Scribd
Upload
260 views2 pages

Calculus 2 Integration of Repeated Linear Factors Examples and Solution

Repeated Linear Factors in the denominator of a rational fraction can be expressed as a sum of partial fractions. 1. The integral of (x-1)/(x(x+1)^2) can be expressed as the sum of three partial fractions A/(x+1)^2 + B/x + C/(x+1), where A = -1, B = 1, C = 2. The integral equals -ln(x) + ln(x+1) - (x+1)+ C. 2. The integral of x^2/(x+1)^3 can be expressed as the sum of three partial fractions A/(x+1) + B/(x+1)^

Uploaded by

Julie Ann Montalban
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
260 views2 pages

Calculus 2 Integration of Repeated Linear Factors Examples and Solution

Repeated Linear Factors in the denominator of a rational fraction can be expressed as a sum of partial fractions. 1. The integral of (x-1)/(x(x+1)^2) can be expressed as the sum of three partial fractions A/(x+1)^2 + B/x + C/(x+1), where A = -1, B = 1, C = 2. The integral equals -ln(x) + ln(x+1) - (x+1)+ C. 2. The integral of x^2/(x+1)^3 can be expressed as the sum of three partial fractions A/(x+1) + B/(x+1)^

Uploaded by

Julie Ann Montalban
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Repeated Linear Factors

To each linear factor 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 occurring 𝑛 times in the denominator of the proper


rational fraction, there corresponds a sum of 𝑛 partial fractions of the form

𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴𝑛
𝑎𝑥+𝑏
+ 2 + ∙∙∙ + 𝑛
(𝑎𝑥+𝑏) (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)

where the 𝐴'𝑠 are constants to be determined.

Examples:

(𝑥−1)𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 2
𝑥(𝑥+1)

Assume:
⎡ 𝑥−1 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 ⎤𝑥(𝑥 + 1)2
⎢ 𝑥(𝑥+1)2 𝑥 𝑥+1 2 ⎥
⎣ (𝑥+1) ⎦
2
𝑥 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵𝑥(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶𝑥 equation 1
` Solve for A, B and C
When x=0
2
− 1 = 𝐴(0 + 1) + 𝐵(0)(0 + 1) + 𝐶(0)
− 1 = 𝐴 or 𝐴 =− 1
When x=-1
2
− 1 − 1 = 𝐴(− 1 + 1) + 𝐵(− 1)(− 1 + 1) + 𝐶(− 1)
− 2 = 𝐶 or 𝐶 = 2
Expanding and simplifying equation 1
2 2
𝑥 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥
2
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐴 =− 1
0 =− 1 + 𝐵; 𝐵 = 1
= ∫⎡⎢ 𝑥 + 𝑥+1 + ⎤
(𝑥−1)𝑑𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
∫ 2 2 ⎥𝑑𝑥
𝑥(𝑥+1) ⎣ (𝑥+1) ⎦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥+1 + 2∫ 2
(𝑥+1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −2
=− ∫ 𝑥
+ ∫ 𝑥+1
+ 2∫(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑢=𝑥 𝑢=𝑥 +1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

−1
2(𝑥+1)
=− 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + 1) + −1
+𝐶
2
=− 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + 1) − 𝑥+1
+ 𝐶 Answer
2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 3
(𝑥+1)

Assume:
⎡ 𝑥−1 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 ⎤(𝑥 + 1)3
⎢ (𝑥+1)3 𝑥+1 2 3 ⎥
⎣ (𝑥+1) (𝑥+1) ⎦
2 2
𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶 equation 1
When x=-1
2 2
(− 1) = 𝐴(− 1 + 1) + 𝐵(− 1 + 1) + 𝐶
𝐶=1
Simplifying equation 1
2
𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶
2
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 ; 1 = 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐴 = 1
Equating coefficients of 𝑥; 0 = 2𝐴 𝑜 + 𝐵 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐴 = 1
0 = 2(1) + 𝐵
𝐵 =− 2
2
= ∫⎡⎢ ⎤𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥−1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
∫ 3 3 = 𝑥+1 + 2 + 3 ⎥
(𝑥+1) ⎣ (𝑥+1) (𝑥+1) (𝑥+1) ⎦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥+1 − 2∫ 2 + ∫ 3
(𝑥+1) (𝑥+1)
𝑢=𝑥 +1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

−2 −3
= 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 + 1) − 2∫(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
−1 −2
(𝑥+1) (𝑥+1)
= 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 + 1) − 2 −1
+ −2
+𝐶
2 𝑞
= 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝑥+1
+ 2 +𝐶 Answer
2(𝑥+1)

You might also like