542

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

UEFA Champions League study: a prospective study of

injuries in professional football during the 2001–2002
season
M Waldén, M Hägglund, J Ekstrand
...............................................................................................................................
Br J Sports Med 2005;39:542–546. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2004.014571

Background: No previous study on adult football involving several different countries has investigated the
incidence and pattern of injuries at the highest club competitive level.
Objective: To investigate the risk exposure, risk of injury, and injury pattern of footballers involved in UEFA
Champions League and international matches during a full football season.
Method: Eleven top clubs (266 players) in five European countries were followed prospectively throughout
the season of 2001–2002. Time-lost injuries and individual exposure times were recorded during all club
and national team training sessions and matches.
Results: A total of 658 injuries were recorded. The mean (SD) injury incidence was 9.4 (3.2) injuries per
See end of article for 1000 hours (30.5 (11.0) injuries per 1000 match hours and 5.8 (2.1) injuries per 1000 training hours).
authors’ affiliations The risk of match injury was significantly higher in the English and Dutch teams than in the teams from
....................... France, Italy, and Spain (41.8 (3.3) v 24.0 (7.9) injuries per 1000 hours; p = 0.008). Major injuries
Correspondence to: (absence .4 weeks) constituted 15% of all injuries, and the risk of major injury was also significantly
Dr Waldén, Department of higher among the English and Dutch teams (p = 0.04). National team players had a higher match
Health and Society, exposure, with a tendency towards a lower training injury incidence than the rest of the players (p =
Linköping University,
S-581 83 Linköping, 0.051). Thigh strain was the most common injury (16%), with posterior strains being significantly more
Sweden; markus.walden@ common than anterior ones (67 v 36; p,0.0001).
telia.com Conclusions: The risk of injury in European professional football is high. The most common injury is the
Accepted
thigh strain typically involving the hamstrings. The results suggest that regional differences may influence
23 November 2004 injury epidemiology and traumatology, but the factors involved are unclear. National team players have a
....................... higher match exposure, but no higher risk of injury than other top level players.

A
ccording to UEFA (Union des Associations Europeénnes that (a) there are regional differences influencing the risk of
de Football), there are around 20 million licensed injury and (b) national team players have a higher risk
footballers in Europe. Several studies reporting the exposure and higher risk of injury than the rest of the players.
injury epidemiology and traumatology of male adult football at
elite or professional level in Europe have all confirmed a high
MATERIALS AND METHODS
risk of injury.1–13 The successful top clubs play several matches
Study sample and study period
in domestic leagues and cups as well as in the Champions
A prospective cohort study of European professional football
League or UEFA Cup. The number of competitive matches was
further increased in the 1999–2000 season when a second was carried out during the 2001–2002 season (1 July to 15
group stage was added to the Champions League. Many of the May). The season consisted of pre-season (July to August)
top players also play for their national team, and it has been and competitive season (September to May). All competitive
speculated that this increase in match exposure may be matches were played on natural grass. In the year 2000, 14
accompanied by a higher risk of injury. clubs from the top divisions of seven countries were asked by
No study has so far purely investigated teams at the UEFA to participate in the study. Two clubs refused partici-
highest possible competitive club level or has included teams pation, and one club was excluded because of missing injury
from many countries. It is therefore unclear whether the risk and exposure data, which was due to a change of club doctors
of injury is even higher or if there are any regional differences during the season. The 11 clubs included were: Arsenal FC
in the injury characteristics. However, one study on junior and Manchester United FC (England); Paris Saint-Germain
football compared the injury epidemiology between two FC, Stade Rennais FC, and RC Lens (France); AC Milan,
different European regions without showing any differences Juventus FC, and FC Internazionale (Italy); AFC Ajax and
at all between the closely situated Czech Republic and the PSV Eindhoven (the Netherlands); Real Madrid CF (Spain).
Alsace region of Germany and France.14 Another recent study All players in the first team squads were invited during the
on male adult football compared the Swedish and Danish top first month of the study (July) to participate. Players injured
divisions and noted that the risk of injury during training and at the start of the study were included, but their injuries were
risk of major injury were significantly higher among the not taken into account. Players contracted to the teams after
Danish teams, suggesting that regional differences may have July were not included. In total, 266 of 269 players were
an impact on injury epidemiology.10 included, and signed informed consent was obtained. Two
This study is the first to investigate the injury character- players did not give their consent at the start of the study,
istics among top clubs from several countries including play and one player withdrew his consent after two months.
in the Champions League and national teams. The purpose During the season, 30 players (11%) dropped out because of
was to investigate the risk exposure, risk of injury, and injury transfer, and data from these players are included for their
pattern during a full football season. Our hypotheses were time of participation.

