New Trend Biology NCERT Filtrate Dr.

Hariom Gangwar
Roots Parts of Leaf

Tap root system Fibrous root system Adventitious roots

1. Leaf base 2. Petiole 3. Lamina/blade

eg. Dicots eg. Monocots eg. Grass, Monstera,

(Mustard) (Wheat) Banyan Hold Green expanded
Sheathing Pulvinus blade part
leaf base leaf base
Modifications of root
eg- Monocots eg- Leguminous Have midrib
plants (middle prominent vein)
Storage Support Respiration

Tap root Adventitious Prop root Stilt root Types of leaves

root
eg-Carrot, eg-Banyan eg-Maize,
Turnip sugarcane
eg-Sweet potato, Simple leaf Compound leaf
Asparagus Pneumatophores

eg-Rhizophora Pinnately compound leaf Palmately compound leaf

Modifications of stem Functional Components eg- Neem eg- Silk cotton

of ecosystem
Storage eg- Zaminkand, Ginger,
1. Productivity Flower
(underground) Turmeric, Potato,
2. Decomposition
Colocasia
3. Energy flow
(Code Zahid Goes To PMT coaching)
4. Nutrient cycling Acessory organs Reproductive organs
Support Stem tendrils
(Climbing) eg-Gourds (cucumber, Examples of Competition
pumpkin, watermelon) 1. Flamingoes Fishes Calyx Corolla Androecium Gynoecium
-Grapevines 2. Abingdon tortoise
Protection Thorns Goats
eg-citrus, Bougainvillea
Sepals Petals Stamens Carpels/pistils
3. Barnacle Balancus
Opuntia (flattened) Barnacle Chathamalus Flower
Photosynthesis
Euphorbia (cylindrical) Steps of Decomposition
Vegetative Grass & Strawberry 1. Fragmentation (Qy = F) Hypogynous Perigynous Epigynous
Propagation Mint & Jasmine 2. Leaching (ysdj = L)
Pistia & Eichhornia 3. Catabolism (pyrk = C) Ovary superior Ovary half-inferior Ovary inferior
Banana, Pineapple & 4. Humification (gw¡ = H)
5. Mineralisation (eS = M) eg -Mustard eg -Plum eg -Guava
Chrysanthemum
-China rose -Rose -Cucumber
Modifications of Leaves Regions of roots -Brinjal -Peach -Ray florets of
sunflower
Climbing Tendrils eg. Pea
or support Region of Region of Region of Phyllotaxy
Defence Spines eg. Cacti meristematic elongation maturation
activity
or protection
Storage Fleshy leaves Responsible for Root hairs 1. Alternate 2. Opposite 3. Whorled
Thin wlled growth of root arises from (code-CMS)
dividing cells in length this zone
eg- Garlic, Onion eg.- China rose eg- Guava eg- Alstonia
Photosynthesis Expanded petiole - Mustard - Calotropis
Threat of extinction - Sun flower
eg- Australian Acacia Organism % Species Alien - species invasions
Pitcher Insectivorous plants 1. Birds - 12%
1. Nile Perch (into Lake Victoria)
eg- Pitcher plant, 2. Mammals - 23%
2. Parthenium (Carrot grass)
Venus-fly trap 3. Gymnosperms - 31%
3. Lantana
4. Amphibians - 32%
4. Eichhornia (Water hyacinth)
Symmetry in Flower 5. Clariasgariepinus (African catfish)

Aestivation
Actinomorphic Zygomorphic Asymmetric
(Radial sym.) (Bilateral sym) (Irregular)
Valvate Twisted Imbricate Vexillary
eg -Datura eg- Pea eg- Canna or Papilionaceous
-Chilli Bean eg-Calotropis eg -China rose eg -Cassia
-Mustard Cassia -Lady’s finger -Gulmohar eg -Pea
(Code : DCM) Gulmohur -Cotton -Bean
 New Trend Biology NCERT Filtrate Dr. Hariom Gangwar
Stamen Fruit

Remains free May be united

Pericarp (fruit wall) Seed

Polyandrous
Seed coat Embryo
Dry (eg-Groundrunt Fleshy (eg-Guava,
Monoadelphous Diadelphous Polyadelphous & mustard) mango & orange)
Outer layer Inner layer
eg- China rose eg-Pea eg-Citrus
Epicarp Mesocarp Endocarp Testa Tegmen
Gynoecium

Embryonal axis Cotyledons

Single carpel More than one carpel

Monocarpellary Multicarpellary Radicle Plumule One Two

(in monocot) (in dicot)
eg-Fabaceae
eg- Wheat, Maize eg Gram, Pea

Syncarpous Apocarpous
(carpels fused) (carpels free)
Character Fabaceae Solanaceae Liliaceae
eg -Papaver eg -Rose
Medicinal 1. Mulaithi 1. Belladonna 1. Aloe
-Mustard -Michelia Plants 2. Ashwagandha
-Tomato -Lotus Ornamental 1. Lupin 1. Petunia 1. Tulip
-Solanaceae (Code: Ram Plants 2. Sweet pea 2. Gloriosa
-Liliaceae Manohar Lohia)
Gynoecium 1. Monocarpellary 1. Bicarpellary 1. Tricarpellary
2. Monolocular 2. Bilocular 2. Triocular
Placentation
Leaves Alternate Alternate Alternate
Marginal Pea
Axile Tomato, Lemon, China
Fruit Legume Berry or capsule Capsule, rarely
rose, (Code : TLC) berry
Parietal Mustard, Argemone
(Code : MAP)
Free - central Dianthus, Primrose
Plant Tissue
Basal Sunflower, Marigold

