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Title
repaort

41 %
SIMILARITY INDEX
17 %
ACADEMIC
31 %
INTERNET
Date: 2022-06-19 11:47:29(+00:00 UTC)
Report ID: 62af0ce8dd5179410
Word count: 13840
Character count: 71123
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 1/60

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
The routes into any seepage architecture for cleaning, clearing, and evaluation are
critical components. Metropolitan cities have accepted subsurface seepage infrastructure, and
the city corporation should maintain it. Ground water becomes contaminated if sewage is not
53%
adequately handled, resulting in irreparable ailments. During the rainy season, channel
blockages disturb society's normal routines. As a result, there should be an office in the city's
enterprise that alerts authorities about sewage obstructions, their exact location, and whether
or not the sewer vent cover is open as a result. Sewer framework, gas pipeline organisation,
52%
water pipes, and sewer vents are all components of underground waste. Temperature sensors
are used to monitor electric wires that are installed underground. Pressing factor sensors are
sent to evade sewer vent blasts because of compound delivery and electrical energy. When it
comes to cleaning, clearing, and inspecting a drainage syste m, access points are an essential
65%
component. Metropolitan cities have implemented subsurface drainage systems, and the
municipal corporation must keep the city clean. If sewage is not properly maintained, ground
water becomes polluted, resulting in dangerous illnesses. Blockages in drains during the rainy
season disrupt the public's daily routine. As a result, the municipal corporation should have a
facility that warns officials about sewage obstructions, their specific position, and whether or
not the manhole cover is automatically open. A sewer system, a gas pipeline architecture, a
water pipeline channel, and manholes make up underground drainage. Subterranean electrical
energy cables are maintained using temperature sensors. To prevent manhole disasters caused
by toxic release or electrical energy, pressure sensors are utilised. Using different transmitter
and receiver models, this study demonstrates the operation and design functionality of an
Underground Sewage and Manhole Monitoring Program (UDMS).This design's critical
factors include cheap cost, minimal maintenance, rapid deployment, a large number of
sensors, extended life-time, and great service quality. It also acknowledges the value of
64%
alerting individuals in the event of a gas explosion, a rise in water level, or an open lid. It uses
IoT to develop a drain monitoring system in a largely automotive environment, using sensors
that detect and send an alert to authorities via aural alarms with LED lights flashing and
55%
messages through Wi-Fi module, storing the cloud data, and presenting the information in a
web browser. This project tackles critical difficulties by putting water flow rate sensors at
node intersections to identify drainage water obstruction. When a node is blocked, the flow of
drainage water varies, and when it exceeds the predetermined value, an alarm is shown in the
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management station. Other important issues are addressed by monitoring temperature

fluctuations inside the manhole and informing the management station by automated mail.
Mass flow sensors are also utilised to detect stormwater overflow and send an automatic
message to the control station. As a reason, the project's main purpose is to create a system
that can track water levels, air temperature, flow of water, and dangerous compounds. When
sewage water spills from clogged drains, the manhole cover opens, which would be detected
by a sensor. sensors and communicated to the associated management station through a
transmitter positioned in that region. Because of the severe environmental conditions within,
physically maintaining manholes is time-consuming and risky. Going inside the manholes to
assess their current status is so perilous. A remote alarm system is required to communicate
data gathered by sensors installed within the manhole to the management station in order to
63%
tackle any subterranean sanitation concerns. In this project, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
61%
are used to build the system. A controller, memory, a transceiver, and a battery are used to
power these nodes.

The majority of the urban communities embraced the underground waste framework and it is
the obligation of overseeing station to keep up with neatness of the urban areas. On the off
chance that the waste support isn't appropriate the unadulterated water gets debase with
seepage water and irresistible infections might get spread. The seepage gets impeded during
stormy season, it will make issue for routine life, for example, traffic might get stuck, the
climate becomes messy, and absolutely it disturbs people in general. Assume assuming that
there ought to be an office which would be there in Municipal Corporation (overseeing
station) that the authorities come to know following hindering of seepage in which region and
the careful spot where it is obstructed and it additionally illuminates in the event that the
sewer vent top is open. Underground introduced electric electrical cables likewise observed
through temperature sensors. Pressure sensors are utilized to stay away from sewer vent
blasts, blasts can be a consequence of the arrival of synthetic and electrical energy. So, our
primary center is observing sewer vents utilizing sensors. Assuming waste gets obstructed
and water spills over, and on the off chance that sewer vent top is opens, it is detected by the
sensors, that sensor sends data by means of transmitter which is situated around there to the
relating overseeing station.

These days, IoT has demonstrated its significance in different fields rotating around
designing and innovation as well as around city improvement and organization to guarantee

2
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savvy administration. The water that holes through breaks and joints in a sewer vent spills
over which might prompt traffic as well as human setbacks. It might likewise prompt a
tainted water region close to the spilling over sewer vent which would go about as an
expected favorable place for mosquitoes, flies and different other illness borne vectors. This
penetration alongside the treatment costs and the expanded likelihood of sterile sewer spills
over (SSOs) getting inclined to these sicknesses requests an unexpected need of fostering an
answer which tackles this issue, and ideal activity needs to occur for its support. The expense
of treating this additional water is far more noteworthy than the moderate expense o f tackling
the issue utilizing current innovative progressions.

Numerous urban areas in India have an underground waste framework and Municipal
Corporation deals with the sewage framework for perfect and sound environment. The water
in the seepage framework is once in a while blended in with unadulterated water, because of
unfortunate upkeep. The seepage framework can spread to the environment and infections
that brought about by microorganisms. Waste is upset over different seasons because of
progress in environment, and the climate is unpredictable and upsets individuals and upsets
their day-to-day routines. To tackle every one of the issues of the seepage framework and to
illuminate the civil partnership by sending Blynk notice of the condition of the was te
framework, with the goal that the authorities can do whatever it may take to fix seepage
framework. The actual gas framed inside the bio-squander seepage framework was likewise
recognized utilizing a gas sensor to forestall blast by the strain inside the waste framework.
So, our point of this thought is to follow the seepage framework utilizing the sensor. At the
point when the sewage framework is impeded or water spills over or the waste cover is taken
out, the seepage is checked utilizing sensor and detected data is communicated through Blynk
to the close by civil partnership official utilizing coordinated Wi-Fi, and the water flood and
gas esteem is shown live in the cloud for later examination. What's more, the specific
seepage's GPS area is additionally sent through Blynk Server.

54%
To enable India carefully the Government of India has sent off many projects. Under the
Digital India program, the Ministry of Urban Development has shown inclination towards the
utilization of IoT while creating Smart City plans, to empower their general system and

3
 4/60

defeat functional and local area challenges. Hence Smart Cities Mission is one of the
significant drives under the Digital India program. Its principal objective is to give
individuals a superior personal satisfaction. During rainstorm season, water leaks into these
not well kept up with sewer vents, definitely expanding sewage levels. Such episodes slow
down the everyday practice of the city on an extreme level and now and then additionally
53%
prompts a few irresistible sicknesses. Blockages creating in sewer pipelines go undetected for
quite a long time. They are distinguished just when sewage begins spilling over onto the
roads through the sewer vent for example when the blockage has advanced to a phase where
it very well might be unrecoverable. This condition, generally alluded to as Sanitary Sewer
Overflow (SSO) are seen at a phase where they are very hard to fix. In serious situations
where the blockages can't be fixed, a detour must be developed which is a costly undertaking,
and frequently brings about the sewage straightforwardly entering our streams. The
predominant systems incorporate utilization of flying/pull to relax blockage, can machines to
release blockage, fabricate a detour course or once in a while s upplant the whole obstructed
line. IoT has been a striking benefactor towards shrewd city arrangements. A basic need to
consider while fostering a savvy city is brilliant underground framework. Observing of the
sewerage and seepage framework assumes an imperative part in keeping the city solid and
working. In any case, current cycles including human mediations prompts insufficient and
blunder inclined administration of sewers, bringing about postponed and costly treatment of
arrangements. Sterile Sewer Overflows likewise altogether affect the soundness of
groundwater, lakes and waterways, thus influencing the soundness of residents. Subsequently,
the requirement for a savvy sewage observing framework to foresee blockages and keep
away from spills over has never been higher.

