BALANGAW: LIVED EXPERIENCES OF LGBT

STUDENTS IN THE MIDST OF PANDEMIC

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

2023
Volume: 10
Pages: 796-807
Document ID: 2023PEMJ902
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8146137
Manuscript Accepted: 2023-12-7
Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 796-807, Document ID:2023 PEMJ902, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8146137, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Balangaw: Lived Experiences of LGBT Students in the Midst of Pandemic

Rosmar B. Pinaga*
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.
Abstract
Gloc-9's song "Sirena" has proved immensely popular and contentious in the Philippines, especially
among the LGBT community, which is the song's primary subject matter. This song depicts the
experiences of LGBT members starting from childhood up to adulthood by portraying an image of
how LGBT people deal with their sexual preferences and how society establishes its perception of
LGBT people. Thus, in a conservative and traditional Filipino culture, religious beliefs, cultural
standards, norms, and family expectations are the dominant components that impact LGBT
individuals' coping with their sexuality. Furthermore, this research employed Interpretative
Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) by Ferrer et al. (2021) to describe the participants' lived
experiences, challenges, and coping mechanisms for the darkest experiences of LGBT students
amidst this COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the study's implications were discussed, and
recommendations were suggested.

Keywords: LGBT, discrimination, bullying

Introduction they do not provide orientation for these gay people on

coping with it and where to seek help (Human Rights
Watch, 2017).
With the support of family, friends, school,
community, workmates, and neighborhoods, many On the other hand, current best practices in the child
LGBT people are "coming out" at a younger age and welfare field state that collecting SOGIE is an essential
living openly. Despite these positive leaps, many first step to better understanding the lives, experiences,
LGBT people, especially young LGBT people who are and possible unique challenges of LGBTQ and gender
not accepted by their families, friends, or groups, still non-conforming youth in the child welfare system
find life difficult (Gutang 2018).In line with Wise (NCDD, n.d.).Surprisingly, White et al. (2018)
(2020), school closures are tough for LGBT students. elucidate the realms of gay rights, which LGBTQ
Many LGBTQ+ kids and young adults have been people consider one of their significant of hope for the
rejected by their families. With schools closing, better. Because of that, LGBT people's experiences are
LGBTQ students with unsupportive families may now
now centered more on acceptance and positive views
be forced to live at home, or if they have been kicked
and outlooks from the school.This qualitative study
out of their home, they may have to find a new home.
aims to explore the lived experiences of LGBT
LGBTQ+ teenagers and young adults may have to
students amid COVID-19. It seeks to convey the
decide not to hide their identities at home, as they are
challenges these individuals face in the community,
"out" as LGBTQ+ at school and with their peers, but
schools, and so with their identity crisis. This study on
not with their family. In other words, many members
the lived experiences and challenges faced by LGBT
of the LGBT community, especially students, are not
students would like to extend its advantages to the
accepted by their families, and this stigma continues to
be faced by LGBT people. Since then, there are still LGBT community as the main subject of the study.
people who have less awareness of LGBT issues. Through this study, many silent tongues will speak to
Hence, many LGBT people are still experiencing contribute to the knowledge of existing bodies of
discrimination. studies to be used by future researchers.Hence, this
study explores different stories of LGBT students.
Basically, in a typical Filipino setting of a family Lastly, this study would like to emphasize the negative
raised conservatively and traditionally, religious experiences and the positive ones, their challenges,
affiliations, cultural norms, and family expectations and their ways of dealing with and overcoming such
are the dominating elements that influence gay battles during these difficult times.
individuals in dealing with their sexuality (Nadal &
C o r p u s , 2 0 1 3 ; c i t e d by F e r r e r et a l . , Research Questions
2021).Furthermore, in the Philippines, some gay
students encounter physical, verbal, sexual, and cyber This study aimed to explore the lived experiences and
harassment in schools, and most of the students are not challenges of LGBT students. Specifically, this study
aware of the existing anti-bullying policies. Hence, sought to answer the following queries:

Rosmar B. Pinaga 796/807

Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 796-807, Document ID:2023 PEMJ902, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8146137, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

1. What are the lived experiences of LGBT students? Data Gathering Instrument
2.What are the challenges faced by LGBT students? The interview was used in this study to conduct the
3.How do LGBT students deal with and cope up with collection of data from the respondents. Guide
experiences on being a LGBT? questions are also carefully checked and verified to
assess the credibility and accuracy of the research
Methodology subject. Expected data from the respondents were all
acknowledge and assumed to be accurate and precise
according to the issue and on what the study seeks to
Research Design answer. After the research instrument's approval, the
researcher begins with the data collection process with
This study utilized qualitative research, specifically the study's nine participants.
interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA).
Qualitative research relies on idiographic and scientific Validity Instrument
inquiry to determine how individuals discern a
particular phenomenon's particular condition. The Validity refers to the ability of the test to measure what
purpose of the IPA is to analyze how the respondents it intends to measure (Best, 2005). To establish the
perceived their personal and social nature. The IPA validity of the questionnaire, a modified interview
research's vital elements are the significance of guide and the content and face validity were used,
specific encounters, phenomena, and affairs held for where the items were examined and analyzed to
the respondents (Smith & Osborn, 2003). Thus, the simplify the terms used to solicit the needed answer to
process is phenomenological. It necessitates an in- the problem of the study. The researcher checked the
depth and critical investigation of the respondent; it accuracy of the findings by employing the procedures,
seeks to analyze one's understanding and explanation and the interview guide was validated by the three
and illustrate a particular phenomenon or condition jurors who were experts in their chosen field. They
rather than the sole empirical or observational method were requested to validate the item and make
to describe the occurrences or object (Ferrer et al., corrections, suggestions, and recommendations to
2021). improve the test instrument. Moreover, the criteria
used by the jurors were the nine-item criteria set by
Participants of the Study Good and Scates criteria; the jury rated the content and
face validity of the research instrument. The value of
The participants of this study were the 9 LGBT the validity index was 4.6, which means that the
students who are officially enrolled in the institution, instrument rate was very good.
whether they are from high school or college.
These participants were chosen based on the following Reliability of the Data Gathered/ Data Saturation
criteria:
The researcher advanced to establishing the
1. admitted his/her sexual identities as lesbian,
instrument's reliability via data saturation after
gay, bisexual, and transgender.
incorporating the jurors' recommendations and
2. Admitted that he/she is 100% gay (his/her
suggestions into the instrument as directed. The
feelings are exclusive to one gender identity).
collected data analysis ceased redundantly. The
3. Has been LGBT for ten years and entirely
researcher was always reassuring that further data
accepted by his/her family.
collection would yield similar results and serve to
The sampling method used in the selection of verify emerging themes and conclusions. When
participants was purposive. In purposive sampling, the researchers claim they need to collect enough data to
respondents are picked precisely according to the realize their research purpose, they ought to report
standards created by the researcher. This sampling how, when, and to what degree they achieved data
method was suitable for the conditional selection of saturation.Hence, the researcher transcribed the
specific respondents that will best identify the subject recorded interviews of the participants and presented
variable's criteria (Palinkas et al., 2015). them one by one. The additional data was added, and
erroneous transcriptions were revised with accuracy as
participants were asked to validate their answers. This
process was repeated until data saturation was
achieved, at which point the data was deemed reliable.

