent accidents like fires or electric shock. ‘The topics covered in this module are relevant because of the applicability of the lesson in preventing accidents like fires caused by unsafe use of electricity. Key questions for this module How do voltage and resistance affect electric current? ‘What are the safety precautions needed in using electricity? a5,Current and Voltage Electric charges can be made to move through a conducting material. The electri¢ charges are the electrons of the conducting materials, Materials such as copper, steel, and aluminum have a lot of loosely held electrons which made them goed conductors of electricity. Current is a measure of the number of charges passing thraugh a cross-section of a conductor in a given time What is the direction of current? A battery has terminal marks “#’and “=. The plus (+) sign indicates surplus or excess of charge and the negative (-) sign means deficiency, The movement of charges from the positive side of the battery to the negative side is called conventional current or simply current. However, this is not the actual motion of electrons in a circuit. The direction of the flow of electrons is from the negative terminal to the positive terminal. This is called electron current. The direction of current does not affect what the current does. ‘An ammeter measures electric current. Because the device measures haw much charges flow in a certain cross section at a given time, it has to be connected in series. Take note how the positive and negative signs of the ammeter and the terminals of the battery are oriented as shown in Figure 1 * Figure 1. Ammeter connected in a circuit Energy is needed to make the charges move. In Module 2. the students learned that when work is done on an object, energy is transferred. The voltage of a battery does the work on charges to make them move. Balteries are energy sources. ‘The chemical energy in the battery is transformed to electrical energy. This electrical energy moves the charges in a circuit. The work done on the charges as it passes through a load is measured as the voltage across the load. 36‘A voltmeter measures voltage. The voltmeter must be connected parallel or across the load as shown in Figure 2. The positive terminal of a voltmeter is connected to the positive terminal of the bulb while the negative terminal is connected to the negative terminal of the bulb as shown in Figure 2. positive terminal of the bulb negative terminal of the bulb Figure 2. Voltmeter connected across the load Current and voltage * In this activity, students will determine how voltage and current are related. + Students will use voltmeters and ammeters to measure the currant and voltage in a circuit, Make sure that they follow the correct way of connecting the ammeter and vollmeter. If the school cannot provide vollmeters and ammeters, they can modify the activity by just relating the number of dry cellsor increase in voltage with the brightness of the bulb. The brighter the bulb, the bigger the current. + The dry cells must be connected in series which means the positive terminal ‘of one cell is connected to the negative terminal of the other. + Ideally a switch must be included in the circuit so that they can turn off the circuit to avoid wasting energy. The teacher can make an improvised switch using llustration board and aluminum foil as shown in Figure 3. 7Figure 3. An improvised switeh Be sure also to use new batteries for this activity especially when the brightness of the bulb is being asked. For the bulb, use a flashlight with a voltage rating of 2.5 V. In case no battery hokiers, use a cardboard to wrap two batteries tightly like a cylindrical hokier. Tape the cartolina to secure the tightness of the connection of the batteries. Answers to Questions: Q1, (This will depend on the reading they get from the ammeter.) Q2. ‘The bulb glows brighter when two batteries are used. Q3. (This will depend on the reading obtained in the ammeter.) 4, ‘The current is higher for two dry cells as compared to one dry cell, Qs. (This will depend on the readings obtained on the voltmeter.) Q6. ‘The bulb glows brighter. Q7. This will depend on the readings obtained on the voltmeter.) Q8. ‘The voltage is bigger for two dry cells as compared to one dry cell. Q9. For 2 constant load (one bulb), when the voltage increases the current also increases. 38Sample Data No. of batteries Voltage (V) Currant (Ay + 15 O2A 2 25 OSA Activity 1 Discussion The dry cell provides the energy that moves the charges in a circuit. The dry cell must be connected by conducting wires to a load to form a complete circui Adding dry cells in series increases the voltage in a circuit. In the activity, adding dry cells increases the current in a circuit as shown by the ammeter readings, The brightness of the bulb also indicates the amount of current passing through it. The bigger the current through the bulb, the brighter it glows. Both the meter readings and the brightness of the bulb shaw that voltage and current are related. The activity shows that as the voltage increases, the current also increases. Current and Resistance Another variable that can affect current is the resistance. As the term implies, the resistance of the material opposes the flow of charges. Resistance can also be measured and they are expressed in units called Ohms. A lower resistance would mean that there is less opposition in the flow of charges and therefore bigger current. Different materials have different amounts of resistance. Conductors definitely have very little resistance and therefore allow more charges to pass through. Insulators are materials that have very high resistance and therefore flow of charges would be difficult The length and thickness of the conducting wire are factors that affect resistance encountered by current. The longer the wire the greater will be its resistance and the greater the cross sectional area (a measure of the thickness of the wire), the lower will be its resistance. 39‘The resistance of an object atso changes when the abject becomes wet. Ory human skin for instance has a resistance of 100,000 ohms but when it gets wet its resistance is reduced to 1,000 ohms. That is why it is important to dry the hands when plugging an electrical appliance to reduce any chance 'of getting a lot of current if an accident occurs. Understanding the relationship between current and resistance is important in protecting oneself from elecirtc shack, The table below shows the physiological effects that happen when a certain amount of current passes through the human body. jectrical Current in the Human Body Current Reaction ‘Below | mutiampere Genera not porcantie, 1 pruampere Fant ang ‘Srrtuamperes, Sight spock hut ot pans mut eetuting.Averay tevin! ca Lt go: Sure mvountayy wasctons ean iad to otha OS. 6-26 mumaempras Para smock, ts of mou cant Th rss comeet ort. Qo" range (women Irefgual came a go, Bul ear Be vow aka Tomy seen exlanae 2-30 mimamperas yneey muses ar stmaatn” 50-150 miamperes Extrema pain. respiratory avest resting stops, sovere muscu contrar- tore, Death i poesia 1000-4200 Piyfrene: purping selon ef Ba heart canses, Muscuue cerrado and naewe misiamperes same oscur ain Bt, 10,000 minseepares Coesas erat ares s9ves bums eon Death peat, “18800 mitmperes Lowedt evenurent at eich a hyp! Nb or Great basher pane a cect “ie exieraot muscles are oucied by the sh cok, he person ray be tryown away fom the powes souroo. ‘Tholbnwas! cvercurent at wich 2 typical ve or ckeut breaker wil pan 15,000 liana (1S ames. Source: Department af Health and Human Sertices, Center for Disease Control and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Current and resistance In this activity, the students must be able to determine how resistance affects the current through the circuit 40+ The purpose of the activity is to find if a relationship exists between current and resistance. + If there is no ammeter available, the students can just compare the brightness of the bulb since the brightness is also associated with the current passing through them, + In the last part of the activity, the students were asked to connect the ammeter at different points in the circuit. This is to shaw to them that current is the same anywhere in the circuit, Answers to Question Q10. The current decreases as the resistance increases or when the resistance increases the current decreases. Sample data: No. of bulbs | Current (A) 1 03a 2 0.25. 