PART IV

Composite Types

Gopher Level
Intermediate
⭐⭐
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 PART IV
Composite Types

Arrays Slices String

Maps
Collection Collection Internals Structs
Collection
of of Byte Slices Groups
of
Elements Elements ASCII & Unicode different types of
Indexable
Indexable Indexable Encoding & Decoding variables together
Key-Value Pairs
Fixed Length Dynamic length

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 PART IV
Composite Types

Arrays Slices String

Maps
Collection Collection Internals Structs
Collection
of of Byte Slices Groups
of
Elements Elements ASCII & Unicode different types of
Indexable
Indexable Indexable Encoding & Decoding variables together
Key-Value Pairs
Fixed Length Dynamic length

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 ARRAYS
What you're going to learn in this section?

★ What is an array?
★ Getting and Setting Array Elements
★ Array Literals — Easy way to create arrays
★ Comparing Arrays
★ Assigning Arrays
★ Multi-Dimensional Arrays
★ Keyed Elements
★ Named vs Unnamed Types

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 ARRAYS
By the end of the section, you're going to build awesome projects again!

😀 MOODLY 😞
Random moods

$ go run main.go inanc positive

inanc feels awesome 😎

$ go run main.go inanc negative

inanc feels sad 😞

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 ARRAYS
By the end of the section, you're going to build awesome projects again!

DIGITAL CLOCK
Animated & Runs on CLI ⌨

███ ███ ███ █ █ █ █ ███

█ █ █ ░ █ █ █ ░ █ █ █ █
█ █ ███ ███ ███ ███ ███
█ █ █ █ ░ █ █ ░ █ █
███ ███ ███ █ █ ███

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 Why Arrays?
Most of the time
we need to work
with
multiple values

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

It's hard to do this manually!

a := 54
b := 143
... := ...
oneThousand := 1000

sum := a + b + ... + oneThousand

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

It's easy to do it with an array or a slice!

nums := [...]int{54, 143, ... , 1000}

var sum int

for _, num := range nums {
sum += num
}

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

This is only some of the benefits of arrays

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 WHAT'S AN ARRAY?
Array is a fixed length container for the same type of values

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 COMPUTER MEMORY
Computer memory stores values in memory cells

Think of this grid like the computer memory

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

MEMORY CELLS
Each memory cell occupies 1 byte

a single memory cell

1 byte wide

beginning
{ end
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 ALLOCATION
Variables can be allocated in different locations in memory

100th memory cell 105th memory cell

0 0

var myAge byte var herAge byte

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 ARRAY
An array stores its elements in contiguous memory cells

a single array value

0 0

100th 101st
memory cell memory cell

var ages [2]byte

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 ARRAY
Efficiency: CPU Cache-Lines, Fast Access, 1-o-1 representation of memory...

a single array value

0 0

100th 101st
memory cell memory cell

var ages [2]byte

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 ARRAY
The size of an array is equal to the total size of its elements

var ages [2]byte

0 0

1 byte + 1 byte = 2 bytes

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 ARRAY
The size of an array is equal to the total size of its elements

var ages [2]int16

100th memory cell 102th memory cell

0 0

2 bytes + 2 bytes = 4 bytes

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 ARRAY'S LENGTH
It determines the number of elements that an array can store

0 0

var ages [2]byte

length of this array

length should always be declared!
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 ARRAY'S LENGTH
It can only be a constant value — Array's type belongs to compile-time

0 0

var ages [1 + 1] byte

length of this array

You can use constant values and constant expressions!
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 ARRAY'S LENGTH
Array's length determines its maximum capacity

fixed length
0
0 0

var ages [2]byte

length of this array

You cannot store more than 2 elements in this array....
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 ARRAY'S LENGTH
If you need more capacity you can declare a new array

0 0 0

var ages [3]byte

length of this array

You can only store 3 elements in this array....
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 ARRAY'S LENGTH
It determines the number of elements that an array can store

0 0 0 0 0

var ages [5]byte

length of this array

You can only store 5 elements in this array....
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
ARRAY'S LENGTH
It can't be a negative number

var ages [-1] byte

length of this array

negative length is meaningless
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 ARRAY'S ELEMENT TYPE
It determines the type of values that an array can store

0 0

var ages [2]byte

element type
it always have to be declared!
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 ARRAY'S ELEMENT TYPE
It determines the type of values that an array can store

0 0

var ages [2]byte

element type
you can only store "byte" values in this array
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 ARRAY'S ELEMENT TYPE
Go automatically sets uninitialized array elements to their Zero Values