Rosmar B. Pinaga 797/807

Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 796-807, Document ID:2023 PEMJ902, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8146137, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Data Gathering Procedure participants of the study. The questions focused on

their firsthand experiences implementing Flexi- learning
during the pandemic and the new normal.
This research has undergone several procedures to
collect data and conclude useful and accurate research
Mind Bracketing. As humanly possible, the
results. A consent letter was first sent to the
researcher set aside all preconceived ideas about the
participants to ask for a request if they were willing to
phenomenon to understand best the experiences of
participate in the research. After the consent was
participants in this study (Creswell, 2007). In this
acknowledged and accepted, the researcher promptly
study, the researcher set aside his personal biases and
proceeds with the data gathering through the interview.
let the participants share their ideas on each question.
The researcher interviewed the participants via a social
media service platform and face-to-face, and during
Coding. After transcribing all the participants'
this process, the health protocol was observed. The
answers, the researcher classified and reclassified all
researchers interviewed them to secure their
the answers until codes of similar concepts were
confidentiality, make them feel at home, and share
identified. These codes were deducted from the many
their stories willingly and comfortably.
codes identified.
The research questions were presented during the
Thematic Insights. The statements that were grouped
interview to ascertain the participants' perspectives and
statements to determine their level of relationship and into "meaning units" were given descriptions of the
interaction. Interviews motivate the participants to "textures" (textural descriptions) of the experience that
state their thoughts and stories using verbal and happened, including verbatim examples (Creswell,
nonverbal communication to the researcher from their 2007). The researcher determined the themes that were
perspective and language and in their comfort zone. rejected from the participants' responses. To validate
The researchers transcribed each participant's these themes, the researcher goes back to the
statements and analyzed them multiple times to participants and asks them if they captured the essence
effectively interpret and acquire the main idea from the of the things they meant when they were interviewed.
participants’ point of view. After the researchers The researcher then made some necessary corrections
finished the data gathering and the interview ended as suggested by the participants based on the validated
successfully, the researchers had gathered the data information. The researcher reflected on the
about the experiences of LGBT students. The description and used structural description, seeking all
researchers conducted the interview discreetly to possible meanings and divergent perspectives, varying
secure privacy. Before the researchers informed the the frames of reference about the phenomenon, and
probable respondents, the participants had an constructing a description of how the phenomenon was
orientation about the data gathering process, privacy, experienced (Creswell, 2007). The significant
and noncompulsory response before receiving consent. statements of the participants were quoted directly in
Permission must be approved first by the possible the manuscripts, word for word, precisely as the
participants before the data collection process's actual participants had expressed them. In the description, the
execution. The participants' information is confidential participants' real names were withheld. Instead, they
and strictly prohibited from being divulged to secure will be assigned a pseudonym and placed in a
their privacy. Instead, they were introduced and quotation to protect their real identity.
identified using numbers or codes.
Ethical Consideration
Data Treatment and Methods of Analysis
The researcher established a collegial, trusting, and
According to Creswell (2003), as cited by Misajon professional relationship with the participants in this
(2017), the process of data analysis in qualitative study. This includes interviewing them in their
research involves making sense of the collected preferred setting. Follow-up interviews were
information by (a) preparing the data for analysis, (b) conducted with the same participants when there was a
conducting different analyses, (c) moving deeper into need to thoroughly saturate the data for analysis. The
an explanation of the nature of the phenomenon, (d) following figure presets the flow of data analyses.
representing the data, and (e) interpreting the findings.
In this study, data were analyzed using the following
methods:
Results and Discussion

In-depth interview. The researcher conducted a semi-

The Lived Experiences of LGBT Students
structured, one-on-one interview with the target

Rosmar B. Pinaga 798/807

Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 796-807, Document ID:2023 PEMJ902, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8146137, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

For the majority of the participants, acceptance from was just in grade six) LGBT 3 stated that: “Since when
their families and peers is the most important and I was elementary ako, nabal-an ko na nga gay ko.
meaningful experience for them to embrace their true Luwas dira, gin baton ko sang akon ginikanan wala gid
identities and love themselves for who they are. It sila may malain nga hambal sa akon.” (Since I was in
served as a memorable and joyful lived experience that the elementary, I knew already that I am a gay. To be
convinced them that LGBT people are deserving of honest, my parents never said bad things about me and
love, freedom, and happiness. However, not every accepted me wholeheartedly). Even LGBT 7 proudly
journey is perfect. Many LGBT members struggled shared that he initially hides his true color from his
and had terrible experiences throughout their LGBT family, but he never heard harsh words from his
journey. The data revealed the following lived family. “bisan nabal-an ko nga kinder palang ko gay
experiences: coming -out and acceptance; nako, tapos gina sunlog ko nila nga agi ko, tapos
unconditional love; and freedom/sense of worth, nagladlad nagid ko subong. Baton nagid ko sang akon
referred to as positive experiences; and discrimination; pamilya.” (When I was in kindergarten, I knew already
bullying; gender inequality; emotional cutoff; that I am gay, and they kept on teasing me since then
criticism; and gender concealment, referred to as calling me "bakla" or gay. Now, I am freely revealing
negative experiences. my true identity because I knew depth in my heart that
my family will never reject me). LGBT 8 stated that as
Positive Experiences the only child in the family and at the same time the
only son, his family finds it hard to accept his gender
According to the participants, positive perceptions identity.
from others contributed significantly to their
experience as LGBT. It ignites a spark in their spirits. “Nabatyagan ko nga gay ko sang grade six ko kay sang
Despite their gender identity, they will be able to una kalabanan ko nga mga barkada lalaki.” (I felt that I
achieve the pinnacle of empowerment through am gay when I was in grade six because I have found
“coming-out” and acceptance, unconditional love, out that I acted differently from among my male
freedom, happiness, self-worth, and empathy. It serves friends).
as their motivation to encourage people to look at this
individual and realize that they love themselves even Likewise, LGBT 6 revealed his sentiment that his
more. family found it hard to accept him because of his
feministic ways and behavior. But as time went by, his
Coming-out and Acceptance family accepted him as whatever gender he had.