3 02a Q11, The current reading at different paints of the circuit is constant, Q12. The readings indicate that current is the same anywhere in the circuit. Electrical Connections ‘Series Connection ‘Circuit A in Activity 3 is a series circuit. In a series circuit, loads form a single pathway for charges to flow. A gap or a break anywhere in the path stops the flaw of charges. When one bulb is removed from the socket, a gap is created. The other bulb turns off as there is no longer current in the circuit, aLThe total resistance in a series circuit is equal to the sum of the individual resistances of the load (bulb). Current is the same in every part of the circuit. The current is equal to the voltage divided by the total resistance. As more load (bulb) is added in a series cireuit, the smaller the current as reflected by the brightness of the bulb. The voltage across each load depends on the load’s resistance. The sum of the voltage across each load is equal to the total voltage. Parallel connection Circuit B in Activity 3 is a parallel circult. In a parallel circuit, loads form branches; each provides a separate path for charges to flow. A gap or a break in any branch will not affect the other branches. Thus, when one bulb is removed from the socket, a gap is created only for that branch. The other bulbs still glow as their path is still complete. In a parallel connection the voltage is the same across each load. The total current is equal to the sum of the currents in the branches. The amount of current is inversely proportional to the resistance of the load, Aare tae Cast tts te) ig + In this activity students will find out how series and parallel connections are constructed. Giving them a situation to figure out how to do it stimulates problem solving skills of students. + Be sure that when you let them do circuit A there should only be three wires for each group. For circuit B only four wires should be given. If the number of wires is not limited, they will not be able to execute the simplest way to demonstrate connections of bulbs in series and parallel. «Tell the class to show them what they have constructed and check if it fits to the condition (one bulb unscrewed, then other one turns off for Circuit A: one bulb is unscrewed and the other bulb remains lighted for Circuit 8). Usually the series connection is easier for the students. For parallel connections, students will experience some challenge in doing it. Mast textbooks show parallel connections shown in Figure 6: a2Figure 4 A parallel circuit However, students might have another way of connecting the bulbs and these possible outputs shown below are also in parallel. Figure 5 Parallel circuits + In the last part of the activity, the students were asked to measure the voltage across the two bulbs and the vollage drop across each bulb in circuits A and B. Sample data is shown below: Table 3 Voitage across the ‘two bulbs (Vv) 43Circuit A shows that the voltage of the dry cell is divided between the two bulbs. The voltage depends on the resistance offered by the bulbs. If the bulbs are identical, the measurement should be the same. Circuit B shows that the voltage across each bulb is almost equal to the voltage of the dry cells, This shows that in this type of connection, voltage is the same across any two points in the circuit. Answers to Questions: Q13. There is only one path for current in Circuit A. Q14. Because there is only one pathway for the current, when one bulb is removed from the holder, it made a gap or a break in the path. A gap or a break anywhere in the path stops the flow of charges. All bulbs connected will go oul Q15. There are two paths for current in Circuit B. Q16, Since only the path of the unscrewed bulb has the gap, the other bulb shines because its path is complete. The current can still pass in the path of the bulb with a complete pathway. Q17. Circuit B has brighter bulbs, Q18. The current in Circuit A becomes smaller as more bulbs are added because the bulbs glow dimmer. The brightness of the bulbs in Circuit B remains the same as bulbs are added in the circuit. The current in Circuit B is bigger than in Circuit A. Safety in Using Electricity Fires can happen when the wires start heating up causing combustible paris of the house to be set on fire. The wires heat up when the current passing is more than what the wires can carry. In this case there is an overloading of the circuit. An example of how the circuit gets overloaded is by plugging a lot of appliances in a common outlet like an extension cord. Another instance of overloading of the circuit is the presence of short circuits. Short circuits happen when wires with defective rubber insulation touch each other 80 the current daes not pass to the supposed path it should take. It is a circuit where the current encounters very little resistance and therefore the amount of current will increase rapidly. Such increase in the amount of current leads to the overloading of the circuit and can lead to fires. 44But why do wires heat up when there is too much current? In the wires the electrons that flow in a closed circuit collide with the atoms of the conducting wire. As the callisions take place the kinetic energy of the metal atoms increases. The increased kinetic energy of the atoms is dissipated as heat. You learn in the module on heat that temperature is related to the kinetic energy of the maving particles. The higher the kinetic energy of the particles, the higher will be its temperature, The higher the current passing through the wire, the more collisions between the electrons and the atoms of the wire take place, In the end the wire will become hot. So just imagine how much heat will be generated from an overloaded circuit, Rie ary * There are two tasks in Activity 4. The first part shows how increasing the current can cause the wires to heat up. The second task shows how a short happens. + The fine copper wire to be used can be obtained from stranded electric wires. Remove the rubber insulation and get these fine copper wires for this activity Figure 6 Strands of copper wires + The first task shows the wire heats up melting the candle. The hotter the wire the deeper will be the cut made on the candle. 45,«The second task is a simulation of a: short circuit. Supervise the students making sure that they don't fet touching of the expased parts of the wire take too long as the wires get hotter afterwards. Answers to Questions: Q19. The candle touching the wire meits, Q20, The current in the circuit increases. Q21, Heat is produced along the wire. The bigger the current in the circuit, the wire becomes hotter, and the more the candle will melt Q22. The light goes off when the wires touch each other. 23. The current took the path of the exposed part of the wire touching each other. Q24, The resistance encountered in the short circuit where the charges flowed is lower, Q25, Tha current in the short circuit increases. Q26. Short circuits cause fire when the nearby materials near the wires becomes 80 hot and starts to burn, Q27. Resistance decreases as more appliances are connected to one outet Q28. The total current increases. 