REMEDIAL TEACHING MODULE

ENGLISH

12TH STANDARD
2019 - 2020

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
ERODE DISTRICT
TAMILNADU
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 A NOTE OF GRATITUDE

Our sincere thanks to

Mr.R.Balamurali, M.A., B.Ed.,

(Chief Educational Officer, Erode)

For his magnanimous consent and support to bring out this resource book.
Team members
1. Mrs. A.Kavitha,
P.G ASST (English),
Mpl. Girls Hr.S.S, Karungalpalayam, Erode.

2. Mr. M.Elango,
P.G ASST (English),
MPDGHSS, Thingalur.

3. Mrs. S.Geetha,
P.G ASST (English),
Govt. Boys. Hr. Sec. School, Manickampalayam, Erode.

4. Mrs. M.Kavitha,
P.G ASST (English),
Govt. Girls Hr.Sec. School, Veerappanchathiram, Erode.

5. Dr. S.Sridevi,
P.G ASST (English),
Govt. Girls Hr. Sec School, Anthiyur,

Our Heartfelt thanks to

Mr. K.Ravikumar,
Headmaster,
Municipal Boys Hr. Sec. School, Gobi,

Dr. R.Arunachalam,
Headmaster,
GHSS, A.Pudhupalayam, Gobi.
For their valuable guidance and expertise to give the cutting edge to this
work.
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 QUESTION PAPER CONTENTS
PART-A
Q.NO. TOPICS BOOK PAGE NO.
Synonyms 6,39,71,118,179
Antonyms 6,39,71,118,
Idioms 117,109
Compound words 39,73
Clipped Words -
Blended words 72
Foreign Words -
Phrasal Verbs 7,72,118
Syllabification -
1-20 Question Tag 81,82,217-218
American Eng. British Eng. 181
Prepositions & Prepositional Phrases 43-46;216
Link Words/Conjunctions 47-48;216
Polite Alternatives -
Singular and Plural -
Sentence Pattern -
Prefixes 7,72
Suffixes 7;147
Articles and Determiners 156;220
Abbreviation and Acronyms 139
Right Definition of a Term 148;149
Modal Auxiliaries 12-14
Collocation 149

PART-B
2 MARK QUESTIONS
Q.NO. TOPICS BOOK PAGE NO.
21-26 Poem Appreciation 21,22,55,56,91- 93;131-
133;164-166;193-194
Direct and Indirect Speech 14-16;215-216
27-30 Active- Passive Voice 76-78;217
Conditional Clause ”If” and “unless” 124-125
Inversion -IF 124-125
Simple, Compound and Complex 121-123;218-219
Sentences
Combine Sentences using “Though” 121-123

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Q.NO. TOPICS BOOK PAGE NO.
30-33 ERC (POEM) 21-22;55-
56;93,133,166,194
Prose Questions 5;37-38;70-71;116;146-
34-36 147;179-180
Completion of the Dialogue 75
Expansion of News Headlines -
Notice Writing -
E-mail Writing -
Framing Questions -
37-40 Completion Of Proverbs -
Verbal- Nonverbal Presentation 153
Homophones 6,72,148
Slogan Writing 158-159
Correct and Edit the Passage -
Framing Questions -
Tenses 10-12;215
Report Writing -
Article Writing 49
Modal Auxiliaries 12-14;215

PART-IV
Q.NO. TOPICS BOOK PAGE NO.
41 Prose Paragraph Questions -
42 Poem Paragraph Questions -
43 Supplementary Paragraph Questions -
Note-Making/ Summarising 9
Letter Writing 17-18
General Paragraph 51
Semantic Fields 119
Spot the Error 73,184-187;220-
44-47 221;215-216
General Poem Comprehension -
General Prose Comprehension 75-76
Construction Of Dialogues 75
Expansion Of Proverb -
Biographical Sketch From the given -
Information

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 CONTEXT
S.No Topic Page
Number
1. 7
2. 1 & 2. Synonyms and Antonyms
3. Foreign words &Meanings 11
4. Prefix / Suffix 13

5. Abbreviations & Acronyms 14

6. Compound Words 15
7A Clipped Words 16
7B Blending words 17
8. Idioms 19
9. Question Tags: 20

10. Phrasal verbs 22

11. Syllabification 24
12. Prepositions 25
13. Polite Alternatives (Euphemistic Words) 28
14. Relative Pronouns 29
15. Singular – Plural (Numbers) 30
16. Articles 32
17. American & British English 33
18. Sentence Patterns 35
19. Definition of the Term 36
20 Collocation 37
21. Conjunctions 38
22. Homophones 40
23. Modal Auxiliaries 43
24. Poem Appreciation 44
25. “IF” and Unless Conditional Clause 51

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26. Inversion “IF” 51
27. Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences 53
28. Active Voice / Passive Voice 54
29. Combine Sentences Using “Though” 57
30. ERC (POEM) 57
31. Prose - Short Question & Answers 59
32. Dialogue Writing 65
33. Expansion of Headlines 66
34 Describing the Process 67
35. Verbal, Non-Verbal Presentation 69
36. Proverbs 71
37. Notice Writing 73
38. Writing E-mail 75
39. Poem Paragraph 76
40. Prose Paragraph 77
41. Supplementary Paragraph 78
42. Slogan Writing 80
43. Letter Writing 81
44 Spot the Error 87
45. Summary Writing 96
46. Semantic Field 98
47 Reading Comprehension 99

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 1 & 2. Synonym s and Antonyms:

Unit –I Two Gentlemen of Verona - A.J. Cronin

I Words Synonyms Antonyms

1. slackened reduced increase

2. cautious watchful careless

3. disapprove refuse allow

4. brisk alert inactive

5. engaging interesting boring

6. humble gentle impolite

7. resistance struggle co-operation

8. persuade convince dissuaded

9. scarce seldom frequent

10. nobility honour dishonour

11. demeanour appearance & behavior misbehavior

12. devotion faith/dedication/loyalty disloyal

13. paused stop start

14. artless innocent artful

15. deserted uninhabited crowded

16. vexation annoyance delight

17. intrude enter without permission abandon

18. rubble debris treasure

19. hawk sell by shouting buzz

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 Unit –II A Nice Cup of Tea - George Orwell

I Words Synonyms Antonyms

1 disputes conflicts agreement

2 civilization a society in an barbaric
advanced state of
development

3 stimulated motivated calm/dull/tire

4 stray loose fixed

5 liable responsible irresponsible

6 despised hated liked

7 optimistic positive pessimistic/negative

8 shallow depthless deep

9 arrival return departure

10 sufficient enough inadequate

11 curious interesting disinterested

12 controversial arguable agreeable

13 virtues admirable qualities evil

14 dangling hanging freely/ disgust

suspended
15 mysterious incomprehensible transparent/
comprehensible
16 etiquette socially acceptable rudeness
behaviour

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 Unit– 3 In Celebration of Being Alive – Dr. Christiaan Barnard

I Words Synonyms Antonyms

1 profession Career avocation

2 sorrowful gloomy joyful

3 decency Noble inferior

4 destiny Fate luck

5 hijacked commandeered gave up

6 motivation encouragement discouragement

7 serious Severe Comical

8 significant important worthless/trivial

9 rare Seldom common

10 primitive ancient sophisticated

11 fiction imaginary Fact

12 fearful discourage brave

13 benign Kind malignant

14 diffidence shyness confidence

15 boredom lack of interest amusement

16 criticize Blame appreciate

17 profound very great slight

18 amputated cut off by surgical joined

operation/ removed

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 Unit–4 The Summit – Edmund Hillary
I Words Synonyms Antonyms
traverse travel across stay
scrambling climbing hurriedly unscrambling
wriggle Jerk relax
tantalize tease/taunt satisfy
summit Peak base
laden Loaded empty
sardines Stuff release
fierce Wild friendly
donned put on/wear Disrobe
hoisted raised/picked up dropped

Unit– 6 On the Rule of the Road – A.G. Gardiner

I Words Synonyms Antonyms

1 Confusion Disorder calm

2 risk Danger safety

3 pedestrians travels on foot -

4 chaos Confusion calm

5 anarchy Disorder peace

6 preserved protected, saved harm/abandoned

7 curtailed Reduced extend

8 insolence Rudeness shyness/meekness

9 tyranny Autocracy democracy

10 interfere Hinder allow

11 contract Agreement disagree

12 fancy desire/imagination dislike

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 13 ridiculous laughable/comical serious

14 conventional Normal unusual/unconventional

15 consideration analysis/scrutiny omission/neglect

16 accommodate fit in with unfit

Model - Synonyms
Choose the correct Synonym for the under lined word from the options given.
1 Yet their devotion had touched me deeply
a. dedication b. information c. satisfaction d. vexation
Model – Antonyms
Choose the correct Antonym for the under lined word from the options given.
1 He glanced at us hopefully
a. positively b. desperately c. furiously d. confidently

3. Foreign Words & Meanings

XI std page no 172
Viva voce - a spoken examination
Sine die - without a date being fixed
Resume - a brief summary
Rapport - close relationship
Bonafide - genuine
Bon Voyage - good bye
In toto - in full /totally
Liaison - co-ordination of activities
Ex gratia - payment out of sympathy or as a gift
En masse - as a whole group
En route - on the way
Ad hoc - for a particular /special purpose
Faux pas - blunder in social situation
Par excellence - better than all others of the same kind
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in camera - secret session
Status quo - in the former state
Magnum opus - the most important work of a writer/artist
Incognito - in disguise
De javu - a feeling of having already experienced the present
situation
a-la-carte - ordering dishes from a menu
via-media - middle course
per-capita - for each person

tete -a– tete - private conversation between two people

caste blanche - complete freedom to act
bons mots - witty remarks
post mortem - after death
en family - as a family
via - by the way of
erratum - error
de facto - in fact
prima facie - at first sight
adieu - good bye
avan garde - new ideas
ex parte - on one side
proforma - for the sake of form
Genre - a particular style
Model :
Choose the Meaning of the foreign phrase.
The school has enrolled 398 students in toto in this year.
a.approximately b.Generally c. Totally d. On thewhole

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 4. Prefix /Suffix
Book back Pg. no 7

words Prefix Suffix

patient Impatient Patiently
honour Dishonor Honourable
respect Disrespect Respectful
manage Mismanage management
fertile Infertile Fertility
different Indifferent differently
friend Unfriend friendship/friendly
obey Disobey obedience

Book back Pg No.:39&73

WORD MEANING PARTS OF SENTENCE Noun/adj/ SENTENCE

SPEECH verb
Wise clever Adjective Ram is wise Wisdom Wisdom is power.
(noun)
Harm hurt Verb Don’t harm Harmful It is harmful.
her. (adj)
Stimulate refresh Verb Tea Stimulation Children need
stimulates us (noun) stimulation
Argue disagree Verb She always Argument His argument is
argues (noun) good.
Strong power Adjective He is strong Strength Union is strength.
(noun)
Destroy damage Verb Anger Destruction He was saved from
destroys him. (noun) destruction.

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB

Amusement Amused Amusing Amusingly
Appreciation Appreciate Appreciative Appreciatively
Success Succeed Successful Successfully
Pride Pride Proud Proudly
Hope hope hopeful Hopefully

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 Question Model
1 Add a suitable prefix to the root word “patient”.
a. in- b.im- c. ill- d dis- Ans. b. impatient
2 Add a suitable suffix to the root word “friend”.
a. –able b.–ly c.–ene d. -ty Ans. b. friendly

5.Abbreviations& Acronyms
11th English Book page no:39

1 IELTS International English Language Testing System

2 GST Goods and Service Tax
3 TNPSC Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission
4 STD Subscriber’s Trunk Dialing
5 ISD International Subscriber’s Dialing
6 MBA Master of Business Administration
7 MHRD Ministry of Human Resource Development
8 GPS Global Positioning System
9 NSS National Service Scheme
10 PTA Parent Teachers Association
11 NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
12 ICU Intensive Care Unit
13 IIM Indian Institute of Management
14 MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
15 ECG Electro Cardiogram
16 NCC National Cadet Corps
17 LED Light Emitting Diode
18 CPU Central Processing Unit
19 CBSE Central Board of Secondary Education
20 GDP Gross Domestic Product
21 LCD Liquid Crystal Display

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22 NRI Non Resident Indian
23 IIT Indian Institute of Technology
24 ITI Industrial Training Institute
25 USB Universal Serial Bus
26 RSC Referee Stopped Contest
27 USA United States of America
28 AIBA Association Internationale Boxe Amateur
29 ATM Automated Teller Machine
30 IAS Indian Administrative Service

BOOK Pg. No. 139

31 Mossad The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operation

32 ASIS Australian Secret Intelligence Service

33 FSB Federal Security Bureau of Russian Federation

34. CIA Central Intelligence Agency

35 RAW Research and analysis Wing

36 MSS Ministry of State Security

Model :
Choose the correct expansion of the abbreviation ‘CPU’
a. Central public union b. Computer program Unit
c. Central Processing Unit d. Communist party of UK

6.Compound Words
Text page no 118
1. Noun +Noun
ice berg, ice floe, ice sheet, ice rink, wind proof, half way, ice axe, knife –edge, half-
way, court-yard, half hour, mantel piece, eyelashes, beehive, toll gate, toll plaza,
door knob.
2. Noun +Verb: ice-fall, sunset, sunrise, homework

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 3. Noun + Gerund: Home coming, sleepwalking
4. Noun + Adjective: spotless, waterproof
5. Verb +Noun: sing song, workshop, play ground
6. Verb +Verb: talk show, see saw
7. Adjective +Noun: gentle folk, grandmother, black board.
8. Adjective +verb: white wash, blueprint
9. Gerund + Verb: sleeping bags, washing machine, spinning wheel
10. Adverb +Verb: over write, overlook
11. Adjective +Adjective: partly full, kind hearted
12. Preposition +Noun: inbox
13. Preposition +Verb: input
14. Preposition +Gerund: incoming, outgoing.