The majority of the participants are "coming out" of “Sang time nga tubuan ko buot that was the time I
their true identities at a young age and living openly realize that I am gay and it’s really hard for them nga
with their families, who are supportive and accept batonon ko nga amo ko sini, but as the time goes by
them for who they are. Hence, the participants believe they accept me.” (It is on my teenage stage that I found
that acceptance from their family, peers, and out my true identity that I am gay. My parents though
community members drives them to embrace and having a hard time in accepting me, but as the time
freely show their true colors. It is one of their critical went by they accepted me wholeheartedly).
motives for positively perceiving their experiences.
However, some participants revealed their true Unconditional Love
identities during their teenage stage. Even parents
claimed that their acceptance gave LGBT people After coming out with their true identities without
strength in fighting and coping with their sexuality hesitation and fear, their parents and peers accepted
(Griffin et al., 1996; cited by Ferrer et al., 2021). Five them with unconditional love. These three participants,
out of nine participants affirmed the following out of nine, seem to be grateful to their families and
statements regarding their "coming-out" and how peers for the unconditional love they have shown
acceptance of their parents gave them positive throughout. This immense love drives these LGBT
experiences and a positive outlook on their identity as people to love and accept themselves. Positive
LGBT. experiences will never lessen as long as unconditional
love is present and perceived. This claim was
Thus, LGBT 1 (gay) student said: Sang nabal-an ko supported by an organization called Parents, Friends,
nga gay ko sang Grade six ko, dira dira gid nga time. and Family of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG), which
Pero baton ako sang akon mga parents. (My parents said that LGBT people are encouraged to love one
accepted me, when I found out that I am gay when I another. One of the aims of this organization is to

Rosmar B. Pinaga 799/807

Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 796-807, Document ID:2023 PEMJ902, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8146137, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

promote a movement toward love and provide community and lead to self-worth development
emotional support to family members who identify as (Harper et al., 2012). He stated that his experiences as
LGBT and have experienced a variety of homophobic positive turned him into the person he is right now.
views (Broad, 2011; cited by Ferer et al., 2021). According to LGBT 1: “Una, kabalo ka naman sang
aton community medyo judgmental people, so that I
Thus, LGBT 3 said: “baton gid sang akon pamilya nga prefer to keep it into myself kay kabudlay magpakita
bakla ako, kag na feel ko gid ang ila pagpalangga kag nga amo ko ni, alam mo na basta layo nalang sa
suporta sa akon bisan amo ko sini.” (My family gamo”.
accepted me even though I am gay, and I feel their
unconditional love and support regardless of my Negative experiences
gender preference). Meanwhile, LGBT 4 shared with
confidence that his family truly accepted him and that Participants also had negative experiences such as
he could freely express himself because of the love discrimination, bullying, gender inequality, emotional
and support from his family. “I do a lot of things like a isolation, criticism, and gender concealment, which
princess to accept my family's acceptance of who I am, caused LGBT people to suffer in their daily lives.
and I feel their love.”LGBT 9 (bisexual) also said that: Despite the fact that the third-gender population is
“kahit alam ng magulang ko na bisexual ako, tanggap increasing and acceptance of them is improving, there
nya parin ako at nararamdaman ko talaga ang buong are still situations where people, particularly
pagmamahal nya sa akin.” (My parents knew already homophobic ones, have difficulty making peace with
that I am a bisexual, but they accepted me and I can them and reconciling with them. Instead, they
feel their love). continued the violence and resentment directed against
homosexuals that has been one of the LGBT
Freedom community's most horrific nightmares.

Freedom is one of the rights of LGBT members to Discrimination

freely express their gender identity without any
denunciation from the community. Thus, one out of As presented in this theme, the participants reported
nine participants shared how freedom contributes to that if there are people who truly embarrassed the
their positive experiences as LGBT members. Because LGBT community, it will be those who are not open-
of this, LGBT members can express their gender minded and behave like trolls when they heap harsh
preferences without discrimination and without language on those individuals who have different
causing hurt to others. One of their goals in life is to be gender preferences. Furthermore, these people are
honest, and show what LGBT people can do beyond supposed to help these individuals, yet they
society's limits. Hence, this claim is congruent to nonetheless debauch this discrimination. This claim
Ingelhart et al. (2020) findings that one of the best was supported by Casey and Levesque (2018), who
experiences for LGBT members is freely expressing opined that some LGBT students have experienced
their sexual orientation or gender identity to avoid discrimination at school, wherein it has been proven
adverse treatment. Also, it provides just one more that these individuals frequently experience
helpful tool for fighting against government actions discrimination. Hence, in this study, the majority of
that discriminate against LGBT people. Additionally, the participants shared their stories of discrimination at
one of the good experiences for LGBT people is being school and in society.
free from gender-specific responsibilities (Riggie et
al., 2008). With that, LGBT 5 (transgender) said: Thus, LGBT 1 and LGBT 6 have experienced the
Being transgender at the same time fully accepted by same experience of discrimination. Eventually, they
his family I have the freedom to join in any women encountered verbal discrimination from one of the
activity. “Through my movement and my appearance church members who condemned them for their
at the same time join in the women’s activity.” gender identity. However, these lines could degrade
their preference because of the harsh words that were
Sense of worth thrown at them. And according to them “May isa gid
katawo nga nagsiling sa nga wala kuno may gin tuga
This theme shows that participants expressed how ang Diyos nga “agi”kag ang pagka-agi o”bakla” is
their self-worth developed out of adverse treatment against kuno sa bible. (There is somebody who says
and the challenges of being gay. Optimistic self- that God does not create a gay man and being a gay is
conceptualizations and resiliency to homophobia are against in the bible).Likewise, LGBT 2 said: “isa sa
considered the positive outlook of the LGBT mga verbal discrimination nga akon na experience ay