28. Overloading the circuil can make the wires hot setting combustibie materials on fire. References and Links Henderson, Tom. (24 January 2013). Retrieved from http://www. physicsclassroom.convclass/anergy! Hewitt, P.G. (2002). Conceptual physies. USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Saddie River, New Jersey, Kirkpatrick, LID. and Wheeler, G-F. (1998). Physics @ world view. USA: Saunders College Publishing Ostdiek, V.J.and Bord, D.J. (1987) Inquiry into Physics. USA: West Publishing Company DepEd:Science and Technology IV.SEDP Series, (1992), Philippines: Book Media Press, Inc. wot 4, 46Unit 1 MODULE 5 SOUNDS This unit deals with the propagation of sound through solid, liquid, and gas. In the course of discussion, wave characteristics and properties particularly reflection and refraction will be taken inte account. From the activities, students will be able to identify also the factors that affect the speed of sound. At the end of the unit, students should be able to: 1. compare the speed of sound thraugh solids, liquids and gases; 2. infer how the molecular structure of a material affect speed of sound moving through it; and 3. investigate the effect of temperature on speed of sound through fair testing Related Misconceptions Sounds can be produced without using any material objects. ing an object harder changes the pitch of the sound produced. Sounds can travel through empty space (a vacuum), Sounds cannot travel through liquids and solids. Sound travels slower in less dense medium. ‘The greater the density of the medium the faster the sound is, transmitted. aKey questions for this module On which medium does sound travel fastest? Solid, Liquid, or Gas? How does the temperature of the medium affect the speed of sound? How are reflection and refraction manifested in sound? WORKSHEET 1: Solids, Liquids, and Gases Direction: Using several resources and references, compare the different characteristics of solids, liquids and gases by completing the table below: Comparing Solids, Liquids, and Gases Solid on Intermolecular very clase Slightly farther | Far from one spacing another Volume Has definite shape | Takes the shape | Takes the shape ofthe container | of the container | Ability to flow Cannot flow ‘Able to flow Able to flow Compressibility — | Not compressible | Notcompressible | Highly compressible Density densest dense Low density 48Facilitating Learning Motivation The facilitator may start with the popular songs of popular artists like maroon 5, Justin Bieber, and Taylor Swift. Students may be asked to sing some of the popular tunes and ask them who are fun of watching concerts? Also ask them why concerts are usually done during night time and not during day time. Probe further until the concept of sound as a wave is deduced. Facilitating Learning Introduce Activity No. 1 to arrive at the objectives: (1) to infer that sound waves are vibrations that travel thraugh the air and (2) to infer that sound is transmitted in air through vibrations of air particles. Since Activity No, 1 includes two parts, emphasize the focus of each part ‘so as to guide the students while on task. Data processing may be done by group presentation and class discussion of the guide questions to probe the concept that sound waves are vibrations that travel through the air and that sound is transmitted in air through vibrations of air partictes. Discussion should also be extended to cover the differences and similarities of longitudinal and transverse waves and introduction to the characteristics of longitudinal waves. Then introduce Activity No. 2: Characteristics of Waves: Comparing Longitudinal Waves and Transverse Waves, In this activity the students will use a metal slinky to (1) distinguish the different characteris of waves; (2) determine the frequency and wavelength; and (3) compute the wave speed based on the frequency and wavelength. Data processing may be done by group presentation. Class discussion of the data in tabular form and guide questions to the characteristics waves. Extend the discussion to emphasize that sound waves are also called pressure waves. From here, introductory discussion on factors affecting sound may be included. 49Then introduce Activity No, 3: Sound Race...Where Does Sound Travel Fastest?, In this activity the students should be able to distinguish which material transmits sound the best. Data processing may be done by group presentation and class discussion of the data and results in tabular form and guide questions to speed of ‘sound in different media, Extend the discussion to indlude characteristics of other media like solids ahd liquids then let them do worksheet 1 and Activity No. 4 Chimes... Chimes...Chimes,., tn this activity, they will have to design their ‘own chime and use this chime to determine how density of the material or medium affects the speed of sound, Ask where does sound travel faster? In hotter medium or cooler medium? Introduce Activity No. 8: Faster Sound..in Hotter or Cooler? In this activity the students will be able to determine how temperature affects the speed of sound. Extend the discussion to include calculation of the speed of sound with fespect to the temperature of the medium. Let them do Worksheet No. 2. Summarize Lesson 1 by going back to the key questions particularly questions 1 and 2, Use the question posted in the motivation ta introduce the concept of Properties of sound. Then introdues Activity No. 6: Reflecting and Refracting Sound... Cats processing may be done by group presentation and class discussion of the data and results in tabular form and guide questions to refraction and reflection of sound waves. Extend the discussion te include practical application of sound reflection and refraction, Summary of the whole module may be probed by asking the 3” key question and by asking for insights and experiences they had during the preparation, presentation and post-presentation discussion of their outputs. soThe dancing salt and the Brey obit emer -r ts EH In this activity, students will be able to infer that sound is KE of vibrations that travel through the air; and sound is transmitted in air through vibrations of air particles, Answers to Questions: Q1. The salt bounced up and down. Q2. When the smail can is tapped loudly or forcefully. Q3. Sound was produced when the small can is tapped. Yes the salt bounced up and down the plastic top while tapping the small can. Q4, The sound produced in the small can made the plastic top of the large can vibrate making the salt bounce up and down Q5. Sound waves are vibrations of air particles. Q6. The rock salt bounced higher the loudness of the sound is increased Q7. The amplitude of the wave. Q8. The other colored beads collided with the blue bead. Q9. Yes 10. Yes Q11. Sound wave is classified as a longitudinal wave, 2 fe ete tex celia le Ree cheesey rte bit eg longitudinal and transverse waves In this activity, students will be able to distinguish the different characteristics of waves; determine the frequency and wavelength; and compute the wave speed based on the frequency and wavelength) SLAnswers to Questions: 12. frequency Q13. Wavelength is decreased provided the frequency of shaking or disturbing the medium is the same or constant, Sound race... Where does oem sc wT B i Cie ad In this activity, students will be able to distinguish which material transmits sound the best. Answers to Questions: Q14. Yes/ Yes! Yes Q15. Yes/ Yes/ Yes Q16. Wood/Water/Metal/Metal O17. The sound seems louder in the string as compared to air. a8. Yes ais. Yes Chimes...Chimes...Chimes... In this activity, students will be able to infer using improvised chimes that closely spaced particles af the medium are best transmitters of sound, Answers to Questions: Q20. Chime 2 Q21. Chime 2 82022, Chime 3 923. Chime 3/ Chime 3 Q24. The chime with packed string objects produces sound that reached the farthest distance. 025. Chime 3 026, The more closely distanced the stringed objects in the chime, the better the sound is transmitted. Faster sound...In hotter or cooler? In this activity, students will be able to be able to determine how temperature affects the speed of sound. Answers to Questions: 027. HOT cylinder 928. HOT cylinder 029. HOT cylinder 030. HOT cylinder Q31, The higher the temperature, the faster the sound travels, Reflecting and refracting sound In this activity, students will be able to be able to observe how longitudinal waves reflect and refract, 53Answers to Questions: Q32. The compressions or rarefactions bounce off after hitting the wall Q33, No they are not found on the same positions Q34. Sound will also bounce off when it strikes a fixed end or the wall Q35. The frequency of the wave increases Q36. Increase in frequency of the sound is manifested as change in pitch Q37. Amplitude increases Q38. Louder sound is observed Q39. Faster waves References httpi/www.hk-phy.org/iq/sound_night/sound_night_e.htmt http:Jwww.schoolphysics.co.uk/age11- 44/Sounditext/Refraction_of_soundfindex.himl saUnit 1 MODULE 6 COLORS OF LIGHT This unit is concerned with the demonstration of understanding of the some properties and characteristics of light. Among the characteristics and properties of light, we focus on refraction and specifically dispersion of light. We will