Variables

Variable is the name of a memory

location which stores some data.

Memory

a b
25 S
Variables
Rules

a. Variables are case sensitive

b. 1st character is alphabet or '_'

c. no comma/blank space

d. No other symbol other than '_'

Variables
Data Types
Constants
Values that don't change(fixed)

Types

Integer Character
Constants Real Constants
1, 2, 3, 0
Constants 'a', 'b', 'A',
, -1, -2 1.0, 2.0, '#', '&'
3.14, -24
Keywords
Reserved words that have special
meaning to the compiler

32 Keywords in C
Keywords
auto double int struct

break else long switch

case enum register typedef

char extern return union

continue for signed void

do if static while

default goto sizeof volatile

const float short unsigned

Program Structure

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("Hello World");
return 0;
}
Comments
Lines that are not part of program

Single Line Multiple

Line
/*
//
*/
Output
printf(" Hello World ");

new line
printf(" kuch bhi \n");
Output
CASES
1. integers
printf(" age is %d ", age);

2. real numbers
printf(" value of pi is %f ", pi);

3. characters
printf(" star looks like this %c ", star);
Input

scanf(" %d ", &age);

Compilation
A computer program that translates C code
into machine code

a.exe (windows)
Hello.c C Compiler
a.out (linux & mac)
 Instructions
These are statements in a Program

Types

Type Declaration Control

Instructions Arithmetic Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Type Declaration Instructions Declare var before using it

VALID INVALID
int a = 22; int a = 22;
int b = a; int b = a;
int c = b + 1; int c = b + 2;
int d = 1, e; int d = 2, e;

int a,b,c;
int a,b,c = 1;
a = b = c = 1;
Arithmetic Instructions
a+b
Operand 1 Operand 2

Operator

NOTE - single variable on the LHS

Arithmetic Instructions
VALID INVALID
a=b+c b+c=a
a=b*c a = bc
a=b/c a = b^c

NOTE - pow(x,y) for x to the power y

Arithmetic Instructions
Modular Operator %
Returns remainder for int

3%2=1
-3 % 2 = -1
Arithmetic Instructions
Type Conversion

int op int int

int op float float

float op float float

Arithmetic Instructions
Operator Precedence

*, /, % x = 4 + 9 * 10

+, -

= x=4*3/6*2
Arithmetic Instructions
Associativity (for same precedence)
Left to Right

x=4*3/6*2
Instructions
Control Instructions
Used to determine flow of program
a. Sequence Control

b. Decision Control

c. Loop Control

d. Case Control
Operators
a. Arithmetic Operators

b. Relational Operators

c. Logical Operators

d. Bitwise Operators

e. Assignment Operators

f. Ternary Operator
Operators
Relational Operators
==

>, >=

<, <=

!=
Operators
Logical Operators
&& AND

|| OR

! NOT
Operator Precendence
Priority Operator
1 !
2 *, /, %
3 +, -
4 <, <=, >, >=
5 ==, !=
6 &&
7 ||
8 =
Operators
Assignment Operators
=
+=

-=

*=

/=

%=
Conditional Statements
Types

if-else Switch
if-else

if(Condition) {
//do something if TRUE
}
else {
//do something if FALSE
}

Ele is optional block

can also work without {}
else if

if(Condition 1) {
//do something if TRUE
}
else if (Condition 2) {
//do something if 1st is FALSE & 2nd is TRUE
}
Conditional Operators
Ternary
Condition ? doSomething if TRUE : doSomething if FALSE;

give 1 & 0 cases

Conditional Operators
switch
switch(number) {
case C1: //do something
break;
case C2 : //do something
break;
default : //do something
}
Conditional Operators
switch Properties

a. Cases can be in any order

b. Nested switch (switch inside switch) are allowed

Pointers
A variable that stores the memory
address of another variable

Memory
age ptr

22 2010

2010 2013
Syntax
int age = 22;
int *ptr = &age;
int _age = *ptr;
Memory
age ptr

22 2010

2010 2013
Declaring Pointers

int *ptr;

char *ptr;

float *ptr;
Format Specifier

printf("%p", &age);

printf("%p", ptr);

printf("%p", &ptr);
Pointer to Pointer
A variable that stores the memory
address of another pointer