Rosmar B. Pinaga 800/807

Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 796-807, Document ID:2023 PEMJ902, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8146137, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

ang pagtan-aw nila sakon panggiho.” (One of my that “gina sunlog-sunlog ko nila tapos ako lang permi
experiences is verbal discrimination because people ang ila gina tripan. Tungod sa akon nga skin color.”
will interpret my ways differently depending on how
they look at it). LGBT 4 (Gay) opened up about his experiences,
saying that he, too, had been bullied and he felt that he
Moreover, LGBT 3 shared his story about his did not accept in the community. Oftentimes, he heard
experiences that there are many people in the some shameful words from his peers. Hence, he said
community still not open to LGBT people and “gina hambalan ko nila nga tikbalang kag kabayo nga
continue to hurled some negativity that is agi.”
embarrassing to all LGBT members. Thus, according
to him “ang na experience ko nga discrimination ara LGBT 5 (Transgender) also shared the same
ang abi mahampang o masaot ang mga babaye indi ko experiences that degraded his totality as a person
man malikawan nga indi maka join syempre ang because of some unacceptable words that were hurled
nabatian ko indi kada ya kay lalaki ka something amo at him by his peers. Based on him “gina hambalan ko
na sir na feel ko nga indi ko accept may ara gid ya nga nila nga ‘’busngal baba’’ kay tungod sa akon nga unto
gender bias.” LGBT 4 once shared that “I’ve nga ga sararampaw, then gina bastos ko nila tungod
experienced discrimination like measuring my naka palda ko, gina tuki nila akon palda sa tunga
standards, color, and body figure like a basketball baylihan. Kag gulpi lang ko nila gina dakop kag gina
player kanugon sang imo nga height ngaa nag agi ka” kisan kag gina koot akon titi.”

Bullying Furthermore, LGBT 6 (gay) said that “they bullied me

that I am a gay they called me’’ salot sa lipunan.’’
This theme prevails that a lot of LGBT members have
experienced bullying in terms of appearance and In a similar vein, LGBT 8 (Lesbian) also stated that
poverty. Bullying among LGBT people is one of the many people do not understand her gender preference,
negative experiences of LGBT members. LGBT and that she frequently experiences promiscuity
teenagers and straight teenagers' speculations about regarding her gender identity. With that, she said “ara
being LGBT frequently object to insulting, bullying, bala ang singitan ko nila nga tomboy-tomboy samtang
physical assault, and other abuse they experience in galakat ka sa dalan. Then hambalan ko nila nga ‘’tonto
school and society. This finding is congruent to Family nga tomboy ga brief wla pitoy’’
Lives (2022), which states in its lucid discussion that
sexual bullying is when someone's sexuality or gender Criticism
is used as a weapon against them, whether physically
or verbally. It is defined as any behavior that insults In interviews, it appeared that judgments are a
another person, singles them out with sexual words, common problem among LGBT students or teenagers;
gestures, or violence, or victimizes someone because it is natural for other people to be judgmental,
of their appearance and ways. Sexual bullying also especially when it comes to gender. Notably, this
encourages people to be promiscuous and act in ways claim follows in the footsteps of UNESCO (2015),
that make others uncomfortable. Likewise, bullying who stated that in the Philippines, as elsewhere,
about sexuality is very prone nowadays for being violence and discrimination place LGBT youth at a
different and lack of knowledge about the third gender higher risk of negative physical and mental health
(Denizet-Lewis, 2009; cited by Ferer et al, 20121). outcomes, such as depression, anxiety, substance use,
and suicide. Psychological Association of the
LGBT 3 stated that: “sang elementary ko may ara nga Philippines (2011) and Human Rights Watch (2017)
gaupod ka sa babaye ara naman ang agi huh, have noted, "LGBT Filipinos often confront social
pahuyahuya nga agi.” pressures to hide, suppress, or even attempt to change
their identities and expressions as conditions for their
LGBT 2 (Bisexual) shared also same experience. For social acceptance and enjoyment of rights." Although
him, he experienced bully at school. Thus he said: many LGBTs learn to cope with this social stigma,
“yaguta nga indi nila accept nga amo ko ni nga salahis these experiences can cause serious psychological
ko. May ara time like sa mga classmate ko gina sunlog distress, including immediate consequences such as
ko nila nga agi-agi.” fear, sadness, alienation, anger, and internalized
stigma. Thus, gender criticism may include being
Likewise, LGBT 3 (Gay) He also shared his discriminated against, which has a connection to
experience. For him, one thing that he frequently faces mental health since many communities feel ignored
is bullying as a result of his appearance. He claimed and experience unfair treatment (Patton & Simmons,

Rosmar B. Pinaga 801/807

Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 796-807, Document ID:2023 PEMJ902, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8146137, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

2008; cited by Ferrer et al., 2021). Thus, in this study, Participants experienced various challenges for being
five out of nine participants shared the stories of their LGBT in school and community and even in their
experiences. homes. Listed below are the subordinate themes that
surfaced in the participants. Six gay students suffered
LGBT 2 (Gay) For him, he was judged by other people from discrimination by fellow students, while four gay
in the community and that people still continued to students suffered from the community. Three out of
plague him despite the fact. Thus he said: “May ara ten participants experienced some lack of acceptance
one time nga may naghambal sa akon nga ma simba ko from parents and friends, and two gay students
indi man simba ang kadto kundi ang mga lalaki sa suffered from bullying in school and in the
simbahan.” community.

