Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.
Sci (2019) 8(4): 1128-1135
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 04 (2019)
Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com
Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.804.130
Growth and Yield of Banana as Influenced by Age of
Secondary Hardened Tissue Culture Plantlets
L. Dhanabati1* and S.K. Sarkar2
1
College of Post-Graduate Studies, Central Agricultural University (Imphal),
Umiam-793103, Meghalaya, India
2
Department of Fruits and Orchard Management, Faculty of Horticulture, Bidhan Chandra
Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia-741252, West Bengal, India
*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
Keywords
An experiment was conducted at Banana Research Centre, Mondouri under
Banana, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal
Secondary with five treatments and four replication at randomized block design. Two
Hardened, Tissue
Culture Plantlets consecutive plant crop of cv. Grand Naine was planted during September of
Article Info
2010 and 2011. Observations were recorded on various plant growth
characters, yield and yield contributing characters. The 2 months secondary
Accepted: hardened plantlets (T2) and 3 months secondary hardened plantlets (T3)
10 March 2019
Available Online: were found to be the best optimum age of tissue culture plantlets for better
10 April 2019 growth and yield of banana.
Introduction adoption of tissue culture propagated plants
among growers has been slow mainly because
Banana (Musa sp.) is one of the most of high costs. However adoption of drip
important fruit crops in India. It grows all irrigation and better management system
over the country in large and small scale. It is resulted in enhance return from tissue
affordable by all classes of people and cultured plants. Recently several complains
available throughout the year. In recent times, were being received from banana growers
it has been observed, in vitro propagated regarding uneven growth, low yield and
banana performs better than the sucker medium quality fruits of tissue cultured
derived plants. Moreover low rate of planting material which might be due to age
multiplication limits the method of of plantlets as disclosed by few studies carried
propagation through suckers. Uniformity in till date. The hardening is a process of
flowering, higher yield and early harvest of transferring in-vitro plants to the soil after
tissue culture propagated plants has been acclimatization. During hardening the
demonstrated at different locations. The plantlets undergo physiological adaptation to
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the changed external factors like temperature, Results and Discussion
relative humidity, water and nutrient supply.
Variation in yield and quality of tissue culture The plant height at different stages of
banana might be due to age of plantlets. The observation in variably hardened tissue
knowledge of optimum plantlet size could culture plant varied significantly. The 5
save the production cost for tissue culture months secondary hardened plantlets(T5)
laboratories and for growers the overaged or recorded maximum height at all stages of
underaged plantlets performance knowledge growth except 5 months after planting (MAP)
is highly essential for getting maximum in which plant height was maximum in 2
return. Therefore field experiment was month secondary hardened plantlets (T2)
conducted at Banana Research Centre, Bidhan which is closely followed by 5 month
Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mondouri hardened plantlets (T5). Further 1 month
during the years 2010-2013 to study on the hardened treatment (T1) recorded minimum
growth and yield of banana cv. Grand naine plant height at planting, 3 months after
as influenced by variably hardened tissue planting (MAP) and at shooting. During 5
cultured plantlets. MAP and 7 MAP minimum height was
observed in 3 month hardened plants (T3).
Materials and Methods After taking out from hardening green house
the plantlets showed progressing increase in
The experiment was carried out at the Banana plant height in field depending upon
Research Centre, Mondouri under Bidhan increasing duration of hardening. At planting,
Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, 3 MAP, 5 MAP, 7 MAP and shooting the 5
Nadia, West Bengal during 2010 to 2013. The month hardened plants had 43.1%, 35.2%,
centre is situated at 89 ˚E Longitude and 23.5 2.1%, 3.9% and 5.3% more plant height
˚N latitude with an altitude of 9.75 m above respectively than 1 month hardened treatment,
mean sea level. The climate of the Research depicting that major height difference
Station is Sub-tropical humid with the persisted upto 3 MAP only (Table 1).
maximum temperature varying from 22.3˚ C
to 38.8˚C and that of minimum from 10.5 ˚C The plant girth was maximum in 5 month
to 23.1˚C during the period of investigation. hardened plant (T5) at planting, 3 MAP and 5
The experiment was laid out with five MAP. In 7 MAP and at shooting plant girth
treatments; each replicated four times having was maximum in 2 month hardened plants
16 number of plants per treatment with a (T2). Throughout the growth stages plant girth
spacing of 2m x 2m in a randomized block was minimum in 1 month hardened plants
design. The first planting was carried out on (T1). Plant girth was 89.9%, 23.7% and 14.7%
04.09.2010 and the second planting on more in 5 month hardened plant (T5) at
04.09.2011. The treatments were 1 month, 2 planting, 3 MAP and 5 MAP respectively
months, 3 months, 4 months and 5 months compared to 1 month hardened plants (T1).
secondary hardened tissue culture plantlets. After 5 MAP, the 3 month hardened plants
In-vitro materials were taken out from the (T3) superseded the 5 month hardened plants
laboratory at monthly intervals on 4th of each (T5) with regard to plant girth (Table 1).
month during April, May, June, July and
August of both the year. Each lot after one It is a known fact that the initial growth of
month primary hardening were kept in net tissue culture raised plants is quite slow
house for secondary hardening. All the because of hormonal effect in tissue culture
plantlets were taken out from net house medium. Extending the secondary hardening
collectively before planting.