As of late it seemed the idea of Internet of Things as a point arose in the remote innovation
field. IoT depicts the inescapable presence of different gadgets like sensors, actuators, and
advanced cells or cell phones that through exceptio nal addressing plans can interface and
help out one another to arrive at shared objectives. In is referenced Internet of Things is a
61%
worldview because of the union of three distinct dreams: Web arranged dreams (middleware),
things situated (sensors) dreams and semantic- arranged (information) dreams. In past works
managing this term. Thus, it is feasible to utilize the idea of IoT to give correspondence
capacities to a gadget that could caution fortunately to a populace before a cataclysmic event
happens. Prior to utilizing sensors incorporated into IoT ("Things"- arranged vision) a few
works have been proposed to catastrophe circumstances. In particular "Things"- arranged
4
 5/60

vision works like where RFID innovation is utilized. Notwithstanding, we are particular ly
inspired by those applications focused in a fiasco by floods. For instance, a framework for
flood discovery is ALERT. With fast advancement of IoT, significant makers are devoted to
the examination of multisensory obtaining point of interaction gear. There are a ton of
information securing numerous connection point gears with mature innovations on the market.
In any case, these connection point gadgets are extremely well versed in working style, so
they are not separately versatile to the changing IoT climate. In the meantime, this general
information obtaining connection points are in many cases limited in actual properties of
sensors (the associate number, examining rate, and sign sorts). Presently, miniature control
unit (MCU) is utilized as the center regulator in standard information obtaining connection
point gadget. MCU enjoys the benefit of low cost furthermore, low power utilization, which
makes it moderately simple to execute. However, it plays out an undertaking via interfere,
which makes these multisensory procurement interfaces not exactly lined up in gathering
multisensory information. Then again, ARM family has exceptional equipment rationale
control, constant execution, and synchronicity which empower it to accomplish equal
procurement of multi sensor information and extraordinarily work on continuous execution of
the framework. Raspberry Pi board has at present turns out to be more famous than MCU in
51%
multi sensor information securing in IoT climate. Nonetheless, in IoT climate, different
65%
mod ern WSNs include a ton of complicated and various sensors. Simultaneously, every
sensor has its own necessities for readout and various clients have their own applications that
require various kinds of sensors. It prompts the need of composing complicated and bulky
sensor driver code and information assortment methods for each sensor recently associated
57%
with interface gadget, which carries many difficulties to the investigates. The remainder of
this paper is coordinated as follows. The engineering is introduced in Section II, and nitty
gritty equipment and programming executions are depicted in Section III. Project Execution
technique in Section IV. At last, we close our work with brings about Section.

Sewage framework assumes a critical part especially in huge urban communities. The world
is developing quickly into shrewd urban communities yet the issues confronted are as yet the
ones from natives. The current world has incredible need of present-day headways and
refinement in its preparation. Sewage laborers proceed to lose their lives because of the
inward breath of harmful gases present inside the sewer vent. This additionally demonstrates

5
 6/60

ill-advised observing of sewage framework. The sewage framework has the shakiness and
vulnerability with the elements of multi variable, nonlinear, time variation and irregular
treatment process. The target of this model is to get a practical, conservative and adaptable
arrangement for recognition of stop up and smell or awful scent gases. Two ultrasonic
sensors are utilized to distinguish the water level and assuming the distinction between the
73%
water level is more prominent than the limit esteem, the alarm message is sent to the
61%
individual in control. Result of the sensors is connected with the microcontroller i.e., Ard uino.
It checks the limit level which is now set and sends an alarm message through GSM to the
individual in control and this is observed utilizing IoT. The diagram for obstruct location and
gas identification is shown on screen utilizing an IoT server Ana lytics for example Thing talk
application. The best result of this framework is that it can stay away from passings of
sewage laborers because of the openness of destructive gases.
61%
Accidents caused by broken or missing manhole covers
72%
are becoming more comm on. In poor
countries, manholes
51%
are not properly monitored. These collisions can result in serious injuries
and even death. As a result, we offer a system to address this issue. We've included a slew66%of
sensors to keep track of the manhole cover in real time, preventing similar mishaps. This
project includes a gas cover to monitor the gas emitted from sewage systems for toxicity
monitoring, an internal temperature sensor to check for a change in temperature as the
properties of manholes change with temperat ure, which could lead to crack formation, and a
tilt sensor to indicate whether the manhole can tilt. A float sensor is also utilised to signal
when the water level rises above a specific point. If any of the criteria trigger an alarm,
62%
we
send an SMS to an authorised number as well as post it on the IOT website. All of the
parameters are also updated on a regular basis on the website.
A well- managed manhole is a symbol of a well- run city. Manholes and their maintenance
have become a major issue in today's smart cities.
52%
Contamination of fresh water is also a
worry due to sewage drainage system issues. Observation
65%
revealed that the majority of the
manhole lids were not in their proper positions. Because the majority of the manhole lids are
damaged. There is a risk of accidents on the road as a result of the damaged manholes. The
personal safety of those who pass through these damaged manholes will be jeopardised. The
purpose of this research is to develop an effective accident-avoidance system in major cities
by avoiding open manholes. Tilt sensors are utilised to detect rifts and damage to manhole
lids, and the data is collected.
A well- managed manhole is a symbol of a well- run city. Manholes and their maintenance
have become a major issue in today's smart cities.
52%
Contamination of fresh water is also a
worry due to sewage drainage system issues. Observation
65%
revealed that the majority of the
manhole lids were not in their proper positions. Because the majority of the manhole lids are
damaged. There is a risk of accidents on the road as a result of the damaged manholes. The
personal safety of those who pass through these damaged manholes will be jeopardised. The
purpose of this research is to develop an effective accident-avoidance system in major cities

6
 7/60

68%
by avoiding open manholes. Sensors such as tilt sensors are utilised to detect rifts and damage
to manhole covers, and the information is then provided to the municipal corporate 63%
department's authorities and the local region's councillor, who will
51%
locate the manho le. The
Internet of Things is used to monitor and maintain the system. This project's operation and
implementation will be extremely beneficial to society.
Many Indian cities have an underground drainage system that is regulated by the Municipal
Corporation in order to maintain a clean and healthy environment. Due to poo care, the water
in the drainage system is periodically mixed with clean water. Infections and illnesses can be
passed from one person to the next via the drainage system. People's everyday life are
disturbed as a result of climate
52%
change, as drainage is influenced throughout the year and the
environment is dynamic. To resolve any drainage system issues and to send Blynk alerts to
the municipal corporation notifying them of the drainage system's condition so that officials
may take the required actions to repair it. The gas created within the bio-waste drainage
system was detected using a gas sensor, which prevented it from escaping.
An explosion occurred as a result of the pressure within the drainage system. The goal of this
concept is to use the sensor
56%
to follow the drainage system. When the sewage system is
clogged, water overflows, or the drainage lid is removed, sensors monitor the drainage and
communicate data to a nearby municipal corpo ration official through integrated Wi- Fi, where
the water overflow and gas value are shown in real time in the cloud for subsequent analysis.
The drainage's GPS position is also provided by the Blynk Server.
Due to multivariable, nonlinear, temporal fluctuation, and random treatment processes, the
sewage system is unstable and unpredictable. The goal of this model is to provide a low-cost,
adaptable system for detecting blockages and foul-smelling gases. The water level is detected
by two ultrasonic72%sensors, and if the difference between the two 82%
levels is more than the
threshold value, an alarm message is sent to the person in control. The output of the sensors is
linked to the Arduino microcontroller. It checks the previously defined threshold 65% level and
sends a GSM alert message to the person in charge, which can be traced via IoT. The graph
for clog detection and gas detection is displayed on the monitor by Thing- speak, an IoT
server analytics solution. The most important advantage of this technique is that it can
prevent sewage employees from dying as a result of hazardous gas exposure. The ARM
family, on the other hand, provides unique hardware logic control, real-time performance,
and synchronisation, allowing it to collect many sensor data at once and considerably
improve system real-time performance. In terms of multisensor
52%
data gathering, the Raspberry
Pi board has overtaken the MCU in the IoT market. Different industrial WSNs employ a
substantial number of difficult and diverse sensors in an IoT scena rio, however. At the same
time, each sensor has its own set of reading criteria, and various customers demand different
sensor types for different purposes. It entails the creation of complex and time-consuming
sensor driver code and data gathering methods for each sensor that is linked to the interface
device for the first time, posing a number of difficulties for researchers. Because of their
enormous number and vast distribution, manhole covers are an important part of the
municipal drainage system.
Hundreds of individuals, however, lose their lives every year as a result of the manhole
cover's complicated design and inadequate function. To address this issue, we created the
integration of urban drainage manhole covers. Because metropolitan cities have se lected an
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underground system, it is the responsibility of the local administration to keep it clean. H2O
becomes polluted
55%
and can lead to disease transmission if drainage outlet management is
inadequate. During the rainy season, drainage jams affect the final public's routine. As a
result, the municipal corporation should have a facility that informs officials to sewage
obstructions and their specific position. It essentially recognises the need of informing people
about a gas explosion, a rise in water level, and consequently an increase in temperature
inside the sector. It employs IoT to establish a drainage monitoring system in a high-speed
vehicle, employing sensors to detect and communicate alarms to authorities through GSM
and GPS modules. Installing water rate of flow sensors at node connectors to determine
drainage water obstruction reduces the drawbacks. The flow of drainage water varies when a
node is blocked, and if it exceeds the predetermined value, an alarm is presented on the
station management system. Other issues are resolved by monitoring temperature changes
inside the manhole and notifying the appropriate parties, which is available in both urban and
rural settings. The sensors detect when a drain becomes plugged and sewage water overflows
and transmit a notice to the municipal.
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As a result, entering the manholes to examine the
existing status is dangerous. In order to address all issues about subterranean sanitation, a
remote alarm system is required for sending
61%
data collected by sensors mou nted within the
manhole to the management station. The controller, memory, transceiver, and battery are all
power- supply components.
When it comes to cleaning, clearing, and inspecting a drainage system, access points are a
critical component.
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Metropolitan communities have implemented an underground drainage system, which the
city's municipal corporation is responsible for maintaining. If sewage is not properly
maintained, ground water becomes polluted, resulting in dangerous illnesses.
During the rainy season, drain blockages pose complications in the public's daily routine. As
a result, the municipal corporation should 57%
have a system that informs officials to sewage
obstructions and their specific position. It mostly recognises in the field of warning people of
gas explosions, rising water levels, and rising temperatures. When it comes to cleaning,
clearing, and inspecting a drainage system, access points are a critical component.
61%
Metropolitan communities have implemented an underground drainage system, whic h the
city's municipal corporation is responsible for maintaining. If sewage is not properly
maintained, ground water becomes polluted, resulting in dangerous illnesses.
During the rainy season, drain blockages pose complications in the public's daily rout ine. As
a result, the municipal corporation should 60%
have a system that informs officials to sewage
obstructions and their specific position. It mostly recognises in the field of warning people of
gas explosions, rising water levels, and rising temperatures. It makes use of IoT to turn a
drainage monitoring system into a highly automated vehicle by employing sensors to identify
leaks and delivering notifications to authorities through GSM and GPS. This solution
addresses the flaws by putting water flow rate sensors at node intersections to identify
drainage water obstruction. When there is a blockage in a specific node, the flow of drainage
water varies, and when it exceeds the predetermined value, the management station displays
an alarm. Other flaws are addressed by monitoring temperature differences inside the

