Literature Review
1. Nomophobia is defined as the fear of being without a mobile phone or no contact with one.
Negative aspect of mobile phone dependency is the time and money wastage as this time can
be utilized for study purposes.The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of Nomophobia
in 1st year students. A cross sectional study was conducted in Pune city from December 2015 to
February 2016. Data was collected via a pretested questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS
v20.Total of 145 students were selected on the basis of exclusion and inclusion criteria. Results
revealed that among all the participants,54.4% were female compared to 45.5% who were
male.17.9% of students had mild nomophobia,60% had moderate, and 22.1% had severe
nomophobia.Conclusion of the study was that nomophobia was found to be prevalent in
students of 1st year MBBS.
2. Aim of the current study was to assess the pattern and prevalence of nomophobia among 3rd
year medical students in north India. A cross sectional study was conducted amongst 130
medical students of 3rd year MBBS of Sri Aurobindo institute of medical sciences, Indore using a
preformed and pretested questionnaire where data was analyzed statistically via simple
proportions. Results revealed 90.76% of respondents responded.In the study, there were 65
more female respondents than male respondents(118 total). The majority of the pupils were
between the ages of 22 and 24. 87% of the pupils have at least one mobile phone, 34% had two
mobile phones,while 4% had three or more.Nomophobia was present in 73% of students. Out of
those 73% of students, 21% had anxiety and 83% had panic attacks when they lost their cell
phones. The most typical adverse effects, which 61% of people reported, was headache and
fatigue. Study concluded the woeful effects of nomophobia and suggested there was more need
of research in this field of study.
3. Mobile phones were used for communication in the past but nowadays the internet has made it
an integral part of our daily lives. Their benefits are incomparable but have negative effects
too.Aim of the study was to assess the pattern of usage of mobile phones and its effects on the
academic performance of students. A cross sectional study was conducted among 554 students
of D.J. College of Dental Sciences through a self administered questionnaire. Results revealed
that 39.5% of students surveyed believed that getting more phone time affected their
performance in professional exams. 24.7% of students were reported frequently using their
cellphone in class or while completing cynical work. About 24.14% of students were found to be
nomophobic and 40.97% were at risk of developing this phobia. The study concluded that usage
of mobile phones in dental students indicated that students have been addicted to mobile
phones which affects their academic performance in a negative way.
4. The study was carried out in Western Gujarat from September to October 2018. The study
aimed to know the prevalence and factors leading to nomophobia in general population. Using a
pre validated questionnaire with three components, 1) The demographic information; 2)
Information on the characteristics of mobile phone use; and 3) The Nomophobia Questionnaire
(NMP-Q), which was distributed to roughly 1000 people via emails and WhatsApp. Around 192
(58%) of the 331 respondents were men, and 139 (42%), women. However, NMP scores were
significantly higher among people who checked their phones more frequently (p0.000), spent
more time each day on them (p = 0.000), and had phantom ringing syndrome (p0.000). 241
respondents, or 72.8 percent, believed that using their phones was taking up time and
interfering with other everyday tasks. Study concluded that Nomophobia is an emerging adverse
effect of prolonged mobile phone use.
5. Nowadays mobile phones used for communication are identified as a part of our daily
lives.Based on several studies mobile phone addiction can lead to anger,aggression,anxiety or
even depression.The aim of the study was to investigate nomophobia among students of Islamic
Azad University,Tehran. A cross sectional study was conducted on 100 students from different
medical departments from 2016-2017 using a self-made questionnaire(by the researcher)
covering the effect of gender,age,education ,duration of cellphone variables .on
discomfort,anxiety and insecurity.Data was recorded in a datasheet and analyzed via SPSS
v.21.the significance value was considered P<0.05. Results revealed that students with lower
mean age had more anger,discomfort ,anxiety and insecurity due to lack of mobile phone and
other related issues compared to other mean age groups. The incidence of nomophobia was
lower in females(P>0.05) whereas with higher educational status the incidence of nomophobia
was higher(P>0.05). In conclusion of the study by understanding the pattern of nomophobia,
users can facilitate their path to prevent its side affects such as anger ,discomfort,anxiety and
depression among the technology users.
