® Python Python Character Set Python uses the character set to declare identifier as given below: * Letters A-Z, a-z * Digits 0-9 * Special Symbols Space +-*/*\()(]{} 1&?_H#<2>=@ White Spaces Blank spaces, horizontal tab, carriage return Sc>) ose is ® Python Tokens in Python The smallest individual unit of the program is known as Token. There are five types of Tokens in Python: * Keywords * Identifiers * Literals * Delimiters * Operators® Python Keywords They are the words used by Python interpreter to recognize the structure of program. As these words have specific meaning for interpreter, they cannot be used for any other purpose. A partial list of keywords in Python 2.7 is and del from not while as elif global or with assert else if pass yield break except import print class exec in raise continue finally is return def for lambda ty ® Python Identifiers/Variable names Identifiers are the name given by the programmer to objects/parts of a program. 1. Can be of any size 2. It should have allowed characters, which are a-z, A-Z, 0-9 and underscore (_) 3. It must begin with an alphabet or underscore 4, It should not be a keyword Itis a good practice to follow these identifier naming conventions: 1. Variable name should be meaningful and short 2. Generally, they are written in lower case letters® Python More on variable names + Names starting with one underscore (_V) are not imported from the module import * statement + Names starting and ending with 2 underscores are special, system-defined names (e.g.,__V__) - Names beginning with 2 underscores (but without trailing underscores) are local to a class (__V) - Asingle underscore (_) by itself denotes the result of the last expression ® Python Mutable and Immutable Variables A mutable variable is one whose value may change in place, whereas in an immutable variable change of value will not happen in place. Modifying an immutable variable will rebuild the same variable. Class Description Immutable? | bool value ¥ | int arbitrary magnitude) ¥ float v list mutable sequence of objects | tuple immutable sequence of objects v | str character string ¥ | set od set of distinct objects | frozenset | i form of set class ¥ | dict mapping (aka dictionary) |; ; ® Python Identifiers / Variable Identifiers are the name given by the programmer to objects/ parts of a program. “variables” in python are really object references. Every object has: A. Identity, - can be known using id (object) Identity of the object: It is the object's address in memory and does not change once it has been created. B. type — can be checked using type (object) and Itis a set of values, and the allowable operations on those values. c. value - to bind value to a variable, we use assignment operator (=). This is also known as building of a variable. Example >>> pi = 31415 ® Python Operators Operators are special symbols which represents computation. They are applied on operand(s), which can be values or variables. Same operator can behave differently on different data types. Operators when applied on operands form an expression. Operators are categorized as * Arithmetic * Relational * Logical * Assignment Value and variables when used with operator are known as operands.® Python Arithmetic Operators . Example operators.py | + + addition print( 2*2) + - subtraction print( 2**3) / division ea a) ** exponentiation Se % modulus (remainder after pont(it/2) division) Output: Comparison operators 4 8 1 05 0 + Note the difference between floating point division and integer division in the last two lines @ Python = Sa Se =o : magica [sseerae ee Ones Nenara’ 100 GoodMorning Multiplication 7 Division % Remainder/ Medule 2 Exponentiation 256 tf Integer >=7.0//2 aea3/ /2 Division 3.0 elaRelational Operators. ® Python | Symbol | Description Example 1 Example? « Less than >e70 >>>'Hello'< ‘Goodbye’ oon False Dees >>>\Goodbye'< ‘Hello’ Fale True poe 7>> 7e10 and 1<15 True > Greater than peeps >>>‘Hello'> ‘Goodbye’ True — >er10<10 Talce >>>\Goodbye> ‘Hello False < lees than equal to >>>‘Hello'<= ‘Goodbye! Relational Operators ®@ Python > greater than equal | >>>10>=10 >>>'Hello'>="Goodbye’ to Tme True >>> 10>=12 >>>'Goodbye! >= ‘Hello! False False t=, | not equal to >>>l0l=11 >>>’ Hello’ |= HELLO True >>>10!=10 False se equal to >>>10==10 >>>‘Hello’ == ‘Hello’ True ae >>>: ” . " ’ >>>'Hello’ == ‘Good Bye’ False False® Python Logical Operators Description or If any one of the operand is true, then the condition becomes true. and If both the operands are true, then the condition becomes true. not Reverses the state of operand/ condition. a @ Python Assignment Operators Assignment Operator combines the effect of arithmetic and assignment operator Symbol Description Example Explanation Assigned values from right side | >>>x=12" operands to left variable >>>y="greetings’® Python added and assign back the result to left operand subtracted and assign back the result to left operand popat=2 The operand/ expression/ constant written on RES of operator is will change the value of x to 14 multiplied and assign back the result to left operand divided and assign back the result to left operand x/n2 taken modulus using two operands and asrign the result | 2-2 to left operand performed exponential (power) calculation on operators and en assign value to the left operand performed. floor division on|x//=2 operators and assign value to the left operand BSE CS Andrpid Ae ® Python Precedence of operator - Listed from high precedence to low precedence. Operator Description Exponentiation (raise to the power) unary plus and minus Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division Addition and subtraction Comparison operators Equality operators =,-| Assignment operators not and or Logical operators® Python Associative An operator may be Left-associative or Right —associative. + Inleft associative, the operator falling on left side will be evaluated first. Examples: +,-,*,/ are left associate * In right associative operator falling on right will be