Question Model

1 Choose the word from the options given, to from a compound word with “toll”
a. Plaza b. late c. proof d. wheel
2 choose the correct combination for the compound word “whitewash”
a. adj+N b. N+N c. Adv+N d. Adj+V
3 Choose the appropriate compound word for the combination“Adj+N”
a. Crybaby b.lifetime c.overhaul d. grandmother

7A.ClippedWords
XI std page no72

1 Chimpanzee - chimp
2 Photograph - photo
3 Microphone - mike
4 Cafeteria - café
5 Gasoline - gas
6 Helicopter - copter
7 Telephone - phone
8 University - varsity

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9 Memorandum - memo
10 Influenza - flu
11 Hippopotamus - hippo
12 Bridegroom - groom
13 Fanatic - fan
14 Demonstration - demo
15 Perambulator - pram
16 Aeroplane - plane
17 Examination - exam
18 Demarcate - mark
19 Signature - sign
20 Fountain pen - pen
21 Refrigerator - fridge
22 Advertisement - ad.
23 Agriculture - agri
24 Discotheque - disco
25 Gymnasium - gym
27 Hamburger - burger
28 Mathematics - math
29 Laboratory - lab
30 Paragraph - para
31 Spectacles - specs
32 Suitcase - case
33 Taxicab - taxi
Model :
Choose the Clipped word for ‘gymnasium’
a.gymnas b.sium c. naisium d.gym
7B . Blending words
1 Vegetable + burger - vegburger
2 Motorway + hotel - motel
3 Helicopter + airport - heliport
4 International + police - Interpol
5 Binary + digit - bit
6 Breakfast + lunch - brunch
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7 Documentary + drama - docudrama
8 Electric + execute - electrocute
9 High + technology - hi-tech
10 Medical + care - medicare
11 News + broadcast - newscast
12 Smoke + fog - smog
13 Travel + catalogue - travelogue
14 Education + entertainment - edutainment
15 Lecture + demonstration - lecdem
16 Technology + wizard - technowizard
17 Information + technology - infotech
18 Diplomacy + economics - diplonomics
19 Modulator + demodulator modem
20 sky+ laboratory - sky lab
21 Science + Fiction - Sci fi
Book back Pg No.72
1 Fiber +Tissue - fibrous tissue

2 Muscle + pain - muscular pain

3 Skeleton + system - skeletal system

4 Nerve + disorder - nervous disorder

5 Digestion + enzymes - digestive enzymes

6 Surgery + instrument - surgical instruments

7 Agony + experience - agonic experience

8 Glory+ victory - glorious victory

9 Fancy + idea - fanciful idea

10 Emotion + song - emotional song

11 Sense+ issue - sensitive issue

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 8. Idioms
s.no Idioms Meanings
1 save one’s skin to protect oneself from difficulty
2 make both ends meet manage one’s expenses with in one’s income
3 a bolt out of a clear sky a sudden unexpected event
4 go to grave to exit the world
5 have the whip hand to be the most powerful
6 under a cloud viewed with suspicion and distrust
7 wait for the dust to settle to wait for a situation to become clear or certain
8 get all your ducks in a to have made all the preparations needed to do
row
something / to be well organized
9 fetch and carry to do a lot of little jobs for somebody as if you
were their servant
10 do the math to think carefully about something before doing it.
So that you know all relevant facts and figures.
11 round the corner very near

Additional
1 nip in the bud stop at the very beginning
2 under the sun anywhere on earth
3 in deep waters in big trouble
4 apple of one’s eye one’s favorite person
5 out of the blue as a total surprise
6 two sides of the same two contrasting characters in the same category
coin
7 pick some one’s brains use some one’s ideas
8 a drop in the ocean Unimportant
9 to give a piece of mind to criticize someone
10 to be at logger heads to disagree strongly

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 9. Question Tag

Structure of question tag: Auxiliary verb (n’t) +Pronoun?

Points to remember:

Statement - Question Tag

1. Positive statement - Negative tag
2. Negative statement - Positive tag
3. Sub.- Noun(Kala) - Pronoun(she)
Ram - Pronoun (he)
4. Let’s - Shall we
5. Imperative (come here) - Will You?

6. Hardly, scarcely, never, nor

Not, neither, rarely, none, nobody – Positive tag
Nothing, seldom, barely

7. Nobody, somebody, none,

Everyone, Someone, everybody , - Pronoun ‘they’

8 . Nothing, everything, anything - Pronoun ’it’

Eg. My uncle is very poor, isn’t he?

Kumar has known me, hasn’t he?
They don’t know the answer, do they?

Incorrect Correct
Amn’t Aren’t
Shalln’t Shan’t
Willn’t Won’t

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 E.g:
I am poor, aren’t I?
He will meet the HM tomorrow, won’t he?
I shall write the exam, shan’t I?

In simple Tenses:
Verb (go) - do
Verb + s(goes) - does
Verb + ed - did

He prepared well, didn’t he?

I like coffee, don’t I?
Sudha dances in the hall, does n’t she?

Take this umbrella, will you?

Rose is a beautiful flower, isn’t it?
Write the poem, will you?
Let’s begin the topic, shall we?
He will never become a doctor, will he?
I have a car, don’t I?
The flag has three colours, doesn’t it?
Task – 1
Add suitable question tags to the following sentences and punctuate properly.
1. The children are very happy today.
2. You have not returned my books yet.
3. We enjoyed the trip very much.
4. Let’s clean the shelves this weekend.
5. My mother rarely travels by bus.
6. Somebody must bell the cat.
7. Anita never comes late to office.
8. I am always the winner.
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9. Don’t commit this mistake again.
10. There is a pharmacy near that bus stand.
11. Bacteria can never survive in extreme weather conditions.
12. I am not as smart as you are.
13. The boys broke the window pane last evening.
14. Leaves wither during autumn.
15. You should add a little salt to the buttermilk.
Model:
Add the suitable question tag for the following sentence.

I can play the guitar, -------------------- ?

a. shall I b. aren’t I c. can’t I d. can I Ans. c. can’t I

10.Phrasal verbs Book back pg.no.7

Book back phrasal verbs: 118

1 see off to go to station or airport to say goodbye to
someone
2 stop over to stay at a place for a short period of time when
travelling to another destination
3 set off start off / to begin a journey
4 get in enter a bus, train etc…..
5 get off leave a bus train . etc…
6 get on arrive inside train bus etc…..
7 get away to go away from home for a vacation
8 check in arrive and register at airport or hotel
9 check out pay the bill when leaving a hotel
10. Turn on Set on
11. Took over Took control of

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S.no Words Meanings
1 cut off Discontinue
2 come upon meet someone by chance
3 draw up Prepare
4 pass out unconscious / faint
5 take off Depart
6 turn away Refuse
7 stand by Support
8 bank on Depend
9 put on Wear
10 put off post pone
11 put down Control
12 put up with endure, bear, tolerate
13 take off Start
14 take away Remove
15 break out appear suddenly
16 break down Fail
17 call on Visit
18 call off stop/cancel
19 call for Demand
20 carry away take away, remove
21 give away Distribute
22 give out Omit
23 give up Stop
24 give in Submit
25 give over hand over
26 go away Leave
27 go against Oppose
28 look after take care of
29 look for Search
30 look up Refer
31 look into Examine
32 look out be careful
33. Put out Stop/extinguish

Exam Model
Replace the underlined word with a phrasal verb
Old parents rear their children affectionately.
a. bring up b. bring out c. bring on c. bring

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 11. Syllabification

1. Mono syllable( one syllable) E.g.: First, Chair, Late, Stir, Write, Call, Bird

2. Di-Syllabic word( Two Syllable)

Examples : di-vide, ri-ver, a-cross, tea-cher, be-yond

3. Tri-Syllabic words(Three syllable)

Examples : mul-ti-ply, ma-ga-zine, ca-len-dar, e-du-cate, cal-cu-late

4. Tetra- Syllabic words(Four Syllable)

Examples : e-ra-di-cate, po-li-ti-cal, cal-cu-la-tion, ac-ti-vi-ty

5. Penta-Syllabic words(Five Syllable)

Examples : e-lec-tri-ci-ty, bi-o-lo-gi-cal, ad-mi-nis-tra-tor, dis-a-bi-li-ty

6. Poly- Syllabic Words(more than 5 syllable)

Cir-cum-na-vi-ga-tion, dis-ap-pre-ci-a-ted,ra-tio-a-li-sa-tion,bi-o-di-ver-si-ty

Words Syllabification syllable

1 Attractive at-trac-tive tri-syllable
2 Tomorrow to-mor-row tri-syllable
3 Element e-le-ment tri-syllable
4 Doctor doc-tor di-syllable
5 autobiography au-to-bi-o-gra-phy poly-syllable

Question Model
1. Choose the correct tri-syllabic word.
a. divide b. first c. logical d. reject

2. Choose the correct mono-syllabic word

a. fundamental b. correct c. chair d. calendar

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 12. Prepositions
1 Since - கடந்த கா஬த்தி஬ிய௃ந்து தற்ப஧ாது யரப ததாடர்ந்து ஥ரடத஧றுயது.

(ததாடங்கின கா஬த்ரதக்கு஫ிப்஧து) (used in perfect tenses only)

Suganya has been studying here since 2010.

2. For - : ஋வ்ய஭வு கா஬ம் ஋ன்றுகூறுயது.(period of time)

Myna has been playing badminton for five years.

3. Above (பநப஬).- ப஥படினாக பநப஬ ஋ன்஧தல்஬ (not in touching position- without motion).

He waves his hands above the crowd.

Over - ப஥ர்பநப஬(not in touching position- in motion)

The kite flew over his head.

4. Below/Under - கீ பம . இதில் Below ப஥ர் கீ பம ஋஦ த஧ாய௃ள்தபாது.

ஆ஦ால் Under அவ்யாறு த஧ாய௃ள் தய௃ம்.

5. Along - உடன்/ஆற்஫ங்கரபபனாடு.
They walk along the river bank
6. Through - யமினாக/ஊடாக
The toy train went through the tunnels.
7. Between /Among - இரடனில்/நத்தினில்.
Between இய௃யர் நட்டும் உள்஭ ப஧ாது..
Among இய௃யய௃க்கு பநற்஧ட்டயர் உள்஭ ப஧ாது..
It was a tough competition between Vaideki and Akalya.
Virat Kohli is standing among the finest players of the world..
8. Before - (ப௃ன்பு)
This tablet should be taken before breakfast
After(஧ின்஦ர்)
After his stunning performance, he was respected by all.
9. Into - (எய௃ இனக்கத்ரத காட்டுரகனில்.
He jumps into the river.
10. Near/Beside - அய௃பக.
The school is near the Primary Health Centre.
Gowtham sits beside Gokul.

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11. In front of - முன்஦ால்

Praveen waits in front of the Headmaster ‘s room.

12. About – ஧ற்஫ி/஌஫த்தாம
The book is about international hackers.
13. Across - கடந்து
She walks across the road in a hurry.
14. Until - யரபனில்
He won’t rest in peace until he finished the job.
15. like - ப஧ால்
Shreya sings like a divine angel.
16. Around - சுற்஫ி /஌஫த்தாம
We walk around the park with joy.
17. Beyond - அப்஧ால்
Ulysses wants to travel beyond the sunset.
18. During – அந்த சநனத்தில்

During the freedom struggle, people obey Gandhi’s words with utmost devotion.
19. Opposite - ஋திரில்
Our school is opposite the old church.
20 Past - கடந்து

Priya walks past us hurriedly.

Book page no:45
a) The boy jumped------a narrow stream.
b) Afsar will meet me---Friday morning.
c) The temple is -----the bank of river.
d) My brother will meet me ----his brother tomorrow.
e) There is usually a garden --------a bungalow.
f) Yuvan has been studying well ------childhood
g) A trekker climbed -------a mountain meticulously.
h) There was a skirmish -------my brother and sister.
i) The laudable thoughts were apparent -------many scholars in a conference .
j) It is easy to work ------aegis of visionary leader.

Ans: a) into b) on c) on d) with e) in front of f) since g) on

h) between i) among j) with

26
Prepositional Phrase:

1. Despite /in spite of – இய௃ந்த ப஧ாதிலும்

In spite of heavy rains, we continued our journey.

2. In case of - இய௃ந்தால்/஥டந்தால்
In case of emergency, call me immediately.
3. According to - த஧ாய௃த்தயரப.
According to me, it is a sin.
4. On the whole - தநாத்தத்தில்
On the whole, the trip was joyful.
5. On account of/Due to/Owing to/Because of - காபணநாக
Due to her hard work, Keerthi got a state rank.
6. On behalf of - சார்஧ாக
Santhosh received the award on behalf of his friend.
7. Instead of - நா஫ாக
Instead of batting first, India opted to bowl first.
8. In favour of - சாதகநாக.
The judgment is in favour of the employees.

Book Exercise. Page no:46

a) -------Kiran, Rajesh may attend a program.
b) Many tourists visited Ooty ----heavy rains.
c) Expressing gratitude -------others is common in a vote of thanks.
d) ---------,I had a happy childhood.
e) Our teacher always acts--------her students.
f) -----------his laziness, the boy remained passive for a long time.
g) ----------Gandhiji, ahimsa means infinite love.
h) --------rain, take an umbrella.

Ans.: a) instead of b) in spite of c) on behalf of d) on the whole e) in favour of

f) on account of g) according to h) in case of

27
Words followed by Prepositions
Famous for Fond of Abstain from Associated with

Ambition for Consists of Objection to Popular with

Fondness for Afraid of Indifferent to Infested with

Compensation for Confident of Contrary to Acquaintance with

Aim at Want of Sensitive to Delighted with

Deficient in Cautions of Addicted to Busy with

13.Polite Alternatives (Euphemistic Words)

1. Blind - visually challenged
2. Physically handicapped/
Disabled - differently abled
3. Deaf - hearing impaired
4. Housewife - home maker
5. Lavatory - rest room
6. Slow learners - late bloomers
7. Barber - hair dresser
8. Undertaker - mortician
9. Fat - full figured

10.10.Unemployed - between jobs

11. Die - pass away/breath one’s last
12. Vomited - blow chunks

13. 13.Unqualified - partially proficient

14. Beating with a cane- corporal punishment

15. Pregnant - in the family way

16.Learning challenged- special child

17. Public toilet - compact station

28
 18. Jail - correctional facility

19. Accidental death - collateral damage

20. Underwear - unmentionable

Question Model:
Choose the polite alternative for the given word.