www.bjsportmed.com
UEFA Champions League study 543

Table 1 Classification of traumatic injury types the study design and definitions including fictive examples
and scenarios.
Sprain Acute distraction injury of ligaments or joint capsules
Joint injury Acute isolated chondral or meniscus lesion
Strain Acute distraction injury of muscles and tendons Statistical analysis
Contusion Tissue bruise without concomitant injuries classified Differences in anthropometric data were analysed using one
elsewhere way factorial analysis of variance. Differences in injury
Fracture Traumatic break of bone incidence between training and match and between pre-
Dislocation Partial or complete displacement of the bony parts of a
joint
season and competitive season were analysed using the
Other Injuries not classified elsewhere. Examples: wound, Wilcoxon signed rank test. Regional differences as well as
concussion, etc comparisons between national team players and the rest of
the players were analysed with the Mann-Whitney U test.
The difference in thigh strain location was analysed using the
x2 test. Comparison of length of absence between reinjuries
Exposure and injuries and initial injuries was analysed using the Wilcoxon signed
Individual exposure in minutes for all training sessions and rank test, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used when
matches with the club and national team was recorded on a comparing length of absence between overuse and traumatic
standard attendance record sheet. One of the club doctors injuries. The significance level was set at 5% (p,0.05).
was responsible for recording each injury, and at least one Results are expressed as mean (SD).
member of the medical team attended training sessions and
matches. All injuries were recorded immediately after the RESULTS
event on a standard injury card, and cards were sent in each The mean age was 26 (4) years, mean height was 181 (6) cm,
month together with the attendance record. The injury card and mean body mass was 78 (7) kg. There were no
provided information on the date of injury, scheduled differences between the teams in age (p = 0.06) or height
activity, type, location, side, reinjury, and foul play. Each (p = 0.06), but there were several interteam differences in
injury was followed until the final day of rehabilitation. The weight (p = 0.006). Nine of the participating clubs qualified
injuries were classified into four categories of severity for the Champions League 2002–2003, and one club for the
according to the length of absence from training sessions UEFA Cup 2002–2003.
and matches including the day of injury: slight ((3 days),
minor (4–7 days), moderate (8–28 days), and major
Exposure and risk of injury
(.28 days). Injuries occurring during leisure time or other
The total exposure was 69 707 hours (58 149 training hours
sports were not counted. and 11 558 match hours). Table 2 shows the detailed
exposure data. The highest number of matches for a single
Definitions player was 69. In total, 85% of the players (225/266) incurred
A training session was defined as any coach directed
scheduled physical activity carried out with the team. A
70
match was defined as any scheduled friendly or competitive
Overuse
match with the club or national team. Injury was defined as 60 Trauma
described by Ekstrand15 as any injury occurring during a
scheduled training session or match causing the player to
Number of injuries