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of plantlets upto 5 months, plantlets overcome growth. The result of phyllochron shows that
the growth suppression effect during early the 2 month secondary hardened plants
growth while in hardening chamber, which recorded the lowest phyllochron (Table 2).
may have resulted higher plant height and Therefore, the present investigation was in
plant girth in 5 month hardened plantlet (T5) conformity with the work of Pillai and
compared to other treatments, which persisted Shanmugavelu (1979) who observed decrease
upto 3 MAP or 5 MAP. However shorter in phyllochron due to increase in the number
duration secondary hardened plants once of functional leaves. However, irrespective of
established in field i.e., after 5 MAP had the treatments the phyllochron so observed in
exceeded the height and girth of 5 month the present instance do confirm the work of
hardened plants (T5). Stover (1984).
The number of functional leaves was Leaf area and leaf area index
minimum in 2 month hardened plantlets at
planting. Thereafter the same treatment had The leaf area at different growth stages of
maximum number of functional leaves at all observation in variably hardened tissue
stages of growth. 3 months hardened plants culture plants varied significantly. The 5
(T3) at 3MAP and 4 months hardened plants months secondary hardened plants (T5)
(T4) at 5 MAP had lowest number of showed the maximum leaf area at planting
functional leaves. However at later stages i.e., (0.03m2), at 3 MAP (0.16m2) and at shooting
7 MAP and shooting 5 months hardened (0.02m2).
plantlets (T5) had minimum number of
functional leaves. However, at 7 MAP and at shooting the leaf
area was higher in one month secondary
The phyllochron value at monthly interval hardened plants (0.69m2) and 3 months
revealed maximum value (days) in 5 months secondary hardened plants (1.16m2) compared
hardened plants (T5) in all months of with 5 months secondary hardened plants (T5)
observation. This envisages lower production recording 0.62m2 and 0.98m2 at 7 MAP and at
of leaves at any specific period, which finally shooting respectively (Table 3). The plantlets
recorded least number of functional leaves at showed progressive increase in the leaf area
7 MAP and at shooting in 5 months hardened with increasing growth under the field
plants (T5). Higher values of phyllochron in 4 condition. However, tissue cultured plantlets
month hardened plants (T4) during November, need an acclimatization period for their
December and January which coincided with establishment in the field condition and in
5 MAP also resultes less number of functional overcoming the hormonal effect of the culture
leaves for this treatment. Phyllochron values medium, which may be the probable reasons
from November onward was least in 2 month for the slow increase in the leaf area during
hardened plants(T2) also resulted maximum the initial growth period i.e., up to 5 MAP in
number of functional leaves in this treatment field. Extending the secondary hardening of
at 3 MAP onward. Comparatively higher plantlets up to 5 months overcome the growth
plant height at 5 MAP onward and highest suppression effect of in vitro hormones and
plant girth at 7 MAP and at shooting stage in getting acclimatization period during
2 month hardened plants (T2) may be due to hardening thereby promoting the growth and
better establishment in field, ultimately resulted in higher leaf area compared to other
resulting in lower phyllochron and more treatments.