The gentleman in the black suit is a barber.

a. hair clipper b. hair dresser c. hair splitter d. hair remover

14. RelativePronouns
That, where, who, whom, which, whose, what are relative pronouns
1 Who - is used for human beings
Eg: This is the boy who won the state rank.
The lady who is honest is praised by all.
2 which/that - is used for things and animals
Eg: The cat which mewed was chased by the dog.
Here is the pencil that you lost it yesterday.
3 Whose - denotes the possessive case
Eg: This is the girl whose experiment got 1stmark
This is kala whose father is in Malaysia.
4 Whom- is used for persons
Eg: Most of the friends whom she had invited came here for wedding
5. where - denotes place
Eg: That is the house where I was born.
She is working in the school where she studied.

29
E.g: 1) This is the house ____________ I live in .
2) This is the boy _______________ had an accident.
3) Rani is the girl ____________ I met on Friday.
4) She like cakes ____________ are sweet.
5) The woman __________________ daughter was crying tried to calm her.
6) The car _______ the bank robbers escaped in was orange.

7) The man _____________ drove the car was nervous.

8) The people ____________ were in the bank were very frightened.

( Ans : 1) where 2) who 3) whom 4) which 5)whose 6) which 7) who 8) who )

15. Singular ஒருமந–Plural ஧ன்மந(Numbers)

1.”um” – becomes ‘a’ in plural
Medium – media
Datum – data
2.”us” – becomes ‘I’ in plural
alumnus - alumni
syllabus - syllabi
fungus - fungi
3. “on” – becomes ‘a’ in plural
Criterion - criteria
Phenomenon - phenomena

30
4.”a” – becomes ‘ae’ in plural
antenna - antennae
formula - formulae
alga - algae
5. ‘x’ becomes ‘ices’
matrix - matrices
index - indice
6.’oo’ becomes ‘ee’
Goose - geese
Tooth - teeth
Foot - feet
7.No changes in plural
Baggage, furniture, luggage, stationery, poetry, scenery, dear, fish,
advice, cattle, people, sheep

8.Always in ;plural

Trousers, pants, spectacles, goods, scissors,

9.Add ‘s’ in plural

boy–boys, book –books.

10.‘sis’ – ‘ses’
Analysis - Analyses
Singular Plural
Stimulus Stimuli
Curriculum Curricula
Axis Axes
Base Bases
Agendum Agenda
Radius Radii
Mouse Mice
Man Men
Child children
Ox Oxen
Larva Larvae
Stratum strata

31
 Model :
Choose the plural form of the noun ‘datum’
a. datums b. data c. datumes d. datemi

16. Articles
 Use ‘a’ before க முதல் ந஥ௌ sounds

a book(பு) a union leader(யூ)

a one eyed man(ய) a useful book(யூ)

a one rupee coin(ய) a European(யூ)

a University(யு) A sub-inspector(ச)

2. Use ‘ a’ before அ முதல் ஔ sounds

an MLA an honest man

an MP an hour

Use ‘the’ before plural nouns, Names of seas, oceans, mountain ranges, Holy books,
Famous monuments, directions, musical instruments, superlative degrees, postings
and ordinal numbers.
The police arrested the thieves yesterday.
The Ramayana, the Taj mahal, the Himalayas, The first book, the earth, the Chief
Minister, The flute, the smallest, the Bay of Bengal.
 Omission of article.

Material Noun - Silver, Copper, Gold, Iron

Proper Noun - Madurai, Erode, Ooty, Raju, Ramya.

Abstract Noun - Anger, Intelligence, Happiness, Generosity

Languages; - Tamil, Malayalam, English, French

 Use’ the English ‘; ‘the ‘Tamil’ to denote the people not the language.
32
 Choose the correct article to fill in the blanks
1. Iron is------------ useful metal.
a. a b.an c. the
2. Hard work is --------------- key to success.
a. a b.an c. the

Exercise: Book Page No. :220

1. I am the eldest in my life.

2. Please give me a hammer and the nail.

3. My mother is an honest woman.

4. She bought a useful gadget.

5. Please give me an ice-cube.

6. Why are you reading the book?

7.My boss wanted the draft of the report in a day.

8.The hand-out is available online

17. American & British English

1. Spelling
American British
Odor Odour
Program Programme
Color Colour
Theater Theatre
Gray Grey
Labor Labour
Check Cheque
Humor Humour

2. Change of words
Paraffin Kerosene
parking lot car park
Balcony Gallery
dust bin trash/garbage can
Cooker oven, stove
33
curriculum vitae Resume
foot ball Soccer
Garden Yard
Goods Freight
Gum Glue
Jam Jelly
Lift Elevator
hand bag Purse
Indicator turn signal
Jug Pitcher
Loo rest room
Lorry Truck
Luggage Baggage
Post Mail
Purse Valet
Queue Line
Shop Store
Sweet Candy
Tap Faucet
Taxi Cab
Terminus Depot
Tin Can
Torch flash light
Underground Subway
wash basin Sink
wind screen wind shield
Flat Apartment
Autumn Fall
Biscuit Cookies
34
 Crisps potato chips
Film Movie
Holiday Vacation
mobile phone cell phone
Nappy Diaper

18.Sentence Patterns

Subject - Head of the sentence (nouns& Pronoun)

Verb - action word (verbs)
Complement - Completing part of a sentence.
Used after ‘be’ verbs (am, is, are, was, were) and
the intransitive verbs (become, turn, appear, grow)
Eg: The rose is beautiful.
She became a nurse.
Object - It answers the question ’whom’ (I.O)and ‘what’(D.O)
Eg: He met his friend.
Whom did he meet?- His friend.(object)
Eg: My father told me a story. – SVIOD
Adjunct - It answers the questions with ‘how’, ‘where’, ‘when’
Eg: They ran fast. - SVA
He went there yesterday. – SVAA

Other patterns: - 1. He called him fool - SVOC

2. They elected him captain yesterday. - SVOCA
Exercise:
1. Kamala is a nurse.
2. We call Gandhi ‘Mahatma’.
3. Come here.
4. I gave him a pen yesterday.
5. They proved him wrong.

35
 19.Definition of the Term

book pg no 148

s.no Words Meanings

1 Psychologist one who studies the human mind and behavior
2 Linguistics the scientific study of a language
3 Numismatics the study of money and coins
4 electro dynamics the study of the way that electric currents and
magnetic fields effect each other.
5 Phonetics the study of speech sounds
6 Aesthetics the study of principles of beauty
7 Genetics the study of genes
8 Statistics the study of analyzing information shown in
numbers
9 Politics the study of government and using power in public
life
10 Aeronautics the study of building and flying aircraft
11 Informatics the study of processing data for storage and
retrieval

Term definition
1 Insecticide killing insects
2 Infanticide killing of an infant
3 Xenophobia fear of stranger
4 Agoraphobia fear of being In public place
5 Entomologist one who studies insects
6 Archaeologist one who studies ancient culture by analyzing the
physical remains
7 Pathologist one who studies diseases

36
1. PHOBIA
Poinephobia fear of punishment
2. Potophobia fear of alcohol
3. Phasmophobia fear of ghosts
4. Nyctophobia fear of the dark of night
5. Lalophobia fear of speaking
6. Kleptophobia fear of stealing
7. Katsaridaphobia fear of cockroaches
8. Anglophobia fear of using English
9. Hydrophobia fear of water
10. Acrophobia fear of heights
11. Agrizoophobia fear of wild animals
12. Snakephobia fear of snakes
13. Scolionophobia fear of school

Question Model
1 choose the right definition for given term‘Anglophobia’
a. fear of drinking alcohol b. fear of strangers c. fear of playing outdoors
d. fear of English

20 . Collocation

1. Read and write

யாசிக்கவும் ஋ழுதவும்

2. Pros and cons

சாதக ஧ாதகப௃ள்஭

3. Sooner or late ஋திர்கா஬த்தில் (at some future)

4. Dead or alive உனிய௃டப஦ா ஧ிணநாகபயா

5. Null and void கா஬ாயதினா஦ (invalid)
6. Additional: In black & white ஋ழுத்துப்பூர்யநாக

7. Blood & gore யன்ப௃ர஫னா஦

(bloodshed in violence)
8. Part & parcel ப௃க்கினம்சம் (essential)
9. Hard & fast கடுரநனா஦ fixed / definite.

37
 10. Do's and dont's (தசய்ன கூடினரயயும்
,கூடாதரயயும்
11. Bread & butter யாழ்யாதாபம்
12. Do or die தசய் அல்஬து தசத்து நடி

13. By & large (generally)த஧ாதுயாக

14. Thick & thin ப௃ழுயதும்

15. Heart & soul ப௃ழுந஦துடன்

16. Hand glove very friendly

17. Kith and kin- one's relation சுற்஫ப௃ம் ஥ட்பும்

18. By hook or crook ஋ப்஧டினாயது

Exercise: Choose the right word to complete the collocation

1. The thief was wanted dead or .
a) live b)alive c)living d) life
2. He submitted the project in black and .
a) blue b)green c)red d) white

b) Answers: 1.[b) alive] 2. [d)white]

21- CONJUCTIONS.
Because/for ஌த஦ன்஫ால் therefore ஆரகனால்
So/As/Since ஆரகனால் unless இல்஬ாயிடில்
நற்றும் As soon as உடப஦
Though/ இய௃ப்஧ினும் Neither ..nor இதுவும்
although அல்஬…அதுவும் அல்஬
When/while அப்த஧ாழுது Consequently அதன் யிர஭யாக
Where அங்பக After ஧ின்஦ர்
As well as அத்துடன்

Book back – 47, 48

a. I could not complete my paper in the examination because I was slow in
answering the question.(because, but)
b. It started raining. So, we could not play.(yet, so)
c. As I got up early, I managed to reach school on time.(As, if)

38
d. Though he committed a mistake,(though, whereas) he apologized and promised
he would not repeat it.(and / since)
e. This is how it must be done.(how/what)
f. The vendor saw the train moving slowly from the platform, therefore he got
in.(therefore/until)
g. I was not well so, I did not attend the class.(but/so)
h. Although she can drive, she travels by bus.(if, although)i.
i. Unless you register your name, you cannot participate in the competition.(unless,
if)
j. As soon as my father arrived home, I narrated the incident.(As soon as, besides)
k.. Be quick to hear and slow to speak.(then/and)
l. I am neither an ascetic in theory, nor in practice.(neither/either)(nor/or)
m. We fail to harness the rain water: Consequently we suffer.(consequently,
nevertheless)
n. My brother will certainly clear GRE; for he works very hard.(yet/for)

Task 2 Combine the sentences:

a. The well was deep. Therefore, the fox could not get out of the well.(because)
Ans.: The fox could not get out of the well because the well was deep.
b. The work was over. We went home.(when)
Ans.: When the work was over, We went home
c. A library is a public place. We see a number of books kept there for
reading.(where)
Ans.: A library is a public place where we see a number of books kept there for
reading.
d. The culprit was caught immediately, he was taken to the police station.(as soon
as)
Ans.: As soon as the culprit was caught, he was taken to the police station.(as
soon as)
e. The boys were stealing mangoes from a grove, at that time, the owner of the
grove came in. (while)

39
 Ans.: While, the boys were stealing mangoes from a grove, at that time, the
owner of the grove came in.
f. Artificially flavoured juices are hazardous to health. Moreover, they lead to
kidney problems. (and)
Ans.: Artificially flavoured juices are hazardous to health and they lead to kidney
problems.
g. Adit has been promoted. Rajan has been promoted.( as well as)
Ans. :Adit as well as Rajan has been promoted.
h. Caesar was declared emperor.The conspirators killed him.(After)
Ans.: After Caesar was declared emperor, the conspirators killed him.

Task:3 Fill ups:

1.She is such an understanding person that everybody likes to be with her.
2. Suraj owns both a type writer and a computer.
3. Vani is not only a good singer but also a good dancer.
4. Amit did not know whether his father met his class teacher or not.
5. I would neither starve nor beg.

22. HOMOPHONES
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1. He was not allowed to read-aloud (aloud /allowed)
2 .It’s quite true that he was very quiet right from the start. (quite/quiet)
3. The diary was found near the dairy (dairy /diary)
4. The dessert was served in the desert was very delicious. (desert/ dessert)
5. The rise of fare is not fair (fare/fair)
6. The wound on his heel began to heal slowly. (heal/heel)
7. I can hear you well right from here. (here/hear)
8. The knight rode on his horse right through the night to deliver the news.(Knight /night)
9. He is the lone man to pay the whole loan.(lone/loan)
10. They steal the steel pipes at night. (Steel/steal)
11. We stare at the stair closely.(stair/stare)
12. His adopted son adapted to the new environment quickly. (adopted /adapted)
40
13. The eminent economist warned about the imminent crisis. (Imminent/eminent)
14. The police tried to elicit the information about the people who sell illicit liquor .
(elicit/illicit)
15. The judicious solution evoked comments from various judicial quarters.
(Judicial /judicious)
16. His coverage of the rain affect areas, had an immediate effect in the political circle.
(effect /affect)
17. He is conscious that his conscience will not let him sleep peacefully.
(Conscious /conscience)
18. Besides getting an opportunity to watch the match, he is also lucky to sit beside
M.S. Dhoni .(besides /beside)

Book back: Pg.No. 6

Emigrate குடியனற்஫ம் immigrate: குடினி஫க்கம்
They decided to emigrate to the U.S to live in New York.
My uncle immigrated to Australia in 1985.

Beside அருகில் besides: அயதாடு கூட

The park is beside the lake.
Besides being a doctor, he is an orator.