6. Today especially in our younger generations smartphones have become an important part of the
technoculture. Being out of contact from a mobile phone also termed as nomophobia,which is
on rise across the globe,causes anxiety, anger ,discomfort or nervousness. Aim of the study was
to assess the prevalence of nomphobia and mobile phone dependency in students of medical
colleges. A cross sectional study comprising of 200 students of medical college in Bangalore
using a predesigned and pretested questionnaire while data was analyzed using SPSS
v.17.0.Results revealed that 52.5% of the 200 students in the study were male and 47.5% were
female. The majority of students (74%) spend between Rs. 300 and 500 per month on mobile
recharging. In this study, 79 students(or 39.5% of the total)were nomophobic, while an
additional 27% were at danger of becoming nomophobic. About 23% of students reported that
they lose focus and become agitated when their mobile device is not nearby. The study
indicated an increasing risk of nomophobia in younger generations while further research and
study were required to investigate more in depth about the psychological aspects and solutions
regarding nomophobia.
7. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between nomophobia and low self
esteem in Greek university students. 1060 university students, both male and female, ages 18 to
25, who participated voluntarily in the study by answering an anonymous online survey made up
the study sample. The "Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q)" and "Rosenberg's self-esteem
scale (RSES)" were used to gather the data. Nomophobia was present in all subjects to some
extent, with the moderate level predominating (59.6%). In terms of self-esteem categories,
18.7% of the participants had poor levels, while the remaining participants displayed normal or
high levels. When compared to students who had normal or high levels of self-esteem, those
with poor self-esteem were twice as likely to have greater levels of nomophobia (adj Cum OR =
1.99, p value 0.001). In addition, women and students whose dads did not have a college degree
were more likely to show signs of nomophobia (adj Cum OR = 1.56 and 1.44, respectively, p
values 0.008). Study concluded that low self esteem and nomophobia are closely related but
further research is required to exactly know the connection between them.
8. Mobile phones have became an integral part of one’s life ranging from a status symbol to a
necessity due to the number of advantages it provides. Excessive or addicting us of smartphone
can cause long term physical and psychological symptoms such as loneliness, poorslf control,
anxiety and low self esteem. The aim of the study was to understand the prevalence of
nomophobia among college going undergraduate and post graduate students using smart
phones. Crosssectional study ensign with qualitativeexploratory research approach was chosen
to assess the severity of nomophobia in 300 college students of Faridkot, Punjab using
datasheet (sociodemographic) and nomophobia questionnaire.According to this survey, 99.7%
of college-bound kids experienced nomophobia. A third (32.7%) of college students had severe
levels of nomophobia, 59.9% had moderate levels, and 7.1% had light levels. In conclusion, It
was determined that 99.7% of the individuals had nomophobia. Those who use their
smartphones excessively have a greater risk of getting nomophobia. Additionally, more focus
should be placed on early diagnosis and treatment of nomophobia.
9. This cross-sectional study was carried out on Ambajogai's SRTR Government Medical College's
undergraduate medical students .The current study was designed to address this issue and raise
awareness among medical students. The purpose of this study was to 1) determine the
incidence of nomophobia among medical students and 2) determine the usage patterns of
mobile phones. 3) To understand the effects of nomophobia on one's health. All first-year
medical students to last-year medical students were enrolled in the study while 346 medical
students in all had their information gathered using a predesigned, pretested questionnaire
"test of mobile phone dependence" (TMD Brief).Utilising Epi info 7 Software, data was
analysed.The results revealed Nomophobia was present in 71.39% of people, which was more
common in men (73%) than in women (69.94%). The most prevalent symptom of smartphone
dependency was "disturbing sleep" (41.33%). In conclusion, Nomophobia was substantially
related with study participants from nuclear families, third-year medical students, students
between the ages of 20 and 22, and students who spent more than $400 per month on mobile
phones.