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67%
manhole and notifying the management station. Flow rate sensors are also utilised to detect
the overflow of drainage water and send an automated notification to the management station.
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The main focus o f this project is to provide a system that monitors water level, atmospheric
temperature, water flow, and toxic gases. Maintaining manholes manually is tedious and
dangerous due to the poor environmental conditions inside, so the main focus of this project
is to provide a system that monitors water level, atmospheric temperature, water flow, and
toxic gases. If the drainage system becomes clogged and sewage water overflows, the sensors
detect it and send a notification to the municipal.
As a result, going inside the manholes to assess their current status is perilous. A remote
alarm system is required to tackle any problems linked to subterranean sanitation by
communicating
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data gathered by sensors installed within the manhole to the management
station. This comprises power- supply components such as the controller, memory, transceiver,
and battery.

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 RELATED WORK:

The trash administration system is necessary to keep the city fresh, affluent, and safe.
If leakage maintenance is inadequate, pure water becomes contaminated with waste water,
and dangerous diseases may spread. To crush these issues by far most of the metropolitan
territories accepted underground waste system. Show the fundamental advancement of
underground waste structure. If waste is not collected, it causes traffic congestion, pollutes
the environment, and if sewage vent tops are not properly closed, there is a risk of disasters
and people falling into the leaking. To resolve all of these concerns, the administra tion station
must accept an inaccessible noticing structure. Electric power connections are given
underground in the midtown domain in consideration of the metropolitan networks'
magnificence and success. Human control sewer vent upkeep is extremely inconvenient since
the atmosphere is terrible and it is difficult to get inside the sewage vents to assess the status
of the sewer vents. Rapidly, it is unbelievable to aspire to avow if the individual infringes on
the sewage vent or a malfunction occurs in the sewer vent.
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The practical square outline portrays the observing of sewer vent in underground
waste framework. The sensors detect any obstructions, rise in temperature, explosion due to
hazardous gases, flood, or sewage vent cap left open. The signs from the sensors are taken
51%
care of to the regulator, which is modified to produce alarms. We service sensors to
distinguish between blockages, floods, and fumes. The sensors will distinguish the
obstructing inside the seepage framework and will give data about the area and further moves
will be made consideration by the civil.

There are some other systems already available which can be classified as two types. Send
50%
the output to the user via text message through GSM Send the output to the user via web or
mobile application using internet The following are some of the disadvantages of existing
method: To convey the output of the sensors employed in the manhole detection system to
the user through text message, then we need to initialize the user’s mobile number in
previously. But we cannot sure that user always have the registered mobile number. When we
consider the second method, it always needs a router and Internet access on both device side

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and user side. This will boost the system's initiation and running costs. If the user does not
have internet connectivity on his mobile device, he will be unable to get manhole detection
system updates. This is the main drawback of this system.
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Wireless Sensor Network Design Space, Wireless Communications Author: K.
Mattern Ro mer Wireless sensor networks have recently made their way into a wide range of
applications and systems with dramatically different requirements and features.

As a result, it is charming increasingly hard to define common criteria for hardware

68%
and software support. This is particularly problematic in a multidisciplinary study field like
wireless networks, because effective solutions necessitate close collaboration among users,
application domain experts, circuit designers, and software developers. In this research, we
analyse the implications of this fact on the design space of wireless sensor networks, taking
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into account its many dimensions. We support our position by exhibiting how different
existing applications occupy distinct places in the design space . In this paper, we show how
to use a low-cost ubiquitous sensor system to monitor everyday household conditions via the
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Internet of Things. The integrated network architecture and the linking methods for accurate
parameter measurement by smart sensors and data transfer through the internet are described.
The longitudinal learning system was able to offer a self- control mechanism for improved
device functioning during the monitoring stage. The monitoring system is based on a
combination of omnipresent dispersed sensing units, an aggregation of data, reasoning, and
context - aware information system. The dependability of sensing information transfer via the
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proposed integrated network architecture is 97 percent, which is encouraging. Rather than a
test bed scenario, the prototype was tested to create Realtime graphical information. C) Using
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Raspberry PI to Monitor Smart City Applications According to IOT Suvarna A. Sona wane
and Prof. S A.Shaikh are the authors. The smart city is a development goal to monitor the
quality of resources in the city to improve good management and faster development of the
city required necessity is to upgrade healthy and safe cities that deliver real- time services and
latest facility to implement the concept of smart city use IoT c oncept by which easy wireless
communication is possible The system is made up of sensors that gather various sorts of data
and send it to the Raspberry Pi3 controller. The controller's obtained output is forwarded to
the control room through E- mail and is also shown on the personal computer.

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CHAPTER 3: INTRODUCTION ABOUT EMBEDDED

SYSTEMS

3.1 INTRODUCTION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

An inserted framework may be a set of computer program and equipment that

52%
works together to total a certain purpose. Microprocessors and microcontrollers are
two of the foremost common gadgets utilized in inserted merchandise.

Microprocessors are commonly referred to as general purpose processors as they

simply accept the inputs, process it and give the output. In contrast, microcontrollers not only
accept data as input, but also manipulate it, connect it to different devices, control it, and
finally output the results.

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An Embedded System is a set of computer hardware and software, as well as maybe
additional mechanical or other mechanisms, that are designed to fulfil a certain job. The
microwave oven is a nice example. Almost every family has one, and tens of millions use
them every day, despite this, few individuals are aware that their lunch or dinner is prepared
using a processor and software.

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This is in stark contrast to the computer in the family room. It, too, is made up of
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computer hardware, software, and mechanical components (disk drives, for example). A
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personal computer, on the other hand, is not built to execute a certain purpose; rather, it is
capable of doing a wide range of tasks. To make this distinction obvious, many people use
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the phrase general-purpose computer. A general- purpose computer is a blank slate when it is
sold; the maker has no idea what the client will do with it. One user may use it as a network
file server, another primarily for gaming, and a third to create the next great American novel.

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Embedded systems are usually parts of bigger systems. Modern automobiles and
trucks, for example, feature several embedded systems. One integrated system regulates the
anti- lock brakes, another monitors and regulates the vehicle's emissions, and a third displays
information on the dashboard. In certain circumstances, these embedded systems are linked
via a communication network, but this is not a prerequisite.

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To avoid any confusion, it is crucial to note that a general-purpose computer is made

up of multiple embedded systems. My computer, for example, is made up of an embedded
system keyboard, mouse, video card, modem, hard disc, floppy drive, and sound card. Each
of these devices is equipped with a CPU and software and is intended to perform a certain
purpose. The modem, for example, is intended to send and receive digital data over an
analogue telephone connection. That's all there is to it, and all of the other gadgets can be
summed up in a single statement as well.

3.2. OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

Each implanted framework is made up of custom-built equipment centred around a

Central Preparing Unit (CPU). This hardware also includes memory chips where the
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programme is stored. The software stored on the memory chip is also referred to as
'firmware.'

Any computer, even a desktop computer, can use the same architecture. There
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are, nevertheless, substantial distinctions. An operating system is not required in every
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embedded system. There is no need for an operating system in tiny appliances such as
remote- control units, air conditioners, toys, and so on, and you may build simply the software
55%
unique to that application. An operating system is recommended for applications demanding
complicated processing. In this instance, you must interface the application programme with
the database.

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An operating system is recommended for applications demanding complicated
processing. In this scenario, you must first integrate the application programme with the
operating system before copying the full software to the memory chip. Once the programme
is copied to the memory chip, it will operate for a long period without the need to reload fresh
software. Let us now look at the specifics of the various hardware building components of an
embedded system. As shown in Fig. the building blocks are:

a. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

b. Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory)

c. Input Devices
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d. Output devices

e. Communication interfaces

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Fig: 3.1 Building blocks of the hardware of an embedded system

3.3 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU):

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A microcontroller, a microprocessor, or a digital signal
processor could be used as the Central Processing Unit (CPU) (DSP). A low-cost processor is
referred to as a microprocessor. Its key selling point is that it will include many additional
components such as memory, serial connection interface, analog-to-digital converter, and so
on. As a result, for tiny applications, a microcontroller is the optimum solution since the
number of external components required is minimal. Microprocessors, on the other hand, are
more powerful, but they need the usage of several additional compo nents. DSP is most
usually used in signal dispensation applications like audio and video.