try to find out through simple activities on how light disperse to form the colors of light. We will also try to find the hierarchy of colors of light in terms of frequency, wavelength, and energy. The different activities provided in this module will make us realize the beauly of everything with light, At the end of the unit, students should be able to: 1. demonstrates the existence of the color components of visible light using a prism ar diffraction grating; 2. infers that color is @ manifestation of visible light's frequency or wavelength; 3. explains that red is bent the least and violet is bent the most according to their wavelengths or frequency; and 4. explains the hierarchy of colors in relation to energy. Key questions for this module How are refraction and dispersion demonstrated in light? In the different colors of light, which is bent the most and the least? Why do we see spectacular events in the sky like rainbows, red sunset and blue sky? 55.Refraction of Light Given: Q= 38; n= 1.33 Required to Find: & Solution: n = 32 0, = 30.8° Given: = 2; 0, = 14; n, = 1.00029 Required to Find: n, sind _ sind _y sinzar _ sinter Solution: Tr? 100025 ~ tie n, = 4.13 56Facilitating Learning Description of Activities + Activity 2: The Colors of the Rainbow...The Colors of Light.. (The stucients will be able to infer that white light is made up of many different colors of light and each of these colors of light bends differently.) + Activity 3: Red vs. Blue (Students will be able to infer that Violet light bends more than red light when dispersed; and Bending depends on the refractive index, frequency and ‘energy of the color of tight.) «Activity 4: Which Color has the MOST energy? (Students able to infer that tie energy of the colors of light increases as one goes towards the right side of the color spectrum and red light has the least ‘energy and blue light has the most energy.) + Activity 5: The Spectrum Wheel... Revisited... (Students will be able to infer that light is composed of colors of light of different frequencies and wavelength; the frequencies of the colors of light are inversely proportional the wavelength; the product of frequency and wavelength of the color lights is a constant; and the arrangement of colors of light shows the hierarchy of the color of light's corresponding energy.) + Activity 6: Scientific Explanations behind my Beliefs... (Students shauld be able to come up with a presentation of the scientific ‘explanations of certain superstitious beliefs refated to observable phenomena in the sky.) s7Motivation The facilitator may introduce @ character named Roy G. Biv, Ask students whether they are familiar with the character. Ask them also if there is a connection between the character and the lessons. Ask the students if they could guess some information or concept from the name of the character. If the students recognize the colors of light then ask key question no. 3. Follow it up by the 1 2 key questions. As a brief review, intraduce the concept of apparent depth and the concept of refraction of light. Have a recall of the equation for index of refraction and let them do Activity No. 4 Introduce the concept of dispersion as a special kind of refraction. Let them perform Activity no, 2 which will give students more information about how visible light refracts in different optical densities resulting to different colors of light. This activity is composed of two paris. One makes use of locally available materials while the other makes use of the standard materials like prism and artificial source of light. A comparison of the two may be highlighted during the discussion of results. The facilitator may let the students present their outputs per group and processing be done after all the groups have presented by culling ideas and concepts from the presented data and probing students to arrive at the concept of colors of light. From the students’ outputs in Activity No. 2, the facilitator may ask why a certain hierarchy of colors of light is abserved. Then introduce Activity No. 3 and let the students perform the activity to determine which is really more bent: the red light or the violet light. This will be explicitly deseribed by the students during the processing when they present their outputs which would include the relation of the bending and the index of refraction of the color of light. 58The facilitator may let the students present their outputs per group and processing be done after all the groups have presented by culling ideas and concepts from the presented data and probing students to arrive at the ‘concept that blue is bent more or violet is bent more than red light, Then ask the students which color of light gives the most energy. Let them predict ~ red or violet light. Let them perform Activity No. 4. The facilitator may let the students present their outputs per group and processing be done after all the groups have presented by culling ideas and concepts from the Presented data and probing students to arrive at the concept that blue or violet has the highest energy and red has the least. Ask the students on which other characteristics of color of light does energy of colors depend on to introduce Activity No, 5. This activity was already done in Grade 7. The focus of the activity in Grade 7 was to identify the ‘corresponding frequency and wavelength of the each color of light and the ‘computation of the speed of each of the colors of light. This time the focus is ‘on how energy relates to the frequency of the colors of light. From the given materials, students will be able to determine the relationship between frequency and the energy of the colors of light. Then the facilitator may ask ‘which is really mare bent the red light or the violet light? ‘Then ask them some inferences on how rainbows are formed, Ask them also ‘some superstitious beliefs that the students are familiar of related to the existence of rainbows. [Let them identify all the major concepts they were able to grasp from activity nos, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 to build a concept on how rainbows are formed. Then let them do Activity No. 6. Let the students present their outputs per group. Then go back to the key questions to be able to summarize the concepts on visible light. 59Answers to Questions: at. a2. a3. as. as. a6. a8. Qs. ato. By Cot) e ey aCe thle RED, ORANGE, YELLOW, GREEN, BLUE, VIOLET From Top to Bottom: Red, Orange. yellow, Green, Blue, Violet The refractive index of prism varies with the wavelength or color of the light used, This causes the different colors of light to be refracted differently. Then leave the prism at different angles, creating an effect similar to a rainbow Some colors visible in the prism were not observed in the water Small value for refractive index is observed in red and large refractive index for red The refractive indices of the different color of light indicate that light of different colors travels at different-speeds in the prism which accounts for the different amounts of bending. Thus, blue light with greater refractive index refracts more and appaars. at the bottom of the red light RED, ORANGE, YELLOW, GREEN, BLUE, VIOLET BLUE LIGH The greater the refractive index of the color of light, a greater bending is:also observed. 60ant. ai. a13. 14. ais. ate. Qt7. aig. aig. 20. oat. 922. 023. Which color has the most energy? RED Violet Violet RED RED Violet The color spectrum wheel Betti tel VIOLET, VIOLET RED, RED ‘The wavelengths and frequencies of the colors of light vary. The wavelength decreases from red to violet while the frequency increases from red to violet. White light separates into color light because it refracts with different refractive indices while passing through a medium like a prism. YES ‘As the frequency of the color of light increase, the energy also increases. Red has the least frequency with the least energy and Violet has the highest frequency and the highest energy. The higher the frequency of the color of light, the greater is its energy. 6.References Hewitt, Paul, (1989), Conceptual physics (6" Ed.) London: Scoot, Foresman and Company a = imutations/Mixing! olor. ht http://www.cs. brown.