10. Since smartphones have become so widely used in recent years, it is virtually impossible for
anybody to imagine ever going without one. The overuse of smartphones has led to a syndrome
known as nomophobia, which is the discomfort or anxiety one feels while unable to use a
smartphone. This study's objective was to assess smartphone-using medical students'
nomophobia.Undergraduate medical students were the subjects of a cross-sectional
investigation. The prevalence of nomophobia among the students was measured using a 20-
item questionnaire, and questions on the usage of smartphones for what purposes and in what
contexts were also included. Coding and data entry into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet were
done with the acquired data. Software from SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA, called the Statistical
Package for the Social Sciences, version 16, was used to analyse it. The link was examined using
a chi-square test, and p 0.05 was deemed significant.Nomophobia is a behavioural issue that is
on the rise and needs to be addressed. The fact that all medical students had various degrees of
nomophobia is really concerning. It is necessary to raise awareness of the negative impacts of
smartphone addiction.
11. Nomophobia, or the dread of being cut off from mobile phone communication, is precisely
translated as "no mobile phobia." Mobile devices are increasingly being used to unwind thanks
to the inclusion of several applications, to the point that it is now being seen as more of a
distraction and addiction across all age groups, but especially among college students. The goal
of the current study is to evaluate the prevalence of nomophobia among first-year medical
students.Nomophobia prevalence among the research sample will be examined.To identify
potential predictors that may be responsible for this nomophobia Cross-sectional survey of
medical college undergraduate students, with the inclusion criteria being those in their first to
last year of MBBS study, as well as those who were willing to participate and gave their
informed consent. Students who were not present on the day of the poll and those who refused
to participate would not be included. A systematic, tested questionnaire that includes
sociodemographic information, academic performance, frequency, and costs associated with
using mobile devices for research sample, as well as a validated three-point likert scale to
indicate possible nomophobia.284 students in all, with a mean age of 21.08 years, participated
in the survey. Their gender ratio was 5:4, and 48% of the respondents were from the fifth
semester. Smartphone ownership was at 17.2%, with a mean cost of $15,000 and the maximum
monthly recharge amount of $5,000. Data consumption in the sample was at 15.5 hours per day
on average, with a range of 30 minutes to 20 hours per day. Only 27% of mobile users turn their
phones off or put them in silent mode, and 44% of these users reported having trouble
sleeping.7.8% of people had a score below 3, which was symptomatic of severe nomophobia,
and they were directed to counselling.Individual and group counselling should be provided to
medical students who have a substantial amount of fear in order to manage it.
12. Nomophobia, often known as the dread of losing touch with one's own mobile phone, is a form
of mobile phobia. Modern mobile phone technology gives social life new levels of speed and
connectedness. Younger people are the newest mobile phone users, and at professional
institutions like medical colleges, the under-25 age group uses mobile phones very regularly.
This investigation was done to determine how common nomophobia was at Gandhi Medical
College in Bhopal.A cross-sectional research on students from Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal's
first proff, second proff junior, second proff senior, junior final proff, and senior final proff was
done from June to September of that year. 473 pupils in total were chosen by purposive
sampling. A survey was used to get the data. According to NMP Q, scoring was determined.A
total of 473 undergraduate MBBS students were the subject of the study. Participants who were
female made up 51.6% of the total. The majority of participants (56.1%) were in the 20–22 age
range. More than 57% of individuals began using smart phones before becoming 18 years old.
Only one person did not have nomophobia, making up the remaining 291 (61.5%), 6.1% of
whom had severe cases.Mobile phones and other modern technology have changed our
everyday lives in both positive and negative ways.
13. This Cross-sectional Study was carried out at Tagore Medical College and Hospital in Chennai,
Tamil Nadu, India participated in this cross-sectional survey over the course of two months (July
and August 2019). Nomophobia - mobile phone dependence, a study among students at a rural
medical college .The aim of the study was to ascertain the frequency of nomophobia and the
usage trends of mobile phones among Chennai's medical students. Of the 400 pupils, 200 (50%)
of them were male and 200 (50%) were female (first year through fourth-year medical). Yildirim
C and Correia AP created a standardized questionnaire to measure the prevalence of
nomophobia in the research population. The method of stratified simple random selection was
utilized to choose 100 students from each study year. To compare the degree of nomophobia
with other factors, descriptive statistics and the chi-square test were used. Results revealed The
frequency of nomophobia was 99% (396); severe nomophobia was seen in 17.5% (70), moderate
in 56.3% (225), and mild in 25.3% (101).In conclusion, Mobile use for more than 5 hours per day
was linked to severe nomophobia (p-value = 0.013).