Judicial:சட்டம் சார்ந்த judicious:சி஫ப்஧ா஦

A judicial matter may take months for the courts to decide on.
Through judicious use of persuasion, I convinced my family to move to New Delhi.

Eligible: தகுதினா஦ illegible:நத஭ியற்஫

All electors are eligible to the assembly.
This writing is illegible.

41
Conscience:ந஦சாட்சி conscious: உணர்வு
The boy’s conscience made him to admit the truth.
When the ambulance arrived, the patient is still conscious.

Industrial : நதாமில்தும஫ industrious:கடி஦ உமமப்பு

Kolkata is an industrial city.
Are you an industrious student?

Eminent: சி஫ந்த imminent:உட஦டி

Eminent personalities attended the imminent party hosted by the Minister.

Elicit: நய஭ிப்஧டுத்து elicit:சட்டயியபாத

Ravi’s uncle was involved in the illicit activities.
The comedian hoped his jokes would elicit a great deal of laughter from the audience.

Prescribed:யமங்கு proscribed:யி஬க்கு
The doctor prescribed three months of physical therapy for my leg injury.
Strikes remained proscribed in the armed forces.

Affect:யிம஭வு effect:஧னன்
The bad weather will affect the crops.
You’ll feel the effect of the medication in the next twenty minutes.

Aural:நசயிக்குரின oral:யாய்யமி
My friend has an aural impairment and so she uses a hearing aid.
An oral agreement is legal is some places.

Born:஧ி஫ந்த borne:தாங்கினிரு
The child is born at dawn.
His story is not borne out by any true incidences.

42
 ii) Fill in the blanks with suitable Homophones or confusables

Wallet Valet
Fairy Faery Hoard horde
Medal Meddle Desert dessert
Wait Weight Night knight
Yoke Yolk Sweet suite
Grown Groan Plain plane
Earn Yearn Might mite
Quite quiet
23. Modal Auxiliaries

Modals Tamil Meaning Usage Tamil Meaning

Can தசய்னப௃டியும் can read ஧டிக்கப௃டியும்
Will தசய்பயன் Will read ஧டிப்஧ப஧ன்
Shall தசய்ன஬ாம் Shall read ஧டிக்க஬ாம்
Could தசய்னப௃டிந்தது Could read ஧டிக்கப௃டியும்
Should தசய்னபயண்டும் Should read ஧டிக்கபயண்டும்
Would தசய்யும்஧மக்கம்இய௃ந்தது Would read ஧டிக்கும்஧மக்கம்இய௃ந்தது
May தசய்னதாலும்தசய்ன஬ாம் May read ஧டிக்க஬ாம்
Might தசய்தால்தான்தசய்பயன் Might read ஧டித்தால்தான்஧டிப்ப஧ன்
Must கட்டனம்தசய்னபயண்டும் Must read கட்டானம்஧டிக்கபயண்டும்
Semi modals
Dare ரதரினம் Dare anyone ப஧ாகரதரினம்
go there?
Used to தசய்யும்஧மக்கம்இய௃ந்தது Used to read ஧டிக்கும்஧மக்கம்இய௃ந்தது
Ought to தசய்னபயண்டும் Ought to ஧டிக்கபயண்டும்
read
Need தசய்னபயண்டினபதரயஉள்஭து Needn’t read ஧டிக்கபதரயஇல்ர஬

Book back Exercises Pg.No.: 14

1. The candidates must answer five out of ten questions.

2. How dare you open my bag?
3. Tajudeen will/should finish this work on Monday. I go to school today?
4. May I wish you would tell me the truth.
5. Poonam could not catch the bus yesterday.
6. You need not go to the market as I have brought vegetables.
7. Would you have taken all the trouble?
8. You must be joking.
43
9. I tried to climb up the tree, but could not.
10. Hima Das ran so fast that she could win the medal.
11. You can lead a horse to water, but you cannot make it drink.
12. I would like to have a cup of coffee.
13. My grandfather used to visit this temple when he was young.

Task: 2
1. You ought to help the needy.(moral obligation)
2. If I were you, I would not behave like that(conditional clause)
3. I shall never tell a lie.
4. My uncle might have reached by now.(possibility)
5. The patient is critical. He must be taken to the hospital(compulsion)
6. I used to play hockey when I was a student.(past habit)
7. You must not attend my class.(order)
8. He might come today.(remote possibility)
9. You must follow the traffic rules.(regulation)
10. He will play the match.( willingness)
11. You need not waste time on it.(necessity)
12. Had the doctor come in time, he would have saved the patient.(probability)

PART-B (2 Marks)

24.Poem-Appreciation Questions (Question no 21 to 26)

1. The Castle - Edwin Muir.

1. Who does ‘we’ refer to?

The soldiers.
2. How did the soldiers spend the summer days?
In a relaxed manner.
3. What could they watch from the turret wall?
Mowers
44
4. How safe was the castle?
The gates were strong and the walls were high and thick.
5. What was the firm belief of the soldier?
No one could enter the wall.
6. What was challenging?
Entering the castle.
7. What happened to the castle?
The castle was captured.
8. Who was their enemy?
Gold.
9. Who had let the enemies in?
The greedy warder.
10. What was the shameful tale'?
The betrayal of the castle.
11.Why did they feel helpless?/ 13.Why couldn’t they do anything?
Because they had no weapons to fight greed.
12.How did the enemies enter the gate?
Through a little wicket gate.

2. Our Casuarina Tree - Toru Dutt.

1. What was the tree referred to? Who is the giant?
The casuarina tree.
2. Why is the scarf colourful?
Because of the crimson flowers.
3. What is the creeper compared to?
Huge python.
4. To whom does Toru Dutt want to consecrate the tree’s memory?/Who does’we’refer
to?
Her siblings./Toru Dutt and her siblings
5. Why is the tree dear to Toru Dutt’s heart?
Because of her siblings memories.

45
6. What is casement?
Type of window that opens like door.
7. What is oblivion?
A state of forgetfulness.
8. How does the tree survive the tight hold of the creeper?
Boldly.
9. Why does Toru Dutt use the expression ‘a creeper climbs’?
It highlights the strength of the creeper.
10. ‘May love defend thee from obivilion curse’-Explain:
The tree should be remembered out of love.
11. ‘Fear, trembling hope’- Explain
Love never fears the death.

3.All the World’s a Stage-William Shakespeare.

1. Which stage of life is referred to?
Infant/school boy/lover/soldier /justice /old man/second childhood (last stage)
2. How does the boy go to school?
Unwillingly.
3. What is the world compared to?
To a stage.
4. What do ‘exits’ and ‘entrances’ refer to?
Deaths and births.
5. How many acts/parts are there in one’s life?
Seven.
6. Explain ‘bubble reputation ‘.
A short lived glory.
7. What is ‘satchel’?
A shoulder bag.
8. How does a lover sigh?
Like a furnace.
9. Whom does justice refer to?

46
 Matured man with wisdom.
10. How does he behave with the people around him?
He is firm and serious.
11. What does he do to show his wisdom?
Advises people
12. Why is the last stage called second childhood?
He becomes a child again losing his teeth, sight, taste and everything.
13.What is the soldier ready to do?
He is ready to guard the country.

4.Ulysses - Alfred Tennyson

1. What is experience compared to?
An arch.
2. How is every hour important to Ulysses?
To gain knowledge and experience before death.
3. What is meant by’Little remains’?
The few years before his death.
4. Who does Ulysses entrust his kingdom to?
His son Telemachus.
5. What does ‘sceptre ’signify?
Kingly powers.
6. What do ‘thunder’and ‘sunshine ‘ signify?
Bad times and good times.
7. What do we infer about the attitude of the sailors?
Very positive attitude.
8. What was Ulysses ‘purpose in life?/What does Ulysses yearn for?
To travel all over the world and seek knowledge.
9. How long would his venture last?
Till his death.
10. He works his work, I mine-Who does ‘He’&’I ’refer to?
He-Telemachus/I-Ulysses.

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11. Why doesn’t Ulysses want to perform his duties as a king?
He loves to travel and seek knowledge.
12.What does he think of the people of his kingdom?
As uncivilized and savages.
13.What has Ulysses gained from his travel experience?
Knowledge of men and countries.

5. A Father to His Son - Carl August Sandburg.

1. How should one face life?
Like a steel and like a rock./Bravely and firmly.
2. Why does the poet suggest to take life easy?
Because it also serves him well.
3. Can solitude help a human being? How?
Yes. It encourages creativity.
4. Is it a shame to be a fool?
No. We can learn and not repeat our mistakes.
5. How does free imagination help the world?
Brings changes.
6. Where are the final decisions taken?
In silent rooms.
7. Why does the poet advise his son to have lazy days?
To find his deep motives.

6. Incident of the French Camp - Robert Browning

1. Who took the city of Ratisbon by storm?
The French.
2. What is meant by ‘prone brow'?
Serious thinking.
3. Who was the narrator? Who came galloping on a horse?/Who was the eaglet? Who
was wounded? Who fell dead? Who was killed? Whose pride was touched?
The young soldier.

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4. Who was the chief? Who was the mother eagle? Who was the emperor? Whose plans
are these? Whom does the young soldier address? Who does ‘You’ refer to?
Napoleon.
5. Why did the boy contradict Napoleon ‘s words?
Proud of his sacrifice.
6. Why was his pride touched?
He was ready to sacrifice his life too.

Literary devices
1.Figure of Speech:

Simile - உயரந ஋ன்஧து என்ர஫ப் ப஧ா஬' ப஧ான்஫ உயநஉய௃பு. இதில் Like, as, so ப஧ான்஫஦
஧னன்஧டுத்தப்஧டும்.

“Oh then our mass of tunneled stone

Grew thin and treacherous as air”
“What is that dirge-like murmur that I hear
Like the sea breaking on a shingle-beach”
2.Metaphor -உய௃யகம். அயர்எய௃தநழுகுயர்த்தி(தன்ர஦அமித்து஧ி஫ய௃க்குஎ஭ிதய௃஧யர்)
இதில்உயநஉய௃புகள் இய௃க்காது.

“All the World ‘s a stage “

“seeking the bubble reputation “
3. Personification :உனிபற்஫ எய௃த஧ாய௃ர஭ உனிய௃ள்஭ ந஦ிதர்கப஭ாடு எப்஧ிடுயது
‘Our only enemy was gold'-Personification
4.Alliteration :பநார஦ ப௃தல் ஋ழுத்து என்஫ியய௃யது(consonants NOT VOWELS)Pick out the
alliterated words in the following line.
a)With our arms and provendor, load on load.
Answer :load-load
b)How can this shameful tale be told?
Answer :tale-told
c)The chief ‘s eye flashed ;but presently
Softened itself, as sheaths
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A film the mother eagle’s eye
When her bruised eaglet breathes:
Answer :softened -sheaths /bruised –breathes

5.Rhyming word:
யாக்கினத்தின்கரடசியார்த்ரதஅடுத்தயரி/அதர஦னடுத்தயரியுடன்உச்சரிப்புஎன்஫ாகஅரநயது)

Just as perhaps he mused,”My plans

That soar,to earth fall,
Let once my army leader Lannes
Waver at yonder wall;
Answer :plans-Lannes/fall-wall
With neck out -thrust, you fancy how, a
Legs wide, arms locked behind, b
As if to balance the prone brow a
Oppressive with its mind. b

The others :
Zoomorphism:to illustrate movement (more actively alive) ஜிகுபுக்கு,ஜிகுபுக்குபனிப஬.
Like a huge python , winding round and round
The rugged trunk, indented deep with scars
(Describes the vine in animal terms with movement)
Antithesis:ப௃பண்஧ட்டஇய௃கய௃த்துக்கள்எய௃ங்கிரணப்஧து.
The growth of a frail flower in a path up
Has sometimes, shattered and split a rock.
Transferred epithet: அமடநநாமி:஧ட்டப்த஧னர்(An epithet இ஬க்ககணப்஧டி தான்யியரிக்க
யந்தஎய௃஥஧ர்/த஧ாய௃ர஭யிடுத்துபயத஫ான்ர஫ Qualify தசய்யது)

Bringing changes into a world resenting changes

Synecdoche:
இதில் எய௃ ஧குதி ப௃ழுரநனாக ஧ிபதி஥ிதித்துயம் தசய்யரதக்கு஫ிப்஧து.

“You know, we French stormed Ratisbon.”

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 25. Transformation of Sentences- “IF” Clause

Rewrite the sentences making an inversion in the conditional clause:

1. If I had known this earlier, I would have helped you.

Ans.: Had I known this earlier, I would have helped you.

2.If you should need to meet me, you can call this number.

Ans.: should you need to meet me, you can call this number.

3. If you should be late once again, you would be taken to the Headmistress.

Ans.: Should you be late once again, you would be taken to the Headmistress.

4. If I were you, I would accept the offer.

Ans.: Were I you, I would accept the offer.

5. If they had joined us earlier, we would have got so much of fun.

Ans.: Had they joined us earlier, we would have got so much of fun.

26. INVERSION ‘if’

Rewrite the following sentences using “if” without changing the meaning:

Tips:
Verb - Negative form
If+ Don’t = unless Send - do not send
If + doesn’t= unless Sends - does not send
If+ didn’t =unless Sent - did not send
If+ hadn’t=unless

1.Sindhu would not have won the world championship, unless she had had single minded

devotion.

Sindhu would not have won the world championship, If she had not had single minded

devotion.

2.You will not reach your goal, unless you chase your dream.

You will not reach your goal, if you do not chase your dream.
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3.Unless we plant more trees, we cannot save our planet.

If we do not plant more trees, we cannot save our planet.

4.The rescue team would not have saved the victims unless they had received the call in

time.

The rescue team would not have saved the victims if they had not received the call in time.

5.The palace cannot be kept clean, unless we appoint more people.

The palace cannot be kept clean, if we do not appoint more people.

6 The portraits would not have been so natural unless the artist has given his best.

The portraits would not have been so natural if the artist has not given his best.

7. The manager would not have selected Nithiksha unless she exhibited good accounting

skill.

The manager would not have selected Nithiksha if she did not exhibit good accounting skill.

