THE GROVER Qearch AL@ORITH M Sho ARTICLE Vy a From Qoyraprcen! S EQUATION QuivTuM Sentech MGoRITHH ysis To THE Americaw doorpar oF FH tor. 64, 64 LDTHE GROVER _AL@oRiTHM RELIES ov ft CLEVER se oF THE HAPARMARE MATRIX Ap ITS QCENERMLIt¢TION USiVE THE KRONECKER PROPUCT. With Mm=2 Birs> WE Mabe fe TOT ge ma poss (BLE ConriG-LRITLOUS FOR ye STITES oF 2 BITS 5 0050l>10>4ll - To THE STATE > weassociate THE “OR OF OR lo>= [!) yeh CH ro THE porTH Pole oly. THE BLOCH QPHERE. To THE STATE Lb pO po" _ w=?) / - is THE SouTH role OW 3 E BLOCH SPHEFE. . : cop. nayeTEH ef 2& QUBITS > we Ch LOULATE sphere. “Spivekn AS 4x) COLUMN VECTORS } 1 0 AS FOUDWS po — [ep @le2 ¢ yx! jopall7 ColLUMyy we wSsociATe THE 0? 1 ~e@ 10? {>0 > |I7eler VECTOR 1 > 1z6ll? bs —)>-WE Nave SEE BEFORE ( ¢ (c) #lar= i tt) “te tn mat fom [pe lips [)() tp b lira | aa ) mi LuMN liveli7= [?)e (1) (3) Note THAT HE. 025 O1slO> If COUFIGURA TIES CORRES TONP 7. ie eIMAFY REPRESBUTATIV of YHE NoHBERS Oleic we will YSe JHE FoLLowlh& OHORTHALLE oir Ton TO RERRESERT THE COLUMN VECTORS freove \ 0 4 g/3 Io t 9) Yas (3 o | o("WE Will Solr SHow That WE Wile MEED SHE FoLLowINe 4xH WIMTRIX ACTIVE ob se zqueir Staves [bg? wilh Og=e'- (4 @ 9H where -e| | a Oy Veli -! 1S x WED We USE (capita. Ur Foe +He KROUECKER PRODUCT ) i Oy @ UH This KRONECKER Propucr IS EKSIL( Fou To PE | | : Var oneens = | ho We CALL +HeE CoLUMMS OF HO A, Ate 35 INCLUPING THE FACTOR —Y-we easrhy CHECK THAT Uy tort Ts i Le ie c+, Up QINILARL/ > Une hee ~ Sv Td P| -6-THE GROVER fA . LOoRITHH Cevst RPPLY ING He FOLLOWINe i IM yacy TITRICES OW THE oe oe a > aueiTs WHICH fr feo ts IW J. 0 LL HAVE EEACHED pourat Tou UE: PovER. TARGET For fr SYSTE F 2qubiT> a AL@ORITHM owly LEEDS +o BE APPUED OWE 1 qyHEN myo. VF yeee T° apeey THE = OPER TOR we V2" TIMES qo REACH YE:ofPé E ye Coppose THE TARCET Dp= 5 [> how po we REACH IT STAETT US FROM ye #8 on he First STeEr ef TOE O-ROVER ALGORITHM » Uy So> LEAPS TO | = | with WEA a= all) Vaucry inf yxy WaTRIX WHICH FLIPS as sien of THE TARGET T.E- > User) al oll el emer phe 4x4 MATRIX WHECH ACCOM PLISHES Si HE 7 © 60 { J = ol ©? _ | quer] b 5 olPROBABILITY TO BE W eS SoC, Nore THAT THE | STATES fooz> letz, lLaz, elu A fo yo. Son oF PROBABILITIES is 4. [ we arely Uy ho = 1) NEXT? ! + Nl STHTe AS Follows WE REWRITE THIS ( \ fo | | ae 2/9 hoe yiy/ il! - t=5s =| my So, | 2 ne NO. Yo eAYou, WE wepcy ThE 4x4 MATRIX ub Te THIS 1 AST orate. Up 's pERivep Ib SUCH A WAY Saale Flips “THE Qien OF ALL ELEHEUTS except THE fipst ONE CF#> a rtCSEEe HAS THE Locartoy OF THE OWLY Nol- ZERO eLenent IN THE. ORIGINAL 2-quBiT) | ee? Vp= ol 0 ?ve COMPLETE Grover