Congruently, LGBT 4 (gay man) shared that he was Discrimination by fellow students
experiencing the feeling of being criticized by a
religious leader “so far yes, he is a leader of a church All forms of discrimination and violence in schools are
he said according to the bible that’’ nga kami kuno nga an obstacle to children and young people's
mga agi indi ka saka sa langit kay ang gin tuga sang fundamental right to quality education. Violence in
Diyos lalaki lang ka babaye kag dira lang kami kuno schools and other educational settings is a global
sa rainbow ma slide-slide kag ma swing-swing.’’ problem. Students who do not conform to prevailing
sexual and gender stereotypes, including lesbian, gay,
Similarly, LGBT 5 (gay man) also said. For him, bisexual, trans (LGBT), are significantly more
everybody is equal in the eyes of God. ’’useless’’ kay vulnerable. (Human Rights Watch, 2020). In this
ang gin tuga sang diyos lalaki lang ka babaye, naga challenge is one out of nine participants experience
pati kuya nga na bilong kami sa creation of God.” discrimination by teasing or making fun of them.
Sometimes he feels left out of place just because he is
However, LGBT 7 (gay man) shared also that: for him gay.
he was been judge by his teacher. “Yes, like sa akon
nga Teacher indi ko kuno ka saka sa langit it’s because LGBT 1 (Gay) shared that: “damo may ara sang
nga agi ko.” elementary ko may ara nga gaupod ka sa babaye ara
naman ang agi huh, pahuyahuya nga agi.”
Emotional Cutoff
Discrimination by Community
A person who feels scared or pressured to show their
gender identity might choose to conceal this to feel This theme shows the inner feelings of LGBT
safer. This means that the emotional cutoff members towards society, which says society is more
experienced by LGBT members of their family may accepting. There is a lot of social acceptance today.
describe how these individuals manage their Unlike before, they had been victimized by
unresolved emotional issues with parents, siblings, and discrimination, such as being subject to slurs or jokes
other family members by reducing or cutting off or suffering rejection by a family member (Drake,
emotional contact with them. The findings are similar 2013). However, the community's lack of recognition
led to discrimination. It also happened when the
to Katz-Wise et al. (2016), findings which revealed
majority of the participants also shared their
that 33% of youth receive a parental acknowledgment,
experiences of discrimination by the community.
another third receive parental dismissal, and the
Some of them experience being called the plague of
remaining third do not reveal their sexual orientation
society, making fun of them, and when they walk
until their late teens or mid-twenties. Thus, one out of
around the street, some people will look badly at them
nine participants shared his story that, in their homes,
and say bad words to them. "LGBT 1 said: “may isa
he feels like an outcast. And he thinks that his parents
gid katawo nga naghambal sa akon nga wala ko pulos,
are not comfortable with him. LGBT 9 (bisexual)
tapos pahuya-huya lang ko sa community, kag tapos
stated that: “sa aming bahay dati yung papa ko na
wala kuno gin tuga sang Diyos ang agi”.
naiilang sya sa mga LGBT, kaya doon napagtanto ko
na hindi nya ako tanggap”Likewise, LGBT 2 Likewise, LGBT 3 and LGBT 4 (Gay) shared their
(Bisexual) said that: “wala ko na revaeal sa akon iloy common experience: “Basta mga agi salot sa lipunan”.
kay indi pako ready, kag na feel ko mga indi nila
mabaton nga amo ko sini Similarly, LGBT 5 (gay) said: “Naka experiences ko
nga gin hambalan ko nila sa public places nga useless
The Challenges of LGBT Students ako.”

Rosmar B. Pinaga 802/807

Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 796-807, Document ID:2023 PEMJ902, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8146137, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

LGBT 7 (gay) also said: “ina sa nga agi wala na sa sexuality. During the interviews, the researcher asked
tupa.” the participants how they deal with and cope with
experiences regarding homosexuality. This theme
Furthermore, LGBT 6 (gay) experienced such came up with four subordinate themes that emerged
discrimination which is unacceptable. “Gina yaguta within the interviews. Four out of the 9 participants
ako kay agi ako, kag indi ako mapuslan”. demonstrated that they felt motivated and strengthened
by their family and friends. In addition, one out of nine
Lack of Acceptance participants stated that becoming braver or more stable
is the key to dealing with and coping with the
This theme shows that lack of acceptance is one of the challenges brought on by their sexuality. the five
challenges faced by LGBT students, along with their participants expressed that to cope with those
families, peers, and community. Hence, this finding problems and difficulties regarding their sexuality,
was supported by Ryan (2009) as cited by Ferrer et al. they must first accept themselves fully.
(2021), which emphasizes that when a child or a
person does not act or behave the way their biological Courage from Family and Friends
gender is expected to behave by their families and by
society, they often ridiculed by others. Moreover, One of the difficulties that many LGBTQ people in the
Renna (2009) explains that family rejection causes country faced was expressing their sexuality. They are
enormous suffering, even when parents believe they considering that the Philippines is a Christian country
act in good faith, follow firmly held values, or even that believes that there are only two gender
protect their children. More specifically, excellent preferences, which are male and female. Some
rates of family rejection throughout adolescence were participants stated that it is tough for them to reveal
related to worse health outcomes for LGB young their sexuality and gain acceptance in this society. It
people. Families eventually have a wide range of concluded that the actual or anticipated family
reactions to their children's LGBTQ identities, and acceptance or rejection of LGBTQ youth is essential in
these reactions show up in their behavior. It could understanding the youth’s experience of minority
affect their physical and mental health. According to stress, how the youth is likely to cope with the stress,
the respondents, feeling thrown away by a lack of
and consequently, the impact of minority stress on the
acceptance and support is most likely the most difficult
youth’s health. It was stated that it was tough for them
challenge in their lives. Some of the participants who
to reveal their sexuality and be accepted in this society,
took part in the study have shared their own
but they always got the courage from their friends and
experiences of awkward situations or aren't sure how
families to cope with this situation (Katz-Wise et al.,
to be themselves.
2016). As observed in the statement below:
According to LGBT 1 (gay) said “mismo ko nga tiyo
One of the participants shared that, as long as you have
nag hambal sa akon ngn wala sang agi sa amon
family acceptance, there is no reason to listen to what
pamilya.”
others say about your sexuality. According to him:
LGBT 5 (gay) also shared “wala ko kuno kabalaslan sa
LGBT 3 (gay) said that, “wala ako may nabatian nga
akon ginikanan kay biga biga lang akon ubra.”
bad words sa akon pamilya kay 100% support ko
Same experience shared by LGBT 6 (gay) “Bwesit ko nilakay bisan diin ko nga MISS GAY ara man sila ga
kuno kay wala agi sa amon pamilya.” pakita sang ila full support sa akon. Kag isa ina sa
naghatag sa akon kabakod nga mabaton ko man akon
LGBT 7 (gay) also said “indi baton sang family ko kay kaugalingon.”
suno sa ila wala agi sa a on pamilya kay ang amon
kuno nga pamilya mga astig.” LGBT 4 (gay) said, “confident lang gid ko sa tanan
because my family accepts me wholeheartedly of who
LGBT 8 (gay) once said, “isa gid ka dako nga I am.”
challenge sa akon kay akon mismo nga pamilya kag
relatives indi ko nila accepts.” LGBT 7 (gay) also said: “Nagladlad nagid ko ya
subong kay baton nagid ko sang akon pamilya.”
The Coping Mechanisms of Gay College Students
LGBT 9 (bisexual) shared “ngayon sa aking magulang
This superordinate discusses how the participants cope ako kumukuha ng lakas dahil andyan sila palagi na
with and deal with the challenges brought by their sumusuporta sa akin laloo na sa mga kaibigan ko.”