3.4 MEMORY:
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Random access memory (RAM) and read - only memory (ROM) are the two forms of
memory. If the chip's power is turned off, the contents of RAM are deleted, but ROM
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preserves the data even if the power is turned off. The software is saved in the ROM as a
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result. The CPU reads the ROM and runs the software when the power is turned on.

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3.5 INPUT DEVICES:

In contrast to desktop computers, an embedded system's input devices have

relatively restricted capabilities. Because there will be no keyboard or mouse, connecting
with the embedded system will be difficult. Many embedded systems will have a tiny keypad
where you may enter a command by pressing a single key. Only the digits may be entered
using a keypad. Numerous embedded systems used in process control lack an input device for
human communication; instead, they collect input from sensors or transducers and output
electrical signals that are supplied to other systems.

3.6 OUTPUT DEVICES:

The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability.
A few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) will be included in some embedded systems to indicate
56%
the health condition of system mechanisms or to visually convey alarms. Some vital
parameters could also be displayed on a small Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).

3.7 COMMUNICATION INTERFACES:

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The output devices of embedded systems are likewise quite constrained. Some
embedded systems will include a few Light Emitt ing Diodes (LEDs) to show the health of
55%
system modules or to display alarms. Some critical parameters may also be displayed on a
tiny Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).

3.8 APPLICATION-SPECIFIC CIRCUITRY:

Depending on the application, an embedded system may require sensors, transducers,

51%
specific processing, and control circuits. This circuit communicates with the Processor in
order to complete the task. The entire gear must be powered, either by the 230-volt mains
supply or by a battery. The hardware vital be designed in such a way that it munches as little
power as possible.

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CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF HARDWARE

This chapter briefly explains about the Hardware implementation of authentication of

55%
IoT based Women safety System. It discusses the circuit diagram of each module in detail.

4.1. ARDUINO UNO

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The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board that uses the ATmega328 microcontroller
(datasheet). There are 14 digital I/O pins (six of which are PWM outputs), 6 analogue inputs,
84%
a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power connector, an ICSP header, and a
76%
reset button on the board. It comes with everything you need to get started with the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer via USB or power it with an AC - to- DC
converter or battery to get started.

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As with all prior boards, the FTDI USB- to- serial driver chip is missing from the Uno.
It uses an Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) as a USB- to- serial converter instead.
The 8U2 HWB wire on the Uno board is pulled to ground by a resistor, making it easier to
59%
enter DFU mode. The following new functionalities have been added to the Arduino board:

67%
•1.0 pin out: added SDA and SCL pins near the AREF pin, as well as two new IOREF pins
near the RESET pin, allowing the shields to adjust to the voltage provide d by the board.
Shields will work with both AVR-based boards that run at 5V and the Arduino Due, which
runs at 3.3V in the future. The second is a pin that is now unconnected but will be used in the
future.

• Stronger RESET circuit.

• Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.

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"Uno" is an Italian word that meaning "one," and it was chosen to commemorate the
71%
imminent release of Arduino 1.0. In the future, the Uno and version 1.0 will be the final
82%
versions of Arduino. The Uno is the most recent in a series of USB Arduino b oards and the

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standard model for the Arduino platform; see the index of Arduino boards for a comparison

with previous versions.

Fig:4.1 Arduino Uno

SUMMARY:

Microcontroller ATmega328

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA.

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA.

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32 KB (ATmega328) flash memory, of which 0.5 KB is used by the bootloader .

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SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)

EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

Power:
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 The Arduino Uno may be powered through USB or by an external power supply. The
power source is automatically selected.
63%
 An AC- to- DC adaptor (wall- wart) or a battery can provide external (non- USB) power.
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Insert a 2.1mm centre- positive connection into the board's power port to attach the
63%
adapter. The Gnd and Vin pin headers on the POWER connection can be used to
connect battery leads.
62%
 An external source of 6 to 20 volts can be used to power the board. If the voltage is
less than 7V, the 5V pin may bring less than 5V, causing the board to become
unstable. The voltage regulator may overheat and harm the board if more than 12V is
supplied. The recommended voltage range is 7 to 12 volts. The power pins are as
follows:
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 • When powered by an external source, VIN is the Arduino board's input voltage (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). If
power is supplied via the power jack, this pin can be used to either supply or access
voltage.
68%
 5V. This pin outputs a controlled 5V from the board's regulator. The board can be
powered by the DC power jack (7 - 12V), USB (5V), or the VIN pin on the board (7 -
12V). The regulator is bypassed when power is supplied via the 5V or 3.3V pins,
which can cause damage to your board. It is not something we recommend.
 The on-board regulator produces a 3.3-volt supply. The maximum current draw is 50
milliamperes.
 GND. Ground pins.

Memory

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The RAM on the ATmega328 is 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the boot loader). 2 KB of
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SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM are also available (which can be read and written with the
EEPROM library).

Input and Output

Using the pin Mode (), digital Write(), and digital Read() routines, each of the Uno's 14
52%
digital pins may be utilised as an input or output. They run on 5 volts. Each pin includes an
inbuilt pull- up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20 - 50 ohms and may deliver or receive a
maximum of 40 mA. Besides, several pins have particular functions:
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• Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX) (TX). TTL serial data is received (RX) and sent (TX) using this
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device. These pins are linked to the ATmega8U2 USB- to- TTL Serial chip's equivalent pins.
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• 2 and 3 External Interrupts These pins can be set to cause an interrupt on a low value, a
rising or falling edge, or a value change. For more information, see the attach Interrupt ()
method.

• PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogies () function.

83% 69%
• 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 SPI (SCK). The SPI library is used to
communicate with these pins through SPI.

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• LED: 13. A built- in LED is linked to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH, the LED is
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turned on; when it is LOW, the LED is turned off.

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The Uno features six analogue inputs designated A0 through A5, each with a resolution of ten
bits ( i.e., 1024 different values). They measure from ground to 5 volts by default, but the
upper limit of their range may be changed using the AREF pin and the analogue Reference ()
100%
function. Furthermore, some pins have particular functions: There are a couple of o ther pins
on the board:

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• AREF.
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Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference
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().
• Reset. To reset the microcontroller, connect this wire to ground. Typically
used
73%
to provide a reset button to shields that obstruct the boards
67%
.
• Also, the mapping of Arduino pins to ATmega328 ports. The mapping is the
same for the Atmega8, 168, and 328.

Communication:
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A computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers can all be connected to the
Arduino Uno via its communication connections. The ATmega328 supports UART TTL (5V)
serial communication through digital pins 0 (RX) and 1. (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the
board transmits serial data over USB and appears as a virtual com port to applications on the
PC. Because the '16U2 firmware uses standard USB COM drivers, no additional drivers are
required. However, a.inf file is required on Windows. A serial monitor is included with the
Arduino software for sending and receiving basic textual data to and from the Arduino
71%
hardware. When data is exchanged via the USB- to- serial chip and USB connection to the
computer, the RX and TX LEDs on the board will blink (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1). A piece of software The serial library allows serial communication on any of
the Uno's digital pins. The AT mega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication.
The Arduino software includes a Wire library that makes using the I2C bus much easier;
consult the documentation for further details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

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Programming: The Arduino Uno may be programmed using the Arduino software
(download). Select "Arduino Uno" from the Tools > Board menu (according to the
microcontroller on your board). For more information, see the references and tutorials. The
ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes pre- programmed with a boot loader, allowing you to
upload new code without the use of a separate hardware programmer. It communicates via
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the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files). You can also use the ICSP (In-
Circuit Serial Programming) header to programme the microcontroller instead of the boot
loader; for more details, see these instructions.

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The firmware source code for the ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) is
56%
available. The ATmega16U2/8U2 includes a DFU boot loader that may be enabled by:

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• Resetting the 8U2 on Rev1 sheets by linking the solder jumper on the back of the board
(near the map of Italy).
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• On Rev2 and subsequent boards, a resistor pulls the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground,
making it easier to enter DFU mode.

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The FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) may then be
used to load fresh firmware. You may also utilise an external programmer with the ISP
header (overwriting the DFU boot loader). For further details, see this user-contributed
instructional.

Software Reset:
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Instead of needing a physical click of the reset button prior to an upload, the Arduino
Uno is intended to be reset by software running on a linked computer. A 100 nano farad
capacitor connects one of the ATmega8U2/16U2's hardware flow control lines (DTR) to the
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ATmega328's reset line. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops for a short
63%
period of time, allowing the chip to be reset. This functionality is used by the Arduino
software to allow you to upload co de by just hitting the upload button in the Arduino
environment. Because the reduction of DTR may be well-coordinated with the
commencement of the upload, the boot loader can have a shorter timeout.

60%
This configuration has additional effects. When the Uno is linked to a computer
running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a software connection is made to it (via USB).
The boot loader is executing on the Uno for the next half-second or so. While it is built to
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disregard incorrect data (that is, anything other than a fresh code upload), When a connection
96%
is established, it intercepts the first few bytes of data sent to the board. If a sketch on the
board receives one- time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure the
programme it communicates with waits a second after the connection is established before
transferring this information.

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To deactivate the auto-reset, a trace on the Uno may be severed. To re- enable it, solder the
87%
pads on either side of the trace together. It's marked "RESET- EN. " You may also be able to
stop the auto- reset by connecting a 110- ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; for further
information, see this forum discussion.
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USB Over current Protection:

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A resettable polyfused on the Arduino Uno protects your computer's U SB ports in
contradiction of shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers have inbuilt protection, the
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fuse adds an added degree of security. If you apply more than 500 mA to the USB port, the
fuse will immediately interrupt the connection until the sho rt or overload is eliminated.