0 0

this array's element type is byte; its elements are not initialized; so, they're 0

var ages [2]byte

element type
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
ARRAY'S ELEMENT TYPE
You can use any type as an element type

"" ""

var tags [2]string

element type
you can only store "string" values in this array
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
ARRAY'S ELEMENT TYPE
You can't store different type of values in an array

"" 0

var tags [2]string

element type
all the values in an array should have the same type
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 UNNAMED VARIABLES
Each array element is actually an unnamed variable

var ages [2]byte

0 0

Unnamed Variables
Go creates unnamed variables depending on array's element type
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 GETTING ELEMENTS
You can get an array element using an index expression

var ages [2]byte

0 0

ages[-1] ages[0] ages[1] ages[2]

index >= 0 len(ages) 2 index < len(array)

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 SETTING ELEMENTS
You can set an element using the assignment operators

var ages [2]int

ages[0] = 6
0 0
ages[1] -= 3

ages[0] = "Can I?"

type mismatch!
ages is an int array
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 ARRAY LITERAL
You can use it to create an array + along with its elements

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 ARRAY LITERAL
Isn't it cumbersome to set elements of an array like this?...

var books [4] string

books[0] = "Kafka's Revenge"
books[1] = "Stay Golden"
books[2] = "Everythingship"
books[3] = "Kafka's Revenge 2nd Edition"

Kafka's
Kafka's
Stay Golden Everything... Revenge
Revenge
2nd Edition
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 ARRAY LITERAL
Creates & Initializes a new array with the given values

var books = [4] string {

"Kafka's Revenge" ,
"Stay Golden" ,
"Everythingship" ,
"Kafka's Revenge 2nd Edition" ,
}

Kafka's
Kafka's
Stay Golden Everything... Revenge
Revenge
2nd Edition
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 ARRAY LITERAL
If you've the elements already: Use this syntax

books := [4] string {

"Kafka's Revenge" ,
books's type: "Stay Golden" ,
[4]string "Everythingship" ,
"Kafka's Revenge 2nd Edition" ,
}

Kafka's
Kafka's
Stay Golden Everything... Revenge
Revenge
2nd Edition
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 ARRAY LITERAL
Array literal is one of the composite literals

[4] string {
"Kafka's Revenge" ,
"Stay Golden" ,
"Everythingship" ,
"Kafka's Revenge 2nd Edition" ,
}

Composite Literals are used to

create new composite values (like arrays)
along with their elements on the fly
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 ARRAY LITERAL
First: You need to provide the type of the composite literal

[4] string {
"Kafka's Revenge" ,
Array's Type "Stay Golden" ,
[4]string "Everythingship" ,
"Kafka's Revenge 2nd Edition" ,
}

Composite Literals are used to

create new composite values (like arrays)
along with their elements on the fly
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 ARRAY LITERAL
Third: You need to separate the elements using commas

[4] string {
"Kafka's Revenge" ,
"Stay Golden" , Element List
"Everythingship" , { element, ... }
"Kafka's Revenge 2nd Edition" ,
}

The Last Comma is only needed

when you want to type the ending curly brace
in a new line
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 ARRAY LITERAL
You don't need to type the last comma here

[4] string { "Kafka's Revenge" , "Stay Golden" }

The last element, and,

the ending curly brace
are on the same line

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 ARRAY LITERAL
What happens when you don't initialize some of the elements?

[4] string { "Kafka's Revenge" , "Stay Golden" }

The length is 4 but there are 2 elements here?!

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 ZERO VALUES
Go initializes the uninitialized elements to zero values automatically

[4] string { "Kafka's Revenge" , "Stay Golden" }

"Kafka's
Revenge"
"Stay Golden" "" ""

Initialized to Zero Values

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 ZERO VALUES
Go initializes the uninitialized elements to zero values automatically

[4] string { "Kafka's Revenge" , "Stay Golden" }

Array's length is still 4 not 2

"Kafka's
"Stay Golden" "" ""
Revenge"

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 ELLIPSIS...
Go finds out the length of the array automatically

[...] string { "Kafka's Revenge" , "Stay Golden" }

The Length is 2 elements

"Kafka's
"Stay Golden"
Revenge"

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 COMPARING ARRAYS
You can only compare arrays that have identical types

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

📚 Hipster's Love Book Collection 📚

3 3 6 more books

3 3 3 9 more books

3 3 more books

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 📚 Hipster's Love Book Collection 📚