Excretory structures Meristematic tissue Parmanent tissue(P.T.)

in cockroach
1. Malpighian tubules
10 meristems 20 meristems Simple P.T. Complex P.T.
2. Fat body Parenchyma (L)
Collenchyma (L)
3. Nephrocytes Apical Intercalary Cork cambium Sclerenchymal (D)
e.g. Grasses
4. Urecose gland Vascular cambium

Sclerides Fibres
Pancreatic juice conatins Intrafascicular
Interfascicular
cambium
cambium
Trypsinogen
Chymotrypsinogen
Xylem (X.) Phloem (P.)
Amylases Vessel (D) Companion cell (L)
Shoot Root
Lipases apical apical
Tracheids (D) Sieve tube element (L)
X. parenchyma (L) P. parenchyma (L)
Procarboxypeptidase meristem meristem
X. fibre (D) P. fibre (D)
Nucleases
(L = Living, D = Dead)
 New Trend Biology NCERT Filtrate Dr. Hariom Gangwar
Tissue System (T.S.) Pith

Dermal or Fundamental Conducting Small and Large and

Epidermal T.S. or ground T.S. or vascular T.S.
inconspicuous well developed

Cortex Pericycle Pith eg- Dicot root eg- Monocot root

Vascular Monocot stem Dicot stem
Epidermis Stomata Epidermal bundles
appendages
Stomatal apparatus
Open V.B. Close V.B.

Stomatal Guard Subsidiary eg- Dicot Stem eg. Monocot

aperture cells cells
Nephridia (N)
Radial V.B. eg- Roots

Bean shaped Dumb-bell shaped Conjoint eg- Stem & Leaves Septal N Integumentory N. Pharyngeal N.
(in grasses) V.B.
15 to last 3 to last 4th, 5th & 6th seg
Root hairs Trichomes
Open into Open on
Always unicellular Usually multicellular intestine body surface

Layers of tissues in root (from outer to inner side) Layer of tissues in stem (from outer to inner side)
1. Epidermis Cuticle absent 1. Epidermis Cuticle present
2. Cortex Innermost layer called endodermis 2. Cortex Hypodermis D.S. Collenchymatous
3. Pericycle Dicot root Lateral roots & vascular cambium Cortical layer M.S. Scleren chymatous
Monocot root Only lateral root Endodermis D.S. Starch sheath
4. Vascular Dicot root 2-4 3. Pericycle D.S. Scleren chyamatous
tissues Monocot root More than 6 (polyarch) Conjoint open
5. Pith
4. Vascular D.S. Ring arrangement
bundles (V.B.)
20 xylem (In old tree) Conjoint closed
M.S.
Scattered
5. Pith Peripheral V.B. are smaller
Heartwood Sapwood
V.B. have water containing
(D.S. = Dicot stem ; M.S. = Monocot stem)
1. Central part of 20 Xylem 1. Peripheral region of 20 Xylem
2. Dark brown 2. Lighter in colour
3. Hard, durable and 3. Involved in conduction Vertical section of leaf
resistant of water
4. Does not conduct water
1. Epidermis 2. Mesophyll 3. Vascular system
5. Gives mechanical support to the stem
Cuticle present
Stele = VPP = Vascular + Pericycle + Pith Dicot leaf Monocot leaf
Ground tissue = CPP = Cortex + Pericycle + Pith
Bark = SPP = Secondary Phloem + Periderm No differentiation
Palisade P. Spongy P. of mesophyll
Periderm = PPP = Phellem + Phellogen + Phelloderm
= Cork + Cork cambium + 20 cortex Adaxial epidermis Abaxial epidermis

Animal Tissues
20 Growth (Plants in temperate region)

Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscular 4. Neural

Spring season Winter season

Compound Epithelial
Cambium is very active Cambium is less active
Simple Epithelial
i. Squamous epi eg- Wall of blood vessels
- Air sacs of lungs Spring wood/Early wood Autumn wood/Late wood
ii. Cuboidal epi eg- Ducts of glands
- Tubular parts of nephrons of 1. Wider vessels 1. Narrow vessels
kidneys
2. Lighter in colour 2. Darker in colour
iii. Columnar epi eg- Linning of
stomach & intestine 3. Lower density 3. Higher density
 New Trend Biology NCERT Filtrate Dr. Hariom Gangwar
Connective tissue (C.T.) Cuboidal or Columnar epi

Loose C.T. Dense C.T. Specialised C.T.