ALGORITHM, PLL WifY 5 weErep & TO HMPLY Uy Te THIS: LasT Resur chp — 4%, Yy (Sor ae b) ho + oe = dhe ee Ro + 2 UE: (i) vir St Wirt N=¥ > THIS B MOST Spo THE TARGET : Soy THe QeEQuENCE OF OFEPHTTOWS Rivew py GROUEF PL Gori THM elves THE TARGET State [NONE “TTERATION! for A SYSTEM wir More THAN > quarts, THE GROVER, wLGORITHM veers O[TWIe) reEENTION dACTUALLY, TT CAM BE SHewh HAT rhe «= GROVER Look THM NEEDS, fe SE QUELCE OF va Hn TL TEFATIONS, “WHERE rioor(X) REPRESENTS THE WEAKEST -FRTEBER LESS THAN OR EquAL TO X> “re REACH THE TARGET. For N=4s schrs, MEANS OVE Ter TION Nit © of Tn) when & 7S LARGEpvoThte APRRoAcH “TO GROVER ALCORITHA evprose You tke E(VEN tt FuucTtoky f m {4% —> So. ae SpUeLe BIT . Am m BITS There ARE 2 possipiciries FER 59.1 _ Po Xx ecihe fi)= | f ‘shaing tn bi - o if xt Xo fropleM: WHAT IS X62 ss [2% 2 Ce RATIONS GRoure ALEORITHH REQUIRES ( Givew AS THE UbITHRY d wil BE MATRIX Up THAT U bo47 Ks Ix, {0647 -—|- TAKESOULQUE example ,foR mee, IF Fuucrion 4 is. THE | rayeriony “THAT FiekS Oot THE Bibaky STRIGE ' is Use io, WHat 4 Id Oui TET X, 2] ‘t {(K,%) 4 [lure a el . mtd 0 |0 | 0 O O 0fo[O|o lo | 0 ola ho | ofoft fo Pf | o |i jo] e 0 anitote tS ati {i 0 \ © [1 LO l | 12 | oe Cee ere . Het et Tilo do P 1 }T lo ql dl oO lilt é iyi rey L INT] 0640 | & 1] 01,0 J ol,1| 190 1] Ibe | Il 1) Ges 40> | | x8 & ee | TAFRIX | ot, | | 1050 o i JO>1 | © 1150 I |i HA m ray a 4s jo? f—__t { er= lo 957 |ph7 [97 Hem vs THE WALSH” HADAMARD OrEEATOR lfor= Nee [0,90- -98) 0767 ley | [07 ~|¢)7 > a lg soit | | > ~aupeppos! TION Apriyin& Up, we 6ET 2 Ix, 06 (or lf.7 om xeqory” ie ~3—MeASURILE “rer (m) QuBITS Wil ‘ive OME OF THE 2" Binney STRINGS MeaSURING BoTToH queiT, SHCe nm sy 7 . {X)=0> a tines, Witt GIVE m lop wet PREBABILITY 2=!, eh ANP [i> With PROBABILITY TF You HEASURE }I7 FoR BoTTOH queil Tor Mm QueiTs pee CHE sTRINE You MRE Laokive FOR BINARY His iS VEFY uncixery | How po WE IMPROVE THAT pRopneiLiTy ° —Y4—PLACE BoTToH queiy IN STATE [2-112 thx (n-qobif) po th —]x> —A [7 qe ee sy Le It i [n> IR, we NusT CALCULATE = Uy EG, aH) x17 gore | lor- [7 be (rot? lei7= iy | b= 17]. eee Vz ldap < 2? po007 | [Jere | yop= Lx? | Heer YO" lupe be | ffeor 14| : _ =So [ TH lip -le2 cE x [v2 = [x> fz As os THE eal? f X4Xo [fz So feo 7 nrc? | a - alo [SA] | a bo |e] f 1% A THIS SFoRHATION puase TRAM or TARGET BIT Xo. —4-exanrie. xX iC! is AW EQUAL Sorerrosl TOU oF Four pifPeReeT STATES Tr phi hent oi7 + He tor +Li7] [ Xo= Noe THECET we GENERATE TNis STATE USI E NavbA DARD ~ WALSH ee Te, Ha@H [oo>= tf ert Jor dller+ 7) AFTER peRFoRHING THE PHASE TRAMS FORMATION (¢ CHOOSES “THE STRING |l07 DTHE