number of functional leaves at later stages of
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Table.1 Effect of variably hardened tissue cultured plantlets on plant height (cm) at shooting stage of banana
cv. Grand Naine (AAA) in two consecutive plant crop
Treatment Plant height Plant girth No.of leaves
2010- 2011- Pooled 2010- 2011- Pooled 2010- 2011- Pooled
2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012
T1 214.92 218.97 216.95 70.58 73.33 71.95 14.10 14.61 14.36
T2 225.06 225.81 225.43 75.87 80.38 78.12 14.71 15.56 15.13
T3 222.81 218.18 220.49 75.37 75.15 75.26 14.92 15.13 15.03
T4 220.75 226.25 223.50 73.69 73.44 73.57 14.12 14.32 14.22
T5 224.93 232.03 228.48 72.59 77.67 75.13 13.10 13.18 13.14
SE.m± 0.63 1.01 0.60 0.35 0.48 0.38 0.07 0.08 0.06
CD (5%) 1.96 3.11 1.86 1.08 1.48 1.17 0.22 0.23 0.20
Table.2 Effect of variably hardened tissue cultured plantlets on phyllochron (days) of banana cv. Grand Naine (AAA) in two
consecutive plant crop
Sep Oct Nov Dec
Treatment 2010- 2011- Pooled 2010- 2011- Pooled 2010- 2011- Pooled 2010-2011 2011-2012 Pooled
2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012
T1 7.08 7.04 7.06 6.82 6.68 6.75 7.20 7.13 7.17 8.93 8.91 8.92
T2 6.91 6.70 6.81 6.77 6.43 6.60 7.12 6.75 6.94 8.61 8.50 8.56
T3 6.73 6.66 6.69 6.74 6.40 6.57 7.06 6.88 6.97 8.83 8.63 8.73
T4 7.21 7.16 7.18 6.94 6.53 6.73 7.37 7.34 7.36 9.14 9.09 9.12
T5 7.46 7.42 7.44 7.25 6.98 7.11 7.61 7.59 7.60 9.41 9.34 9.37
SE.m± 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.055 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04
CD (5%) 0.11 0.13 0.10 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.170 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.12
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Contd:……
Jan Feb March April May
2010- 2011- Pooled 2010- 2011- Pooled 2010- 2011- Pooled 2010- 2011- Pooled 2010- 2011- Pooled
2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012
9.24 9.18 9.21 8.58 8.42 8.50 8.27 8.14 8.21 8.05 7.95 8.00 8.26 8.13 8.19
8.86 8.80 8.83 8.15 7.99 8.07 7.69 7.53 7.61 7.41 7.36 7.39 7.87 7.56 7.72
9.04 8.93 8.98 8.30 8.11 8.20 8.31 7.95 8.13 7.86 7.81 7.83 8.17 8.06 8.11
9.56 9.39 9.47 8.90 8.52 8.71 8.48 8.23 8.35 8.08 8.08 8.08 8.74 8.37 8.55
9.79 9.49 9.64 9.15 9.04 9.09 8.68 8.46 8.57 8.33 8.14 8.23 8.90 8.56 8.73
0.04 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.13 0.09 0.06 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05
0.11 0.10 0.07 0.17 0.26 0.20 0.25 0.39 0.27 0.19 0.30 0.22 0.18 0.16 0.16
Table.3 Effect of variably hardened tissue cultured plantlets on leaf area (m2) and LAI at different growth stages of banana cv. Grand
Naine (AAA) in two consecutive plant crop
Leaf Area (m2) Leaf Area Index(LAI) at
Shooting
Treatment At planting 3 MAP 5 MAP 7 MAP At shooting
2010- 2011- Pooled 2010- 2011- Pooled 2010- 2011- Pooled 2010- 2011- Pooled 2010- 2011- Pooled 2010- 2011- Pooled
2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012
T1 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.65 0.72 0.69 1.08 1.08 1.08 0.63 0.64 0.64
T2 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.66 0.67 0.66 1.13 1.12 1.12 0.62 0.62 0.62
T3 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.67 0.67 0.67 1.15 1.17 1.16 0.70 0.71 0.70
T4 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.23 0.22 0.23 0.65 0.65 0.65 1.08 1.07 1.07 0.64 0.65 0.65
T5 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.63 0.61 0.62 0.98 0.99 0.98 0.58 0.61 0.59
SE.m± 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.006 0.003 0.006 0.009 0.008 0.005 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.005 0.003 0.005 0.003
CD (5%) 0.004 0.005 0.004 0.011 0.019 0.010 0.020 0.028 0.023 0.017 0.025 0.018 0.018 0.024 0.016 0.011 0.014 0.008
MAP= Months after planting
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Table.4 Effect of variably hardened tissue cultured plantlets on days to shooting and days to harvest of banana cv.Grand Naine (AAA)
in two consecutive plant crop
Days to shooting Days to harvest
Treatment 2010-2011 2011-2012 Pooled 2010-2011 2011-2012 Pooled
T1 276.28 265.17 270.72 365.65 355.03 360.34
T2 268.64 262.84 265.74 353.13 351.84 352.48
T3 274.24 268.04 271.14 362.85 359.49 361.17
T4 281.75 273.04 277.39 371.00 360.79 365.89
T5 283.41 276.40 279.91 373.21 364.15 368.68
SE.m± 1.66 0.68 0.90 0.73 1.62 0.98
CD (5%) 5.12 2.09 2.76 2.24 4.98 3.01
Table.5 Effect of variably hardened tissue cultured plantlets on bunch weight and yield of banana cv. Grand Naine (AAA) in two
consecutive plant crop
Bunch weight(kg) Yield(t/ha)
Treatment 2010-2011 2011-2012 Pooled 2010-2011 2011-2012 Pooled
T1 21.59 34.00 27.80 53.98 85.00 69.49
T2 23.83 35.75 29.79 59.58 89.38 74.48
T3 20.54 37.50 29.02 51.35 93.75 72.55
T4 15.84 34.25 25.04 39.59 85.63 62.61
T5 14.78 33.0 23.89 36.94 82.50 59.72
SE.m± 0.72 0.92 0.67 1.81 2.29 1.66
CD (5%) 2.22 2.82 2.05 5.56 7.06 5.13
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Thus, the established secondary plantlets at 3 month secondary hardened plant (T3) while
months of hardening overcome all the growth the minimum pooled bunch weight was
suppression effect and showed maximum leaf observed in 5 month secondary hardened
area (1.16m2) and maximum leaf area index plant T5 (Table 5). The results are in
(0.70) at shooting (Table 3). It is quite conformity with the findings of Jhambhale
plausible that the LAI at shooting might very and Patil (2001) and Digrase et al., (2007).