¢ i aaa ei a eee eee atte Awww. 85.421 1 ri IVIMJP/s369/iahVdocs/R, fams.himUNIT 2 Earth and SpaceUNIT 2: Earth and Space Overview ‘What will students learn about Earth and Space in Grade 8? As in the previous grade, there will be three modules in this quarter: Module 1 is about Earthquakes and Faults. Module 2 is on Understanding Typhoons, and Module 3 will be about the Other Members of the Solar System. In Module 1, we continue to emphasize the idea that our location on the globe is intertwined with what we experience in our daily lives. For instance, the Philippines is located along the Ring of Fire, This means thal earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are normal accurrences in our country. We share the same fate with other countries that surround the Pacific Ocean, including Indonesia to the south and Japan to the north. They too have faults in their land where energy is locked for some time before it is unleashed in devastating earthquakes. Similar to our two neighboring countries, we are surrounded by the sea, ‘And whenever the seafloor is suddenly jolted by a strong earthquake, a tsunami is generated and our coastal areas are swamped with deadly waves. Mindanao and Mindoro have been victims in the not-so-distant past. In Module 2, we find out why we are prone to typhoons, too. In fact, The Philippines is hit by about 20 tropical cyclones each year. This number is an average, so sometimes we get more than that. What conditions in the vicinity of our country favor the formation of tropical cyclones? ‘Our country is located near the equator, surrounded by bodies of water. This combination means there is heat ta warm up the walers of the ocean and produce a lot of water vapor. The rising warm air will son turn into a low- pressure area that may intensify into a tropical cyclone. if only the Philippines were at a higher latitude, it would suffer less tropical cyclones because the surrounding waters would be colder. Or if the Philippines were at the equator, it would likely be free of tropical cyclones because there is no Coriolis force to make the air spin. 65Or if only there was a landmass in the way that would dull the edge of a tropical cyclone that came in from the Pacific. Alas, there is no such luck. The Philippines is located right where tropical cyclones form and there is nathing to do but learn how to survive their annual onslaught. In Module 3, we will take up comets, asteroids, and meteors, Luckily, the Philippines is not a favored target. But even without a direct hit, everyone will be affected if a really large chunk of rock came crashing from outer space. The last time that happened, it ended the reign of the dinosaurs. So studying these foreign objects may pay off in the long run. 66Unit 2 MODULE 1 EARTHQUAKES AND FAULTS In Grade 7, the students learned that the Philippines is one of the countries located along the Ring of The Ring of Fire refers to the region around the Pacific Ocean that are commonly hit by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Earthquakes will be covered in this grade level while volcanic eruptions will be tackled in the next. Every now and then, a strong earthquake hits the Philips 5, leading to numerous deaths and widespread destruction. We cannot stop this natural event from occurring. And up to now, scientists have not found a way to predict when an earthquake will occur. Thus, students must learn about earthquakes in order to survive. Key questions for this module Why do earthquakes occur? What is the relationship between earthquakes and faults? What is a Fault? Earthquakes occur when rocks along a fault suddenly move. The first thing to do then is to learn what a fault is. A fault is a break in the Earth's crust along which significant movement has taken place. Let us go through the definition in more detail. The word “break” refers to a crack in the ground. The word “crust” refers to the outermost layer of the Earth. We live on the surface of the crust. “Significant movement’ means that the rocks have been displaced or shifted considerably. a7A fault-y setup Activity 1 is short and easy to do. All that is needed are sand and two pieces of cardboard and the students are ready to go. Tell the students to work on top af the Newspaper to avoid sand spilling everywhere. The activity is supposed to simulate ‘what the ground looks like as rocks move along a fault ‘Teaching Tips 1. Figure 1A is the starting point. Lay the two sheets side to side. Make the sand top flat so everything can be seen clearly. The two parallel lines are there so that the displacement will be obvious to the observer. Figure 18, C, and D shows how a crack forms in the sand. Figure 1A-D. Sheets are moved in the direction shown by the arrows. A crack forms in the sand and the lines are displaced. 68.2: Before doing this activity, experiment with sand of different sizes. If the sand size is too big, the expected crack in the sand may not form or may be hard to $99, Look at Figure 1B, C and D. See the erack that goes from left to right? The students are supposed ta see that, 3. Afier the activity, direct the students to Figure 4 In the student module, (This is Figure 2 in this guide.) Ask the students to compare what they saw in the activity to what is shown in the picture, The students are supposed to see that the crack in the sand is similar to the break across the road in the picture. You ‘can then tell them that that is how a fault may look out in the field. Figure 2. An evampie of a fault (Image courtesy of the GEBR Association and National Science Foundation) Answers to questions Q1, As you move the sheets, what is formed in the sand? Answer: A crack, ‘ine’ or break is formed in the sand. Q2, What happens to the lines? Answer: The lines are shifted or displaced, 69For advanced classes In Activity 1, the movement along the “fault” is in the horizontal direction. That is, the “ground” moves sideways. Yau can also demonstrate movement in the vertical direction, The ground will be observed to move up or down. All that is needed is. sand and a narrow box cover. Figure 3, Sand and a narrow box cover cut into two pieces 4. Get the box cover and cut it so that the length of one piece is twice the other (Figure 3), If you cannot find a box cover, make one using cardboard. 2. Place the shorter box cover within the longer one (Figure 4, left photo). Put sand in the nested box covers. Shake the box side to side so the surface of the sand will become level (Figure 4, right photo). Figure 4, (Left) The shart box cover is put within the long box cover. (Right) Sand ts poured into the nested covers. 3. Now, slowly pull the sides of the box covers as shown in Figure 5. Ask the sludents to observe carefully. 70« » Figure 5. The box covers are pulled outward. ‘As you can see in Figure 6, two parallel cracks form in the-sand. If you continue to pull, the sand in the middie of the cracks will subside (move down), forming a depression. This simulates what happens when the ground is pulled apart by forces within the Earth. Faults form, a partion of the land sinks. and a valley is farmed. Figure 6. (Left) As the box covers are pulled outward, eracks form in the sand. (Right) With more outward pulling, the sand subsides. 5. Now, re-assembie the box covers as before. Do not forget to make the surface ‘of the sand fiat. This time, push the sides of the box covers toward each other (Figure 7), Let the students observe what happens, »> ¢ Figuie 7. The box covers are pirshed toward each mn‘As can be seen from Figure 8, the opposite happens. Instead of the sand sinking, the sand forms a tiny ridge. Unfortunately, this mode! does not show a crack in the sand that would represent a fault. In the real world, a fault is formed when the ground is squeezed by forces from inside the Earth. A portion of the land is pushed up, and mountains are formed. Figure 8. (Lefy A tiny hump is formed in the sani. (Right) The hump as soen from another angle. Note: Use fine sand when performing this demonstration, Coarse sand does not work as well. Experiment using different materials How do faults produce quakes? Now that students have-an idea of how faults took, let us show them how earthquakes occur along faults. To answer this question, the students will perform two short activities. 