Rosmar B. Pinaga 803/807

Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 796-807, Document ID:2023 PEMJ902, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8146137, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Stabilizing being LGBT, is a divine gift. But, much like in real

life, their path is never perfect. They also experienced
This theme reveals that dark episodes and chapters are negative first-hand experiences, which LGBT people
some of the highlights of every individual's life. Those see as one of their greatest fears, but it does not imply
challenges and bad experiences make every that they would compromise their life beliefs. Instead,
individual's life worse and more problematic. There negative experiences such as discrimination, bullying,
are a lot of challenges encountered by the participants. and emotional cutoff become a driving force for them
According to the Psychological Association of the to battle and show others that they are LGBT, but not
Philippines, Filipino gays continue to suffer from just like that; they are valuable people in society,
violence and discrimination in the Philippines. This regardless of gender, who are deserving of loving and
adverse treatment demonstrated bullying and being loved.
harassment actions against young gay individuals from
different groups such as families, schools, and On the other hand, challenges were also significant in
communities (PAP, 2011). Expressing their true the lived experiences of LGBT students, as determined
identity makes their lives worse, and one out of nine in this study. These challenges included discrimination
participants stated that to deal and cope with those from their peers and community, a lack of acceptance,
challenges brought by their sexuality, they needed to and bullying, which scuffled, confused, and
become strong and stabilized. One of the LGBT underestimated them about whether being an LGBT
students (LGBT 5) stated that: “Bisan ano pa nga member is proper, whether being an LGBT member is
istorya mabatian ko sa akon palibot pero wala ko man also worthy of love, and made them think and decide
ina gina mind ginabutang ko lang ina bilang akon whether confessing would set them free or if it is better
inspirasyon para malab-ot ko ang mga handom sa to keep their sexuality behind closed doors. But these
kabuhi.” challenges were conquered by these gays, which
unchained them from being terrified, insecure, and
deprecated of themselves. They used challenges as an
Conclusion ignition to escape from darkness and seek light
towards enlightenment. They were members of the
The LGBT students in this study provided detailed LGBT community and stronger than ever.
responses to the topic. The findings concluded several
lived experiences, which they all found to be both Furthermore, battling for freedom and acceptance of
positive and negative. Coming out and The study their sexual orientation has not been that easy,
sought to comprehend and analyze the unseen and especially for those gays who cannot accept
unheard realities of LGBT members' lived themselves first. To be accepted by others, an LGBT
experiences, which they had concealed due to various member must first accept himself and delight in
factors. This study focused on the lived experiences, showing the world that, despite all the rocks thrown at
challenges, and coping mechanisms of LGBT students them, they are still able to stand at the top because they
amidst the COVID-19 pandemic during their coming- cope, resist, and overcome the frays within themselves
out process and after they were revealed to society. To first, and battles outside themselves will be the next to
acquire precise details to respond to this paper's be defeated. In the study's findings, courage from
requirements, nine LGBT students, may it be high family and friends and stabilizing came up as ways to
school or college students, were selected and cope.
interviewed to gather information about what was
being asked in the study. Many results from this study The obtained data from the participants met the aims
gave a detailed look at LGBT students' lived of this research. They revealed the untold lived
experiences, the challenges they faced, and how they experiences and life stories of LGBT students
coped with them. throughout this challenging period, which constituted
the climax of this study's outcome. Together with their
Acceptance, unconditional love, freedom, and a sense stories, they will acknowledge LGBT students.
of worth are examples of good lived experiences that Struggles and battles regarding their sexual orientation
they find inspiring and motivating to be proud of their will be recognized, saluted, and serve as an inspiration
sexuality. This experience is provided to them by their to others. This study revealed how tough being gay is
family, peers, and other key individuals in their lives. in a Filipino context. Even though the LGBT
These good lived experiences inspire and encourage community is now accepted into our society, they can
them to embrace and love themselves, even more, now participate in politics and other social activities in
leading them to feel that having a gender, such as our community. However, the reality is that

Rosmar B. Pinaga 804/807

Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 796-807, Document ID:2023 PEMJ902, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8146137, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

