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Formula Chapter - Solution

This document lists 25 important formulas from solutions chemistry, including formulas to calculate mass percentage, volume percentage, mass-volume percentage, parts per million, molarity, normality, molality, mole fraction, Henry's law constant, Raoult's law, lowering of vapor pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, and Van't Hoff's factor. The formulas allow calculation of various properties of solutions including concentration, pressure, temperature changes, and molar mass.

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49 views6 pages

Formula Chapter - Solution

This document lists 25 important formulas from solutions chemistry, including formulas to calculate mass percentage, volume percentage, mass-volume percentage, parts per million, molarity, normality, molality, mole fraction, Henry's law constant, Raoult's law, lowering of vapor pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, and Van't Hoff's factor. The formulas allow calculation of various properties of solutions including concentration, pressure, temperature changes, and molar mass.

Uploaded by

Suraj Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class 12 Chapter 1- Solutions Chemistry Formulas List

𝑊𝐵
1. Mass percentage of solute= 𝑊 × 100
𝐵 + 𝑊𝐴

Where
𝑊𝐵 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑊𝐴 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑉𝐵
2. Volume percentage of solute = 𝑉 × 100
𝐵 + 𝑉𝐴

Where
𝑉𝐵 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑊𝐵
3. Mass-Volume percentage of solute = 𝑉 × 100
𝐵 + 𝑉𝐴

Where
𝑉𝐵 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑊𝐵 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
4. Parts per million(ppm)= 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 106

𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝓂𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒


5. Molarity (M)= 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠

6. Molarity (M)= (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠)/


(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒) × 1/(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 1000
7. Molarity (M)= 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 ×
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝐿

𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒


8. Normality (N)= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 1


9. Normality (N)= × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑒𝑞.𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒


10. Normality (N)= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 ×
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
1000
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝐿 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑚3

𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒


11. Molality (m)=
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑔

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 1


12. Molality (m)= 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
× 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑔

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 1000


13. Molality (m)= × 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑛𝐴
14. Mole fraction of solute (XA)= 𝑛
𝐴 + 𝑛𝐵

𝑛𝐵
15. Mole fraction of solute (XB)= 𝑛
𝐴 + 𝑛𝐵
16. Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid (Henry’s law)

P= KHX [KH = Henry’s law constant, X= mole fraction


of gas, P= partial pressure]

17. Raoult’s law [Partial vapour pressure of two components of


solution]
PA= 𝑃𝐴𝑜 𝑋𝐴
PB= 𝑃𝐵𝑜 𝑋𝐵
[ PA & PB are partial pressure of components A &B
𝑃𝐴𝑜 & 𝑃𝐵𝑜 are vapour pressure in pure state, 𝑋𝐴 & 𝑋𝐵 mole fractions
of A and B in solution.]

18. Lowering of vapour pressure


𝑃𝐴0 − 𝑃𝐴
𝑋𝐵 = 𝑃𝐴0
𝑛𝐵
𝑋𝐵 = 𝑛
𝐴 + 𝑛𝐵

𝑊𝐵
𝑀𝐵 𝑊𝐵 𝑀𝐴
𝑋𝐵 = 𝑊𝐴 𝑊𝐵 =
+ 𝑊𝐴 𝑀𝐵
𝑀𝐴 𝑀𝐵
[𝑋𝐵 = mole farcation of solute,
𝑛𝐴 & 𝑛𝐵 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦,
𝑊𝐵 & 𝑊𝐴 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝐴 & 𝑀𝐵 𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒]

19. Elevation of boiling point


∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏 𝑚

Where [ ∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝐾𝑏 =


𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ]

20. Calculation of molecular mass of an unknown non-volatile


compound from elevation of boiling point
𝐾𝑏 𝑊
𝑀𝐵 = × 𝑊𝐵 × 1000
∆𝑇𝑏0 𝐴

Where
MB = molar mass of solute , Kb= molar enthalpy of vaporisation ,
WA= mass of solvent, WB = mass of solute

21. Depression of Freezing point


∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 𝑚
Where
∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝐾𝑓 =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
22. Calculation of molecular mass of an unknown non-volatile
compound from depression of freezing point
𝐾𝑓 𝑊
𝑀𝐵 = ∆𝑇 × 𝑊𝐵 × 1000
𝑓 𝐴

Where
MB= molar mass of solute
WA= mass of solvent
WB= mass of solute

23. Osmotic pressure


𝑛
𝜋 = 𝑉 𝑅𝑇 or 𝜋 = 𝐶𝑅𝑇
Where
𝜋 = 𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝐶 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑅 =
𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.,

24. Calculation of molar mass from osmotic pressure


𝑊𝐵 𝑅𝑇
𝑀𝐵 = 𝜋𝑉

Where
MB= molecular weight of solute
WB= mass of solute

25. Van’t Hoff’s factor


𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑖=
𝑎𝑏𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
𝑖 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛


𝑖= 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

i- Van't Hoff's factor

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