Memory
age pptr ptr

22 2013 2010

2010 2012 2013

Pointer to Pointer
Syntax

int **pptr;

char **pptr;

float **pptr;
Pointers in Function Call

Call by call by
Value Reference

We pass value of We pass address of

variable as variable as
argument argument
Arrays

Collection of similar data types stored at

contiguous memory locations
Syntax
int marks[3];

char name[10];
float price[2];
Input & Output
scanf("%d", &marks[0]);

printf("%d", marks[0]);
Inititalization of Array
int marks[ ] = {97, 98, 89};

int marks[ 3 ] = {97, 98, 89};

Memory Reserved :
Pointer Arithmetic
Pointer can be incremented
& decremented

CASE 1
Pointer Arithmetic
CASE 2

CASE 3
Pointer Arithmetic

- We can also subtract one pointer from another

- We can also compare 2 pointers

Array is a Pointer

int *ptr = &arr[0];

int *ptr = arr;

Traverse an Array
int aadhar[10];
int *ptr = &aadhar[0];
Arrays as Function Argument
//Function Declaration
void printNumbers (int arr[ ], int n)
OR
void printNumbers (int *arr, int n)

//Function Call
printNumbers(arr, n);
Multidimensional Arrays
2 D Arrays
int arr[ ][ ] = { {1, 2}, {3, 4} }; //Declare

//Access
arr[0][0]
arr[0][1]
arr[1][0]
arr[1][1]
Strings

A character array terminated by a '\0' (null character)

null character denotes string termination

EXAMPLE

char name[ ] = {'S', 'H', 'R', 'A', 'D', 'H', 'A','\0'};

char class[ ] = {'A', 'P', 'N', 'A', ' ', 'C', 'O', 'L', 'L', 'E', 'G', 'E', '\0'};
Initialising Strings

char name[ ] = {'S', 'H', 'R', 'A', 'D', 'H', 'A','\0'};

char name[ ] = "SHRADHA";

char class[ ] = {'A', 'P', 'N', 'A', ' ', 'C', 'O', 'L', 'L', 'E', 'G', 'E', '\0'};
char class[ ] = "APNA COLLEGE";
What Happens in Memory?
char name[ ] = {'S', 'H', 'R', 'A', 'D', 'H', 'A','\0'};
char name[ ] = "SHRADHA";

name

S H R A D H A \0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
String Format Specifier

"%s"

char name[ ] = "Shradha";

printf("%s", name);
IMPORTANT
scanf( ) cannot input multi-word strings with spaces

Here,
gets( ) & puts( ) come into picture
String Functions
Dangerous &
gets(str) Outdated puts(str)
input a string output a string
(even multiword)

fgets( str, n, file)

stops when n-1
chars input or new
line is entered
String using Pointers
char *str = "Hello World";
Store string in memory & the assigned
address is stored in the char pointer 'str'

char *str = "Hello World"; //can be reinitialized

char str[ ] = "Hello World";

//cannot be reinitialized
Standard Library Functions
<string.h>

1 strlen(str)
count number of characters excluding '\0'
Standard Library Functions
<string.h>

2 strcpy(newStr, oldStr)
copies value of old string to new string
Standard Library Functions
<string.h>

3 strcat(firstStr, secStr)
concatenates first string with second string

firstStr should be large

enough
Standard Library Functions
<string.h>

4 strcpm(firstStr, secStr)
Compares 2 strings & returns a value

0 -> string equal

positive -> first > second (ASCII)
negative -> first < second (ASCII)
Structures

a collection of values of different data types

EXAMPLE
For a student store the following :
name (String)
roll no (Integer)
cgpa (Float)
Syntax
struct student { struct student s1;
char name[100]; s1.cgpa = 7.5;

int roll;
float cgpa;
};
Syntax
struct student {
char name[100];
int roll;
float cgpa;
}
Structures in Memory name roll cgpa

struct student {
char name[100]; 2010 2110 2114
int roll;
float cgpa;
}

structures are stored in contiguous memory locations

Benefits of using Structures
- Saves us from creating too many variables

- Good data management/organization

Array of Structures

struct student ECE[100];

struct student COE[100];
struct student IT[100];