Ciliated epi Glandular epi
Cartilage Bone Blood
Areolar Adipose
Tissue tissue
eg- Bronchioles
Dense regular Dense irregular Unicellular Multicellular
- Fallopian tubes
Beneathe Beneath
eg- Skin
the skin the skin eg- Goblets cells eg- Salivary gland
Tendons Ligament

Muscle to bone Bone to bone Junctions

Tight Junction Adhering Junction Gap Junction

Stop substances Cementing Facilitate the

from leaking neighbouring cells transfer

Nervous system of frog

CNS PNS ANS

Examples
Tertiary Fourth trophic level
Consumer
T4 (Top Carnivore)
Man, lion
Sympathetic
Cranial nerves Spinal nerves

Secondary Third trophic level Birds, fishes

Consumer
T3 (Carnivore) wolf 10 pairs 10 pairs Parasympathetic

Second trophic level Zooplankton,

Primary Spinal card
Consumer
T2 (Herbivore) grasshopper Brain
and cow
Deer, bee

Primary First trophic level Phytoplankton,

Producer
T1 (Plants) grass, trees Fore brain Midbrain Hindbrain
Sea weeds
Olfactory lobe Cerebellum
Trophic levels in an ecosystem Optic lobes
(paired)
(1 pair)
Biodiversity Conservation Cerebral hemispheres Medulla
Two approaches (paired) Oblongata
(Diencephalon
In-situ Ex-situ (Unpaired)
conservation conservation

Recent Extinctions Components of biodivessity

1. Hot spot (25+9=34) 1. Botanical Garden Animal From Rice (50,000 strain)
1. Genetic eg.
2. Biosphere reserves (14) 2. Zoological Parks Dodo - Mauritius Mango
3. Wildlife Safari Parks diversity
Quagga - Africa Rauwolfia vomitoria
3. National Parks (90) 4. Cryopreservation
Thylacive - Austrialia (1000 varities)
5. Tissue culture method
Steller’s sea cow - Russia eg. Western Ghats have a
6. In-vitro fertilization 2. Species
4. Wildlife sanctuaries (448) greater amphibian species
7. Seed bank 3 Subspecies of tiger diversity
8. Pollen bank (Bali, Javan & Caspian) diversity than Eastern Ghats
5. Sacred groves 9. Gene bank 3. Ecological eg. India have greater
10. Field gene banks Mutualism diversity diversity than Norway
11. Aquaria
12. Home gardens 1. Lichen : Algae BGA + Fungi
2. Mycorrhizae : Fungi + Roots of higher plants Nutrient Cycling (N.C)
3. Plant - animal relationships
Axial skeleton (80 bones)
Plant - dispersers relationships
Skull 29 (8, 14, 1, 6) Gaseous N.C Sedimentary N.C
plant - pollinator relationships
Vertebral column 26 (7, 12, 5, 11)
Sternum 1
Ribs 24 (7, 3, 2) × 2
Fig-Wasp Yucca - moth Orchid - bees C-cycle N-cycle P-cycle S-cycle
Total 80
 New Trend Biology NCERT Filtrate Dr. Hariom Gangwar
The wall of alimentary canal (outer to inner) Saliva (physiological
1. Serosa 2. Muscularis 3. Submucosa 4. Mucosa barrier) contains
Mesothelium Longitudinal Loose connective
(Epithelium of (outer) tissue Na+, K+, Salivary Lysozyme
Circular Nerve, blood and – –
Cl , HCO 3 amylase
Visceral organ)
(Inner) lymph vessel
Glands are present Secretion of Pepsinogen
gastric gland Rennin
Blood contains Lipase
(gastric Juice) Intrinsic factor
Plasma (55%) Formed elements (45%) Human respiratory system
External Nostrils

Water Protein Mineral Cloting factor

Nasal passage
92% of (6-8%) (Na+ Cl-, Ca2+, (Inactive form)
plasma Mg2+, HCO3) Nasal chamber

RBCs WBCs Platelets Nasopharynx

5-5.5 million 6000-8000 1.5-3.5 lacs
per mm3 per mm3 per mm3 Larynx (through glottis)

Trachea
Graunlocyte Agranulocyte
Eosinophils (2-3%) Lymphocyte
10 Bronchi (left and right bronchi)
Basophils (0.5-1%) (20-25%)
Neutrophils (60-65%) 20 Bronchi
Monocyte
(6-8%)
30 Bronchi
Intestinal juice contains
Nucleosidases Initial bronchioles
Disaccharisdases
Lipases Maltase Terminal bronchioles
Dipeptidases Lactase
Enterokinase Sucrase Duct of Alveoli
Nephron
Cascade Process Alveoli
Glomerulus Renal tubules Thrombokinase
Regulation of kidney function
Prothrombin Thrombin Angiotensinogen
Afferent Efferent Bowman’s Tubular part
arteriole arteriole capsule Fibrinogen Fibrin
Renin
HL Fibrin + dead cells Clot
PCT DCT Angiotensin I
SAN AVN AV - Bundle
oxy. blood
Renin
Rt & Lt bundle
Bundle Left Atrium Left Ventricle Angiotensin II
of His
Purkinje fibre (Powerful vasoconstrictor)
oxy. oxy.
blood blood
Limbs
Renal portal Lungs Body parts
vein Aldosterone
Kidney Deoxy. Deoxy. DCT
blood blood
Renal vein
Right ventricle Right atrium Reabsorption of
Heart
Deoxy. blood Na+ and H2O
 New Trend Biology NCERT Filtrate Dr. Hariom Gangwar
Haemodialysis Adding Micturition Reflex Skeletal muscle
heparin Dialysing
Stretching of UB (by filling)
unit
Convenient Blood ¯ Muscle bundles/fascicles
Blood Signals initiated by stretching
artery Artificial
drained
Kidney of UB sends to the CNS
Muscle fibres/muscle cell
Body ¯
CNS passes motor signals
Through vein Blood Myofibrils/myofilaments
¯
Cleared Causes initiation the
Adding
antiheparin contraction of smooth muscle
of the bladder and
Light band Dark band
Type of movement in human body simultaneous relaxation of
urethral sphincter * Contain Actin * Contain Myosin
1. Amoeboid eg -Macrophages ¯ * Called I-band * Called A-band
movement -Leucocytes (WBCs) Release of urine * Isotropic band * Anisotropic band
2. Cliary eg -Bronchioles * Thin filaments * Thuck filaments
Digestive Tract
movement -Fallopian tubes
Hepatic portal Meromyosin
-Trachea vein
2 F-actins 2 Tropomyosin
3. Muscular eg -Limbs Liver (Having
G-actins troponin) HMM LMM
movement -Jaws Hepatic vein