14. The objectives of this study are to determine the incidence of nomophobia among medical
students, to assess the sociobehavioral causes of nomophobia, and to investigate the
behavioural subdimensions of nomophobia as well as medical students' attitudes towards
smartphone use.The study was conducted among first-year medical students at a private
medical institution in a rural Bengaluru using a cross-sectional methodology. Data were
gathered using a pre-tested questionnaire, and they were examined using SPSS software
(Version 24) and Microsoft Excel 2010.In the present study, 86.9% of the participants were
openly nomophobic, 13% were at danger of becoming such, and just 7.6% were considered to
be normal. The most common responses in terms of the psychological and behavioural
characteristics of nomophobia were revealed to be "annoyance for not being able to use
smartphone," "clinging to phone all the time," "feeling stressed if not using the phone,"
"knowing the adverse impact on academic performance," "sleep deprivation," and
"compulsiveness for taking calls while studying." Both gender and reported smartphone
addiction and nomophobia had statistically significant correlations (P = 0.003 and P = 0.0001,
respectively).The latest study backs up the trend of nomophobia becoming more prevalent
among medical students. Nomophobia has also been found to be more common among women.
The current study also sheds light on the changing psychological and behavioural traits of
smartphone users, including compulsiveness, irritation, stress, poor academic performance, and
clinginess to their devices.
15. Analytical cross-sectional study was carried out on Peruvian medical students between June
2020 and March 2021.The study's objective was to assess nomophobia among Peruvian medical
students and the factors that contribute to it. Using an online survey distributed via social
networks, We looked at 3139 replies, of which 25.7% had moderate nomophobia and 7.4% had
severe nomophobia (females: 61.1%, median age: 22 years). In conclusion, nomophobia among
college students is a prevalent and developing issue that mostly affects younger generations and
is linked to signs of anxiety or sadness.
16. Nomophobia, often known as "no-mobile-phone phobia," is a relatively recent word that
expresses the mounting terror and dread brought on by going without a phone. We want to
know how common nomophobia is among Pakistani undergraduate students and whether there
is a relationship between age and gender. Additionally, it seeks to identify the causes of
nomophobia. A cross-sectional study was carried out between March 25 and April 25, 2021,
using an online survey. The technique of snowball sampling was utilised to get the data. The
target demographic was given copies of the Yildirim and Correia Nomophobia Questionnaire
(NMP-Q). IBM SPSS version 22 and Microsoft Excel 2007 were used to analyse the results of a 7-
point Likert scale utilising age and gender criteria.Additionally, the contributing elements were
examined. 28 of the 483 replies we got were disregarded because they were insufficient or were
from people who were too old for the study—between 15 and 25—or both. Women made up
the majority of the responders (n = 314, 69.01%). Men were 31 percent less in number than
women (n = 141). Most of the responders were between the ages of 15 and 25. The typical age
was twenty. Nomophobia affected 186 people (40.88%) in a severe, 221 (48.57%) in a moderate,
and 48 (10.55%) in a light way. Individual item scores and average factor-wise scores were also
combined. Our research led us to the conclusion that nomophobia, in mild to severe forms,
affects the majority of undergraduate students in Pakistan. The DSM may eventually recognise
nomophobia as a recognised phobia. It is necessary to do more extensive study on the issue to
delve further into it and assess its therapeutic value.
17. The DSM may eventually recognise nomophobia as a recognised phobia. It is necessary to do
more extensive study on the issue to delve further into it and assess its therapeutic value.Using
a stratified sample approach, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from October
2016 to March 2017 on a total of 390 undergraduate students between the ages of 17 and 25.
The study included students who had been using cell phones for more than a year. Students
were required to complete a pretested, self-administered questionnaire that included
information about their sociodemographics, mobile phone usage habits, and a Leung-developed
mobile phone addiction score.85 (21.8%) of the undergraduate students were found to be
dependent on their phones. There is a correlation between the amount of time spent using a
mobile device, the number of calls made each day, the cost of monthly recharges, and the
number of years the device has been owned. Regarding dependency on mobile phones, there
was no difference between men and women.The current study discovered that among medical
students in their first year, smartphone reliance was widespread. These findings point to the
necessity for educational programmes to be created to teach pupils how to utilise mobile
devices effectively.