well serve as an index for increasing the yield Maximum pseudostem girth, maximum
of bunch. Various evidences amply illustrate number of functional leaves might have
that the increase in LAI at shooting would resulted in maximum bunch weight in 2
definitely produce a better yield (Stover, month secondary hardened plantlets (T2)
1984). followed by 3 month secondary hardened
plant (T3) as bunch yield was strongly
Days to shooting and harvesting correlated with pseudostem girth in banana
(Teaotia et al.,19970). The higher bunch
Days required for shooting was minimum in weight in T2 might be due to more number of
both the year of planting as well as in pooled functional leaves produced at 3 MAP onwards
data in 2 month hardened plant (T2) while the during all growth stages. This observation
maximum days required for shooting was was in conformity to the findings of
observed in 5 month hardened plants (T5). Azhakiamanavalan and Rao (1980). Stover
Comparatively higher plant height, plant (1984) suggested higher LAI at shooting will
girth, number of functional leaves and lower result in higher yield accordingly LAI at
phyllochron in later stages of growth, shooting in T3 in the present experiment
triggered efficient assimilation of energy might have resulted maximum bunch weight.
which might have resulted in early
differentiation of flower bud in the corm and With regard to yield the pooled data revealed
faster movement through the pseudostem that maximum yield (74.48 t/ha) in 2 month
ultimately resulted in early shooting and early secondary hardened plant (T2) which was
harvest in T2 (Table 4). These findings are in closely followed by 3 month secondary
conformity with the results obtained by Ingle hardened plant (72.55 t/ha) while the
(2000) and Birhade et al., (1997) though for 3 minimum yield (59.72 t/ha) was recorded in 5
months old tissue culture plantlets. month secondary hardened plant (Table 5).
Similarly the work of Sheela and Nair (2001)
The days required for harvesting was and Jhambhale and Patil (2001) are in tune
maximum in 5 months hardened plantlets (T5) with these findings. The yield increased in 2
while minimum was recorded in 2 months month secondary hardened plant over in one
hardened plantlets (T2) followed by 1 month month secondary hardened plant persisted up
hardened plantlets (T1). The early vegetative to T3 and thereafter the yield reduced
growth, low phyllochron, early shooting progressively 3 month secondary hardened
might have resulted in early harvest in 2 (T3) plant onward to 5 month secondary
month hardened plantlets (T2). hardened plant (T5). The higher values of
yield contributing characters viz. hands/
Yield bunch, finger/hand, finger/bunch and finger
weight in 2 month as well as 3 month
The pooled data revealed that the maximum secondary hardened plantlet had contributed
bunch weight was recorded in 2 month towards more bunch weight and yield in these
secondary hardened plant (T2) followed by 3 two treatments. From the present
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investigation, it can be concluded that 2 Parbhani: 84.
months secondary hardened plantlets (T2) and Jambhale, N. D. and Patil, S. C. (2001).
3 months secondary hardened plantlets (T3) Extention and training in commercial
were the best optimum age of tissue culture production of tissue culture plants of
plantlets for better growth and yield of banana (1998-2001). Report submitted
banana. to department of biotechnology, Govt.
of India, New Delhi.
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How to cite this article:
Dhanabati, L. and Sarkar, S.K. 2019. Growth and Yield of Banana as Influenced by Age of
Secondary Hardened Tissue Culture Plantlets. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(04): 1128-1135.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.804.130
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