-Tongue
Heart Tail
Head Arm
Skeletal System
Actin binding sites ATP binding sites

Axial skeleton (80) Appendicular skeleton (126) Muscular Tissue

Skull Vertebral column Sternum Ribs Skeletal Muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle
(29) (C7T12L5S1Co1) (1) (24)
Voluntary Involuntary Involunatary
(26)
striated Non-striated striated

Girdle bone (6) Limb bone (120) eg- Biceps eg- Blood vessels eg-Heart
- Stomach
Pectoral girdle (4) - Intestine
Pelvic girdle (2) Upper Lower Types of Muscle
limbs (60) limbs (60)
Ecosystem (E) Red fibre White fibres

* High myoglobin content * Low myoglobin content

Natural ecosystem Man - made E * More mitochondria * Few mitochondria
* Less sarcoplasmic * More sarcoplasmic
eg. Crop field
Terrestrial E Aquatic E
reticulum reticulum
Aquarium
Forest eg. Pond, Lake, * Aerobic muscle * Anaerobic muscle
Wetland, River Appendix skeleton
Grassland and Estuary (126 bones)
Joints
Desert Fore limb 60 (30 × 2)
Hind limb 60 (30 × 2)
Pectoral girdle 4 (2 × 2) Fibrous Joints Cartilagenous Joints Synovial Joints
Pelvic girdle 2
Total 126 No movement Limited Movements Considerable
movement
eg - skull bones eg Joint between
adjacent vertebrae

Ball & socket Hinge Pirot Gliding Saddle

Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint
Type of neurons

eg. Between eg. Knee eg. Between eg. Between eg. Between
Unipolar Bipolar Multipolar
humerus and Joint atlas and the carpals carpal &
eg. Embryonic eg. Retina eg. Cerebral pectoral axis metacarpal
stage of eye cortex girdle of thumb
 New Trend Biology NCERT Filtrate Dr. Hariom Gangwar
Human Neural system Eye Ball

Central Neural System (CNS) Peripheral Neural System (PNS)

Outer layer Middle layer Inner layer
(Sclera) (Choroid) (Retina)
Brain Spinal cord Somatic Neural Autonomic
System Neural System * Dense connective * Many blood vessels * Contain 3 layer
tissue * Bluish in colour (Inner to outside)
Fore brain Mid brain Hind brain
* Anterior cornea * Posterior thick Ganglion cell
Cerebrum Pons Symphathetic Parasympathetic
anterior thin
Thalamus Cerebellum neural system neural system Bipolar cell
Hypothalamus Medulla
* Ciliary body
Photoreceptor
Iris pupil cell
Human ear
Vestibular apparatus
Pituitary gland
Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear
3 Semicirular canal Otolith organ
Adenophypophysis Neurohypophysis
Ear ossicles Labyrinth
Pinna EAM
Ampulla
Saccule Utricle Pars intermedia
Malleus Incus Stapes Pars distalis
Crista ampullaris or
Anterior Pituitary MSH Pars nervosa
Both contain
Bony labyrinth Membranous labyrinth Hair cells projecting ridge GH or
(Filled with perilymph) (filled with endolymph) (Crista) PRL Posterior pituitary
Macula Oxytocin
TSH
Cochlea ACTH Vasopressin
LH (ADH)
FSH
Scala vestibuli Scala media Scala tympani
(upper) (middle) (lower) Maintenance of the body balance