2 Stick ‘n’ slip In this activity, two small boxes are needed. The cartons that fruit juice drinks are packaged in are perfect, Selling it up is simple (Figure 9, left photo), The activity can be performed in groups, or as a class demo if you are pressed for time. The activily is supposed to show the sudden jerk that occurs when rocks move along fault in an earthquake. m2Teaching Tips 1 ‘The students may find it tricky to attach the rubber band to the box. Just punch ‘two holes in the box, clase enough so you can loop a paper clip (or a thin wire) through them. Then attach the rubber band to the clip. Look at the photos in Figure 9 so you know how it should be done. The student is supposed to pull on the rubber band attached to one box while holding the ‘other box in place. The rubber band should be pulled forward and horizontally, not sidewise, upward or downward, Expected result: The box will not move at first because it is taped to the other ‘box which is being held, The rubber band will stretch, The tape will suddenly come off. The box attached to the rubber band will jerk forward and the house will topple over (Figure 8, right photo). This simulates the sudden movement that occurs along a fault. ‘The success of this activity depends on the tape, which represents friction in ‘eal life. If its too sticky, the tape will never come off, no matter how much the rubber band is pulled. Tape it on just enough for the rubber to stretch a bit ‘before the box jerks free from the tape. Figure 9. (Left) Setup before simulated earthquake (Right) After simulated earthquake. In real world terms, this is what happens. Energy from inside the Earth exert a force on the rocks along faults. But the rocks do not move right away because ‘of friction. The roughness of the rocks keeps them from slipping past each ‘other, But when the limit is reached, the rocks suddenly slip—earthquake! 3Answers to Questions a3. a4, Q5. ‘What happens to the rubber band? Answer; The rubber band stretches, What happens to the box attached to the rubber band? Answer: The box jerks forward. What happens to the "house"? The “house’ falls over. Which is the “fault” in this setup? The “fault” is the boundary between the two boxes. While Activity 2 simulates the sudden movement along a fault, it does not show the shaking that accompanies the sudden movement, Activity 3 will demonstrate this clay. 1s Co) aid Wee EV This activity needs the simplest of materials: just two plastic rulers and some ‘The activity is supposed to demonstrate the shaking that occurs when the rocks along a fault suddenly jerk free from being locked in place, Teaching Tips 1. Even if this activity is simple, it should be tried out first before doing it in class. What is expected to happen? The rulers are held together at the ends by a bit of clay (Figure 10), The rulers are then bent into an S-shape. When the bending goes beyond a certain limit, the rulers separate, vibrating in the process. 74undergone some bendin t y- @- ¥ Figure 10, The right ruler is pushed away while the left one is pulled back until the rulers are bent into an S. ‘Choose rulers that vibrate nicely. If the plastic rulers are stiff, they will not vibrate. If the rulers are too soft, they will bend without separating. It is best if ‘the rulers are of the same kind and length, The rulers must be held tightly. If they are held loosely, the rulers will not vibrate. Experiment to find out the right amount of clay and how much the rulers should be pressed together. If you use too much clay, it will take a long time before the rulers separate. But if you use too litle, they will separate before there is any bending, and vibration will be less, It is challenging for students to transfer what they learned in an activity to real life. You could use the following drawings (Figure 11) to make this activity more ‘concrete. Let the students imagine the rulers to be rocks making up the ground. Drawing A shows the land before fault movement, In B, the rocks have In C, friction has been overcome and the rocks have snapped straight from their bent position. This “snap and shake” motion is not possible to show in a drawing or picture. It is this motion that is demonstrated by the vibrating rulers. 75Figure 11, A, before fault movement, B, rocks bend, storing ‘energy. C, friction is overcome, rocks snap straight, releasing ‘energy in the form of earthquakes. Answers to Questions QB. What happens when bending becomes too much? Answer: The rulers separate and vibrate (Figure 11). Figure 11. When bending is too much, the rulers snap straight and vibrate. 76Focus and Epicenter The students now know what a fault looks like. They also know that forces from inside the Earth make the rocks along a fault move. But friction prevents the rocks from moving right away, The rocks are stuck together. When a certain limit is reached, the rocks suddenly slip and shake, and an earthquake is born, But where exactly does the earthquake begin? Where does an earthquake start In this activity, the students will make a paper model of a fault. They will learn the meaning of focus and epicenter. The latter term is always mentioned in news reports about earthquakes. But do students know what it means? They will also manipulate this modal to explore the different ways that faull movement can occur, Teaching Tips 1. For easier handling, the Fault Model may be pasted on a folder ar cardboard ‘before cutting it out. The model-is made of two pieces that fit each other. Each piece has a top and sides but no bottom. When the model is assembled it will Jook like Figure 12 (left photo). Figure 12. (Left) The Fault Model consists of two pieces that fit together. (Right) The planar surface wikere the focus is located is the fault plane. nmJust go through activity with the students, praviding clues and guide questions along the way. It should be clear to the students that the model represents a Portion of the ground, The upper surface of the model represents the surface of the Earth. To emphasize this, you may cut a small human figure and paste it on top of the model, Let the students read the definition of a fault line (itis in the activity) and ask them to point it out in the model. The “break” between the two pieces of the model is the “faut.” But we can only see the part of the fault that is exposed at the Earth's surface. That is the broken line al the top of the model, That represents the fault line (Figure 13). Next, ask the students to identify the fauit plane. The definition provided in the activity will serve as a clue, If you separate the two pieces, the “fault plane” can be seen. This is the flat surface where the focus is (Figure 12, right photo} Fault mavement occurs along the fault plane, Next, ask the students to point out the focus and expiain what it is. The focus is the place where the first break happens, where the faull starts to slip, where first movement takes place. It is the starting point of the earthquake. Next, ask the students to locate the epicenter. The epicanter is on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus. Figure 13 shows the location of the epicenter (marked with a star) in the model. If a person stood on the epicenter, the focus would be directly below him at the fault plane. Use Figure 15 to show how the focus and epicenter are related in space. Figure 13. The epicenter (marked with @ star) is the spot an the surface of the Barth directly above the focus. 78Figure 14, Fault Mode!Answers to questions Q9. Use your model to show different types of movement along a fault. How would the surroundings be affected” Answer: See Figure 16. Models A and B show horizontal movement. ulbppee Pode ake aorta FOUR: aooneN. ot met,R WecIi ek Sopa ideways. Models C and D show vertical movement. In Model C, a portion of the “ground” dropped down, forming a low area. In Model D, part of the “ground” was raised, forming a high region. Figure 16, Using the model ta show different fault movements,How Strong is the Barthquake? Scientists use two different ways to describe how powerful an earthquake is, ‘One way is by noting the effects of the earthquake on people, structures, and the surroundings. This is called the intensity of the earthquake. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) uses the following scale to describe the intensity of earthquakes in the Philippines. Tabie 1. PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS) Intensity Seale Description Searcely Perceptible- Perceptible to people under favorable circumstances. Dalicately balanced objects are disturbed slightly. Stil waler in containers oscillates slowly, Slightly Feit - Felt by few individuals at rest indoors, Hanging objects swing slightly. Still water in containers oscillates noticeably. | 1 " Weak - Felt by many people indoors especially in upper floors of u buildings. Vibration is felt like ane passing of a light truck. Dizziness and nausea are experienced by some people. Hanging objects swing moderately. Still water in containers oscillates moderately. Moderately Strong - Feit generally by people indoors and by some people outdoors. Light sleepers are awakened, Vibration is felt like a passing of heavy truck. Hanging objects swing considerably. Dinner, Ww plates, glasses, windews, and doors rattle. Floors and wails of wood framed buildings creak. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Liquids in containers are slightly disturbed. Water in containers oscillate strongly. Rumbiing sound may sometimes be heard. Strong - Generally felt by most people indoors and outdoors. Many sleeping people are awakened. Some are frightened, some run outdoors. Strong shaking and rocking fell throughout building, v Hanging objects swing violently. Dining utensils clatter and clink; some are broken. Small, light and unstable objects may fall or overturn. Liquids spill from filled open containers. Standing vehicles tock noticeably. Shaking of leaves and twigs of trees are noticeable. alvi vil Very Strong - Many people are frightened; many run outdoors. Some people lose their balance, Motorists fee! like driving in flat tires, Heavy objects or furniture mave or may be shifted. Small church bells may ring, Wall plaster may crack. Very old or poorly buill houses and man- made structures are slightly damaged though well-built structures are not affected. Limited rockfalls and roliing boulders occur in hilly to mountainous areas and escarpments. Trees are noticeably shaken. Destructive - Most people are frightened and run outdoors. People find it difficult to stand in upper floors. Heavy objects and furniture ‘overtum or topple, Big church bells may ring. Old or poarly-built structures suffer considerably damage. Some well-built structures are slighty damaged. Some cracks may appear on dikes, fish ponds, road surface, or concrete hollow block walls. Limited liquefaction, lateral spreading and landslides are observed. Trees are shaken strongly. (Liquefaction is a process by which loose saturated sand lose strength during an earthquake and behave like liquid). vit Very Destructive - People are panicky, People find it difficult to stand even outdoors, Many well-built buildings are considerably damaged, Conerete dikes and foundation of bridges are destroyed by ground settling or topaling. Railway tracks are bent or broken. Tombstones. may be displaced, twisted or overturned. Utility posts, towers and monuments may tit or topple. Water and sewer pipes may be bent, twisted or broken, Liquefaction and lateral spreading cause man- made structure to sink, tilt or topple. Numerous landslides and rockfats occur in mountainous and hilly areas, Boulders are thrown out from thair positions particularly near the epicenter. Fissures and faulls rupture may be observed, Trees are violently shaken, Water splash or slop over dikes or banks of rivers. Devastating - People are forcibly thrown to ground. Many cry and shake with fear, Most buildings are totally damaged. Bridges and elevated concrete siructures are toppled or destroyed. Numerous ulilty posts, towers and monument are tilted, toppled or broken. Water sewer pipes are bent, twisted or broken. Landslides and liquefaction with lateral spreadings and sandboils are widespread. the ground Is distorted into undulations. Trees are shaken very violently with some toppled or broken. Boulders “are commonly thrown aut. River water splashes violently or slops over dikes and banks. a2Completely Devastating - Practically all man-made structures are destroyed, Massive landslides and liquefaction, large scale x subsidence and uplift of land forms and many ground fissures are observed. Changes in river courses and destructive seiches in large lakes occur. Many trees are toppled, broken and uprooted, ‘When an earthquake occurs, different places will have different intensities. That is because different areas will experience different degrees of shaking. Near the epicenter, shaking is great, so the intensity there will be high. Away from the epicenter, the intensity is less. The intensity also depends on the type of material that makes up the ground. If the ground is made of solid rock, it will shake less. In comparison, loose materials such as sand and silt will undergo greater shaking and will result in more damage. Scientists have another way of describing how strong an earthquake is. They measure the energy that is released in an earthquake. This is called the magnitude of the earthquake. Magnitude scales use Hindu-Arabie numerals while intensity scales use Roman numerals. Magnitude 2 earthquakes are weak. Only instruments are sensitive enough to “eel them. Magnitude 4 quakes are strong enough to be felt by most people. Magnitude 6 earthquakes can cause a lot of damage in populated areas. Magnitude 9 quakes are so powerful they can destroy whale communities at the epicenter. Do You Live Near an Active Fault? In this part of the module, the students are taught how to use a map to find out if there is an active fault near their community. Active faults are those that have moved and caused earthquakes in the past and are expected to do so again in the future. In relation to this exercise, the students must participate in an earthquake drill to be arranged by the school. Teaching Tips 1. Now that students know that earthquakes originate from faults, the obvious question is, where are these quake-producing faults? Where are they located? ‘These faults have been mapped by PHIVOLCS and the map is available to the public (Figure 17), 2. The first thing to do is to familiarize the students with the map of the Philippines. The students should be able to point out the different pravince: ‘their own region. 833. Next, the students must know what the lines on the map mean. Solid lines tell us exactly where the active faults are. Heavy dashed lines tell us the approximate location of active faults. The meanings of the other symbols are found in the legend but they will be discussed in detall in Grade 10. 4, The task of students is te use the map to locate the nearest active faults that may affect their town, Those who live close to active faults must be extra prepared for earthquakes. PHIVOLCS recommends doing the follawing: Before the earthquake Prepare homes or schoolrooms by strapping heavy fumiture to the walls. Check the stability of hanging objects. Breakable items, harmful chemicals and flammable materials should be stored properly. Know exit routes. Know where fire extinguishers and first aid kits are located. Prepare an emergency supply kit that includes water, canned food, can opener, clothing, blanket, battery-operated radio, flashlight, and extra batteries. Participate in regular earthquake drills. (Note: Earthquake drills should be led by school authorities.) During the earthquake Stay calm. If you are at home or inside a building, stay there. Duck under a sturdy desk or table and hold on to it. Stay away from glass windows, cabinets, and heavy objects. Beware of falling objects. If you are outside, move to an open area. Slay away from trees, powerlines, and concrete structures. Move away Irom steep slopes which could be affected by landslides. If you are near the shore, move quickly to higher grounds. Tsunamis may follow. After the earthquake Do not use elevators or enter damaged buildings. Check yourself and others for injuries. Check for spills of chemical, toxic, and flammable materials. if you need to evacuate, leave a message and bring your emergency kit. Listen to the radio for updates. What to do before, during, and after an earthquake is part of the Earthquake Preparedness Guide which can be downloaded from the PHIVOLCS website. How fo conduct an earthquake drill is too lang to reproduce here and can be downloaded from the same site. If this is not possible, please request assistance from the local PHIVOLCS station and other government agencies. 