50
miss the next training session or match. A player was
considered fully rehabilitated when the club medical officer 40
allowed full participation in collective team training sessions
30
or match play. Traumatic injuries were characterised by acute
onset (table 1). The definition of overuse injury was modified 20
from Orava16 and defined as a pain syndrome of the
musculoskeletal system with insidious onset and without 10
any known trauma or disease that might have given previous
symptoms. Reinjury was defined as an identical injury (same 0
ly

st

er

ry

ch

ril

ay
side, type, and location) within two months of the final
be

be

be

ar
gu
Ju

Ap
ob

ua

ar

M
em

em

nu
Au

M
br
ct

ce

rehabilitation day of the previous injury. Foul play was

Ja
O
pt

ov

Fe
De
Se

defined according to the decision of the referee (own or

opponent foul) and was reported by the contact person for Figure 1 Seasonal distribution of traumatic and overuse injuries in elite
the match injuries. To reduce bias in data collection, all clubs European professional footballers. Pre-season = July to August;
were provided with a manual containing information about competitive season = September to May.

Table 2 Exposure data for elite European professional footballers

Mean SD 95% CI Range

Training sessions
No/team 230 28 211 to 249 181–288
No/player 174 53 167 to 180 0–266
Matches
No/team 59 9 52 to 65 40–76
No/player 36 16 34 to 38 0–69
Training sessions and matches
No/team 289 25 272 to 305 257–352
No/player 210 64 202 to 218 0–317

www.bjsportmed.com
544 Waldé n, Hä gglund, Ekstrand

Table 3 Number of injuries and injury incidence (number of injuries per 1000 hours of
exposure) in elite European professional footballers
Injury incidence

No of injuries Mean SD 95% CI

Training
Pre-season 75 (11) 5.2 3.7 2.7 to 7.6
Competitive season 223 (34) 4.8 2.2 3.4 to 6.3
Total season 298 (45) 5.8 2.1 3.6 to 6.4
Match
Pre-season 54 (8) 28.6 15.0 18.5 to 38.7
Competitive season 306 (47) 30.9 12.1 22.8 to 39.0
Total season 360 (55) 30.5 11.0 23.1 to 37.9
Total
Pre-season 129 (20) 8.2 3.5 5.8 to 10.5
Competitive season 529 (80) 9.7 3.9 7.1 to 12.3
Total season 658 (100) 9.4 3.2 7.3 to 11.5

Values in parentheses are percentages.

658 injuries. Figure 1 shows the injury time distribution. injuries were due to overuse, and traumatic injuries resulted
Table 3 shows the numbers of injuries and the risk of injury. in a significantly longer mean absence than overuse injuries
There were no differences in injury incidence between the (21.1 (36.8) v 11.4 (24.5) days; p,0.0001). Reinjuries
pre-season and the competitive season. constituted 15% (101/658) of all injuries, and nearly two
During the study period, 148 players (56%) were exposed thirds (61%) of them were overuse injuries. For 14 reinjuries,
to some form of national team play on at least one occasion, the corresponding initial injury was before the start of the
and almost 4% of all injuries (23/658) occurred under these study, and the length of absence resulting from these initial
circumstances. These national team players played signifi- injuries is not known. There was no difference in the mean
cantly more matches than the rest of the players (42 v 28; length of absence between the reinjuries with adequate initial
p,0.001), but there was no difference in the amount of injury absence data (87/101) and the initial injuries (12.4
training (176 v 171; p = 0.79). There was a tendency towards (22.1) v 13.0 (21.2) days; p = 0.95).
a lower training injury incidence between the national team
players and the rest of the players (4.1 (2.4) v 6.2 (2.7) Foul play
injuries per 1000 hours; p = 0.051), but there was no About a quarter of the match injuries (23%; 83/360) were due
difference in match play (27.2 (12.2) v 33.8 (21.5) injuries per to foul play, and all of them were due to opponent foul. The
1000 hours; p = 0.15). foul play injuries were all of traumatic origin and consisted
mainly of contusions (46%) and sprains (37%). Only one of
Injury types and locations the strains was due to foul play. More than every fourth
As shown in table 4, 85% of the injuries affected the lower major match injury (17/64) was caused by opponent foul
extremities. Table 5 shows the injury types. The single most play, and these injuries consisted predominantly of sprains
common injury subtype was thigh strain, representing 16% (10/17) and fractures (4/17).
(103/658) of all injuries. Posterior thigh strains were sig-
nificantly more common than anterior thigh strains (67 v 36 Regional differences
injuries; p,0.0001). Most (82%) of the strains were located in The Spanish team had the highest number of matches (76),
the thigh (61%) or groin (21%) region. Nine out of ten sprains and one of the French teams had the lowest number of
were located in the ankle (51%) or knee joints (39%). Isolated matches (40) during the season. The mean match injury
injury to the medial collateral ligament was the most common incidence among the four English and Dutch teams was
knee sprain, constituting 53% (29/55) of all knee sprains. The significantly higher than for the seven Mediterranean teams
most common overuse injuries were low back pain (23/179), (41.8 (3.3) v 24.0 (7.9) injuries per 1000 exposure hours; p =
Achilles tendinopathy (21/179), adductor related groin pain 0.008), but there was no difference in the mean training
(18/179), and patellar tendinopathy (13/179). injury incidence (6.0 (1.5) v 4.9 (2.2) injuries per 1000
exposure hours; p = 0.26). The risk of major injury was also
Injury severity and reinjuries significantly higher among the English and Dutch teams (2.0
Table 6 shows injury severity. One third of the major injuries (0.5) v 1.1 (0.6) injuries per 1000 exposure hours; p = 0.04).
(33/97) were located in the knee. Only 13% of the major The three French teams had a significantly lower risk of