Adrenal gland Means of transport

Adrenal Cortex Adrenal medulla

Passive transport Active transport
Middle Inner
Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis * From high concn. to low concn. * From low concn. to high concn.
Outer Catecholamines movement (Downhill movement) movement (uphill movement)
Zona glomerulosa * Along the concentration * Against the concentration
gradient movement gradient movement
Adrenalive or Noradrenaline
* Membrane or carrier
epinephrive or norepinephrine
protein required
Diffusion Facilitated diffusion * Highly selective
Emergency hormones or hormones
* Transport saturates
of fight or flight
* Membrane protein * Membrane or carrier * Sensitive to inhibitors
* Regulation of Spermatogenesis not required protein required * Under hormonal regulation
Hypothalamus * Not selective * Highly selective
* No saturation * Transport saturates
GnRH * Not respond * Sensitive to inhibitors
to inhibitors * Under hormonal regulation
Anterior pituitory Pars distalis
% of water in Pancreas
Gonadotrophin
1. Cell 70-90%
2. Watermelon 92% Exocrine part Endocrine part
Leutinzing Hormone Follicle Stimulating 3. Herbaceous plants 85-90% (98-99%) (1-2%)
(LH) Harmone (FSH) 4. Blood plasma 90-92%
Islets of Langerhans
5. Seed 10-15%
Leydig cell Sertoli cells
alpha - cells beta - cells
Androgen Some factors Absorption
Glucagon Hepatocytes
Hepatocytes
of Insulin
Adipocytes
Spermatogenesis Spermiogenesis
Hyperglycemic
Water Hypoglycemic
Plant cell placed in Mineral
by
1. Hypertonic solution Plasmolysis Only by diffusion
2. Isotonic solution Flaccid
Passive transport Active transport
3. Hypotonic solution Turgid
(mostly)
 New Trend Biology NCERT Filtrate Dr. Hariom Gangwar
Photosynthesis Deficiency symptoms Role of essential elements
N, K, S, Fe, Zn,
Chlorosis 1. Components of biomolecules : C, H, O, N
Mg, Mn, Mo
Light reaction Dark reaction 2. Components of energy related
(in grana) (in stroma) Necrosis Ca, Cu, Mg, K mg in Chlorophyll
compounds
Mo, S, N. P in ATP
1. Light absorption Delay 3. Alter the somotic
Calvin cycle flowering (Code : eks”ku
2. Water splitting potential of a cell : K plays an important role
= MoSN)
3. Oxygen release in opening & closing of stomata
1. Carboxylation Mo, S, N, K.
4. Synthesis of ATP Inhibition of (Code : eks”ku
2. Reduction cell division RuBisCo
& NADPH
3. Regeneration = MoSN K djks) 4. Enzyme activators Mg
PEPcase
Biological N2 – fixation N2 Zn Alcohol dehydrogenase
Caboxypeptidase
Nitrogen - fixation
Carbonic anhydrase
Free - living N2 - fixation Symbiotic N2 - fixation Ammonification Nitrogenase
NH3 Organic N2 Mo
of dead plants Nitrate reductase
With non- Nitrification
leguminous plants and animals Fe Catalase
Aerobic bacteria Cyanobacteria
NO3 (Nitrate)
Essential elements
eg- Azotobacter eg- Nostoc eg-frankia
-Beijernickia -Anabaena Basic need of all living organism
With leguminous Macronutrients (9) Micronutrients (8)
Anaerobic bacteria plants
eg.: C, H, O, eg.: B, Cl, Mo,
eg- Rhodospirillum eg-Rhizobium Macromolecules Water and P, K, N, Mn, Fe, Ni,
Mineral S, Ca, Mg Cu, Zn
Characterstics C3 Plants C4 Plants
Glucose (6C)
* 10
CO2 acceptor RuBP PEP Carbohydrate Protein Fat ATP
ADP
* No. of carbons in 5 3
10 CO2 acceptor Glucose G - 6- P (6C)
* 10 CO2 fixation product PGA OAA Isomerisation

* No. of carbons in 3 4
F - 6 - P (6C)
10 CO2 fixation product ATP
Pyruvic acid ADP
* Calvin cycle takes place in Mesophyll Bundle sheath
* Initial carboxylation Mesphyll Mesophyll F-1, 6-BP (6C)
reaction occurs in Lactic acid Aerobic
Alcoholic
* No of cell type One Two Fermentation Fermentation respiration (3C) P G A L DHAP
that fix CO2 (mesophyll) (Meso & B.S.) (3C)
* PEP Case is Absent Present NAD+
* RuBis CO is NADH+ H+
Present Present
Partial oxidation
* RuBis CO is present in Mesophyll Bundle sheath Complete oxidation 1,3-B P G A (3C)
* Kranz anatomy Absent Present Growth rate ADP
ATP
Complexes of ETS Lactic acid 3-P G A (3C)
Complex I NADH dehydrogenase Arithmetic growth Geometrical growth
Lactate
Complex II FADH2 dehydro-
genase Pyruvic acid
Complex III Cyt bc1 complex * W1 = Wo ert 2- P G A (3C)
decarboxylase t
* L = L + rt
o
Complex IV Cyt c oxidase (a & a3) C6H12 O6 PA Ethanol * Curve - Sigmoid
* Curve - Linear H2 O
Complex V ATP synthase Alcohal + CO2 or S-shaped
dehydrogenase

Dioecious PEP (3C)