18. Nomophobia is a shortened version of "no-mobile-phone-phobia." The word was originally used
in a 2008 research that the UK Postal office had commissioned. Everyone's life now revolve
heavily on their mobile devices. Due to the numerous benefits it offers, there appears to have
been a recent shift in the status of the cell phone from a sign of wealth to a need. usage of
smartphones, especially excessive and compulsive usage, causes physical and psychological
symptoms including loneliness, social anxiety, poor self-control, low self-esteem, etc. The
academic success of pupils is also impacted by excessive cell phone use.Attempts have been
made to explore the prevalence of nomophobia among students, varied symptoms, causes of
nomophobia among students, and its influence on their academic progress through literature
reviews while keeping all of these topics in mind.
19. "No mobile phone phobia" is referred to as nomophobia. Teenagers' use of mobile phones has
significantly increased, which has had a detrimental effect on their mental health. The current
study is to determine the prevalence of nomophobia (mild, moderate, and severe), as well as
other health-related issues and independent risk factors for severe nomophobia, among medical
students at a hospital and tertiary care institution in Central Odisha.450 students were included
in a cross-sectional study at a medical school in Central Odisha. There was a simple random
sample. The Nomophobia questionnaire (NMP-Q), among other predesigned, pretested
questionnaires, was utilised to collect data. Logistic regression was performed to assess the
independent risk variables of severe nomophobia after the data were analysed using SPSS.246
guys (54.6%) and the remaining 450 pupils were female. Nomophobia was pervasive among
students, with 33 (7.3%), 327 (72.7%), and 90 (20%) of them reporting mild, moderate, or severe
forms of the fear, respectively. Fourth year of study and above (aOR=2.69), usage of expensive
handsets (aOR=4.56), monthly charge of more than Rs. 500 for mobile phone use (aOR=6.09),
and anxiety of constantly remaining up to speed with news (aOR=4.86) were independent risk
factors of severe nomophobia.Regardless of age, gender, or socioeconomic background,
nomophobia is a very common problem among medical students that is influenced by phone
use. To lessen the burden and raise awareness of nomophobia among medical students, it is
advised that screening and appropriate counselling be made available.
20. The whole needed study sample at study colleges for both boys and girls was included using a
simple random sampling. The lists of students' names and university IDs were utilised at each
research college to choose the participants. The researcher individually contacted chosen pupils
with the aid of their tutors.to assess the severity of "no-mobile phobia" (nomophobia) among
students studying health sciences at King Khalid University in Abha, Saudi Arabia.625 students
from health sciences colleges were included in this cross-sectional survey. The researchers
created a self-administered data collection study questionnaire that asked about personal
characteristics, use of mobile phones, access to the internet, average daily use of mobile
phones, type of used mobile phones, and the validated 20-item Nomophobia Questionnaire
(NMP-Q).Everyone present had a smartphone. Nomophobia was prevalent among students to
the tune of 85.3%, with 22.1% reporting severe cases and 63.2% mild ones. The prevalence of
severe nomophobia was highest among those studying applied medical sciences, and lowest
among those studying medicine (35.1% vs. 15.8%, respectively). Grades for nomophobia varied
considerably amongst study colleges (p=0.003). The percentages of students who had severe
nomophobia were considerably greater among those who used their personal mobile phones to
access the internet (p=0.017) and among those who used their phones for more than two hours
each day (p0.001). However, there were no appreciable differences in nomophobia scores
between students based on their gender or Grade Point Average (GPA).At King Khalid University
in Saudi Arabia, mobile phone addiction is widespread among undergraduate students in the
health sciences colleges.To avoid the negative consequences of excessive cell phone use,
university students need to get health education.