evaluated first. Example "=" and "**" are Right Associative. ® Python Literals * The values which are assigned to variable or are use in expression or in print statement in a program are called Literals. Literals can be defined as a data that is given in a variable or constant. Python support the following literals: |. String literals I.Numeric literals Ill. Boolean literals IV. Special literals V.Literal CollectionsDelimiters Delimiters are symbols that perform three special roles in python like grouping, punctuation and assignment/ binging of objects to names. Grouping and punctuation delimiters are all written as one character symbols. OO Grouping eae Punctuation Searels Arithmetic assignments = |= A= c= dds Bitwise assignment binding 7 ® Python DATA Types Data Types bumbers None Sequences Sets Mappings Integer Floating Complex Stings Tuple ist [Paine Boolean + Example Output: pi= 3.1415926 , message = "Hello, world ae ioe print( type(pi) ) print( type(message) ) print( type(i) )& Python Numerical data type Number data type stores Numerical Values. This data type is immutable i.e. value of its object cannot be changed (we will talk about this aspect later). These are of three different types: a) Integer & Long b) Float/floating point c) Complex ®& Python Integer & Long * Range of an integer in Python can be from -2147483648 to 2147483647, and long integer has unlimited range subject to available memory. * Integers are the whole numbers consisting of + or — sign with decimal digits like 100000, -99, 0, 17. While writing a large integer value, don’t use commas to separate digits. Also integers should not have leading zeros. * When we want a value to be treated as very long integer value append L to the value. >>> b= 5192L #example of a very long value to a variable >e> c= 4298114 >>>type(c) # type () is used to check data type of value >>> type(c) ® Python Boolean Integers contain Boolean Type which is a unique data type, consisting of two constants, True & False, A Boolean True value is Non-Zero, Non-Null and Non-empty. Example >>> flag = True >>> type(flag) ® Python Float/floating point Numbers with fractions or decimal point are called floating point numbers. A floating point number will consist of sign (+,-) sequence of decimals digits and a dot such as 0.0, -21.9, 0.98333328, 15.2963. These numbers can also be used to represent a number in engineering/ scientific notation. -2.0X 105 will be represented as -2.0e5 2.0X10-5 will be 2.0E-5 Example y= 12.36Types and Operators: Types of Numbers (2) Other numeric types: Octal constants Examples: 0177, -01234 -Must start with a leading 0 Hex constants Examples: 0x9ff, OX7AE Must start with a leading Ox or 0X Complex numbers Examples: 3443, 3.0+4.04, 27 ‘Must end in 5 or J @ Python -Typing in the imaginary part first will return the complex number in the order Re+ImJ Complex @ Python Complex number in python is made up of two floating point values, one each for real and imaginary part. For accessing different parts of variable (object) x; we will use x.real and x.image. Imaginary part of the number is represented by "j" instead of i, so 1+0j denotes zero imaginary part. Example >>> x= 1+0j >>> print( x.real,x.imag ) 1.00.0 Example >>> y =9-5j >>> print( y.real, y.imag ) 9.0-5.0® Python Sequence A sequence is an ordered collection of items, indexed by positive integers. It is combination of mutable and non mutable data types. Three types of sequence data type available in Python are Strings, Lists & Tuples. None This is special data type with single value. It is used to signify the absence of value/false in a situation. It is represented by None. ® Python String: String is an ordered sequence of letters/characters. They are enclosed in single quotes (‘‘) or double quotes (“ “). The quotes are not part of string. They only tell the computer where the string constant begins and ends. They can have any character or sign, including space in them. These are immutable data types. We will learn about immutable data types while dealing with third aspect of object i.e. value of object Example >>>a='Ram'@ Python Lists: List is also a sequence of values of any type. Values in the list are called elements / items. These are mutable and indexed/ordered. List is enclosed in square brackets. Example | =["spam", 20.5,5] ————————EpEEw Ess @ Python Tuples: Tuples are a sequence of values of any type, and are indexed by integers. They are immutable. Tuples are enclosed in (). We have already seen a tuple, in Example 2 (4, 2). Sets Set is an unordered collection of values, of any type, with no duplicate entry. Sets are immutable. Example s = set ((1,2,34])® Python Mapping This data type is unordered and mutable. Dictionaries fall under Mappings. Dictionaries: can store any number of python objects. What they store is a key — value pairs, which are accessed using key. Dictionary is enclosed in curly brackets. Example d={1:'a',2:' pou ® Python While writing Python statements, keep the following points in mind: 1, Write one python statement per line (Physical Line). Although it is possible to write two statements ina line separated by semicolon 2. Comment starts with "W" outside a quoted string and ends at the end of a line. Comments are not part of statement. They may occur on the line by themselves or at the end of the statement. They are not executed by interpreter. 3. For a long statement, spanning multiple physical lines, we can use "/" at the end of physical line to logically join it with next physical line. Use of the "/" for joining lines is not required with expression consists of (), [], {} 4. When entering statement(s) in interactive mode, an extra blank line is treated as the end of the indented block. 5. Indentation is used to represent the embedded statement(s) ina compound/ Grouped statement. All statement(s) of a compound statement must be indented by a consistent no. of spaces (usually 4) 6. White space in the beginning of line is part of indentation, elsewhere it is not significant.