STATE Looks LIKE Af joo> +"! — lop +107 1 [100 5 | CHamee Ih PHASE For, TARGET STATE the PReerBility Is sTILL IA FIND THE 2-gupit STATE fie (em) sre NEED TO Boost This PROBABILIT/ t=THE TRICK: TUVERSION ABoyT THE HEAD | cxmaneTion oF CobCerT cop siPEr “rhe St QUENCE OF TPTECERS r=[ 53, 28 (E,2% +4) AVERREE Of THESE MvHBERS 1S a~ BOM= He 63 6 cl az e + a >] 5 we opTaiy “THOSE NOH BERS AS ellos Baye AO SBe—M > Are HOH Bl ae a plsarlan)=46 43 o-2ss=4l IQ > BOS ae rb 2aoN= b+ pa > AWB? 14 > pte 2a-v=6l 44> a ¥4= 37 its 2a 8CouNEcTiod BET WEE re (22%, 1% 23,44) = vepe> AUD el: (315 46, 6165) = cy rRopuce CoLuHy VECTORS I> Fa! AwP MaATE(X A —— ALL ELEMENT Equa TO a q 42 : EACH ELEMEVT ve je equac TO THEW puerage. a. iE T aa "yeat « 2 + 2a] Check 0) 253+ atbur) 5 ee | >I =1Le 08 i. 1) ea qzile?? c =|/] 33 Nr = ols oa[—]o° +> 19 él 02 [=p \ 23 © =e si(berd lta sy"Tr we pal wiTH 2" WHBEFS Pt a” N 3 steers AMPLITUPES ABovt THE ne aa BK \ ae ot on hae ne TATE re hy a Voy 2 =" aL sh < py ~T+24 Ve a doe pa TRICES rhe At _Ta2A rs OMTAFY, cree ~T+e2A, (~ren)oTen)- [+ = T-2 —l0~ yo-vA +4YAE FS [+2#)- A- A+ YR , yes!We vow COMBIUR Piface IWvERSToW Wit I ZMVERSION ABout THE WEAW ore peTYoU” —> Govern ALGORITNH ScHerMrii¢ aaa ee rm |) 3 Ince oy a“ m le? lof HEAP lth all poop td, lA? lop i ALGORITHM i ee curersioN (). PREPRFE EQual sureRPesiTiOU oF mn QuUeTS jor > Ix? @) pereat V2 TIMES / © Apap PHASE INVER SI0¥ Up (Fe) jo. ABOoT MEAN D)Prply TN VERS WITH ee © MEASURE OUTPUT M- guBiT:EXxantrce : CoLsiPER fk systen oF 3 QuBITS FUNCTION ae WiLL PICK OUT i is. THE THE aa "lon 8 Jelbel {x 6 |e SX | g | ColuM 5 VECTOR [42> Jo0se2° [8 we were I%i2= [1.99 99% cprenarion | 0) 8 oe WoO 2 } 1 eo lE a wie i TARSET abot je (3 V8 IS is] l aw $y ot [You>> ie 7 ) PHASE beens Aer LocKTVON PIT. “Sequence ~_=pHREET rp THESE NUHPERS rs aH Oe puEeAse ©( sevversion ABOUT HEAN _ -—t (|. 1 » tea +2) oT an _frreas ce +(e) = 9 eae [8 (ae) * 7 Fak, aby bk phy ea are s|4L> «| gr’ ele 20R° Ua Aap HE p t anrLiTebes. oF anil (TUDE OTHE Fe STEINGES HAS UCREASED HAS peckErSeED FOR TAROET STRIRR zee ati ee a Tt UL ky om tt Iter? © Ee ay sigs 25? ev3 aay PHASE IN VERSO) AveEACE OF EW NOHBERS Ss gq - et = a 3sue ABout WeAW Poe age oe Peete —> ~NWea- 4 PGR We -5 For = ELeneeT— eae [)\.—! fe Heese tae) We _ we + If > = i Fr > aw >We aR Fr 5 “a ik Aureityee OF _ Tareet STEIN ~ 0.223 HRS SELCREASED FURTHER WHEI YEASUE TUE [tbe PRopaBl tity “oly ES To TEASURE STRINE PCimn)-[o7] = ayia po we NEED TO TTERATE oF ITEEATIONS = Floor (Te® }= Floor(®) Foor (2Ve) + Floor (2-8) =). TTREATIN & Hoke WILL Prive Us _ a jwiy FRotW TARGET STRIUE [ly ue