21. Students studying health-related fields have a high prevalence of phobias. The incidence of
nomophobia among respiratory therapy (RT) students in Saudi Arabia, however, is not
known.An online survey tool called Survey Monkey was used to disseminate the nomophobia
questionnaire (NMP-Q) to a convenience sample of RT students throughout the months of
September and November 2022.Males made up 773 (54%) of the total 1428 RT students that
replied to the online poll. Among RT students, nomophobia was present 97.3% of the time
(139). The mean (SD) of the overall NMP-Q item scores was 62 (22), indicating that the RT
students had a moderate level of nomophobia. The nomophobia ratings of female RT students
were substantially higher than those of male RT students (63 (47-80) vs. 59 (43-75); p 0.001).
The nomophobia ratings of single RT students were considerably higher than those of married
RT students (62 (46-78) vs. 46 (37-64; p 0.001). Nomophobia ratings for RT students who lived
away from their family were considerably higher than those for those who did (66 (54-78) vs. 60
(44-77); p 0.001). The greatest nomophobia score was recorded by RT students with a GPA of
4.50 to 5.00 (63 (46-79); p = 0.005). The greatest nomophobia score was recorded by third-year
RT students (66 (48-80; p 0.001)). The greatest nomophobia score was recorded by RT students
who reported no academic warnings (63 (48-80); p 0.001). The greatest nomophobia score was
recorded by RT students who spent less than five hours per week studying (64 (51-80); p
0.001).The majority of RT students who have phobias report having a moderate level of it.
greater degrees of nomophobia were risk variables linked to greater academic achievement,
being female, single, living away from the family home, and living alone.
22. For high school and college students, using mobile devices inappropriately puts them at risk for
poor academic performance, accidents due to driving while distracted, and poor social
relationships because of a preference for using mobile devices and avoiding people in close
proximity.The current study was carried out with the intention of estimating the incidence of
nomophobia among medical college students and interns and its detrimental effects on their
quality of sleep and academic performance.A pretested, predesigned, and standardised
questionnaire was used in the current study, which was done from November to December
2018 at SHKM GMC, Nalhar, Nuh, among 600 MBBS students and interns who were using mobile
phones. Only test findings with a P value under 0.05 were deemed statistically significant.With
scores more than 24, over half of the research participants (40.1%) were judged to be
nomophobic. The majority of the academic performance indicators, such as deteriorating study
habits and grades, diminished focus, and arriving late for classes, were shown to be statistically
significantly (P = 0.000) correlated with nomophobia score, according to the Pearson's chi
square analysis.In conclusion, medical students have a large burden of smartphone addiction
and a propensity for poor judgement that jeopardises their health and wellbeing. In light of the
contemporary era's expanding information technology, steps must be done to overcome this
difficulty.
23. A deeper understanding of the consequences of smartphone usage on this demographic is
necessary given the rising rates of smartphone use among Pakistani undergraduate students
and the paucity of research in this area. In order to assess nomophobia rates and their
determinants within this understudied community, a cross-sectional study was conducted. As
part of a broader research, 138 undergraduate students at a private institution in Lahore,
Pakistan, completed the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) and a demographic survey.
Nomophobia was reported by all pupils to some extent, with the majority expressing moderate
levels. NMP-Q scores showed gender disparities, with women expressing higher degrees of
nomophobia, particularly on the "Not being able to communicate" subscale. While hours of
usage per day, frequency of phone checks per day, and time spent in school were all found to be
correlated with NMP-Q scores by multiple linear regression, only hours of usage per day was
found to be a significant predictor [R =.331, R2 =.109, F (3, 116) = 4.748, p .05]. The findings of
this study suggest that monitoring nomophobia and its correlations is extremely important and
has consequences for social and academic policy as smartphone use continues to rise in this
developing country.
24. The purpose of this study was to investigate the connection between physical exercise and
nomophobia in college students. There were 300 volunteer university students, ages 17 to 25, in
all. Online measurements were submitted using Google Forms. The International Physical
Activity Questionnaire Short Form and the Nomophobia Scale were also employed. Male
participants had greater levels of daily vigorous physical activity, weekly vigorous physical
activity days, and metabolic equivalent of task values spent on vigorous exercise (p .01). The
individuals' moderate-intensity physical activity, walking, and sitting periods did not differ
significantly from one another (p >.05).Nomophobia levels and physical activity levels of the
female participants were shown to be negatively correlated (r = -.217, p <.001). The university
students showed significant levels of nomophobia and inadequate amounts of physical exercise.