Table 4 Injury locations and severity in elite European professional footballers

Injuries Slight Minor Moderate Major

Head/face/neck 22 (3) 11 (6) 7 (4) 4 (2) 0 (0)

Back 41 (6) 18 (10) 17 (9) 4 (2) 2 (2)
Hip/groin 79 (12) 22 (12) 24 (13) 24 (12.5) 9 (9)
Thigh 152 (23) 36 (20) 46 (24.5) 55 (28.5) 15 (15.5)
Knee 131 (20) 40 (22) 26 (14) 32 (16.5) 33 (34)
Lower leg 73 (11) 25 (14) 16 (8.5) 22 (11.5) 10 (10.5)
Ankle 89 (14) 18 (10) 28 (15) 31 (16) 12 (12.5)
Foot 35 (5.5) 9 (5) 5 (3) 11 (6) 10 (10.5)
Other 36 (5.5) 3 (2) 17 (9) 10 (5) 6 (6)
Total 658 (100) 182 (100) 186 (100) 193 (100) 97 (100)

Values in parentheses are percentages. Approximation of the percentages has been made to equal 100%.

www.bjsportmed.com
UEFA Champions League study 545

Table 5 Injury types and severity in elite European professional footballers

Injuries Slight Minor Moderate Major

Sprain 141 (21) 21 (11.5) 35 (19) 48 (25) 37 (38)

Joint injury 11 (2) 0 (0) 0 (0) 4 (2) 7 (7.5)
Strain 169 (26) 23 (13) 51 (27.5) 72 (37) 23 (24)
Contusion 105 (16) 40 (22) 41 (22) 22 (11) 2 (2)
Fracture 16 (2) 1 (0.5) 1 (0.5) 3 (2) 11 (11)
Dislocation 6 (1) 0 (0) 2 (1) 2 (1) 2 (2)
Other 31 (5) 10 (5) 9 (5) 10 (5) 2 (2)
Overuse 179 (27) 87 (48) 47 (25) 32 (17) 13 (13.5)
Total 658 (100) 182 (100) 186 (100) 193 (100) 97 (100)

Values in parentheses are percentages. Approximation of the percentages has been made to equal 100%.