8.The policeman would not have arrested the man unless she had violated the rules.

The policeman would not have arrested the man if she had not violated the rules.

9. Mr. Kunaal would not sponsor my higher education unless I studied well.

Mr. Kunaal would not sponsor my higher education if I did not study well.

10.Kavin will not stop flying kites unless he understands the risk involved in it.

Kavin will not stop flying kites if he does not understand the risk involved in it.

11.Tanya would not know the answer unless she referred to the answer key.

Tanya would not know the answer if she did not refer to the answer key.

12. My village cannot achieve 100% literacy rate, unless the elders of the village cooperate

with the Education department.

My village cannot achieve 100% literacy rate, if the elders of the village do not cooperate

with the Education department.

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 27.Simple Compound and Complex Sentences
Learn the table:

Complex Compound Simple

Though/Although/ But/yet/still Inspite of/ Depite+*
Even though/ Even P.Adj+Ving
if
If And In case of +*P.Adj+Ving
Unless Or/else/otherwise Incase of not+*
P.Adj+ving
So…..…that I can’t Very……..and so I can’t Too…..to
When And Being/V=ing
As/Since/ As soon And so Being/V=ing
as

Pronouns P Possessive adj.

I My
We Our
You your
He his
She Her
It Its
They their

Pronouns in compound and complex sentences should be changed into POSSESSIVE

ADJECTIVES
Change the following into a compound sentence.
1. Though Raju is weak, he walks fast.
Ans.: Raju is weak but he walks fast.
2. If you run fast, you will win.
Ans. : Run fast and you will win.
3. Unless you learn well, You will not score.
Ans.: Learn well otherwise you will not score.
4. The word is so difficult that I cannot pronounce it.
Ans.: The word is very difficult and so I cannot pronounce it.
5. As you performed well, you were appreciated.
Ans.: You performed well and so you were appreciated.

Change the following into simple sentences

1. I studied well but I did not pass.
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Inspite of my studying well, I did not pass.
2. If you run three kilometres a day, you will reduce your weight.
In case of your running three kilometres a day, you will reduce the weight.
3. The Jamoon is so sweet that I cannot eat more than two.
The Jamoon is too sweet to eat more than two.
4.Karim saw the snake and he ran away.
Seeing the snake, Karim ran away.
5.She sang that song beautifully andso she won the first prize in the concert.
Singing that song beautifully, she won the first prize in the concert.

28.Active Voice/ Passive Voice

Three changes should be made in

i) Tense 2) sub.(by) and obj. 3) pronouns

Tense change:
Active Passive
1.Send/ Sends (Sim. Pre.) - am/is /are +sent(p.p)
2. sent (Sim. Past) - was/were+sent( p.p )
3. will send(sim. future) - will be+ sent(p.p)
4.am/is/are+sending(Pre.Cont.) - am/is/are+being+ sent(p.p)
5.was/were+sending(Past.Contt - was/were+being+ sent(p.p)
6. have/has sent(Pre.Perfect) - Have been /has been + sent (p.p)
7. had sent(Past Perfect) - had been sent(p.p)
8. will have sent(Future Perfect) - will have been sent(p.p)

PRONOUNS CHANGE
Subject - Object
I - Me
We - Us
You - You
He - Him
She - Her
It - It
They - Them

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Book Exercises:
Change into passive : (pg.no.76)
1. The Governor inaugurated the exhibition at 10’o clock.
The exhibition was inaugurated by the Governor at 10’o clock.
2.The crowd expected their leader to arrive early in the morning
Their leader was expected to arrive early in the morning.
3.Who taught her computer Science?
By whom she was taught Computer Science?
4.They unanimously named Ravi the captain of the team.
Ravi was unanimously named the captain of the team by them.
5.The president gave the commander an award.
The commander was given an award by the President.
6. Do not tell a lie.
Let a lie not be told.
7. Please open the door.
Let the door be opened please .
8. It is time to stop the work.
It is time for the work to be stopped.
9.They say he is a spy.
It is said that he is a spy.
10. One should keep one’s promise.
One’s promise should be kept by one.
11.People burn a great deal of wood in winter.
A great deal of wood is burnt in winter by people.
12.Where had you kept the book?
Where had the book been kept by you?
13. When did you feel the tremors?
When were the tremors felt by you?
14.How did you finish he experiment?
How was the experiment finished by you ?
15Whose car did someone park in front of the gate?
Whose car was parked by someone in front of the gate?

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Task :2
Change into active voice:-
1. The smuggler has been nabbed by the police.
The police has nabbed the smuggler.
2.By whom were you interviewed?
Who interviewed you?
3.Why were you scolded by your parents?
Why did your parents scold you?
4.Not a word was spoken by the convict in self-defence?
The convict did not speak a word in self defence.
5.Good news is expected shortly.
We expect good news shortly.
6. The mail has just been received.
We have just received the mail.
7.Sundari has been taken to hospital by her husband?
Sundari’s husband has taken her to hospital.
8. Our television is being repaired now.
The mechanic is repairing our television now.
9.Sweets have not been distributed to children by the organisers.
The organisers have not distributed sweets to children.
10.Prizes were being given by the chief guest.
The chief guest was giving the prizes.
11.Nobody has been seen in the library this week.
We have not seen anybody in the library this week.
12.Nobody would have known the truth if you had not disclosed it.
The truth would not have been known to anybody if it had not been disclosed by you.
13. You are advised to help the poor and the needy.
Help the poor and needy.
14.You are requested to make a cup of tea for the guest.
Please make a cup of tea for the guest.

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 29.Combine Sentences using “though”
1. I went to his home but I could not meet him.
Ans.: Though I went to his home, I could not meet him.
2. I explained him a lot yet he was not convinced.
Ans.: Though I explained him a lot, he was not convinced.
Raju has written his exams well still he is afraid of the result.
3. Ans.: Though Raju has written his exams well , he is afraid of the result.
4. In spite of being sixty years old, he walks fast.
5. Ans.: Though he is sixty years old, he walks fast.
6. He worked hard. He did not score good marks.
Ans. Though he worked hard , he did not score good marks.

PART_C(3 marks)
30. POEM (ERC)
Explain with reference to the context (ERC)QUESTION NO 31 to33.
1.The Castle
Edwin Muir.
 Key words: enemy, gates, walls, gate, warder, citadel, shameful tale,
gold, arms, no arms.
Explanation: The poem is on the capture of the castle. The greedy warder betrayed them for
gold.They had brave captain and loyal soldiers, But they had no weapons to fight the enemy
called ‘gold’.
2.OurCasuarina Tree
Toru Dutt.

 Key words: Creeper, tree, the giant, bird and bee, sweet song, kokilas, gray baboon,
water lilies, snow, casuarina, sweet companions, ever dear, hot tears, wail,
dreamless swoon, happy prime, native clime, a lay, the verse, oblivion ‘s curse.
Explanation :The casuarina tree is closer to the poet's heart. It is because of her childhood
memories with her siblings. She immortalizes the tree through her poem. She wishes that the
tree should be remembered out of love.

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 3.All the World ‘s a Stage
William Shakespeare.

 Key words: players, exits, entrances, nurses arms, snail, furnace, ballad, oaths,
pard, bubble reputation, cannon ‘s mouth, capon lined, wise saws, pantaloon,
shrunk shank, last scene, second childishness, sans.

Explanation :Shakespeare compares the world to a stage. All men and women are players.
There are seven stages in their lifetime. Infant, school boy, lover, soldier, justice, wise old man
and the second childhood.

4.Ulysses
Alfred Tennyson.
 Key words: I, travel, hungry heart, rust unburnished, knowledge, old, old age, old
days, Happy isles, Achilles, Telemachus, newer world.
Explanation :Ulysses is the king of Ithaca. He is unwilling to discharge his kingly duties. He
loves to travel all over and seeks knowledge. He makes a clarion call to his sailors to seek
newer world.

5.A Father to His Son

Carl August Sandburg.

 Key words: A father, son, life, steel, rock, soft loam, brutes, lashes, fool, folly, follies,
solitude, silent rooms, be different, lazy days, seek deep, Shakespeare, Wright
brothers, changes, change, lonely, time for the work.

Explanation :The poet gives his worldly wisdom to his son .He warns about the challenges in
life.He wants him to go easy and learn from mistakes. He wants him to have lazy days to find
inner motives and creativity.

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 6.Incident of the French Camp
Robert Browning.
 Key words: French, Napoleon, prone brow, My plans, a rider, full-galloping, mound,
lips compressed, horse's mane, Ratisbon, flag-bird, the chief, mother eagle, you're
wounded, I'm killed, sire.

Explanation :The poet narrates an incident at the French camp in the war. It was between
France and Austria in 1809. He describes the bravery of wounded young soldier . He brought
the triumph news from the war field. He fell down dead near his emperor, once his duty is
done.
31.PROSE QS & ANS.:
1. The Two Gentlemen of Verona

Questions:
1. Who did the narrator meet at the outskirts of Verona?

He met two boys.

2. Why did the driver not approve of the narrator buying fruits from the boys?

They were wearing old dress and looking shabby.

3. The boys did not spend much on clothes and food. why?/ were they saving money for
States?/ What made the boys work so hard?

They saved money for their sister Lucia’s treatment.

4. Why did the author avoid going to Lucia’s room?

He did not want to intrude into their privacy.

5. What was Lucia suffering from?

Lucia was suffering from TB.

6. Why didn’t the boys disclose their problems to the author?
They did not want to gain their sympathy.
7. Who took the author to the cubicle?
A nurse with white uniform
8. Describe the girl with whom the boys were talking.

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She was 20 years old and wearing pretty jacket.
9.Describe the appearance of Nicolo and Jacopo.
They were shabby and slim and wearing old jersy.
10.What were the various jobs undertaken by the little boys?
Selling fruits, hawked newspapers, conducted tourists and ran errands were those jobs.
11. How did the narrator help the boys?
He drove them to Poleta.
2. A Nice Cup of Tea

1. What seems ‘Curious’ to the author?

The argument for the best way of making tea seems curious to the
author.
2. Why does the author say that it is important to include a tea recipe in cookery
books?
It is one of the mainstays of civilization in the country
3. Mention the countries in which tea is a part of civilization?
Britain, Eire, Australia and Newzealand.
4.Which tea does the author prefer- China tea or Indian tea.?
He prefers Indian tea.
5.According to the author, what does the phrase ‘a nice cup of tea’ refer to?
Refers to Indian tea.
6.How does army tea taste?

Tastes of grease and white wash.

7.Why does the author prefer cylindrical cup of tea?

It will hold more and keep it hot for a long time.

8. What is the second golden rule in the preparation of tea?
Tea should be made in small quantities in a tea pot which is made up of china or
Earthen ware.
9.What should be poured first - tea or milk?

60
 Tea should be poured first into the cup.
10.Why does the author advise removing cream from the milk?

It gives sickly taste.

11.Does the author like drinking tea with sugar? Give reasons
No, he does not like drinking tea with sugar because the flavour is destroyed.
12..Do tea lovers like strong tea or weak tea?

Tea lovers like strong tea.

13.Why should tea be directly added to the pot?

Tea infuses properly.

14. Why does the author prefer a cylindrical cup to a flat cup?
The cylindrical cup holds more and the hotness is well maintained.
15.What are the author’s views on China tea?
China tea is economical and has beneficial qualities. It does not have much
stimulation in it.
16.How does adding sugar affect the taste of tea?
If we sweeten tea, we only taste the sugar not the tea
17.Elucidate the author’s ideas about teapots.
The tea should be made in China or earthenware. Tea from urn is tasteless. Tea from silver
or enamel pots is bad.

3.In Celebration of Being Alive

Questions :
1.How was the unattended trolley put to use?
What roles did the duo take up?/Why did the choice of roles prove to be easy?
Two boys took over the trolley. The mechanic was blind and the driver had only one
arm. They put on a show.
2.Who encouraged them and how?
The other patients encouraged them with laughter and shouts of encouragement.
3.What does Dr. Barnard compare the entertainment to?

61
 To the Indianapolis 500 car race.
4.What happened in the grand finale?
There was a grand finale of scattered plates and silverware before the two boys were
put back to bed.
5.What was the profound lesson that Dr. Barnard learnt from the boys?
The business of living is the celebration of being alive.
6.When and where did the accident occur?
It occurred when he was crossing the road with his wife after lunch.
7.What were Mr. Barnard’s feelings when he was hospitalized after an accident?
He could not understand why they had to suffer.
8.What thought had troubled Dr. Barnard as he neared the end of his career as a heart
surgeon?
His thoughts start considering why people suffer.
9.How did the hospitalisation of Dr,Barnard and his wife affect their routine?
Dr.Barnard had patients to operate and his wife had a baby to look after.
10.How was dr.Barnard’s attitude to suffering different from that of his father’s?
If his father had been alive, he would have said that it was god’s will . That was the way
he tested people.As a doctor, he sees nothing noble in sufferings and pain.
11.How does Dr.Barnard know the boy who played the trolley’s driver?/ 19.what were
the problems the trolley driver suffered from?
A few years ago, he closed a hole in his heart in an operation. A few days ago the race
his arm and shoulder were amputated.
12.Detail the statistics Dr.Barnard has provided in his speech.
Suffering prevails everywhere. Out of 125 million birth 12 million will reach the one
year. Another 6 million will die before 5. Many will end up as physical or mental cripples.
13.What happened when the doctor couple were crossing the street?
While they were crossing the road, a car knocked him into his wife . She was struck by
a car which was from opposite side.
14.What injuries did they sustain in the accident?
He has 11 broken ribs and a perforated lung. His wife had a injured shoulder.
15.Dr.Barnard couldn’t find any nobility in suffering . Why?

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 His heart sinks when he sees sufferings of patients and lonely child’s cry in a ward.
16.Why does Dr. Barnard find the sufferings of children heart breaking?
Because of their total trust in doctors
17. How did the boy who played the mechanic lose his eyes?
His drunken mother threw a lantern. That broke his head and shoulder and lost his
both eyes in burn.
18.Why does Dr.Barnard describe the blind body as a “Walking horror”?
He had a disfigured face and long flap of skin was hanging from the side of his neck to
the body.
4.The Summit
Question &answers
1.What did the photography portray?