Physical Characteristics:

The USB connection and power connector protrude beyond the former, making the Uno
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PCB's maximum length and width 2.7 and 2.1 inches, respectively. Four screw holes on the
60%
board allow it to be mounted to a surface or case. Digital pins 7 and 8 are 160 mil (0.16")
apart, which isn't an even multiple of the other pins' 100 mil spacing.

4.1.1 UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter):

Features:

 16 bytes Receive and Transmit FIFOs.

 Register locations conform to ‘550 industry standard.
 Receiver FIFO trigger points at 1, 4, 8, and 14 bytes.
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 Built- in slight baud rate generator with auto bauding capabilities.
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 Mechanism that enables software and hardware flow control implementation.

Pin Description:

Table 4.1 Pin Description

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REGISTER DESCRIPTION:
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UART0 contains registers organized as shown in Table. The Divisor Latch
Access Bit (DLAB) is contained in U0LCR[7] and enables access to the Divisor Latches.

RS232 CABLE:
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An interface standard known as RS232 is used to ensure interoperability among data
transmission equipment. Because the standard was established long before the TTL logic
66%
family, its input and output voltage levels are not TTL compatible. As a result, voltage
converters such as MAX232 are utilised to convert TTL logic levels to RS232 voltage levels
and vice versa when connecting any RS232 to a microcontroller system.

4.1.2 MAX232 IC:

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The Max232 IC is a customised circuit that generates the standard voltages required by
RS232 standards. This IC has excellent noise rejection and is extremely resistant to
discharges and short circuits. MAX232 IC chips are also known as line drivers.

To ensure data flow between the PC and the microcontroller, the baud rate and voltage levels
on the PC and the microcontroller should be the same. The microcontroller's voltage levels
are logic 1 and logic 0, which means logic 1 is +5V and logic 0 is 0V. However, for PC,
RS232 voltage levels are used, with logic 1 being -3V to -25V and logic 0 being +3V to
60% 52%
+25V. To equalise these voltage levels, the MAX232 IC is employed. As a result, this
integrated circuit translates RS232 voltage levels to microcontroller voltage levels and vice
versa.

23
 24/60

Fig: 4.2 Pin diagram of MAX232 IC

4.1.3 CODE

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

#define sensor D5

#define ECHOPIN D7

#define TRIGPIN D6

int sensorPin = A0;

//Create software serial object to communicate with SIM800L

SoftwareSerial mySerial(D3, D2); //SIM800L Tx & Rx is connected to Arduino

#3 & #2

void setup()

{
100%
//Begin serial communication with Arduino and Arduino IDE (Serial Monitor)

Serial.begin(9600);

24
 25/60

pinMode(sensor, INPUT);

pinMode(ECHOPIN,INPUT_PULLUP);

pinMode(TRIGPIN, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(ECHOPIN, HIGH);

//Begin serial communication with Arduino and SIM800L

mySerial.begin(9600);

delay(1000);

void loop()

int readings = digitalRead(sensor);

int val = analogRead(A0);

//Serial.println(IR_readings);

digitalWrite(TRIGPIN, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(TRIGPIN, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(15);

digitalWrite(TRIGPIN, LOW);

int distance1 = pulseIn(ECHOPIN, HIGH, 26000);

int distance=distance1/58;

Serial.println(distance);

Serial.println(" cm");

delay(500);
25
 26/60

if (readings == 1 )

//Serial.print("Tilt Detected");
100%
mySerial.println("AT"); //Once the handshake test is successful, it will back
to OK

updateSerial();

mySerial.println("AT+CMGF=1"); // Configuring TEXT mode

updateSerial();
93%
mySeria l.println("AT+CMGS= \"+zzxxxxxxxxxxx\"");//change ZZ with
country code and xxxxxxxxxxx with phone number to sms

updateSerial();

mySerial.print("Tilt Detected"); //text content

updateSerial();

mySerial.write(26);

if (distance <= 20)

Serial.print("Water Level");
100%
mySerial.println("AT"); //Once the handshake test is successful, it will back
to OK

updateSerial();

mySerial.println("AT+CMGF=1"); // Configuring TEXT mode

updateSerial();
86%
mySerial.println("AT+CMGS= \"+91982955xxxx\"");//change ZZ with
country code and xxxxxxxxxxx with phone number to sms
26
 27/60

updateSerial();

mySerial.print("Water Level Reached"); //text content

updateSerial();

mySerial.write(26);

if (val > 80 )

Serial.print("Gas Detected");
100%
mySerial.println("AT"); //Once the handshake test is successful, it will back
to OK

updateSerial();

mySerial.println("AT+CMGF=1"); // Configuring TEXT mode

updateSerial();
86%
mySerial.println("AT+CMGS= \"+91982955xxxx\"");//change ZZ with
country code and xxxxxxxxxxx with phone number to sms

updateSerial();

mySerial.print("Gas Detected"); //text content

updateSerial();

mySerial.write(26);

delay(1000);

void updateSerial()

{
27
 28/60

delay(500);

while (Serial.available())

mySerial.write(Serial.read());//Forward what Serial received to Software

Serial Port

while(mySerial.available())

Serial.write(mySerial.read());//Forward what Software Serial received to

Serial Port

4.2 POWER SUPPLY

66%
The power supplies are intended to convert high voltage AC mains energy to a low
54%
voltage supply appropriate for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can be
divided into a number of blocks, each of which performs a specific purpose. A "Regulated
D.C Power Supply" is a d.c power supply that keeps the output voltage constant regardless of
a.c mains fluctuations or load changes.

28
 29/60

Fig:4.3 Schematic Diagram of Power Supply

4.2.1. TRANSFORMER:

64%
A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical power from one
Electrical circuit to another without change in frequency.

When AC is delivered to the power transformer's primary winding, it can be stepped

66%
down or up depending on the amount of DC required. In our circuit, a 230v/12- 0- 12v
transformer is employed to accomplish the step down operation, where 230V AC appears as
12V AC across the secondary winding.

29
 30/60

4.2.2. RECTIFIER:
58%
A circuit which is used to convert a.c to dc is known as RECTIFIER. The process of
conversion a.c to d.c is called “rectification.

Bridge Rectifier:

Fig: 4.4 Bridge Rectifier

OPERATION:
60%
Throughout positive half cycle of secondary, the diodes D2 and D3 are in forward
64%
biased while D1 and D4 are in reverse biased. Through negative half cycle of secondary
voltage, the diodes D1 and D4 are in onward biased while D2 and D3 are in reverse biased.

4.2.3. FILTER:
57%
A filter is a device that filters the rectifier's A.C output while allowing the D.C
58%
component to reach the load. We can observe that the ripple content in the rectified output of
61%
a half wave rectifier is 121 percent, and that of a full- wave or bridge rectifier is 48 percent.
54% 51%
These large percentages of ripple s are not acceptable for most applications. Ripples can be
removed by one of the following methods of filtering. A capacitor, in parallel to the load,
50%
provides an easier by –pass for the ripple’s voltage though it due to low impedance. At ripple
frequency and leave the d.c.to appears the load.

4.2.4. VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

30
 31/60

50% 64%
It controls the input given to it, as the name indicates. A voltage regulator is an
62%
electrical regulator that is meant to maintain a constant voltage level automatically. Power
58%
supp lies of 5V and 12V are required for this project. Voltage regulators 7805 and 7812 are to
be used to achieve these voltage values. The first number, 78, denotes a positive supply,
while the digits 05,12 denote the needed output voltage.

4.3 LCD DISPLAY

A model labelled here is most usually utilised in practise because to its low cost and
63%
extensive capabilities. It is built on the Hitachi HD44780 microprocessor and can display
60%
messages in two lines of 16 characters each. It shows all alphabets, Greek letters, punctuation
58%
marks, mathematical symbols, and so on. Furthermore, it is possible to show symbols created
by the user. Automatic message shifting (shift left and right), pointer appearance, lighting,
and other essential features are examined.

Fig: 4.5 LCD

4.3.1. PINS FUNCTIONS:

54%
Pins on one side of the little printed board are utilised to connect to the
microcontroller. There are 14 pins with numbers on them in all (16 in case the background
light is built in). The table below describes their function:

31
 32/60

Pin Logic
Function Name Description
Number State

Ground 1 Vss - 0V

Power supply 2 Vdd - +5V

Contrast 3 Vee - 0 –Vdd

0 D0 – D7 are took as commands

4 RS
1 D0 – D7 are took as data

Write data (from controller to

0 LCD)
5 R/W
Control of 1 Read data (from LCD to
operating controller)
70%
0 Access to LCD disabled
1 Normal working
6 E
From 1 to Data/commands are transferred
0 to LCD

7 D0 0/1 Bit 0 LSB

8 D1 0/1 Bit 1

9 D2 0/1 Bit 2

/ 10 D3 0/1 Bit 3
Data
commands 11 D4 0/1 Bit 4

12 D5 0/1 Bit 5

13 D6 0/1 Bit 6

14 D7 0/1 Bit 7 MSB

Table 4.2 LCD Pin Functions

32
 33/60

4.3.2. LCD SCREEN:

67% 75%
The LCD panel has two lines of 16 characters each. Each character is made up of a 5x7 dot
matrix. The display's contrast is determined by the power supply voltage and whether
messages are shown in one or two lines. As a result, variable voltage 0-Vdd is supplied to pin
Vee. Trimmer potentiometers are commonly used for this purpose. Some display models
include a built- in backlight (blue or green diodes). A resistor for current restriction should be
employed.