injury due to foul play compared with the rest of the teams players, which may possibly be explained by the fact that
(1.1 (1.9) v 8.6 (5.3) injuries per 1000 exposure hours; p = injured players are usually excluded from the national team.
0.04). Other possible factors may be that international players are
fitter and more technically skilled than the rest of the players
DISCUSSION and/or that they are performing more recovery or preventive
The principal findings in this study were that the incidence training during the season because of their tighter match
and pattern of injuries differed between teams from different schedule.
regions, and players who were exposed to national team play The finding in this study that the risk of injury may differ
had a higher match exposure. However, the higher match between countries is supported by another study in which
exposure did not influence the risk of injury when comparing injury incidence and injury pattern were compared between
these players with those who did not have international the elite divisions in Denmark and Sweden.10 The four
obligations. Another main finding was that thigh strain was English and Dutch teams in our study showed a higher risk
the most common injury, typically involving the hamstring of match injury and major injury than the other teams. The
muscles. influence of regional differences on the risk of injury may be
ascribed to several factors such as differences in seasonal
Incidence and pattern of injuries compositions, play intensity, playing style, tactics, referee
The injury incidence in this study is consistent with recent judgments, weather and pitch conditions, or the way the
studies at elite or professional level using a similar or medical staff work. None of these factors were evaluated in
identical time-lost injury definition.1 7 12 In these studies, the this study, but the influence of weather and ground
injury incidence has been reported to be between 3.4 and 5.9 conditions has been discussed in some studies.1 13 19–22 More
injuries per 1000 training hours and 25.9 and 34.8 injuries per highly skilled players have been shown to suffer more
1000 match hours. In another recent study on the Swedish injuries in good (dry) weather, whereas those with lower
national team, the injury incidence was found to be 5.8 skill levels suffer more injuries in bad (rain or snow) weather
injuries per 1000 training hours and 30.3 injuries per 1000 conditions,17 and traumatic injuries have been associated
match hours, which is almost identical with the findings in with rough or slippery surfaces caused by rain, snow, or ice
the present study.4 However, the time-lost match injury among Swedish amateur players.19 Moreover, referee stan-
incidence in amateur football of different playing levels is dards and decisions have been evaluated in a few recent
reported to be between 11.9 and 16.9 injuries per 1000 match studies,23 24 but the influence of regional differences in referee
hours.3 17–18 It seems therefore that, when defining injury decisions and rule interpretation is so far unclear. In this
according to time loss, the match injury incidence increases study, it was found that about 25% of all match injuries were
with the playing level, reaching some form of plateau around due to foul play, and the three French teams had a
30 injuries per 1000 match hours at the highest club or significantly lower risk of match injury from foul play than
international level. the other teams.
The consequences of a tight match schedule for top players Thigh strain was the single most common injury subtype,
have been evaluated in a study on the World Cup tournament which is in agreement with studies on English, Icelandic,
in Korea/Japan 2002.5 In that study, conducted on the same Swedish, and Danish elite football.2 7 8 10 12 In English
cohort as in the current study, the World Cup players had no professional football, 64–67% of thigh strains have been
higher risk of injury than the rest of the players. This is located in the posterior thigh,7–8 which is consistent with
consistent with the findings in this study, where the players the 65% posterior thigh strains in our study. However, it
exposed to international duties during the season did not is not completely clear from the literature if the risk
have a higher risk of injury than the rest of the top level of thigh strain has increased during recent years or the
players. However, there was a tendency (p = 0.051) towards risk of other injury subtypes such as ankle sprain has
a lower training injury incidence among the national team diminished.