It portrays the north col and the old route, made famous by the struggles of great

climbers of 1920’s and 30’s.

2.The soft snow was difficult and dangerous. Why?

It can held his weight but often gave way suddenly.

3.What did Tenzing and Edmund Hillary. Gift to the God of lofty summit? How did they

do it?

Tenzing had made a little hole in the snow and placed a bar of chocolate, a biscuit

packet and some lollies.Hillary placed Colonel Hurst ‘s crucifix near them.

4.When did Hillary feel sense of freedom and well being?

When his oxygen bottle became lighter in weight and he cut steps down off the south

summit.

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 6.On the rule of the road

1.What does the ‘rule of the road' mean?/Why should the individual liberty be
curtailed?
It means that in order to preserve the liberties of all, the liberties of everybody must be
curtailed.
2. Define ‘liberty’ as perceived by author?
Liberty is not only a personal affair but also a social contract.
3.According to the author what are we more conscious of?
According to him, we are more conscious of the imperfections of others than of our
own.
4.What is the foundation of social conduct?
A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others.
5.Why did the lady think she was entitled to walk down the middle of the road?/ What
is liberty according to the old lady?
She thought that she has got the liberty to walk whereever she likes.
6.What would be the consequence of the old lady’s action?
The end of such liberty would be a universal confusion.
7.How would a reasonable person react when his actions affect other persons liberty?
If a policeman did not interfere with him, he would not interfere with anyone.
8.How can we sweeten our life’s journey?
By following the rule of the life.
9.What does the traffic policeman symbolize?
Liberty.
10.How would ‘liberty’ cause universal chaos?
If a pedestrian walk down to the middle of the road, then end of it would be universal
chaos.
11.Why is there a danger of the world getting ‘liberty drunk’?
Everybody gets into every one’s way. So Individual liberty is becoming a social
lawlessness.

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12.’Curtailment of private liberty is done to establish social order’-Do you agree?
Yes. By limiting private liberties social order can be established.

32. Dialogue Writing

* Use expressions like…..
 Good Morning, sir.
 Nice to see you.
 Nice speaking to you.
 Thank you so much.
 How are you?
 I am fine.
 What about you?
 What can I do for you ?
 What do you want ?
 Which one do you want ?
 How can I help you ?
 What is the cost ?
 How much does it cost ?
 Where are you going ?
 You don’t worry?
 It’s Okay.
 That’s fine.
 I am sorry.
 Sorry for the mistake.
 Thank you for your help.
 Please help me.
 I like it very much.
 I want to have (something).
 I want (something).
 May I help you ?

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  Can you help me?
 No mention.
 With pleasure.
 Sure.
 Certainly.
 Why not ?
 Sorry.I Cant.
 Welcome.

33.EXPANSION OF HEADLINES
POINTS TO REMEMBER:

 On – before day and date

(தேதி ஫ம்று஫் நார் குறிப்பிடு஫் தபாது முன்னாய் On தபாடவு஫் ).

Eg: On Monday , On 13 th March.
 In – before city, country, month and year.
(நக஭஫் துோட஫் குறிப்பிடு஫் தபாது , ஫ாே஫் , நாடு ,In தபாடவு஫் )
E.g: In December, In 2020 , In Salem.
 At – Exact place and time.
(ச஭ி஬ான தந஭஫் ஫ம்று஫் இட஫் குறிப்பிடு஫் தபாது.

E.g: At Ram Nagar, At 6 o’ clock.

 By – the person. ( னாபால் தசய்னப்஧ட்டது).

E.g: By her , By him .

 Abbreviation ( use Expanded form )

E.g: CM – Chief Minister.
 Past Tense இோந்ோய் Was / Were + Past Participle தபாடவு஫் .
EX: Mobile phones banned in schools .
Mobile phones were banned in schools.
 To துந்ோய் Will தபாடவு஫் .
 தேவதுப்படு஫் தபாது இடே்வேக் குறிப்பிட நக஭ே்தின் பப஬஭ ்கரான Erode ,
Chennai , Delhi தபான்மதும் வம ப஬ன்படுே்ேவு஫் .

66
  தந஭ே்வேக் குறிப்பிட Yesterday, Today, Last year ,last month, last night , Next year,
next month, next day தபாடவு஫் .
E.g:1.PM to visit Chennai.
The Indian Prime Minister will visit China in September 2020.
2.Free laptops issued to the students.
Free laptops were issued to the students of Tamilnadu in Schools.
3. 2 died in ceiling collapse.

Two women were died in ceiling collapse near Salem on Monday.

34.DESCRIBING THE PROCESS
Cookery/Salads. Cleaning: Packing:
Take__________ Take___________ Take____________
Wash__________ Soak___________ Cut_____________
Cut/Chop__________ Rinse___________ Fold_____________
Grind/Powder__________ Wash___________ Wrap/cover________
Mix/well__________ Dry_____________ Stick a label________
Add___________ Use Drier________ Address tag_________
Ready to Ready to gift/post.________
Serve
Heat
Add oil
Fry/deep fry/sauté
(pan, tava, bowl )
E.g:
Write a process of preparing egg fried rice
Take 3 spoon-full of oil in a pan. Heat it. Cut some onions. Fry it in oil. Beat
three eggs and add in it. Cook well. Stir it well. Add salt. Add cup of boiled rice. Stir well.
Serve it hot.
Book back pg No. 187.
Preparation of apple juice
 Take four or five apples.
 Wash them well
 Cut into pieces.
 Put them into mixer and add some milk.
 Filter it and serve

67
Installing a computer
Connect the keyboard and mouse to the CPU.
Connect all other parts to the CPU.
Plug the computer and monitor with the power cord.
Finally turn on the power.

Preparing your favourite dish

Rava kesari
 Take a cup of rava and roast it with 2 tablespoon ghee.
 Take 2 cup of water and boil it.
 Add rava and cook well till it absorbs the water.
 Add 1 cup of sugar and add saffron strands.
 Add cardamon powder and ghee.
 Serve it hot.

Organising a birthday party in your house

 Plan a budget.
 Send invitation cards to friends and relatives.
 Plan for menu and order birthday cake.
 Decorate the hall and plan short games.
 Celebrate it happily.

Sending a letter by a courier service

 Click on “send now” and choose the weight of the cover.
 Ensure the size of the cover.
 Enter the details and the receiver’s details.
 Pay with credit card and print your shipping label.
 Stick it on the cover.
 Now it is ready for sending.

68
 Obtaining a demand draft from a bank

 Visit a nearby bank and get an application form.

 Fill the form and select the mode of payment cash or cheque.
 Pay through your account.
 Get the DD in 30 minutes.

35.VERBAL , NON VERBAL PRESENTATION

TIPS
 Least, minimum, lowest - எனிய் மிகக் குவமந்ே அரவிய்
பகாடுக்கப்பட்ட அரவீடுகர் .

 Higher, maximum, most - அதிகபட்ச எண்ணிக்வக.

 Difference - இ஭ண்டு விது஭ங் கரின் ததுறுபாடு.

 How many - எே்ேவன.
 How much - எது் துரவு.
 How long - (time) எது் துரவு தந஭஫் .
 How far - (distance) எது் துரவு தூ஭஫் .
 Where -- எங் தக.
 When -- எப்பபாழுது.
 How - எப்படி.
 Which - எது.

NON VERBAL – WRITING INFERENCES

 This pie chart / bar diagram / table is about ________.
 There are ________types of _________given in the pie chart / bar diagram / table.
 The pie chart / bar diagram / table gives clear data about______.

69
THE PIE_CHART:
2018 TN Expenditure.

Deducted
14%
Food
27%
Medical
13%

Education House rent

20% 18%

Entertainment
8%

Questions:
1. What the pie-chart is about?
The pie-chart is about the 2018 TN State expenditure.
2.How much does the state spends on education?
20%
3.Which one has the least expenditure?
Entertainment 8%
Inferences:
* The pie-chart is about 2018 Tn Expenditure.
*There are about six expenditures given in it.
* The pie-chart gives clear data about 2018 TN Expenditure.

70
 36.PROVERBS

1. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

2. Great minds think alike.

3. Haste makes waste.

4. Look before you leap.

5. Measure twice, cut once.

6. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.

7. Better late than never.

8. Honesty is the best policy.

9. Too many cooks spoil the broth..

10. Practise what you preach.

11. Practice makes a man perfect.

12. Leave no stone unturned.

13. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

14. Don’t count your chickens before they hatch.

15. Don’t judge a book by its cover.

16. Laughter is the best medicine.

17. Many hands make light work.

18. Necessity is the mother of invention.

19. As you sow, so you reap.

20. The pen is mightier than the sword.

21. Fortune favours the bold.

22. Birds of the same feather flock together.

71
23. The early bird catches the worm.

24. God helps those who help themselves.

25. Actions speak louder than words.

Proverb completion. 11th&12th

1.Fortune favours the -----(.fool,brave,wise)

2.-----is next to Godliness.(kindness, bravery, cleanliness)

3.------makes a man perfect.(practice, Repetition, Attempts)

4.Empty -----make the most noise.(class, places, vessels)

5.----speak louder than words.(Advice, Actions, Deeds)

6.----was not built in a day.(Paris, Rome, Athens)

7.Familiarity breeds------.(contempt, liking, love)

8.you cant judge a book by its----.(content, cover, articles)

9.-----is the mother of invention. (Greed, Thirst, Necessity)

10.A sound mind in a sound ----.(head, heart, body)

11.Better late than -----.(nothing, never, absent)

12.One----makes no Garland. (flower, fruit, bouquet)

13.To err is ---.(common, normal, human)

14.Pride comes ----a fall.(after, before, at)

15.Kindness begets-----.(love, kindness, justice)

16.New brooms ---well.(sweep, does, works)

17.Speech is silver, silence is -----.(platinum, golden, diamond)

18.A bird in hand is worth two in the----.(cage, tree, bush)

19.An---brain is the devils workshop. (evil, idle, empty)

20.Every cloud has a----lining.(bright, silver, lovely)

72
 37. NOTICE WRITING
Format of a Notice

Govt. Hr. Sec.School, Erode

Inaugural function of Science Club (event )

3rd March2020
Time: 11 a.m.
Venue: Meeting Hall

You are informed about / to

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

(Sd/-)
Karthik(Name)

The School pupil Leader (the designation)

Tips:
 This to inform you about……………….
 For registration, contact…………
 Meet the …….. for reference
 Attend the meeting without fail.
 All are invited.
 All are welcome.
 Inform your class students.
 Make arrangements.
73
Pronouns:
Question Paper Answer Paper
You I
Your my/our

e.g.:
You are Kala, the secretary of the Science Club. Prepare a notice about the inaugural of
Science Club
Ans:
Govt. Hr.Sec.School, Gobi

The Inaugural Of Science Club

5th March 2020

Time:10 a.m
Venue: Meeting Hall

You are informed about the inaugural of science club.

All are invited. For reference ,contact the Secretary

(Sd/-)
Kala
The Secretary of Science Club.

74
 38.Writing E-mail
Format of an E-mail
To:
Cc:
Sub.:
Dear Sir,(Salutation)

(Body of the mail)

Yours faithfully/Your Friend

(Sd/-)

Tips:
Don’t use short forms, from address, date.
Use ‘Cc.’ only in formal letter.
Use Expressions like:
I am……………
I am studying…………
P. find my encl., I have sent.
I invite you to the……….

Formal Letter: Friendly letter:

Dear Sir, Hi,
Sir, Dear …(name)
Yours faithfully, With love/Best wishes
I look forward to hearing from you. Reply me soon.
Thank You Waiting for your reply.
Reply soon. Covey my love to all.

75
Pronouns
Question Paper Answer Paper
You I
Your my/our
You are I am
e.g.:
You are Raju. You Invite your friend to your School Annual Day function.

To: [email protected]
Sub.: Invitation-School Day Function
Dear Rajeev,
How are you? I am fine. I invite you for my School Annual Day Function.
Please come with your family on 3rd June 2020.
Convey my love to all.

Your Friend,
(Sd/-)
Raju

39.POEM PARAGRAPH
The Castle
The poem is about the capture of a castle. It was strong with thick and high walls. No
one could enter it. The soldiers watched the mowers at ease. The captain was brave and the
soldiers were loyal. But the greedy warder betrayed them for gold. They had no arms fight
with it.The poet Edwin Muir decided to maintain this shameful tale till his death.
1. Our Casuarina Tree

The poem ‘our Casuarina Tree' by Toru Dutt is a touching poem. It is about the
memories of her childhood days with her siblings. It is a giant like tree with creeper, flowers,
birds, bees and animals. But the memories of her siblings have made it dearer to Toru Dutt.
The poet decides to immortalize it with her verse.
76
 3.All the World ‘s a Stage

The poem 'All the world ‘s a stage’ was written by William Shakespeare. It depicts our
life into seven stages. The world is a stage. The men and women are players. They enter as an
infant. Then they play the parts of a school boy, lover, soldier, justice, matured old man.
Finally, they enter the second childishness and exit with death.
4. Ulysses
The poem 'Ulysse' was written by Alfred Tennyson. It is Ulysses ‘ call to his sailors for
another voyage. Ulysses does not want to discharge his kingly duties. He handovers his
responsibility to his son, Telemachus. He loves to travel and seek knowledge. Though they
become old, their spirit is still young and fearless.
5.A Father to His Son

The poem A father to his son' was written by Carl August Sandburg. It is a thought
provoking poem. In this poem , the father guides his son to face the challenges of life. He
wants him to face life like a steel and a rock. He asks him to go easy, not feel ashamed to be a
fool at times,. He advises him to find his inner motives and develop creativity.
6:Incident of the French Camp

The poem 'Incident of the French Camp' was written by Alfred. Tennyson . He narrates
the bravery of a young soldier. The emperor Napoleon is waiting for the news from Ratisbon.
France and Austria are at war. The young soldier has been mortally wounded. But he rides on
his horse to the chief and conveys the news of victory and falls dead.