The amount of nomophobia was shown to be negatively correlated with physical exercise.
Approaches to enhance physical activity may help young people with high levels of nomophobia
lower their anxiety and depressive symptoms.
25. Nomophobia (NMP), or the dread of being out of mobile phone contact, has increased due to
mobile information and communication technologies, which have also contributed to a growth
in smartphone reliance globally.The study's goals were to determine how often medical
students used smartphones, to calculate the prevalence of NMP, its grade, and the correlation
between various factors and NMP grade. Using a systematic random sampling approach, a
community-based, analytical cross-sectional research was undertaken among medical students.
A questionnaire was employed that included NMP Questionnaire items as well as characteristics
related to smartphone ownership and usage.There were more female students (70.9%) than
male students (29.1%). The majority (44.7%) were between the ages of 19 and 20. On average,
52.4% of them got 3 emails every day. 56.4% of them have 20 or less apps loaded on their
devices. Three fresh applications had been installed by 68% of them in the previous month.
NMP was found to be 100% prevalent, with the majority (63.1%) having moderate-grade NMP.
The associations between community, smartphone ownership, average monthly mobile phone
bill with internet usage, and daily email volume with the difference in the grade of NMP were
found to be statistically significant, with P values of 0.04 (community), 0.04 (smartphone
ownership), 0.01 (internet usage), and 0.04 (daily email volume), respectively. The high prevalence
of NMP can be attributed to the use of smartphones for online classes due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
References:
1. Farooqui IA, Pore P, Gothankar J. Nomophobia: an emerging issue in medical institutions?. Journal of
Mental Health. 2018 Sep 3;27(5):438-41.
2. Sharma N, Sharma P, Sharma N, Wavare R. Rising concern of nomophobia amongst Indian medical
students. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences [Internet]. 2015;3(3):705. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/2320-6012.ijrms20150333
3. Prasad M, Patthi B, Singla A, Gupta R, Saha S, Kumar JK, Malhi R, Pandita V. Nomophobia: A Cross-
sectional Study to Assess Mobile Phone Usage Among Dental Students. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017
Feb;11(2):ZC34-ZC39. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/20858.9341. Epub 2017 Feb 1. PMID: 28384977; PMCID:
PMC5376814.
4. Khilnani AK, Thaddanee R, Khilnani G. Prevalence of nomophobia and factors associated with it: a cross-sectional study. Int J Res
Med Sci [Internet]. 2019 Jan. 25 [cited 2023 Jun. 10];7(2):468-72. Available from:
https://www.msjonline.org/index.php/ijrms/article/view/5840
5. Darvishi, Mohammad, Majid Noori, Mohammad Reza Nazer, Soheil Sheikholeslami, and Ebrahim Karimi.
2019. “Investigating Different Dimensions of Nomophobia Among Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional
Study”. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7 (4):573-78.
https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.138.
6. Pavithra MB, Madhukumar S, Murthy TS M. A Study on Nomophobia - Mobile Phone Dependence, Among Students of a Medical
College in Bangalore. Natl J Community Med [Internet]. 2015 Sep. 30 [cited 2023 June. 10];6(03):340-4. Available from:
https://njcmindia.com/index.php/file/article/view/1204.
7. Vagka E, Gnardellis C, Lagiou A, Notara V. Nomophobia and Self-Esteem: A Cross Sectional Study in Greek
University Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [Internet]. 2023 Feb
8;20(4):2929. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042929
8. Bajaj S, Maheshwari SK, Maheshwari PS. Prevalence of nomophobia among college students: An
exploratory cross-sectional survey. Indian J Psy Nsg 2020;17:29-32.
9. Myakal, Vanita & Vedpathak, Vinod. (2019). Nomophobia - mobile phone dependence, a study among
students of a rural medical college. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health. 6.
2034. 10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20191814.
10. Janki Bartwal, Bhola Nath,Evaluation of nomophobia among medical students using smartphone in north
India,Medical Journal Armed Forces India,Volume76,Issue4,2020,Pages451-455,ISSN0377-
1237,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2019.03.001.(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0377123719300346)
11. 1.Kar S, Nath Sarma N, Mistry C, Pal R. PREVALENCE OF NOMOPHOBIA AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS IN A PRIVATE
COLLEGE OF BHUBANESWAR, ODISHA. November Edition |wwwjbinocom | Innovative Association JBio [Internet].