Fig: 4.7 LCD Screen Circuit Diagram

 LCD Basic Commands:

59%
All data transmitted to the LCD through outputs D0 - D7 will be interpreted as
instructions or data, depending on the logic state of pin RS: RS = 1 - Bits D0 - D7 are
character addresses that should be shown. The built- in CPU accesses the built- in "character
71%
map" and displays the matching symbols. The location of the display is defined by the
DDRAM address. This address is either previously defined or automatically incremented
66%
from the address of a previously transmitted character. RS = 0 - Bits D0 through D7 are
commands that control the display mode. The table below contains a list of instructions that
LCD recognises:

33
 34/60

Execution
Command RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Time

Clear display 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.64mS

Cursor home 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x 1.64mS

Entry mode set 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D S 40uS

Display on/off control 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D U B 40uS

Cursor/Display Shift 0 0 0 0 0 1 D/C R/L x x 40uS

Function set 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F x x 40uS

Set CGRAM address 0 0 0 1 CGRAM address 40uS

Set DDRAM address 0 0 1 DDRAM address 40uS

Read “BUSY” flag (BF) 0 1 BF DDRAM address -

Table: 4.3 Basic Commands Of LCD

ESP8266 WIFI
56%
Espress if Systems, located in Shanghai, China, produces the ESP8266, a low- cost Wi- Fi
microprocessor with a full TCP/IP stack and microcontroller functionality.

68%
The chip was initially brought to the attention of Western manufacturers in August 2014 with
the ESP- 01 module, which was produced by a third- party producer, Ai- Thinker. This little
module allows microcontrollers to connect to a Wi- Fi network and establish basic TCP/IP
connections using Hayes- style instructions. Though, there was essentially no English-
language documentation about the chip and the instructions it accepted at the time. The
relatively cheap price and the fact that the module had very few external components,
implying that it may someday be very affordable in production, drew many hackers to
34
 35/60

investigate the module, chip, and software on it, as well as translate the Chinese
documentation.

66%
The ESP8285 is an ESP8266 with 1 MiB of built- in flash, enabling for single- chip Wi- Fi
connectivity.

65%
The ESP32 is the successor of these microcontroller chips.

Fig: 4.8 ESP-01 wireframe.

99%
 Processor: L106 32- bit RISC microprocessor core based on the Tensilica Xtensa
Diamond Standard 106Micro running at 80 MHz†
 Memory:
 32 KiB instruction RAM
 32 KiB instruction cache RAM
 80 KiB user data RAM
 16 KiB ETS system data RAM
100%
 External QSPI flash: up to 16 MiB is supported (512 KiB to 4 MiB typically included)
 IEEE 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi
100%
 Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
 WEP or WPA/WPA2 authentication, or open networks

35
 36/60

 16 GPIO pins
 SPI
 I²C (software implementation)[5]
 I²S interfaces with DMA (sharing pins with GPIO)
97%
 UART on dedicated pins, plus a transmit- only UART can be enabled on GPIO2
 10-bit ADC (successive approximation ADC)

68%
† Overclocking on some devices allows you to quadruple the CPU and flash clock rates. The
CPU can run at 160 MHz, and the flash memory can be increased from 40 MHz to 80 MHz.
Success varies depending on the chip.

Espressif Systems published a software development kit (SDK) in late October 2014 that
allowed the chip to be programmed, eliminating the need for a separate microcontroller.

58%
Since then, Espressif has released several official SDKs; Espressif maintains two versions of
the SDK, one based on FreeRTO S and the other on callbacks.

57%
The open source ESP- Open- SDK[8], which is built on the GCC toolchain, is an alternative to
70%
Espressif's official SDK. The Cadence Tensilica L106 microcontroller is used in the ESP8266,
while the GCC toolchain is open- sourced and maintained by Max Filippov. Mikhail
Grigorev's "Unofficial Development Kit" is another option.

Other SDKs (most of which are free source) include:

• NodeMCU — A firmware written in Lua.

67%
• Arduino — A C++- based firmware platform. This core allows the ES P8266 CPU and its
Wi- Fi components to be programmed in the same way that any other Arduino device can.
64%
The ESP8266 Arduino Core may be downloaded from GitHub.

56%
• PlatformIO (https://platformio.org/platforms/espressif8266) — A cross- platform IDE and
unified debugger based on Arduino code and libraries.

• MicroPython - A port of MicroPython (an embedded Python implementation) to the

ESP8266 platform.

36
 37/60

55%
• ESP8266 BASIC - A free and open source basic interpreter designed exclusively for the
internet of things. Browser-based development environment that is self-hosted.
60%
• Zbasic for ESP8266 – A subset of Microsoft's popular Visual Basic 6 programming
99%
language that has been adopted as a control language for the ZX microcontroller family and
the ESP8266.

• Espruino — A JavaScript SDK and firmware that closely resembles Node.js. A few MCUs,
notably the ESP8266, are supported.
56%
• Mongoose OS — An open source operating system designed for linked devices. ESP82666
and ESP32 are supported. Create in C or JavaScript.
66%
• ESP- Open- SDK – A free and open (to the greatest extent feasible) integrated SDK for
ESP8266/ESP8285 chips.

• ESP-Open-RTOS — An open source ESP8266 programme framework based on FreeRTOS.

• Zerynth - IoT framework that supports Python programming of the ESP8266[13] and other
microcontrollers.
100%
This is the series of ESP8266- based modules made by Espressif:

Activ
Pitc Form LED Antenn Shielde Dimensio
Name e Notes
h factor s a d ns (mm)
pins

FCC ID
ESP- 2×9
1.5 PCB 2AC7Z-
WROO 18 castellat No Yes 18 × 20
mm trace ESPWROOM0
M-02[14] ed
2.

98%

2×9 FCC ID
ESP- 1.5 PCB
18 castellat No Yes 18 × 20 2AC7Z-
WROO mm trace
ed ESPWROOM0
M-
2D. Revision of

37
 38/60

02D[15] ESP- WROOM-

02 compatible
with both 150-
mil and 208- mil
flash memory
chips.

96%
Differs from
ESP- WROOM-
ESP- 02D in that
2×9
WROO 1.5 U.FL includes an
18 castellat No Yes 18 × 20
M- mm socket U.FL
ed
02U[15] compatible
antenna socket
connector.

FCC ID
ESP- 2×10
1.5 PCB 2AC7Z-
WROO 20 castellat No Yes 16 × 23
mm trace ESPWROOMS
M-S2[16] ed
2.

Table : 4.4 ESP8266-based modules

67%
In the table above (and the two tables that follow), "Active pins" refer to the GPIO and ADC
pins that may be used to connect external devices to the ESP8266 MCU. The "Pitch" is the
distance between the pins on the ESP8266 module, which is nec essary if you intend to
breadboard the device. The module packaging is also described as "2 9 DIL," which means
two rows of 9 pins organised "Dual In Line," similar to the pins of DIP ICs. Many ESP - xx
modules feature a tiny on- board LED that may be set to blink to indicate activity. For ESP- xx
boards, there are numerous antenna options, including a trace antenna, an on- board ceramic
antenna, and an external connector that lets you to connect an external Wi- Fi antenna.
Because Wi- Fi connections create a lot of RFI (Radio Frequency Interference), government
agencies such as the FCC prefer shielded electronics to reduce interference with other devices.
38
 39/60

Some ESP- xx modules come in a metal box with the FCC mark of approval stamped on them.
FCC clearance and shielded Wi-Fi equipment are anticipated to be required in first and
second world markets.

84%
Fig 4.9 Ai- Thinker ESP8266 modules (ESP - 12F, black color) soldered to breakout boards
(white color)
66%
This is the first series of modules created using the ESP8266 by third - party producer Ai-
Thinker, and it is still the most readily accessible. [17] They are known together as "ESP-xx
58%
modules." Additional components, most notably a serial TTL- to- USB adaptor (also known as
a USB- to- UART bridge) and an external 3.3 volt power source, are required to construct a
65%
functional development system. Novice ESP8266 developers are recommended to use bigger
ESP8266 Wi- Fi development boards, such as the NodeMCU, which already has the USB- to-
56%
UART bridge and a Micro- USB connection, as well as a 3.3 volt power regulator. When
project development is complete, these components are no longer required, and these less
84%
expensive ESP- xx modules might be considered as a lower power, smaller footprint option
for production runs.Flash in notes; "512 KiB Flash" indicates for that & the ones after unless
mentioned ie "(1 MiB)" in () means just this one)

Acti Dimensi
Na Pitc Form LE Anten Shield
ve ons Notes
me h factor Ds na ed
pins (mm)

39
 40/60

Acti Dimensi
Na Pitc Form LE Anten Shield
ve ons Notes
me h factor Ds na ed
pins (mm)

ESP- PCB 512 KiB

6 0.1 in 2×4 DIL Yes No 14.3 × 24.8
01 trace Flash

ESP- PCB (1 MiB

6 0.1 in 2×4 DIL Yes No 14.4 × 24.7
01S trace Flash )

Uses
2×9
ESP8285
ESP- 1.6 m edge PCB
16 No Yes 18.0 × 18.0 (1 MiB
01M m connect trace
built- in
or
flash)

2×4
ESP- U.FL
6 0.1 in castellat No No 14.2 × 14.2
02 socket
ed

2×7
ESP-
10 2 mm castellat No Ceramic No 17.3 × 12.1
03
ed

2×4
ESP-
10 2 mm castellat No None No 14.7 × 12.1
04
ed

40
 41/60

Acti Dimensi
Na Pitc Form LE Anten Shield
ve ons Notes
me h factor Ds na ed
pins (mm)

ESP- U.FL
3 0.1 in 1×5 SIL No No 14.2 × 14.2
05 socket

ESP- Not FCC

11 various 4×3 dice No None Yes 14.2 × 14.7
06 approved.