homophobic violence and discrimination still linger in social participation to showcase their skills and
Philippine society. Even though these individuals have abilities. The researcher would also like to raise
already gained acceptance, love, freedom, and awareness of every gay out there who is still afraid and
discrimination, they are always present and active. But closeted about being gay.Through this study, they may
that is how life is, especially for them; there is no acquire the encouragement and power to voice their
perfect life. Life can be fortunate while struggling with true selves. Through this study, they may be motivated
circumstances at the same time. And these members of to fight against the circumstances and face what they
the LGBT community turn their experiences into a have to conquer to show the world how beautiful and
driving force for motivation, making them stronger colorful being an LGBT member is.This study can be
and braver, and they come out of being closeted. used as a reference for the bodies of research to come.
This study is also open for review to improve what is
Participants' responses regarding their lived lacking and should be included in this study.
experiences, challenges and coping mechanisms were
similar to the existing literature and analyzed studies.
References
The related literature and tasks that the researcher
considered were from the Western and local contexts.
ASEAN SOGIE Caucus. (2017). Bata at Bahaghari: Experiences of
The difference between these contexts is that Western
LGBT Children. ASC Discussion Series No. 1. Quezon City
countries have been primarily affected by homophobic
discrimination and violence against homosexuals, Astudillo, R. (2019, June 18). Pride and Prejudice and The Filipino
whereas Filipino LGBTs appear to have a natural LGBT Community. Positively Filipino
defense mechanism against homophobia. Despite the Barnett, L. E. (2018). A Phenomenological Look at The Lived
cruelty and mockery that Filipino LGBT members Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, And
have been through, they can withstand such negative Questioning Foster Youth in The Fresno, CA Area. Fresno State.
http://hdl.handle.net/10211.3/203055
attitudes toward them. Every single Filipino LGBT
member must be proud of themselves because they Broad, K. L. (2011). Coming Out for Parents, Families, and Friends
were born to be fighters and free-spirited. Nobody can of Lesbians and Gays: From Support Group Grieving to Love
let these people down. They are worthy of recognition. Advocacy. Sexualities. 14(4). 399-415. D O I:
10.1177/1363460711406792
These individuals have been justified in saying that
they are proud of themselves for being free to express Broderick, S. (2021, June 21). Outright action international 2022
their true identity as LGBT, but not just this LGBT United Nations Religion Fellowship. ScholarshipTab. (2021).
limited to femininity; they are homosexuals who are Retrieved February 4, 2022, from https://tinyurl.com/5n93a7fx
beyond society's judgments and expectations. It has
Burton, S. R. (2020). The Lived Experience of Gay Male College
just been proved that the Filipino spirit is rigid, Students After Coming Out to A Heterosexual Roommate in A
resistible, and unmoved, so being a Filipino is Residence Hall: A Phenomenological Investigation. Ohio LINK.
something that they must be proud of and grateful for. Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/

Calleja, J. P. (2020, August 10). Philippine Gay Groups Slam

Based on the findings, results, and conclusion ‘Homophobic’ Catholic College. Union of Catholic Asian News.
presented, the researcher, therefore, drawn the
following recommendations: Casey, L. & Levesque, E. M. (2018, April 18). LGBTQ Students
Face Discrimination While Education Department Walks Back
Oversight. BROOKINGS: Washington, D. C.
School Administrator. The researcher would like to
recommend adopting anti-bullying and anti- Chatman, S. W. (2015). The Effects of Bullying On the Lives of
discrimination policies that are inclusive of sexual Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, And Transgendered Students Who Attended
High School in Shelby County, Tennessee. 106. PQDT Open:
orientation and gender identity, informing students on 3735824
how they should report incidents of bullying, and
specify consequences for bullying. Local Government Chester, M. R., Sinnard, M. T., Rochlen, A. B., Nadeau, M. M.,
Balsan, M. J., & Provence, M. M. (2016). Gay Men’s Experiences
Unit. Furthermore, the researcher recommended that Coming Out Online: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Gay & Lesbian
the local government unit implement a policy that will Social Services. 28(4). 317-335. DOI:
protect the rights of the LGBT community in the 10.1080/10538720.2016.1221785
municipality.The LGBT community should have a
CNN. (2020, December 2). LGBTQ Rights Milestones Fast Facts.
proper protection desk that will cater to their legal CNN
needs regarding homophobic violence, such as
discrimination. They should also be allowed to Dau, D. & Strauss, P. (2016). The Experience of Lesbian, Gay,
Bisexual, And Trans Students at The University of Western
organize more LGBT-related activities that will Australia Research Report 2016. Equity and Diversity, The
awaken gayness in their hearts and be engaged in University of Western Australia, Crawley

Rosmar B. Pinaga 805/807

Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 796-807, Document ID:2023 PEMJ902, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8146137, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Dawson, L., Kirzinger, A., & Kates, J. (2021, August 24). The Experiences of Gay, Male Catholic College and University Alumni.
impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on LGBT people. KFF. Retrieved DePaul University. College of Education Theses and Dissertations.
February 3, 2022, from 131. https://via.library.depaul.edu/soe_etd/131
https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/poll-finding/the-impact-of
-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-lgbt-people/ Manalastas, E. J., Ojanen, T. T., Torre, B. A., Ratanashevorn, R.,
Hong B. C. C., Kumaresan, V. & Veeramuthu, V. (2017).
Denizet-Lewis, B. (2009, September 23). Coming Out in Middle Homonegativity in Southeast Asia: Attitudes Toward Lesbians and
School. The New York Times Magazine Gay Men in Indonesia, Malaysia, The Philippines, Singapore,
Thailand, And Vietnam. Asia-Pacific Social Sciences Review. 17(1).
Drake, B. (2013, June 25). How LGBT Adults See Society and How 25-33
the Public Sees Them. Pew Research Center: Washington, D. C.
Mishna, F., Newman, P. A., Daley, A. & Solomon, S. (2009).
Evans, R. Nagoshi, J. L., Nagoshi, C., Wheeler, J. & Henderson, J. Bullying of Lesbian and Gay Youth: A Qualitative Investigation.
(2017). Voices from The Stories Untold: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, The British Journal of Social Work. 39(8). 1598-1614. DOI:
Trans, And Queer College Students’ Experiences with Campus 10.1093/bjsw/bcm148
Climate. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services. 29(4). 426-444.
DOI: 10.1080/10538720.2018.1378144 Nadal, K. L. & Corpus, M. J. H. (2013). “Tomboys” And “Baklas”:
Experiences of Lesbian and Gay Filipino Americans. Asian
Ferrer, Angela & Maranan, Luis & Luntaga, Justine & Rosario, Aira American Journal of Psychology. 4(3). 166-175. DOI:
& Tus, Jhoselle. (2021). The Exploration on the Lived Experiences 10.1037/a0030168
and Challenges Faced of the Gay College Students Amidst COVID
19. International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan,
in Education. 7. 2021. 10.6084/m9.figshare. 13724512.v1. N. & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative
Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation
Glazzard, J., Snape, D. J. & Stones, S. (2020). Transitions into, Research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental
And Through, Higher Education: The Lived Experiences of Students Health Services Re sea rch. 42(5). 533-544. DOI:
Who Identify as LGBTQ+. Frontiers in Education. 5. 81. DOI: 10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
10.3389/feduc.2020.00081
Parodi-Brown, J. A. (2019). Being LGBT in A Catholic School:
Goodman, M. A. (2020). The Lived Experiences of Openly Gay Understanding Students’ Lived Experience to Influence School
Undergraduate Men Involved in Elected Student Government: A Leadership Practice. Creighton Theses and Dissertations.
Phenomenological Queering. University of Maryland. Theses and http://hdl.handle.net/10504/122787
Dissertations. DOI: 10.13016/89ob-xnlk
Patton, L. D. & Simmons, S. (2008). Exploring Complexities of
Gormley, J. B. (2017). Factors That Affect Gay, Lesbian, And Multiple Identities of Lesbians in A Black College Environment.
Bisexual Students’ Efforts Toward Self-Actualization at A Private, Negro Educational Review. 59(3-4). 197-215
Religious College: A Phenomenological Study. St. John Fisher
College. Education Doctoral. Paper 335. Pride partner profile: Philippine Anti-Discrimination Alliance of
Youth Leaders (PANTAY). Sabrina Broderick. Retrieved February
Hawthorne, O, Camic, P. M. & Rimes, K. A. (2020). 4, 2022, from https://tinyurl.com/3aeta4fh
Understanding The Structure, Experiences and Challenges of Social
Support for Older Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual People: A Systematic Psychological Association of the Philippines (2011), “Statement of
Review. Aging and Society. 40(2). 282-305. DOI: the Psychological Association of the Philippines on Non-
10.1017/S0144686X18000910 Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and
Human Rights Watch. (2017, June 21). Philippines: LGBT Students Expression,” Philippine Journal of Psychology, vol. 44, no. 2, p.
Face Bullying, Abuse. Human Rights Watch 229-230.