Asexual reproduction Plasticity (Heterophylly) ADP
ATP
1. Binary fission eg- Amoeba,
Paramecium Plants Animals PA (3C)
Due to phases Due to
2. Budding eg- yeast, Hydra
of life environment PGRs
3. Gemmules eg- Sponges eg - Papaya eg - Cockroach
4. Zoospores eg- Chlamydomonas, - Date palm - Human
eg- Cotton eg- Buttercup
Algae, Fungi
- Coriander - Cycas - Frog Plant growth Plant growth
5. Conidia eg- Penicillium
- Larkspur promoters inhibitors
Vegatative propagation
1. Eyes eg. Potato Auxin ABA
Growth GA Ethylene
Zygote 2. Rhizome eg. Ginger, Banana
Differentiation 3. Bulbil eg. Agave Cytokinin
4. Leaf buds eg. Bryophyllum Ethylene
Development 5. Offset eg. Water hyacinth
Nature of PGRs
Discovery of PGRs
1. IAA Indole compounds
Intrinsic factors Extrinsic factors 1. Auxin Charles Darwin & Adenine / purine
Francis Darwin 2. Kinetin
Light derivatives
F.W. Went 3. ABA Carotenoids
Temperature
Intracellular factor Intracellular factors Water 2. GA E. Kurosawa 4. GA Terpenes
or e.g. PGRs Nutrition 3. Cytokinins Skoog & miller 5. Ethylene Gases
Genetic factor O2 4. Ethylene Cousins
 New Trend Biology NCERT Filtrate Dr. Hariom Gangwar
Unusual flowering phenomenon Placental mammals Agents of pollination
1. Bamboo Flowers once in life time
After 50-100 years
Non-primates Primates Abiotic agents * Biotic agents
Produce fruit & die
(cows, sheep, rats, (Man, ape,
Flowers once in 12 years Animals
deers, dogs, tiger) monkey, lemur)
2. Neelakuranji Flowered during sep-oct 2006 Wind Water
(Strobilanthus Found in Kerala, Karnataka,
Oestrus cycle Menstrual cycle Insects (Bees)
Tamil Nadu
Kunthiana) eg- Maize eg- Hydrilla
Blue coloured
Artificial hybridisation - Grasses - Vallisneria eg- Amorphophallus
- Zostera
- Yucca
Pollination - Fig
1. Autogamy : Transfer of pollen grains from In bisexual flower In unisexual Monoecious Non- albuminous or
anther to stigma of same flower
Emasculation female flower non- endospermic seed
2. Geitonogamy : Transfer of pollen grains from
anther to stigma of another Bagging Plants Animals
flower of same plant Bagging Dicot Monocot
eg -Maize eg -Earthworm
3. Xenogamy : Transfer of pollen grains from Castor -Leech
Oldest seed dormancy eg- Peas eg- Orchid
anther to stigma of different plant Coconut -Tapeworm - Beans
Cucurbits -Sponge - Groundnut
Chara
Without 10,000 years 2000 years - Gram
Parthenogenesis : Female gamete fertilisation New organism Pinus
(Code : PCM)
Without
Parthenocarpy : Ovary Fruit Lupinus articus Phoenix dactylifera
fertilisation
(lupine) (Date palm) Spermatogonia (2n/46)
Without
Apomixis : Ovule fertilisation
Seed Mitosis Differentiation
Arctic Tundra King Herod’s Palace 10 spermatocytes (2n/46)
near the Dead Sea Meiosis-I
Reproductive system 20 spermatocytes (n/23)
Male Female Albuminous or Meiosis-II
1. 10 Sex organ * Testes endospermic seed
* Ovary Spermatids (n/23)
2. Accessory duct * Rete testis * Oviduct Differentiation Spermiogenesis
* Vasa efferentia * Uterus Spermatozoa (n/23)
Monocot Dicot
* Epididymis * Vagina Spermiation
* Vas deferens Release from seminiferous tubule
eg- Wheat eg- Castor
3. External * Penis * Mons pubis
- Paddy/rice - Sunflower Sex determination
genitalia * Labia majora
- Maize - Solanaceae
* Labia minora 1. XO type Grass hopper
- Barley
* Hymen Stalk of flower : Pedicel 2. XY type Drosophila
- Coconut
* Clitoris Stalk of leaf : Petiole Mammals
4. Acessory * Seminal vesicle - Liliaceae
glands Man
* Prostate Stalk of stamen : Filament