Ceramic
ESP- 2×8 Not FCC
14 2 mm Yes + U.FL Yes 20.0 × 16.0
07 pinhole approved.
socket

FCC and
ESP- 2×8 U.FL
14 2 mm No Yes 17.0 × 16.0 CE
07S pinhole socket
approved.

2×7
ESP- Not FCC
10 2 mm castellat No None Yes 17.0 × 16.0
08 approved.
ed

ESP-
10 various 4×3 dice No None No 10.0 × 10.0
09

1×5
ESP-
3 2 mm castellat No None No 14.2 × 10.0
10
ed

41
 42/60

Acti Dimensi
Na Pitc Form LE Anten Shield
ve ons Notes
me h factor Ds na ed
pins (mm)

ESP- 1.27 m 1×8

6 No Ceramic No 17.3 × 12.1
11 m pinhole

FCC and
2×8
ESP- PCB CE
14 2 mm castellat Yes Yes 24.0 × 16.0
12 trace approved.[
ed
18]

2×8
ESP- PCB 4 MiB
20 2 mm castellat Yes Yes 24.0 × 16.0
12E trace flash.
ed

FCC and
CE
approved.
2×8
ESP- PCB Improved
20 2 mm castellat Yes Yes 24.0 × 16.0
12F trace antenna
ed
performan
ce. 4 MiB
flash.

4 MiB
2×8
ESP- PCB flash. FCC
14 2 mm castellat Yes Yes 24.0 × 16.0
12S trace approved.[
ed
19]

42
 43/60

Acti Dimensi
Na Pitc Form LE Anten Shield
ve ons Notes
me h factor Ds na ed
pins (mm)

96%
Marked
as ″FCC″.
Shielded
module is
2×9 placed
ESP- 1.5 m PCB W18.0 ×
16 castellat No Yes sideways,
13 m trace L20.0
ed as
compared
to the
ESP- 12
modules.

2×8
ESP- PCB
22 2 mm castellat No Yes 24.3 × 16.2
14 trace
ed +6

Table: 4.5 Ai-Thinker ESP8266 modules

TILT SENSOR:

65%
As previously stated, a tilt sensor is just a switch. One end or terminal of the tilt sensor is
attached to any of Arduino's digital I/O pins.

It is linked to Arduino pin 3 in this build. The sensor's other terminal is linked to ground.

50%
The tilt detection using Arduino is indicated by a buzzer and an LED. To create different
tones, the buzzer is controlled by the Arduino's PWM output.

43
 44/60

As a result, the buzzer's positive terminal is linked to any of the Arduino's PWM pins. It is
linked to pin 6 in this experiment. The buzzer's other terminal is linked to ground.

59%
The tilt movement is also shown via LED. Because the Arduino output current is under
20mA, we are connecting the LED straight to the Arduino without any current limiting
resistor.

62% 72%
To be safe, a current limiting resistor should be used. The anode of the LED is linked to
Arduino pin 13, while the cathode is connected to ground.

Working of Arduino Tilt Sensor

71%
A tilt sensor is similar to a switch in that electricity flows through it only when it is tilted at a
specific angle. As a result, a tilt sensor is used to detect an object's tilt or orientation.

63%
There are several types of tilt sensors. A tilt switch with an exact angle of orientation can be
52%
utilised for a simple one- axis orientation. To detect entire motion in three axes, an
accelerometer- based three- axis tilt sensor is employed.

67%
We util ised a single axis tilt sensor in this experiment. Tilt Sensors are implemented using
two different technologies: mercury-based and roller ball-based. Mercury is used in older tilt
sensors.

68%
A glob of mercury is inserted in a tiny glass tube through which t wo metal contacts protrude.
When the sensor is held upright, the mercury contacts both terminals and the switch closes.

63%
When the sensor is tilted in either way, the mercury contacts the terminals and the switch
opens.

66% 72%
One or two metal balls are used to sea l or open the switch in roller ball tilt sensors. When the
sensor is upright, the metal ball comes into contact with both terminals, closing the switch.

78%
When the sensor's alignment is altered, i.e. tilted at an angle, the metal ball loses contact with
the terminals and the switch opens.
44
 45/60

62%
The benefit of a mercury- based tilt sensor is that it does not de- bounce. However, due to the
poisonous nature of mercury, the use of such tilt sensors is limited.

The following circuit is the best technique to test the tilt sensor regardless of the type of
67%
sensor used. It is made up of a tilt sensor, an LED, a current limiting resistor, and a power
source such as a battery.

What is a water level sensor?

58%
The water level sensor is a device that detects excessively high or low liquid levels in a
stationary container. It is classified into two varieties based on the manner of detecting the
61%
liquid level: contact type and non- contact type. A contact measurement is an input type water
level transmitter that turns the height of the liquid level into an electrical signal for output. It
is presently a common water level
transmitter.

Fig: 4.10 working of water level sensor work

How does the water level sensor work?

71%
When the water level sensor is flooded in the liquid to be measured, the pressure on the
sensor's front surface is converted into the liquid level height. P=. g is the calculati ng formula.
P stands for the pressure on the sensor's liquid surface, D stands for the density of the liquid
to be measured, g stands for the local hastening of gravity, Po stands for the atmospheric

45
 46/60

pressure on the liquid surface, and H stands for the dep th at which the sensor dips into the
liquid.

Where to use water level sensors?

92%
The uses of water level sensors include the following applications:
1. Water level measurement of pools and water tanks
2. Water level measurement of rivers and lakes
3. Marine level measurement
4. Level measurement of acid-base liquids
5. Oil level measurement of oil trucks and mailboxes
6. Swimming pool water level control
7. Tsunami warning and sea-level monitoring
8. Cooling tower water level control
9. Sewage pump level control
10. Remote monitoring of the liquid level.

What are the benefits of water level sensors?

1. Simple structure: Because there are no moveable or elastic parts, the dependability is
exceedingly good, and no regular maintenance is required during usage. The process
is straightforward and convenient.
59%
2. Comfort of use: When inserting the other ends of the liquid level probe into the
solution to be measured, connect one end of the wire correctly.
67%
3. Optional measurement ranges: you may measure the water level in a r ange of 1- 200
metres, and additional measurement ranges can also be specified.
4. Broad range of applications: appropriate for high temperature and high-pressure liquid
level monitoring, as well as severe corrosion, high pollution, and other media.
66%
5. 5. Wide measuring medium range: High- precision measurements can be done with
water, oil, or a paste with a high viscosity, and wide - range temperature compensation
is undisturbed by foaming, deposition, or the measured medium's electrical properties.
66%
6. Long service life: In general, the liquid level sensor has a service life of 4 - 5 years in a
normal environment and 2- 3 years in a hard environment.

46
 47/60

75%
7. Powerful purpose : It can be directly connected to a digital display metre to show the
value in real time, or it can be attac hed to a variety of controller to set the upper and
lower limits for regulating the water levels in the container.
56%
8. High measurement accuracy: The high- quality sensor built within the device has a
high sensitivity, a fast reaction time, and accurately refle cts small differences in the
flowing or static fluid.
70%
9. 9. Input style, straight rod type, flange type, threaded type, inductive type, screw - in
type, and float type liquid level sensors are available in a range of structural designs.
It may be able to meet the measuring needs of a range of locales.
What are the types of water level sensors?
83%
Here are 7 types of liquid level sensors for your orientation:
1. Optical water level sensor
66%
The optical sensor is a solid- state device. They employ infrared LEDs and phototransistors
that are optically connected while the sensor is in the air. The infrared light will escape when
the sensor head is immersed in liquid, causing the output to shift. These sensors are capable
of detecting the presence or absence of nearly any liquid. They are not influenced by ambient
light, are not affected by foam in air, and are not affected by tiny bubbles in liquid. As a
result, they are helpful in circumstances where state changes must be recorded fast and
68%
accurately, as well as in situations where they can run reliably for long periods of time
without maintenance.

Fig: 4.11 Optical water level sensor

47
 48/60

 Advantages: non-contact dimension, high accuracy, and fast response.

 Disadvantages: Do not use in direct sunlight. Water vapor affects the measurement accuracy.

2. Capacitance liquid level sensor

60%
Capacitance level switches utilize 2 conductive anodes (as a rule made of metal) within the
circuit, and the remove between them is exceptionally brief. When the electrode is inundated
within the fluid, it completes the circuit.is inundated within the fluid, it completes the

circuit.