Human Rights Watch. (2020, November 5). Bullying, Violence Psychological Association of the Philippines. (2011). Statement of
Common in Schools Worldwide. Human Rights Watch The Psychological Association of the Philippines On Non-
Discrimination Based On Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and
Kann, L., McManus, T., Harris, W. A., Shanklin, S. L., Flint, K. H., Expression. Philippine Journal of Psychology. 44(2). 229-230
Queen, B., Lowry, R., Chyen, D., Whittle, L., Thornton, J., Lim, C.,
Bradford, D., Yamakawa, Y., Leon, M., Brener, N., & Ethier, K. A. Renna, C. (2009). Family rejection of lesbian, gay and Bisexual
(2018). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance – United States, (2017). Adolescents & Negative Health Outcomes. Family Acceptance
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries. P r o j e c t ®. R e t r i e v e d M a r c h 2 9 , 2 0 2 2 , f r o m
(67)8. 1-114. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr. ss6708a https://familyproject.sfsu.edu/news-announce/family-rejection-lesbia
n-gay-and-bisexual-adolescents-negative-health-outcomes
Katz-Wise, S. L. (2020, April 30). Covid-19 and the LGBTQ+
community: Rising to unique challenges. Harvard Health. Retrieved Reyes, M. E. S., Ballesteros, K. C. A., Bandol, P. A. A., Jimenez,
February 3, 2022, from K. A. H. & Malangen, S. D. R. (2019). Religiosity, Gender Role
https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/covid-19-and-the-lgbtq-commu Beliefs, And Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gays in The
nity-rising-to-unique-challenges-2020043019721 Philippines. North American Journal of Psychology. 21(3). 559-572

Katz-Wise, S. L., Rosario, M. & Tsappis, M. (2016). Lesbian, Gay, Ryan, C. (2009). Helping Families Support Their Lesbian, Gay,
Bisexual, and Transgender Youth and Family Acceptance. Pediatric Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Children. Washington, D. C.:
Clinics of North America. 63(6). 1011 -1025. DOI: National Center for Cultural Competence, Georgetown University
10.1016/j.pcl.2016.07.005 Center for Child and Human Development

Kleine, T. D. (2018). Intersecting Identities: The Lived Smith, J. A. & Osborn, M. (2014). Interpretative Phenomenological

Rosmar B. Pinaga 806/807

Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 796-807, Document ID:2023 PEMJ902, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8146137, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Analysis as A Useful Methodology for Research On the Lived Evidence,” Psychological Bulletin, vol. 129, no. 5 (2003), p.
experience of Pain. British Journal of Pain. 9(1). DOI: 674-697.
10.1177/2049463714541642
What is SOGIE? - cfyetf.org. (n.d.). Retrieved February 3, 2022,
Sogie.docx - Uphill Battle House Bill No. 4982 or "an Act from http://cfyetf.org/education-summit_17_2361847496.pdf
prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or
gender identity or expression: Course hero. sogie.docx - Uphill White, A. J., Magrath, R. & Thomas, B. (2018). The Experiences of
Battle House Bill No. 4982 or "An Act Prohibiting Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Students and Staff at A Further
Education College in South East England. British Education
Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity Research Journal. DOI: 10.1002/berj.3443
or Expression | Course Hero. (2021). Retrieved February 4, 2022,
from https://tinyurl.com/bdpdnhxj White, A. J., Magrath, R. & Thomas, B. (2018). The Experiences of
Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Students and Staff at A Further
Stewart, M. D. (2015). The Experiences of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Education College in South East England. British Education
And Transgender Students at The University of South Florida, Research Journal. DOI: 10.1002/berj.3443.
Tampa Campus Using Aspects of the College Student Experiences
Questionnaire. University of South Florida. Graduate Theses and Wilson, C. & Cariola, L. A. (2019). LGBTQI+ Youth and Mental
Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5777 Health: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Research. Adolescent
Research Review. 5(6). 187-211. DOI: 10.1007/s40894-019-00118-
Tshilongo, T. & Rothmann, J. (2019). A sociological exploration of w
the need for safe spaces for lesbian and gay students on a South
African university campus. Transformation in Higher Education.
4(0). a77. DOI: 10.4102/the. v4i0.77 Affiliations and Corresponding Information

United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization Rosmar B. Pinaga

(UNESCO), “From Insult to Inclusion: Asia-Pacific Report on Central Philippines State University
School Bullying, Violence and Discrimination on the Basis of
Sexual Orient ation and Gender Iden tity” 2015, p.
39, https://tinyurl.com/2wwdfd5y (accessed March 21, 2022); Ilan
H. Meyer, “Prejudice, Social Stress, and Mental Health in Lesbian,
Gay, and Bisexual Populations: Conceptual Issues and Research

Rosmar B. Pinaga 807/807