3. ZW type Birds
* Bulbourethral gland Stalk of ovule : Funicle 4. Haplo Honey bee
Symbols of human pedigree analysis Diploid type
Type of RNA polymerases Single cell
protein (SCP) Male Type of RNA
1. RNA polymerase I rRNA (5.8S,
18S, 28S) 1. Spirulina Female
1. mRNA Provide template
2. RNA polymerase II hnRNA 2. Methylophilus Sex unspecified
2. tRNA Brings amino acids
3. RNA polymerase III snRNAs methylotrophus Affected individuals Reads the genetic code
5sRNA 3. Mushrooms
Mating 3. rRNA Structural role
tRNA (Code : MMS)
Mating between relatives Catalytic role
Contraceptive methods (consanguineous mating)
Parents above and
1. Natural or i. Periodic abstinence Population attributes
children below
traditional ii. Coitus interruptus/withdrawal
iii. Lactational amenorrhea (in order of birth-left 1. Birth rates
2. Barrier method i. Condoms to right) 2. Death rates
ii. Cervical caps Parents with male child
3. Sex ratio
iii. Diaphragms affected with disease
iv. Vaults 5 Five uneffected offspring 4. Age distribution
3. Intranterine i. Non-medicated IUDs Lippes loop
devices (IUDs) ii. Cu-releasing IUDs Cu T Allele from Allele from Genotype of Blood of types
Cu 7 Parent 1 Parent 2 offspring of offspring
Multi load 375 A A A A
I I I I A
iii. Hormone releasing
A B A B
IUDs LNG-20 I I I I A
Progestasert IA
i A
I i A
4. Oral contraceptive Progestogen
B A A B
Pills (OCPs) Progestogen - estrogen combination I I I I A
5. Injectables I B
IB B
I I B
A
or implants
B B
6. Sterilisation or Vasectomy in males I i I i A
surgical method Tubectomy in females i i ii A
 New Trend Biology NCERT Filtrate Dr. Hariom Gangwar
Geological time period (Code : Sym PLAST) Cultured Antibody
Cancer detection & diagnosis myeloma producing
1. 20 bya Origin of universe
2. 4.5 bya Origin of earth
cells cells
1. Biopsy & histopathological studies
3. 4.0 bya Origin of life on earth
4. 3.0 bya First non-cellular form 2. Blood & bone marrow text For leukemia Fusion
of life originated on earth 3. Radiography Use of X-rays
Hybrid cells
5. 2.0 bya First cellular form of 4. CT Uses X-rays
life originated on earth Cloning
Generate 3-D image
6. 500 mya Invertebrate originated 5. MRI Uses strong magnetic fields Hybridoma cells
7. 350 mya Jawless fish evolved
Fish with stout and strong fins could
Uses non-ionising radiations Producing
move on land & go back to water Most accurate technique
Monoclonal antibodies
8. 320 mya Sea weeds and few
plants existed Immunity (I.)
9. 200 mya Fish like reptiles (Ichthyosaurs)
evolved
10. 65 mya Dinosaus disappered from earth
Innate Immunity Acquired Immunity
11. 15 mya Primates (Dryopithecus and
Ramapithecus) were existing
12. 3-4 mya Man like primates 4 types of barriers B-lymphocytes T-lymphocytes
walked in eastern Africa
13. 2 mya Australopithecus propably Antibody-mediated I. CMI
lived in east African grasslands
1. Physical barriers eg Skin
14. 1.5 mya Java man (Homo erectus)
existed
Mucus coating of URG
15. 1,00,000-40,000 years back Neanderthal 2. Physiological barriers eg Acid in stomach
man lived in near east & central Asia Saliva in mouth
16. 75,000-10,000 year ago (ice age) Tears from eyes
Modern Homo sapiens arose 3. Cellular barriers eg WBCs PMNL
17. 18,000 years ago Pre-histotric
cave art developed Monocytes
18. 10,000 years ago Agriculture Natural killer
started and human settlement started Macrophages
*(Bya = billions years ago, mya = millions years ago) 4 Cytokine barriers eg Interferons