ACCESS
IT[0].roll = 200;
IT[0].cgpa = 7.6;
Initializing Structures

struct student s1 = { "shradha", 1664, 7.9};

struct student s2 = { "rajat", 1552, 8.3};

struct student s3 = { 0 };
Pointers to Structures
struct student s1;
struct student *ptr;

ptr =&s1;
Arrow Operator

(*ptr).code ptr->code
Passing structure to function

//Function Prototype
void printInfo(struct student s1);
typedef Keyword

used to create alias for data types

coe student1;
File IO
RAM Hard Disk
File IO
FILE - container in a storage device to store data

- RAM is volatile

- Contents are lost when program terminates

- Files are used to persist the data

Operation on Files
Create a File

Open a File

Close a File

Read from a File

Write in a File
Types of Files
Text Files Binary Files
textual data binary data

.txt, .c .exe, .mp3, .jpg

File Pointer
FILE is a (hidden)structure that needs to be created for opening a file
A FILE ptr that points to this structure & is used to
access the file.

FILE *fptr;
Opening a File
FILE *fptr;

fptr = fopen("filename", mode);

Closing a File
fclose(fptr);
File Opening Modes
"r" open to read
"rb" open to read in binary
"w" open to write
"wb" open to write in binary
"a" open to append
BEST Practice
Check if a file exists before reading from it.
Reading from a file

char ch;
fscanf(fptr, "%c", &ch);
Writing to a file

char ch = 'A';
fprintf(fptr, "%c", ch);
Read & Write a char

fgetc(fptr)

fputc( 'A', fptr)

EOF (End Of File)

fgetc returns EOF to show that the file has ended

Dynamic Memory Allocation

It is a way to allocate memory to a data structure during

the runtime.

We need some functions to allocate

& free memory dynamically.
Functions for DMA
a. malloc( )
b. calloc( )

c. free( )
d. realloc( )
malloc( )
memory allocation

takes number of bytes to be allocated

& returns a pointer of type void

ptr = (*int) malloc(5 * sizeof(int));

calloc( )
continuous allocation

initializes with 0

ptr = (*int) calloc(5, sizeof(int));

free( )
We use it to free memory that is allocated
using malloc & calloc

free(ptr);
realloc( )
reallocate (increase or decrease) memory
using the same pointer & size.

ptr = realloc(ptr, newSize);

Loop Control Instructions
To repeat some parts of the program

Types

for do while
while
for Loop

for(initialisation; condition; updation) {

//do something

}
Special Things
- Increment Operator

- Decrement Operator

- Loop counter can be float

or even character

- Infinite Loop
while Loop
while(condition) {
//do something

}
do while Loop
do {
//do something

} while(condition);
break Statement

exit the loop

continue Statement

skip to next iteration

Nested Loops

for( .. ) {
for( .. ) {

}
}
Functions

block of code that performs particular task

Take Do Return
Argument Work Result

it can be used multiple times

increase code reusability
Syntax 1
Function Prototype

void printHello( );

> Tell the compiler

Syntax 2
Function Definition
void printHello() {
printf("Hello");
}

> Do the Work

Syntax 3
Function Call
int main() {
printHello( );
return 0;
}

> Use the Work

Properties
- Execution always starts from main

- A function gets called directly or indirectly from main

- There can be multiple functions in a program

Function Types

Library User-
function defined
Special functions declared & defined by
inbuilt in C programmer

scanf( ), printf( )
Passing Arguments
functions can take value & give some value

parameter return value

Passing Arguments

void printHello( );

void printTable(int n);

int sum(int a, int b);

Passing Arguments
functions can take value & give some value

parameter return value

Argument v/s Parameter
values that are values in function
passed in declaration &
function call definition

used to send used to receive

value value

actual formal
parameter parameters
NOTE

a. Function can only return one value at a time

b. Changes to parameters in function don't change the values in

calling function.
Because a copy of argument is passed to the function
Recursion

When a function calls itself, it's called recursion

Properties of Recursion
a. Anything that can be done with Iteration, can be done with
recursion and vice-versa.

b. Recursion can sometimes give the most simple solution.

c. Base Case is the condition which stops recursion.

d. Iteration has infinite loop & Recursion has stack overflow