Table 6 Injury severity elite European professional footballers

Absence Absence
Injuries Absence (days) (training sessions) (matches)

Slight 182 (28%) 2.2 (0.7) 1.6 (1.0) 0.2 (0.4)

Minor 186 (28%) 5.3 (1.0) 3.4 (1.3) 0.8 (0.6)
Moderate 193 (29%) 14.6 (5.6) 9.7 (4.3) 2.8 (1.6)
Major 97 (15%) 81.9 (54.6) 48.5 (35.6) 13.3 (9.4)
Total 658 (100%) 18.5 (34.2) 11.4 (21.0) 3.1 (5.8)

Values are number (%) or mean (SD).

www.bjsportmed.com
546 Waldé n, Hä gglund, Ekstrand

persons are also greatly appreciated: Rodolfo Tavana (AC Millan),

What is already known on this topic Piet Bon (AFC Ajax), Leonard Sash and Gary Lewin (Arsenal FC),
Franscesco Benazzo, Franco Combi and PierLuigi Parnofiello (FC
The risk of injury in elite or professional football is known to Internazionale Milano), Fabrizio Tencone (Juventus FC), Mike Stone
(Manchester United FC), Hakim Chalabi (Paris St Germain FC),
be high. In recent years, the number of competitive matches Cees-Rein vd Hoogenband and Luc van Agt (PSV Eindhoven), Denis
during a season has increased for the top clubs. In the most Bucher (RC de Lens), Luis Serratossa and Antonio Acedo (Real
recent studies, thigh strain has been the single most common Madrid CF) and Pierre Rochcongar (Stade Rennais FC). The support
football injury. of the President, Lennart Johansson, the Technical Director, Andy
Roxburgh and the Medical Committee members of UEFA is sincerely
appreciated. We also express our gratitude to UEFA, the Swedish
Football Association, and the Swedish Sports Confederation (Sports
Research Council) for financial support of the study. The help of
biostatistician Nadine Karlsson for statistical advice and Dr Peter Cox
What this study adds for correction of the text is also gratefully acknowledged.

The injury incidence differed significantly between teams .....................