40.PROSE PARAGRAPH

1. Two Gentlemen of Verona

Nicolo and Jacopo were brothers in Verona. They were sincere and
devoted. They met the narrator on the way to Verona. They did many odd jobs in Verona.
They did not sleep during night. They did not eat good food. They saved money for their
sister Lucia’s treatment .She was suffering from TB. So, the boys are called ‘The Two
Gentlemen of Verona’.

77
 2. A Nice Cup of Tea
Tea should be made in small quantities. Tea should be prepared from Indian tea
or Ceylonese tea. Tea pot should be made of China or earthenware. The pot should be
warmed beforehand. While pouring water, take the teapot to the kettle. Stir well the tea
with tea leaves. Pour milk without cream. Take tea without sugar.
3.In Celebration of Being Alive
Dr.Christian Bernard saw the ‘Grandprix’at a Capetown hospital. The mechanic
was blind. The driver had only one arm. They had other serious problems too. But they
took over the breakfast trolley and put on a show. They provided great entertainment to
the onlookers. There was a grand finale of scattered silverware and plates. They taught
him a profound lesson. The business of living is the celebration of being alive.

5.THE SUMMIT – EDMUND HILLARY

Hillary softened his shoes by heating on May 29, Hillary and Tenzing began
to climb. The ice axe, ice hammer and crampons helped them climb. They crossed
a 40 feet crack carefully. They reached the summit. Their will power led them to
success.
6.ON THE RULE OF THE ROAD – A.G. GARDINER

A lady thought that it was her liberty to walk down the middle of the
street. Personal liberty is not more important than public liberty. Individual
liberty should not affect the public liberty. The consideration for the rights of
others is the foundation of social conduct.

41.SUPPLEMENTARY READER PARAGRAPH

1. GOD SEES THE TRUTH BUT WAITS - LEOTOLSTOY

Aksionov was a rich merchant for murdering a merchant. He was jailed.

But he was innocent. 26 years passed. He met Makar in the jail. He saved Makar
from the officials. Feeling guilty, Makar admitted his crime. Aksionov got justice
but died in thejail.

78
 2. LIFR OF PI – YAWNMARTEL

Pie was in a life boat with a tiger and a hyena. He was out of food and
water for three days. He found water bottles in the boat. The tiger helped Pi to
surrive. At last, Pi left the tiger in an island. He was reunited with his family after
22days.
3. THE HOUR OF TRUTH – PERCIVALWILDE

Robert Baldwin was an honest man. Gresham was his friend. He was
arrested for cheating the bank. Gresham offered Baldwin a hundred thousand
dollars. Baldwin’s family forced him to accept the money. But he refused. Gresham
accepted the crime. Baldwin was rewarded for his honesty by getting appointed in
Mr. Marshall’s bank.

4. THE MIDNIGHT VISITOR – ROBERTARTHUR

Ausable was a secret agent. Fowler, a writer was with him. They saw Max
with a gun. He asked the secret papers on missiles. There was a knock at the door.
Ausable said that it was the policemen. Max jumped from the window. He fell
down to the ground. Thus Ausable outwitted Max using presence of mind.

5. ALL SUMMER IN A DAY – RAYBRADBURY

This story happens in Venus. The sun appears for two hours every
seven years. Margot wants to watch the sun. The children lock Margot in a closet.
Finally the sun comes out. They enjoy a lot. They release Margot and regret.

6. REMEMBER CASEAR – GORDONDAVIOT

Lord Weston found a note “Remember Caesar” in his pocket. He feared

that it was the warning of his enemies. He ordered his secretary Roger to close all
the doors and windows. The real Caesar, a gardener entered. He had an
appointment to visit Weston’s garden. His absent mindedness led to all the
confusion.

79
 42.Slogan Writing (page no 158&159)
Slogan ஋ன்஧து எய௃ த஧ாய௃஭ிர஦ யி஭ம்஧பம் தசய்யதற்காக/ யிமிப்புணர்வு

஌ற்஧டுத்துயதற்காக ஋ழுதப்஧டும் எய௃ ஋஭ின ஧ரடப்புணர்வு நிக்க யாக்கினம். சுய௃க்கநாகவும்,

஋துரக, பநார஦யுடனும்அரநயது ஧டிப்஧யர் கய஦த்ரத ஈர்க்கும்.

Product Slogan

1.Tooth paste. - For sparkling Teeth and smile

2.Water purifier. _ Pure for sure
3.Digital camera. - Capture the Moments
4.Gulab Jamoon. - Delicious and Tasty
5.Junk food. - No junk, live long
6.Labour day. - Worship the Worker
7.Save water. - Save water, Save future
8.Yoga. - For peaceful mind and healthy body
9.Blood Donation - Give blood, Save lives
10.Helmet. - Lifesaver for sure
11.Music system. - Listen and be Thrilled
12.Bike. - For extra mile and smile
13.Laptop. - The world in your hands
14.Mobile. - Stay in touch always
15.Pollution. - live and let live
16.Environment. - Go green, Save earth.
17.Fountain pen. - Free flow of thoughts
18.Umbrella. - Rain or shine ,safety assured
19.Mixie. - Kitchen mate
20.Bicycle. - For Eco- friendly ride
21.Lens. - Gives clear vision
22.Television. - Nonstop entertainment
23.Debit card. - Digital money
24.Shampoo. - For shiny long hair
25.Gum. - Fixes all but broken hearts
80
 43.Letter Writing
Types of letter:
i) Official letter
ii) Personal Letter

Format of an official letter

From
……………………..
………………………
To
………………..
………………..

Dear sir,(salutation)

Sub.:
Ref.:

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………. (Body of the letter)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Thank You,
Station: Yours
faithfully,(subscription)

Date: Sd/-
(name)

Tips :
Change the Pronouns
Question Paper Answer Paper
You I
Your my/our
You are I am

81
 Format of a Personal Letter:

23, Raja street,

yyyy.
5th March 2020.
(from address)

Dear Raju,(salutation)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………. …………………….. (Body of the letter)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
,…………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………..

Best wishes
With love,
Sd/-
(name)

Address on the cover:

To:

82
Dear sir, Hi,
Sir/Madam, Dear friend,
I am writing this letter to…. How are you? I am fine
I want to ………… I want to………
I look forward to hearing from you. Convey my love to all.
Inform me about…….. Keep in touch with me.
Convey my regards Reply soon.
1.Formal Letter
Write a letter to the Headmaster of your school requesting him to help you obtain a
duplicate mark sheet of class XI, which you have lost while travelling.

From
xxx
yyy.
To
The Headmaster,
ABC Hr. Sec.School,
Church Road,
Erode

Sir,

Sub: Requesting for duplicate mark

sheet.

I missed my XI mark sheet. So, I kindly request you to give me a duplicate

mark sheet.

Thank you.

Palce: YYYY Yours faithfully,

Date: / /2019 XXXX.

Address on the cover

To
The Headmaster,
ABC Hr. Sec.School,
Church Road,
Erode
83
 2 Informal Letter

You had been to your grandmother’s house during the summer holidays. You enjoyed your
stay in her company. Write a letter to your grandmother stating how much you miss her after
returning to your home.

YYYY

/ /2019

My dear grandma,

I am well. I am studying well. How are you? I enjoyed my leave with you.

Meet you in the next holidays.

Withlove

XXXX

Address on the Envelope:

To
Mrs. Santhi,
10,KovilStreet,
Madurai – 10.

84
 3 Reply Letter

From

XXXX

YYYY

To

Baby Electronics,

Amman Koil Street,

Chennai.

Sir,

Sub : Application for the post of “Sales Executive” Ref : I

saw “ The Hindu,” dated 18th July 2019.

I saw your advertisement. I would like to apply for the post of a “Sales Executive. I

have given below my bio data..

Thank you,

Place: YYYY. Yours faithfully,

Date:05.10.2019 . XXXX

85
 BIO-DATA

Name : XXXX

Age : 26

Qualification : B.Com

Experience : 2 Years

Address : YYY

DECLARATION

The details given above are correct and true.

Thank you.

Place: YYYY. Yours faithfully,

Date: / /2019 . XXXXX

Address on the Envelope:

To

Baby Electronics,
Amman Koil Street,
Chennai.
86
 44. Spot the Error

1.Prefer, prior, senior, junior, inferior, superior அடுத்து 'than'-க்கு஧தி஬ாக ‘to’ ஋ழுதவும்
Examples:
 Ram is junior than me
 Ram is junior to me
 He is older than me
 He is elder to me

2.One of the க்குப்l ஧ி஫கு ‘Noun’ pluralல் யய௃ம்.

Examples :
One of the boys ஋ன்று யய௃ம்.

Ram is one of the best students in the class.

பநலும் one of the boys யந்தால் singular ‘verb’(looks,is)யய௃ம்.
Examples:
 One of the boys look happy
 One of the boys looks happy
 One of the boys are happy
 One of the boys is happy

3.One rupee, university, universal, useful, European, union ப௃ன் உள்஭ ‘an’ ஍ ஋டுத்து

யிட்டு ‘a’ ஋ழுதவும்.

Example:
 Ram is an university scholar
 Ram is a university scholar

4.பநலும் Abbreviation ப௃ன்உள்஭ M/H/F ஋ழுத்துக்களுக்குப௃ன் ‘a’ யபாது ‘an’ யய௃ம்.’h’

silent ஆகயய௃ம்யார்த்ரதகளுக்குப௃ன்஦ால் ‘an’ யய௃ம்.

87
Examples:
 Ram is a M.Sc Student
 Ram is an M.Sc Student
 Ram is a honest man
 Ram is an honest man
 I bought a HMT watch
 I bought an HMT watch
 Saminathan is a M.L.A
 Saminathan is an M.L.A

5.யாக்கினத்தில் Though-வும் but-ம் யந்தால் but ஍ நட்டும் ஥ீக்கி யிட்டு ஋ழுது.

Example:
 Though he is poor but he is happy
 Though he is poor he is happy

6.யாக்கினம் ‘ing’ (working, writing) ததாடங்கி஦ால் ஧ின்஦ர் யய௃ம் and ஍ ஥ீக்கி ஋ழுதவும்.

Example:
 Working hard and he passed
 Working hard he passed

7.Some verbs உடன் கு஫ிப்஧ிட்ட preposition நட்டும் யய௃ம்.(confident of, hope for, met

with, by foot, congratulate on)

Examples:
 He is confident on his success
 He is confident of his success
 Let us hope through the best
 Let us hope for the best
 I met in an accident

88
  I met with an accident
 He goes to school by foot
 He goes to school on foot
 He congratulated of his success
 He congratulated on his success

8.பநலும் discuss, enter, told, despite ப஧ான்஫ யார்த்ரதகளுடன் உடன் preposition

பசர்ந்து யபாது.

Example:
 They discuss about politics
 They discuss politics(about யபாது)
 I enter in to the room
 I enter the room(into யபாது)
 They told to me
 They told me(to யபாது)

9.Neither..nor, either..or உடன் singular verb (look,is) யய௃ம்.

Example:
 Neither you nor he are active
 Neither you nor he is active

10.Physics, Economics, Politics, Mathematics, Civics, News அடுத்து singular verb தான்
யய௃ம்.

Example:
 The news are very good
 The news is very good

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11.Some words are used only in Singular form.Eg:advice, furniture, meal.
Example:
 He gave a lot of advices
 He gave a lot of advice
 I bought new furnitures
 I bought new furniture
 He has finished his meals
 He has finished his meal

12.(Language) தநாமிக்குப௃ன் ‘the’ யபாது.

Example:
 We speak the English
 We speak English

13.உ஬கத்தில் உள்஭ எபப எய௃ த஧ாய௃ர஭ நட்டும் கு஫ிக்க ‘the’ article’

஧னன்஧டுத்தவும்.

Example:
 Sun rises in the east
 The sun rises in the east.

14.Other models
Example:
 Two and two make four
 Two and two makes four.
 He is my cousin brother
 He is my cousin.
 No one know the answer
 No one knows the answer.
 He plays piano very well
 He plays the piano very well.

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15.யாக்கினத்தில் as/since/because-ம் யந்தால் so ஍ நட்டும் ஥ீக்கி ஋ழுது.

Example:
 As he is poor so he is proud
 As he is poor he is proud.

16.Despite- உடன் of யபாது

Example:
 Despite of his riches he is humble
 Despite his riches he is humble.

17.Confusables ரயத்தும்பகள்யிகள்பகட்கப்஧டும்.

All the boys fared poorly expect Gokul. (incorrect)

All the boys fared poorly except Gokul. (correct)
இதில் Except ஋ன்஧து சரி(தயிப)Expect ஋ன்஧து (஋திர்஧ார்த்தல்) ஋ன்று த஧ாய௃ள்

தய௃ம்)

18.Infinitive /Gerund ஧னன்஧ாடுக஭ிலும்பகள்யிகள்யய௃ம்.(Book page no 220)

(Infinitive –to +verb/Gerund –verb+ing)
To- யின் ஧ின்஦ால் Verb+ing யபாது.
சி஬ சநனம் யாக்கினத்தில் To பதரயப்஧டாது

She made me to cry. (இதில் To பதரயனில்ர஬)

She made me cry.
To carry a heavy pile of books, she tripped and fell.(incorrect)
Carrying a heavy pile of books, she tripped and fell.(correct)

My friends and I were sitting in a cafe and to talk(incorrect)

My friends and I were sitting in a cafe and talking. (Correct)

19.Degrees of comparison. இதில் Positive, comparative & superlative ல்

஧னன்஧ாடுக஭ில் பகள்யிகள் யய௃ம்.(Book Page no. 221)

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 Positive ல் as.....as(ப஥ர்நர஫ யாக்கினங்க஭ில்)So....as(஋திர்நர஫ யாக்கினங்க஭ில்

஧னன்஧டுத்ததப்஧டுகி஫து).