3 3 6 more books

bookcase 3 3 3 9 more books

data buffer
database records 3 more books
... 3
[3]int{6, 9, 3}

6 9 3
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
[3]int{6, 9, 3} [3]int{6, 9, 3}

6 9 3 == 6 9 3

?
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 COMPARING ARRAYS
Arrays are comparable when their types are identical

[3]int{6, 9, 3} [3]int{6, 9, 3}

6 9 3 == 6 9 3

Comparable
They've identical types
[3]int
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 COMPARING ARRAYS
Arrays are equal when their elements are equal

[3]int{6, 9, 3} [3]int{6, 9, 3}

6 9 3 == 6 9 3

Equal
They have the same elements
6, 9, and 3
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 COMPARING ARRAYS
Go compares every element of the arrays one by one

blue := [3]int{6, 9, 3} red := [3]int{6, 9, 3}

6 9 3 == 6 9 3

blue[0] == red[0]
blue[1] == red[1]
blue[2] == red[2]
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 COMPARING ARRAYS
Arrays are not equal even when their elements are not equal

[3]int{6, 9, 3} [3]int{3, 9, 6}

6 9 3 ≠ 3 9 6

Not Equal
They have the same elements; but in a different order

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 COMPARING ARRAYS
Can you compare these arrays?

[3]int{6, 9, 3} [2]int{6, 9}

6 9 3 ? 6 9

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 COMPARING ARRAYS
Arrays are not comparable when their types are different

[3]int{6, 9, 3} [2]int{6, 9}

6 9 3 6 9

Not Comparable
They have different types

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 ASSIGNING ARRAYS
Remember, if you can compare, then you can assign

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 📚 Hipster's Love Book Collection 📚

Blue Bookcase Red Bookcase

3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 ARRAYS ARE COPIED
Assigned array's elements will be copied into a new array

allocates
24 bytes of new memory

6 9 3 6 9 3

blue := [3]int{6, 9, 3} red := blue

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 ARRAYS ARE COPIED
Copied array and the Original array are not connected

"red" array stays the same

blue := [3]int{6, 9, 3}
it's a new array

6 9 3 6 9 3

red := blue
blue[0] = 10

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 ASSIGNING ARRAYS
Different types of arrays are not assignable

red = blue

6 9 3 3 5

blue := [3]int{6, 9, 3} red := [2]int{3, 5}

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS
Arrays of Arrays

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

1st Student's Grades

[3]int{5, 6, 1} 5 6 1

2nd Student's Grades

[3]int{9, 8, 4} 9 8 4

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

[3] int{5, 6, 1}

[3]int{9, 8, 4}

5 6 1

9 8 4

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 [2] [3]int {
[3] int{5, 6, 1} ,
[3]int{9, 8, 4} ,
}

1st inner array

5 6 1
outer array [3]int
[2] [3]int
9 8 4 2nd inner array
contains
the inner arrays
[3]int
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 [2] [3]int {
[3] int{5, 6, 1} ,
[3]int{9, 8, 4} ,
}

[0] index 5 6 1

9 8 4

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 [2] [3]int {
[3] int{5, 6, 1} ,
[3]int{9, 8, 4} ,
}

5 6 1

[1] index 9 8 4

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 The length of the array
It can be any length

[2] [3]int {
[3] int{5, 6, 1} ,
[3]int{9, 8, 4} ,
}

So: "for this array", there can be only 2 inner arrays

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

The element type of the array
It can be any type

[2] [3]int {
[3] int{5, 6, 1} ,
[3]int{9, 8, 4} ,
}

Element type determines

the type of the inner arrays
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 Element types of the inner arrays

[2] [3]int {
[3] int{5, 6, 1} ,
[3]int{9, 8, 4} ,
}

Inner arrays should have the same types

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

Go already knows about the type of the elements

[2] [3]int {
[3] int{5, 6, 1} ,
[3]int{9, 8, 4} ,
}

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

Go already knows about the type of the elements

[2] [3]int {
{5, 6, 1} ,
{9, 8, 4} ,
}

So, you can omit the types

Go implicitly adds them for you
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
KEYED ELEMENTS
Describe the indexes manually

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

Cryptocurrency exchange ratios

What is 1 Bitcoin in Ethereum?