from different European regions. National team players had Authors’ affiliations
a significantly higher match exposure, but no higher risk of M Waldén, M Hägglund, J Ekstrand, Department of Health and Society,
injury. The study confirms that thigh strain, typically involving Linköping University, Sweden
the hamstrings, is the most common injury in professional Competing interests: none declared
football.
REFERENCES
1 Árnason A, Gudmundsson A, Dahl HA, et al. Soccer injuries in Iceland.
Scand J Med Sci Sports 1996;6:40–5.
Methodological considerations 2 Árnason A, Sigurdsson SB, Gudmundsson A, et al. Risk factors for injuries in
The full background to the study has been reported else- football. Am J Sports Med 2004;32:S5–16.
where.25 In that editorial, it was concluded that, in previous 3 Ekstrand J, Tropp H. The incidence of ankle sprains in soccer. Foot Ankle
studies, the methodology is often too sparsely reported and 1990;11:41–4.
4 Ekstrand J, Waldén M, Hägglund M. Risk for injury when playing in a
that adequate definitions and detailed knowledge of indivi- national football team. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2004;14:34–8.
dual exposure are essential to be able to know the actual risk 5 Ekstrand J, Waldén M, Hägglund M. A congested football calendar and the
of injury and to compare different studies. At the highest well-being of players. Br J Sports Med 2004;38:493–7.
6 Engström B, Forssblad M, Johansson C, et al. Does a major knee injury
professional level, it is also important to include exposure and definitely sideline an elite soccer player? Am J Sports Med
injuries during national team play. This is evident from the 1990;18:101–5.
present study where more than half of the players were 7 Hawkins RD, Fuller CW. A prospective epidemiological study of injuries in
four English professional football clubs. Br J Sports Med
exposed to international duties and 4% of all injuries 1999;33:196–203.
occurred under these circumstances. 8 Hawkins RD, Hulse MA, Wilkinson C, et al. The association football medical
However, although the total cohort is large, the major research programme: an audit of injuries in professional football. Br J Sports
Med 2001;35:43–7.
weakness of the study is the limited number of teams from 9 Hägglund M, Waldén M, Ekstrand J. Exposure and injury risk in Swedish elite
each country. The original clubs were selected by UEFA football: a comparison between seasons 1982 and 2001. Scand J Med Sci
according to their league positions during the spring of the Sports 2003;13:364–70.
10 Hägglund M, Waldén M, Ekstrand J. Injury incidence and distribution in elite
preceding season and their chance of qualifying for the football: a prospective study of the Danish and the Swedish top divisions.
Champions League. However, as the study does not cover all Scand J Med Sci Sports 2005;15:21–8.
teams in the Champions League and three of the original 11 Lewin G. The incidence of injuries in an English professional soccer club
during one competitive season. Physiotherapy 1989;75:601–5.
clubs did not consent or had to be excluded from the study, 12 Waldén M, Hägglund M, Ekstrand J. Injuries in Swedish elite football: a
there is a certain risk of selection bias. prospective study on injury definitions, risk for injury and injury pattern during
Consequently, the findings may not be applicable to all of 2001. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2005;15:118–25.
13 Woods C, Hawkins R, Hulse M, et al. The Football Association Medical
the Champions League clubs or other first division teams in Research Programme: an audit of injuries in professional football—analysis of
the countries included. A few prominent football countries preseason injuries. Br J Sports Med 2002;36:436–41.
such as Germany and Portugal are not represented in the 14 Junge A, Chomiak J, Dvorak J. Incidence of football injuries in youth players.
Comparison of players from two European regions. Am J Sports Med
study, and this should also be kept in mind. 2000;28:S47–50.
To have a high player participation rate and to respect the 15 Ekstrand J. Soccer injuries and their prevention. Thesis, University of
integrity of the clubs, all data were coded during computer- Linköping, Linköping, Sweden, 1982.
16 Orava S. Exertion injuries due to sports and physical exercise. A clinical and
isation, and no player or club specific results are reported in statistical study of nontraumatic overuse injuries of the musculoskeletal system
this study. However, group-wise analyses were performed of athletes and keep-fit athletes. Thesis, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,
between teams from different countries or regions, and the 1980.
17 Ekstrand J, Gillquist J, Möller M, et al. Incidence of soccer injuries and
most pronounced differences are reported and discussed in their relation to training and team success. Am J Sports Med
this study. One important methodological consideration is 1983;11:63–7.
that we did not specifically evaluate the inter-rater reliability 18 Nielsen AB, Yde J. Epidemiology and traumatology of injuries in soccer.
Am J Sports Med 1989;17:803–7.
between the clubs, and it is thus unclear whether there are 19 Berger-Vachon C, Gabard G, Moyen B. Soccer accidents in the French
differences in the diagnoses or diagnostic methods used Rhône-Alpes Soccer Association. Sports Med 1986;3:69–77.
between the teams that may influence the results. However, 20 Ekstrand J, Gillquist J. Soccer injuries and their mechanisms: a prospective
study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1983;5:267–70.
to minimise bias concerning the injury diagnoses in this 21 Ekstrand J, Nigg BM. Surface-related injuries in soccer. Sports Med
study, all injury types were carefully defined and all club 1989;8:56–62.
medical team members were provided with a manual 22 Orchard J. Is there a relationship between ground and climatic conditions and
containing definitions and examples facilitating optimal injuries in football? Sports Med 2002;32:419–32.
23 Andersen TE, Engebretsen L, Bahr R. Rule violations as a cause of injuries in
recording. male Norwegian professional football. Are the referees doing their job?
Am J Sports Med 2004;32:S62–8.
24 Fuller CW, Junge A, Dvorak J. An assessment of football referees’ decisions in
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS incidents leading to player injuries. Am J Sports Med 2004;32:S17–22.
We gratefully acknowledge the clubs involved in the study, including 25 Ekstrand J, Karlsson J. The risk for injury in football. There is a need for a
the voluntarily participating players and the managerial and consensus about definition of the injury and the design of studies [editorial].
coaching staff. The help from the medical personnel and the contact Scand J Med Sci Sports 2003;13:147–9.

www.bjsportmed.com