Comparative ல் than (இபண்டு஥஧ர் /த஧ாய௃ள் எப்஧ிடப்஧டுரகனில்)than any

other(subject எய௃ரநனில் உள்஭ ப஧ாது)than most other/all other (subject

஧ன்ரநனில் உள்஭ ப஧ாது)஧னன்஧டுத்தப்஧டுகி஫து..

Superlative ல் the(எப்஧ீடு எய௃ரநனாக உள்஭ப஧ாது)One of the (subject ஧ன்ரநனாக

உள்஭ ப஧ாது)஧னன்஧டுத்தப்஧டுகி஫து.

20.Question tag ஧னன்஧ாடுக஭ிலும் பகள்யிகள் யய௃ம்(Page no 218)

Nandhini is a bright student,isn't it?( incorrect)

Isn't she?(correct)

Error spotting(Book back questions and answers. Page no 73,216,218,220,&221)

 Confusables:
1.My grandfather is well-known in the village for his nobel deeds.
My grandfather is well-known in the village for his noble deeds.
2.Inspite of his poverty and setbacks, he was able to launch his dream carrier.
Inspite of his poverty and setbacks, he was able to launch his dream career.
 Prepositions

3.The Boss had full confidence on his manager for successful completion of the project .
The Boss had full confidence in his Manager for successful completion of the project.
4.After the complicated surgery, the patient hoped of complete recovery.
After the complicated surgery ,the patient hoped for complete recovery.
5.The new health care scheme announced by the Government will bring relief to
The children suffering with acute tuberculosis.
The new health care scheme announced by the Government will bring relief to the
children suffering from acute tuberculosis.
6.Dolphins are regarded as the friendliest between the sea creatures.
Dolphins are regarded as the friendliest among the sea creatures.

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7.There have been several stories of dolphins helping drowning sailors.
There have been several stories about dolphins helping drowning sailors.
8.The more we learn on dolphins, the more we realise how amazing they are.
The more we learn about dolphins, the more we realise how amazing they are.
9.Dolphins take care off the sick.
Dolphins take care of the sick.
10.Dolphins protect the weakest at danger.
Dolphins protect the weakest in danger.

 Gerund and infinitive:

1.She wants to continuing her studies abroad.

She wants to continue her studies abroad.
2.It was a shame breaking up.
It was a shame to break up.
3.It will be a waste throwing the food away.
No error.
4.She made me to cry.
She made me cry.
5.My company has delayed to give pay rise due to economic problems.
My company has delayed giving pay rise due to economic problems.
6.There's someone to talk on the phone, but they cannot hear me.
There's someone talking on the phone, but they cannot hear me.
7.My friends and i were sitting in a cafe and to talk.
My friends and i were sitting in a cafe and talking.
8.Tocarry a heavy pile of books, she tripped and fell.
Carrying a heavy pile of books, she tripped and fell.
 Question Tags:
9.I have captured some beautiful moments in my camera, aren’t I?
Haven’t I?

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3. Arun was in a great dilemma at that time, didn’the?

wasn’t he?
11.I am an expert in cooking, amn't I?
Aren’t I?
12.Let’s take this matter to court, can we?
Shall we?
13.The pair of shoes near the door is not yours, are they?
Is it?
14.They have a resort in Yercaud, isn’t it?
Haven’t they?
15.There is a stadium near your office, isn't it
Isn’t there?

 Degrees of Comparison:
16.Oxygen is more heavier than hydrogen.
Oxygen is heavier than hydrogen.
17.Very few indoor games are more interesting than chess.
Very few indoor games are as interesting as chess.
18.Henry is the most strongest of all the players in the team.
Henry is the strongest of all players in the team.
19.Diamond is more precious than any gem.
Diamond is more precious than any other gem.
20.Mr.Sridhar is wiser than all men in our family.
Mr.Sridhar is wiser than all other men in our family.
21.The Biology lab in our school is spacious than the chemistry lab.
The Biology lab in our school is more spacious than the chemistry lab.
22.This is one of the busier streets in our town.
This is one of the busiest streets in our town.
23.Beema is stronger among the five Pandava brothers.
Beema is the strongest among the five Pandava brothers.
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24.An ounce is lesser than a gallon.
An ounce is less than a gallon.
25.Let me introduce my oldest daughter to you all.
Let me introduce my eldest daughter to you all.
26.Of the two sisters, Helen is the prettiest.
Of the two sisters, Helen is the prettier.
27.This is the most least mark i have ever scored.
This is the least mark i have ever scored.

 Conjunctions
28.Neither Ramya is a singer nor a dancer.
Ramya is neither a singer nor a dancer.
29.Scarcely had the workers stepped out, than the building collapsed.
Scarcely had the workers stepped out, when the building collapsed.
30.No sooner did the power resume, when the children screamed in joy.
No sooner did the power resume, than the children screamed in joy.
31.My friend can type so fast as I.
My friend can type as fast as I.
32.Sitha had no other assignment, but that of collecting the data.
Sitha had no other assignment, than that of collecting the data.
33.Rekha cooks like her mother does.
Relha cooks as her mother does.
34.Professor Usha is not only a writer but an orator.
Professor Usha is not only a writer but also an orator.
35.Your neighbours are not so wicked like you think.
Your neighbours are not so wicked as you think.
36.The girl both won an award and a scholarship.
The girl won both an award and a scholarship.
37.Three years have passed when my cousin resigned his job.
Three years have passed since my cousin resigned his job.

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 Singular /Plural
38.I had my evening meals in a restaurant near my office.
I had my evening meal in a restaurant near my office.
(OR)
1. a) Homophones b) Modal Auxiliaries c) link word d) Tense form
45.Summary Writing
Do's
1.தகாடுக்கப்஧ட்ட ஧த்திரன 2அல்஬து 3 ப௃ர஫ ஥ன்கு ஧டிக்கவும். ஋ரதப்஧ற்஫ி

஋ழுதப்஧ட்டுள்஭து ஋஦ கண்டு஧ிடிக்கவும். அதுபய Title ஆகும்.Key ideas அரடனா஭ம்

காண பயண்டும்.

2.தர஬ப்ர஧ அ஫ிப௃கம் தசய்யும் யிதத்தில் உள்஭ரய/சுற்஫ி யர஭த்து தர஬ப்ர஧

ததாடுயது ஋துவும் பதரயனில்ர஬.

3.யியரித்து ஋ழுதப்஧ட்டரய ,யர்ணர஦ப஧ான்஫஦வும்பதரயனில்ர஬.

4.னாரப/஋ரதப்஧ற்஫ி ஋ழுதப்஧ட்டுள்஭து நற்றும் ஋ங்பக, ஋ப்ப஧ாது, ஌ன், ஋வ்ய஭வு ப஧ான்஫

பகள்யிகளுக்கு யிரட தய௃஧ரய நட்டும் இடம்த஧஫஬ாம்.

5.Abbreviation ஧னன்஧டுத்த஬ாம்.Adjectives தயிர்க்க பயண்டும்.Statistical data

ப஧ான்஫ரய தயிர்க்கப்஧டபயண்டும்.

6..தசாந்த ஥ரடனில் ஋ழுத ப௃ன஬பயண்டும் அவ்யாறு ஋ழுத இன஬ாதயர்கள் இய௃க்கின்஫

யாக்கினங்க஭ில் தயிர்க்கப்஧ட பயண்டின஦யற்ர஫ தயிர்த்து யாக்கினம் அரநக்க஬ாம்.

7.Rough copy, Fair copy நற்றும் Title ப஧ான்஫ரய சரி யபஇய௃ந்தாப஬ 3

நதிப்த஧ண்கள்கிரடக்கும்.

8.நாணய,நாணயினர் Total passage- ஍இபண்டாக ஧ிரித்து Rough copy, fair copy ஋஦

஋ழுதுதர஬ தயிர்த்தல் ஥஬ம். ப௃ழு ஧த்திக்கும் Rough copy஋ழுத ப௃ன஬பயண்டும்.

அதர஦ பநம்஧டுத்தி Fair copy ஋ழுதபயண்டும்.

Mark Allotment:
 Rough Draft - 1 mark
 Title - 1 mark
 Fair Draft - 3 mark
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Model Exercise :
It is easy to say,” Enlarge your vocabulary “,first that you may enter upon the
privileges of cultivated women ;and secondly, that you may be able to tell the truth
easily and accurately. But it is another and more difficult matter to prescribe the means
by which this is to be done. Every girl must, to a large degree, work out her own
method. The reading of the best books and conversation with cultivated folk-both helps
to the free use of words. The dictionary is the best friend for your task. Never allow a
strange word to pass unchallenged. Usually it is wise to look it up at the moment. If that
is impossible it must be written firmly on the memory and traced at the first
opportunity. It is good to encourage the habit of dawdling a little over the dictionary. It
is the only place where dawdling reaps a harvest. By learning two new words a day
thoroughly, you can ensure a large vocabulary before you reach middle age.

Answer : Rough copy

Enlarge Your Vocabulary

By enlarging your vocabulary, you can have the privileges of cultivated person

and express the truth easily and accurately.Every one must work out one's own method.

Reading the best books and converse with scholars help coining the use of words. The

dictionary usage is the best tool. Dawdling over the dictionary can reap a harvest. By

learning two new words a day, you can ensure a large vocabulary before the middle age.

Fair copy:
Enlarge Your Vocabulary
By enlarging your vocabulary you can enjoy the privileges of cultivated people.
You can express the truth better. Everybody must work out one’s own method. Reading
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the best books and talk with elite people can help coin words. The dictionary is the best
tool. Dawdling over it can help reaping a harvest. Two new words a day can ensure a
large vocabulary before the middle age.

46.SEMANTIC FIELD
Learn the following words with their related field:

Religion God temple faith Makara jothi

Holy sacred church mosque
Sports Match Captain/umpire Olympic Grand slam
Athletes billiards wrestling championship
Weather Fog Thunder hurricane tornado
shower
Storm breezy lightning Cloudy/windy
Space GSLV Rockets astronaut Launch
PSLV missile Satellite ISRO
Computer Hacker desktop motherboard internet
Recycle bin unplugged monitor E-mail
Commerce industries dividend inflation profit
Trade business fluctuation Stock market
Medicine Clinical orthopaedic diagnostics disease
Surgery diagnostics laparoscopic infection
Music Carnatic vocal orchestra guitar
melodious classical Hip-hop keyboard
Agriculture Fertile cultivation organic Harvest/yield
livestock hydrid Cattle rearing uprooting

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Book back pg 119
Machinery Snow- chains
Sports Snow-board
Weather Snow-storm
Transportation Snow- mobile
Geography Snow-belt
Travel Snow-bird

e.g:Identify each of the following sentences with the field given below:
(weather,Sports,Agriculture,Music, Education)
1. .The yield of cash crop is increasing due to rain.

2. The drop-outs in school’s has been reduced due to the steps taken by the
department of education.

3. She was appreciated for singing melodiously.

4. Indian weight lifter bag awards.

5. Today, it will be stormy.

47. Reading Comprehension

47. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below.

Across the world, the rose has fascinated mankind for centuries With its pastel
colours, delicate scents and various dimensions,the rose may be one of the most
beautiful and perfect flowers. Seduced by its beauty and fragrance, the Greeks and
Roman were the first to cultivate roses.The Egyptians used it in religious ceremonies.
During the Middle ages, in France and England, roses were used in medicine and for
manufacturing perfumes. After a brief decline in popularity, the rose became popular in
Europe, thanks to Empress Josephine, wife of Napoleon Bonaparte. She worked with
botanists and rose enthuasists of France to grow every kind of rose in her garden. She

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collected new varities from all over the world. New breeds were created with the
process of cross -pollination.
Questions :
1.Which has fascinated mankind for long?
2.What made rose one of the most beautiful flowers of the world?
3.Who were the first to cultivate roses?
4.How were the roses used in France and England?
5.pick out the words from the passage :
a)Synonym of ‘variety’.
b)Antonym of ‘bore’

இந்த ஧த்திரன எரிய௃ ப௃ர஫ ஥ன்கு ஧டிக்க பயண்டும்.அதன் ஧ின் பகள்யிகர஭ எரிய௃

ப௃ர஫ ஧டிக்கவும்.஧ின்஦ர் பகள்யி யார்த்ரதனில் கய஦ம் தசலுத்தி பகள்யிரன புரிந்து

தகாள்஭ ப௃னற்சிக்கவும்.

உதாபணம்.:

Who was Josephine?

சம்஧ந்தப்஧ட்ட யரிக஭ில் கய஦ம் தசலுத்தவும். Josephine னார் ஋ன்஧து பகள்யி. அதற்கா஦

யிரட She was the wife of Napoleon Bonaparte/Empress of France ஋ன்஧தாகும்.

஥ன்கு கய஦ம்தசலுத்தி த஧ாறுரநயுடன் ஋ழுதி஦ால் ப௃ழு நதிப்த஧ண் த஧஫஬ாம்.

பகள்யிகள் ஋ன்஦ Tense ல் உள்஭பதா அவ்யாப஫ ஧தில்கள் அரநன பயண்டும்.

Synonyms /Antonyms. கு஫ித்த பகள்யிகளுக்கு ஧த்தி ப௃ழுக்க ஧டித்து யார்த்ரதகர஭ இ஦ம்

காண பயண்டும்.

சி஬ சநனம் Poem தகாடுக்கப்஧டும்.அப்ப஧ாது அதற்கு Title ஋ன்஦ ஋ன்று பகள்யி இடம் த஧றும்.

Poem ஋ரதப் ஧ற்஫ினது ஋ன்஧ரத கு஫ித்து Title இய௃க்க பயண்டும்.

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Read the following poem and answer the questions given below .
If I can stop one heart from breaking,
I shall not live in vain,
If I can ease one life the aching

Or cool one pain,

Or help one fainting robin
Unto his nest again,
I shall not live in vain.

Questions :

a)When will one’s life not be lived in vain?

b)What could you do to one’s aching life?
c)How could you help the fainting robin?
d)What could you do to one in pain?
e)Give a suitable title to the poem.



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