4Figure 17, Active Faults and Trenches cee Se een Re Fae tapeg ae os asEarthquakes and Tsunamis Faulls are found on land as well as at the bottom of the sea, When an underwater fault suddenly moves, a tsunami may be formed, But not all fault movements generate tsunamis. If the fault moves sideways, the water above it will not be disturbed, The movement has to be in the vertical sense, a sudden upward or downward motion. Bret bah In this activity, the students will simulate the sudden upward movement of rocks along a fault at the seafloor. The sudden push upward will disturts the water, forming a wave. Teaching Tips 1. The materials needed for this activity are simple. A laundry tub or batya can be a substitute for the plastic tray shawn in the photos. A piece of plywood can be used instead of the plastic panel. == 4 Figure 18, (Left) Setup for the tsunami activity. (Right) The plastic panel is ferked upward. 2. Make sure the students will observe the following: a) When the plastic panel is jerked upward, a wave is formed; b) the wave travels toward the rock; c) the wave runs up the side of the rack. 86Figure 19. (Left) Before the wave reaches the rock, the water levet by the rock goes down. (Right) When the wave reaches the rack, the water level rises, 3. Find the best way to jerk the plastic panel up so that a nice wave is formed. Between jerks, wait until the surface of the water is calm. 4, People often use the term tidal waves when they talk about tsunamis, This is not right. Tsunamis are due to the sudden upward (ar downward) movement of rocks along a fault at the seafloor. Tsunamis are not related to tides, which are caused by the action of gravity. 5, The reason a tsunami is so powerful is because the wave involves the whole depth of the ocean, not just the water on the surface. And why does a tsunami rise to such great heights when it reaches the shore? ‘The wave is long, about 100 km or so. When the “front” end reaches the shore, it slows down. But the “tall” end keeps on coming at great speed. So the water ppiles up and grows to- dangerous heights, destroying everything in its path. 6, The Philippines is no stranger to tsunami, Mindanao had been affected by a devastating tsunami in 1976; Mindoro was struck in 1994, For more information about tsunamis, visit the PHIVOLCS website. Answers to questions Q10. What was formed in the water by the sudden push of the plastic panel? Answer: A wave was formed by the sudden push. Q11. How was the water level by the rock affected by the wave? The water level went up. Q12. What does the water represent? How about the rock? ‘The water represents the sea. The rock represents land. Q13. What does the plastic pane! represent? The plastic panel represents the rocks that suddenly move along an underwater fault. a7What's Inside the Earth? Earthquakes are always linked with death and destruction. Is there anything good at all about earthquakes? Well, scientists have used earihquake waves to figure out the internal structure of the Earth, When an earthquake occurs, vibrations or seismic waves start off from the focus and travel in all directions. The seismic waves travel through the Earth and carry information from the interior to the surface. For instance, when seismic waves encounter a layer within the Earth, they are reflected, Like an echo, seismic waves are bounced back, They are also refracted or bent. This is how we know that the Earth has a crust, mantle, and core. We know that the rocks get more dense with depth because the seismic waves speed up as they pass through these rocks. We know too that there are partially molten regions in the manile because seismic waves slow down in those areas. Scientists have found out that one type of seismic wave, s-waves, cannot travel through liquids. Since s-waves disappear when they reach the core, that means the outer core must be molten (liquid). Thus, scientists know abaut the Earth's interior because of the occurrence of earthquakes. But a more detailed description of the Earth's internal structure will be made when plate tectonics is taken up in Grade 10 References Brady, J.E., & Senese, F. (2004). Chemistry: Matter and its changes (4" ed.). River Street Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Links hitp:/www. youtube. comiwatch2v=2uJN3Z Iryck8feature=player_ embedded (Tsunami in Japan 3.17 first person full raw footage) 88Unit 2 MODULE 2 UNDERSTANDING TYPHOONS In the lower grades, we have taken up the following so far: types of weather; how to measure weather components; characteristics of some weather disturbances; patterns in the weather; and why we have seasons. In this grade level, we are focusing on one of the weather disturbances that takes place in the Philippines every year: tropical cyclones. A lot of people are not familiar with the term tropical cyclone. This is the reason why we are using the common word typhoon at the start to serve as a jump- off point. Hopefully, the students will see the distinction right away, that a typhoon is, just one category of tropical cyclones. There are three activities in this module: a) Plotting the Philippine Area of Responsibility; b) Tracking a Tropical Cyclone; and c} Dissecting a Tropical Cyclone. The module ends with the signals that the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) uses in warning the people during ‘severe weather. Key questions for this module Why is the Philippines prone to typhoons? ‘What conditions favor the formation of typhoons? What is a Typhoon? First, we have to clear up the meaning of some terms. Begin by asking the students what they commonly experience during typhoons. Floods and landslides may come up. But we will focus on two answers: excessive rain and strong winds. 89Then show the students a picture of 2 typhoon taken from a satellite high abave the Earth. (Figure 1 shows @ supertyphoon but a typhoon looks the same.) ‘The students are expected to see that the clouds are going around the center of the typhoon ina spiral. Explain that the clouds are being biown by strong winds. Figure 1, Supertyphoon Melor, 2009 Image by NASA Earth Observatory Thus, apart from rain clouds, typhoons are characterized by winds that go around a center. To support the point, show the students some newspaper clippings or let them listen to recordings of radio or tv advisories about typhoons. The weatherperson always states the speed of the wind. At this point, introduce Table 4. Explain that we call begyo is called tropical cyclone by scientists. A tropical cyclone is just a system of thunderstorms that move around a center, The public uses the word bagyo for all types of tropical cyclones, But scientists have subdivided tropical cyclones into four categories: depending on the speed of the wind. Thus, when a tropical cyclone has a low wind speed, no more than 64 kilometers per hour (kph), itis called a tropical depression. If the wind speed is from 65 to 118 kph, then itis a tropical storm. If the tropical cyclone has a wind speed from 119 to 200 kph, il is called a typhoon. And if the wind speed is more than 200 kph, it is categorized as a supertyphoan (Fable 1). 90Table 1. Tropical cyclone categories category Maximum Wind Speed kilometers per hour (kph) Tropical Depression 64 Tropical Storm 118. Typhoon 200 ‘Supertyphoon greater than 200 Demonstration ‘At this point, show a video or animation of a tropical cyclone where the clouds are moving around the center, so the students will get a more concrete idea of how this happens. Allematively, you can give a demonstration that will simulate the movement of winds around a center in a tropical cyclone. You will need two plastic battles with caps, masking tape, and a drill. \‘ Figure 2. Bottles, caps, and masking tape Place the two caps back to back. Wrap them with masking tape (Figure 2). Wrap the tape around several times ta make the connection strong and leak-proof, Drill a hole through both of them. If you do nat have a drill, use a heated nail to make ahole. Fill one bottle with water, Then screw one of the caps onto the bottle, Then screw the other bottle onto the other cap. You should get the setup in Figure 3, left photo. aL