2017 [cited 2023 Jun 11];6(6):2277–8330. Available from: https://www.jbino.com/docs/Issue06_07_2017.pdf
12. 1.Sethia S, Melwani V, Melwani S, Priya A, Gupta M, Khan A. A study to assess the degree of nomophobia among the
undergraduate students of a medical college in Bhopal. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public
Health [Internet]. 2018 May 5 [cited 2023 Jun 11];5(6):2442–5. Available from:
https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph
13. 1.Anusuya GS, Dinah H, Arumugam B, Karthik RC, Annamalai R, Mani E. A Cross-sectional Study on Nomophobia
among Undergraduate Medical Students in Chennai, India. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH. 2021;
14. Mallya NV, R SKD, Mashal S. A study to evaluate the behavioral dimensions of Nomophobia and attitude toward
smartphone usage among medical students in Bengaluru. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. (2018), [cited June 04,
2023]; 8(11): 1553-1557. doi:10.5455/njppp.2018.8.0827603092018
15. Copaja-Corzo C, Aragón-Ayala CJ, Taype-Rondan A. Nomophobia and Its Associated Factors in Peruvian
Medical Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [Internet]. 2022 Apr
20;19(9):5006. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095006
16. Minaam Farooq, Musa Ali Rizvi, Waaiz Ali Wajid, Mohammad Ashraf, Mukarram Farooq, Haseeba Javed,
Muhammad Ahmad Sadiq, Hamza Muhammad Jafar, Farooq Hameed, Mehdi Ali Rizvi, and Aalia
Tayyba.Prevalence of Nomophobia and an Analysis of Its Contributing Factors in the Undergraduate
Students of Pakistan.Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking.Feb 2022.147-
153.http://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2021.0148
17. Thapa K, Lama S, Pokharel R, Sigdel R, Rimal SP. Mobile Phone Dependence among Undergraduate Students
of a Medical College of Eastern Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2020
Apr 30;58(224):234-239. doi: 10.31729/jnma.4787. PMID: 32417860; PMCID: PMC7580460.
18. Devi U, Dutta R. A review paper on prevalence of nomophobia among students and its impact on
their academic achievement. Journal of Positive School Psychology. 2022 Apr 5;6(3):5397-405.
19. Ashe S, Routray D, Giri RC. Nomophobia: mobile phone dependence among students of a
medical college in Central Odisha, India.
20. HASSAN MA, CABFM AA, AL-QAHTANI FS, SBFM SA, RISHI KB, FATIMA RIAZ PD, AHMAD
SA, AL-AMRI SA, ABDULHAKEEM A, SALEH A, ALFAIFI SH. Prevalence and determinants of
“no-mobile” phobia (nomophobia) among university students. The Medical Journal of Cairo
University. 2019 Jun 10;87(June):2581-6.
21. Aldhahir AM, Bintalib HM, Siraj RA, Alqahtani JS, Alqarni OA, Alqarni AA, Alghamdi HS, Alyami
MM, Naser AY, Fatani AI, Alwafi H. Prevalence of Nomophobia and Its Impact on Academic
Performance Among Respiratory Therapy Students in Saudi Arabia. Psychology Research and
Behavior Management. 2023 Dec 31:877-84.
22. Mengi A, Singh A, Gupta V. An institution-based study to assess the prevalence of Nomophobia
and its related impact among medical students in Southern Haryana, India. Journal of family
medicine and primary care. 2020 May;9(5):2303.
23. Schwaiger E, Tahir R. Nomophobia and its predictors in undergraduate students of Lahore,
Pakistan. Heliyon. 2020 Sep 1;6(9):e04837.
24. Torlak MS, Gerçek H, Ünüvar BS. and Nomophobia in University Students: A Cross-Sectional
Study.
25. Kiran, E.R., Vijaya, K. and Ashwini, M.R., 2023. Nomophobia in the students of a medical college
using smartphones: A cross-sectional study.