Fig: 4.12 Capacitance liquid level sensor

51%
Benefits: may be utilized to decide the rise and drop of the fluid within the holder. The
capacitance be tween the anodes may be decided by making the cathode and the container the
same stature. There's no fluid in case there's no capacitance. An entirety holder is spoken to
by a full capacitance. The measured values of "purge" and "full" must be recorded, and the
fluid level is appeared utilizing percent and 100 percent calibrated meters.
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Disadvantages: Corrosion of the electrode changes its capacitance, requiring it to be cleaned
or recalibrated.

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3. Tuning fork level sensor

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The tuning fork levels gauge is a fluid point level switch created using the tuning fork
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technique. The switch's operation is based on the piezoelectric crystal's resonance .

Fig: 4.13 Tuning fork level sensor

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Each item has a unique resonance frequency. The resonant frequency of an item is
proportional to its size, mass, form, force, and so on. The identical glass cup in a row is an
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illustration of an object's resonant frequency. By beating and heavy with water at varying
heights, you may perform instrumental music.
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Benefits: It is genuinely unaffected by flow, bubbles, liquid kinds, and so on, and no
calibration is necessary.
Disadvantages: Not suitable for usage in viscous media.

4. Diaphragm liquid level sensor

The diaphragm, also known as a pneumatic level switch, is pushed by air pressure and
engages with a micro switch inside the device's main body. The internal pressure in the
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sensing tube will rise as the liquid level rises, until the microswitch is engaged. The switch
opens when the liquid level drops and the air pressure drops .

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Fig: 4.14 Diaphragm liquid level sensor

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 Advantages: The tank does not require power, it can be used with a variety of liquids,
and the switch does not come into contact with fluids.
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 Disadvantages: Meanwhile it is a mechanical device, it will essential maintenance
over time.

5.Float water level sensor

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The original level sensor is the float switch. They are mechanical devices. The arm is
attached to the hollow float. The arm will be moved up and down when the float rises and
lowers in the liquid. The arm can be linked to a magnetic or mechanical switch to determine
on/off status, or it can be linked to a level gauge that switches from full to empty as the liquid
level declines.
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The usage of float switches for pumps is a cost- effective and efficient means of measuring
the water level in the basement pumping pit.

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Fig: 4.15 Float water level sensor

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 Advantages: The float switch can be used to measure any sort of liquid and can be
designed to work without the use of electricity.
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 Disadvantages: They're larger than other switches, and because they're mechanical,
they have to be used more often.
6. Ultrasonic liquid level sensor
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A microprocessor controls the ultrasonic level gauge, which is a digital level gauge. The
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sensor emits an ultrasonic pulse during the measurement (transducer). The liquid surface
reflects the sound wave, which is detected by the same sensor. A piezoelectric crystal
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converts it into an electrical signal. The distance to the water's surface is calculated using the
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duration between transmission and reception of the sound wave

Fig: 4.16 Ultrasonic liquid level sensor

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When the ultrasonic transducer (probe) hits the surface of the measured level (material), it
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puts out a high- frequency pulse sound wave that is reflected, and the reflected echo is
received by the transducer and transformed into an electrical signal. The sound wave's
propagation time. It is proportional to the distance between the sound wave and the object's
surface. The formula S=CxT/2 expresses the relationship between the sound wave
transmission distance S, the sound speed C, and the sound transmiss ion time T.

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 Advantages : include non- contact measurement, a nearly limitless measured medium,
and the ability to measure the height of diverse liquids and solid materials.
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 Disadvantages: The existing environment's temperature and dust have a significant
impact on measurement accuracy.
7. Radar level gauge
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A radar liquid level is a liquid level measurement equipment that works on the time travel
theory. The radar wave travels at the speed of light, and electrical components may transform
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the running time into a level signal. When the probe puts out high- frequency pulses that move
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at the speed of light in space, they are reflected and received by the receiver in the metre, and
the distance signal is turned into a level signal.

Fig: 4.17 Radar level gauge

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CHAPTER 5: DESIGN OF SOFTWARE

5.1. INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO IDE:

This is free software (evaluation version) that solves several problems for embedded system
developers. This software is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that includes a
text editor for writing programmes, a compiler, and the ability to convert source code to HEX
files. Here is a quick introduction to getting started with the Arduino IDE Vision, which may
be used for:

 Writing programs in Arduino IDE

 Compiling and assembling programs
 Debugging programs

5.2. SOFTWARE STEPS:

Sometime recently you'll be able start doing anything with the Arduino, you would like to
download and introduce the Arduino IDE (coordinates advancement environment).

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After the opening IDE the settings are changed in order to connect to the Arduino .

You first must select the board type and serial port before you can do anything with Arduino
programmer.
Go to the following URL to set up the board:
Tools --> Boards
Choose the board version you're using. I clearly chose "Arduino Uno" because I had an
Arduino Uno plugged in.
To configure the serial port, go to:
Tools --> Serial Port

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Sketches are the name for Arduino programming. The Arduino programmer originates
preloaded with a large number of example sketches. This is amazing because you can load
one of these sketches and get the Arduino to do anything even if you've never programmed
before.

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The serial monitor allows your computer to communicate with the Arduino serially. This is
significant because it takes data from sensors and other devices that your Arduino receives
and displays it in real-time on your computer. This functionality is important for debugging
your code and understanding what numerical values the chip is getting.

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Connect the centre sweep (middle pin) of a potentiometer to A0, and the outer pins to 5v and
ground, respectively. After that, upload the drawing shown below:
Examples --> File —> 1.Basics —> Serial Analog Read
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To use the serial monitor, click the button that looks like a magnifying glass. In the serial
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monitor, you can now see the numbers being read by the analogue pin. The numbers will rise
and drop as you turn the knob.
The numbers will range between 0 to 1023. This is because the analogue pin converts a value
between 0 and 5V to a discrete number.

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CHAPTER 6: PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Block Diagram:

Power Supply
LCD

Level Sensor Buzzer

Arduino

Tilt sensor WIFI

Crystal Oscillator
APP

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Tilt Sensor: Tilit sensor allow you detect orientation and inclination Their simplicity makes
from popular toys gadgets and appliances

Arduino UNO: Arduino is ATMEGA 32 processor-based controller Board. It is used to

switch all the instruments and allocation the sensor signal.
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Float Sensor: A float switch is a sort of level sensor that detects the amount of liquid in a
container.
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The sewage vent's obstructions and water level are detected by this structure. It also monitors
the rate of continuous water flow. Temperature, mugginess, and gas leaks can all be detected
with the help of sensors. The ultrasonic sensor in the framework also indicates if the sewage
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vent cap is open or closed. When a specific sensor reaches the individual edge level, the
sensor's estimation will be sent off the microcontroller.
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This structure detects the obstacles in the sewage vent as well as the water level. It also keeps
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track of the constant water flow rate. Sensors can detect temperature, mugginess, and gas
leakage, among other things. The framework's ultrasonic sensor also shows if the sewage
outflow cap is open or closed. The sensor's estimates get sent off the microcontroller when it
hits the individual edge level.

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CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

As a result of IoT, the sensor unit faculties and updates real-time estimates of actual
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boundaries such as temperature, stickiness, water level and stream rate, blockages, and
whether the sewer vent cap is open or closed. As a result, the framework is sharp and
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automated. In an agricultural country, the organisation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
aids in the use of Smart urban areas. This WSN can likewise be valuable in planning of
ecological checking frameworks, which helps in checking of volcanic exercises, flood
indicators and another framework. By a little adjustment in the usage, this task can be utilized
in agribusiness fields or other natural fields to screen and control the frameworks. The Future
Enhancements For testing mode we have designed this system working on wi- fi range of
nodemcu soft AP. In future we can also extend this operating range by increasing access
stations connected through LORA WAN. We can provide This Edge network system to
industries who need secure data communication.

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REFERENCES

[1] Prof Muragesh SK, Santhosha Rao, “Automated Internet of Things for Underground
Drainage and Manhole Monitoring Systems For Metropolitan Cities.” International
Journal of Information & Computation Technology, ISSN 0974-2239 Vol. 4, 20 14.

[2] Dhanalakshmi.G, Akhil.S, Francisca Little Flower.M, Haribalambika.R,

“Automation System's explosion detection and drainage monitoring system" Vol. 6,
issue 2, February 20-18, International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer
and Communication Engineering

[3] Gaurang Sonawane, Chetan Mahajan, Anuja Nikale, and Yogita Dalvi, "Smart Real-
Time Drainage Monitoring System Using IoT," IRE Journals, Vol. 1issue 11, ISSN:
2456-8880, published on May 20th, 2018.

[4] M.T. Lazarescu, "Design of a WSN Platform for Long-Term Environmental

Monitoring for IoT Applications," IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Themes in
Circuits and Systems, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 45, 54, March 20-13.

[5] "Sewage level maintenance using IoT," by G.Gowtham, K.Hari Haran, G.Keerthee
Rajan, and A.Sweeto Jeison. Cloud avoidance on a global scale. February 2018, vol. 9,
issue 2, Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technical.

[6] M Aarthi, A Bhuvaneshwar , “IOT Based Drainage and Waste Management

Monitoring Alert System For Smart City “Annals of the Romanian Society,2021-
annalsofrscb.ro
[7] Retno Tri Wahyuni1* Yusmar Palapa Wijaya2 Dini Nurmalasari “Design of Wireless
Sensor Network for Drainage Monitoring System” Vol.5, No.5, 2014

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