1 Ethereum is 0.5 Bitcoin

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

rates := [3] float64{ indexes
0.5 , 0
2.5 , 1
1.5, 2
}

0.5 2.5 1.5

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 KEYED ELEMENTS
Keyed elements describe the index positions

rates := [3] float64{

0: 0.5 ,
1: 2.5 ,
2: 1.5,
}

0.5 2.5 1.5

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 KEYED ELEMENTS
Each key corresponds to an index of the array

rates := [3] float64{ indexes

0: 0.5 , 0
1: 2.5 , 1
2: 1.5, 2
}

0.5 2.5 1.5

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

KEYED ELEMENTS
The keyed elements can be in any order

rates := [3] float64{ indexes

1: 2.5, 1
0: 0.5, 0
2: 1.5, 2
}

0.5 2.5 1.5

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 KEYED ELEMENTS
Uninitialized elements will be initialized to their zero values

rates := [3] float64{

2: 1.5,
}

Go initializes
the uninitialized elements
0 0 1.5
to their zero values

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 KEYED ELEMENTS
Uninitialized elements will be initialized to their zero values

rates := [...] float64{

5: 1.5,
}

0 0 0 0 0 1.5

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 KEYED ELEMENTS
Keyed elements can determine the index position of the unkeyed elements

rates := [...] float64{

5: 1.5,
2.5,
0: 0.5,
}

0.5 0 0 0 0 1.5 2.5

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 XRATIO
Cryptocurrency exchange ratios

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

NAMED vs UNNAMED TYPES
Composite Types are Unnamed Types

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 UNNAMED TYPES
An unnamed composite type's underlying type is itself!

[3]int{6, 9, 3}

unnamed type
underlying type is itself: [3]int
[ It has its own structure ]

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 NAMED TYPE
Type definition creates a new type with a new name

underlying type is [3]int

type bookcase [3]int

the name of the type

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 UNNAMED <-> NAMED
Unnamed and Named Typed Arrays comparable
If their underlying types are identical

type bookcase [3]int

bookcase{6, 9, 3} == [3]int{6, 9, 3}

✓
You don't need to convert these array values
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 NAMED <-> NAMED
A named type is always a different type than any other type

type bookcase [3]int type cabinet [3]int

bookcase{6, 9, 3} == cabinet{6, 9, 3}

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 NAMED <-> NAMED
They're comparable when converted ✓

type bookcase [3]int type cabinet [3]int

bookcase(
bookcase{6, 9, 3} == cabinet{6, 9, 3},
)
✓
You can only convert
if their underlying types are identical
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 summary

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 Array is a collection of elements
It stores the same type and the same number of elements
in contiguous memory locations

memory cells

15 25

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 You can access array elements using index expressions

var ages [2]byte

0 0

ages[-1] ages[0] ages[1] ages[2]

index >= 0 len(ages) 2 index < len(array)

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 How many elements
that the array will store?

var name [length]elementType

Declares a variable What type of elements

that will store that the array will store?
the array value

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

var name [length]elementType

This is the type of the array

Its length and its element type
determine the type of the array as a whole
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 Array Literals

[4] string { "Kafka's Revenge" , "Stay Golden" }

Array's length is still 4 not 2

"Kafka's
"Stay Golden" "" ""
Revenge"

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 Ellipsis...

[...] string { "Kafka's Revenge" , "Stay Golden" }

The Length is 2 elements

"Kafka's
"Stay Golden"
Revenge"

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 Keyed Elements

rates := [...] float64{

5: 1.5,
2.5,
0: 0.5,
}

0.5 0 0 0 0 1.5 2.5

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

Multi-Dimensional Arrays

[2] [3]int {
{5, 6, 1} ,
{9, 8, 4} ,
}

An array with two inner [3]int arrays

Element type: [3]int
Length: 2
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 Copied array and the Original array are not connected

"red" array stays the same

blue := [3]int{6, 9, 3}
it's a copy of the blue array

10 9 3 6 9 3

red := blue
blue[0] = 10

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 Different types of arrays are neither comparable nor assignable

red == blue

blue = red

6 9 3 6 9

blue := [3]int{6, 9, 3} red := [2]int{6, 9}

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

An unnamed composite type's underlying type is itself!

[3]int{6, 9, 3}

unnamed type
underlying type is itself: [3]int
[ It has its own structure ]

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus

 Unnamed and Named typed values are comparable
If their underlying types are identical

type bookcase [3]int

bookcase{6, 9, 3} == [3]int{6, 9, 3}

✓
You don't need to convert these array values
Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus
 PART IV
Composite Types

✓
Arrays Slices String
Maps
Collection Collection Internals Structs
Collection
of of Byte Slices Groups
of
Elements Elements ASCII & Unicode different types of
Indexable
Indexable Indexable Encoding & Decoding variables together
Key-Value Pairs
Fixed Length Dynamic length

Copyright 2019 Inanc Gumus — Twitter: @inancgumus