Commonly abused drugs Hybrid Varieties Edible fishes (E.F.)

Wheat eg -Sonalika
-Kalyan Sona
Opioids Cannabinoids Coka-alkaloid Fresh water E.F. Marine water E.F.
-Atlas-66
Rice eg -Jaya
Cannabis sativa Erythroxylon coca (code : RITJ) -Ratna eg - Rohu eg - Sardine
Morphine Heroin
(Smack) fjV~t - Catta - Hilsa
Marijuana -IR-8
Cocaine - Common carp - Mackerel
Hashish -Taichung Native-1
Poppy plant (coke or (Code : RCC) - Pomfrets
Charas Bhindi eg -Abelmoschus
Papever somniferum crack) (Code : SHM - Periodic)
Ganja esculentus
(parbhani kranti)
Immune system in the body
Tissue Culture
Chemicals, enzymes and bioactive molecules 1. Micropropatation
Lymphoid (L) L. Tissues L. Cells Antibodies 1. Citric acid Aspergillus niger (fungus) (Code : BAT)
organs eg.- Banana,
2. Acetic acid Acetobacter aceti (bacterium)
Apple, Tomato
3. Butyric acid Clostridium butylicum (bacterium)
4. Lactic acid Lactobacillus (bacterium) 2. Meristem culture
10 Lymphoid organs 20 Lymphoid organs (Code : BSP)
5. Ethanol S. Cerevisiae (Yeas, fungus)
eg.- Banana,
6. Streptokinase Streptococcus (bacterium)
eg - Bone marrow eg - Peyer’s patches Sugarcane, Potato
7. Cyclosporin A Trichoderma polysporum (fungus)
- Thymus - Lymph node 3. Somatic
8. Statins Monascus purpureus (yeast)
- Appendix hybridisation
- Spleen eg.- Pomato
- Tonsils
To increase food production
Classification of Diseases Animal breeding
Major role Pivotal role
Infectious Non-infectious diseases Animal husbandry Embryo transfer In breeding Outbreeding
diseases
Cancerous Plant breeding technology
diseases
Tissue culture
Deficiency Out-crossing Cross-breeding Interspecific
Contagious Non-contagious diseases
hybridisation
Allergic
diseases Dairy farm Poultry farm Bee Fisheries eg-Hisardale
Addiction management management keeping (Punjab) eg Mule
 New Trend Biology NCERT Filtrate Dr. Hariom Gangwar
Microbes as biofertilisers E co R I
Biological control of
1. Bacteria Symbiotic association pests and diseases
(eg-Rhizobium) (Roman No.)
1. Ladybird Aphids Indicate the order in which
Free-living genes
2. Dragonflies Mosquitoes the enzyme were isolated
(eg-Azotobacter and from that strain of bacteria
3. Bacillus Butterfly species Name of
Azospirilum)
Form thuringiensis (Bt) Caterpillars strain
2. Fungi Mycorrhiza
4. Trichoderma Root borne
(eg. Glomus)
pathogens Biome MAT MAP
3. Cyanobacteria Desert
0 0
5 C to 20 C 10-50 cm
5. Baculoviruses
(eg-Nostoc, Anabaena & Insects Grassland
0
0 C to 25 C
0
25-100 cm
(Nucleopolyhedrovirus)
Oscillatoria) Tropical forest
0
18 C to 25 C
0
150-400 cm
0 0
Major abiotic factors Temperate forest 10 C to 22 C 60-220 cm
Vector Coniferous forest
0
–1 C to 13 C
0
50-250 cm
1. Temperature 0 0
(most important) Arctic & Alpine tundra –11 C to 1 C 10-110 cm
2. Water (2nd
Origin of Selectable Cloning most important) Grass Goat Man
replication marker site 3. Light Producer Herbivore 10 carnivore
st 0
4. Soil 1 trophic level 1 consumer 20 consumer
Sequence where Identifying of Vector needs to nd rd
2 trophic level 3 trophic level
replication starts eliminating non have very few
transforming preferably single, Amazon rain forest
has more than : Out of the total cost of various
recognition site.
Also responsible are genes encoding Invertebrates 1,25,000 ecosystem services contribution
for controlling resistance to Plants 40,000 1. Soil formation 50 %
the copy no. of antibiotics. Fishes 3,000 2. Recreaction < 10%
linked DNA Birds 1,300 3. Nutrient cycling < 10%
Amphibians 427 4. Climate regulation ~ 6%
Must support high
Mammals 427 5. Habit for wild life ~ 6%
copy number.
Reptiles 378
Growth models Name Site For protecting
Periyar W.S. Kerala Elephant
Bandipur W.S. Mysore (Karnataka) Elephant & Tiger
Exponential growth Logistic growth
Nagarjun Sagar W.S. Andhra Pradesh Project Tiger
* Resources limited
Ranganathitto W.S. Mysore Birds
* Resources unlimited * Sigmoid curve
Chilkalake Bird Sanctuaries Mysore Birds
* J-shaped curve
dN K-N Bharatpur Bird Sanctuaries Rajasthan Migratory Birds like Siberian Crane.
* = rN
dN dt K Dachigam W.S. Srinagar (J and K), Hangul or Kashmir stag.
* = rN = (b-d) N
dt
* Have carrying
* Nt = N0 ert capacity Atmosphere Responses to abiotic factors

* No carrying capacity 1. Regulate All birds & mammals

2. Conform 99% animals & nearly all plants
N0 = Population density at time 0 N = Population density 3. Migrate Siberian birds
Nt = Population density after time t K = Carrying capacity Plant Animal 4. Suspend

e = Base of natural log (2.71828) b = Birth rate i. Thick walled spores eg -Bacteria
'r' = Intrinsic rate of natural increase d = Death rate Death Death -Fungi
-Lower plants
Detritus
Nucleases ii. Seed eg -Higher plants
Interspecific Population Ineractions (Gymno & angio)
Species A Species B Nature of interaction iii. Hibernation eg - Bears
Exonucleases Endonucleases
+ + Mutualism (winter sleep) - Frog
Remove Makes the cuts – – Competition iv. Aestivation eg - Frog
nucleotides from at specific position + (Predator) – (Prey) Predation (summer sleep) - Snails
the ends of DNA with in the DNA + (Parasite) – (Host) Parasitim - Fish
+ 0 Commensalism v. Diapause eg - Zooplankton
Phytoplankton (Volvox) – 0 Amensalism

Submerged plant stage Name Site For protecting

(Hydrilla, Vallisneria, Potamogeton) Jim Corbett National Park Uttarakhand Project Tiger
Rajaji National Park Uttarakhand Project Tiger
Submerged free-floating plant stage
(Wolffia, Pistia, Azolla) Dudhwa National Park U.P. Project Tiger
Kanha National Park M.P. Project Tiger
Reed swamp stage Sunderbans National Park West Bengal Project Tiger
(Scirpus, Typha, Sagittaria) Bandipur National Park Mysore (Karnataka) Project Tiger, Elephant
Ranthambhour National Park Rajasthan Project Tiger
Marsh meadow stage
(Cyperus, Juncas) Desert National Park Rajasthan Great Indian Bustard, Black Buck
Keolado National Park Bharatpur (Rajasthan) Siberian crane.
Scrub stage (Salix, Populus) Gir National Park Gujarat Asiatic Lion
Kaziranga National Park Assam One horned Rhinoceros
Forest (Oak)
Manas National Park Assam Project Elephant