MANZIL
For JEE Aspirants
Hydrogen
ONE SHOT
Om Pandey
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
1. About Hydrogen and its isotopes
2. Types of Hydrides
3. H2O2 and Hard Water
Hydrogen exhibits a dual behavior
It resembles both alkali metals and halogens.
Alkali Metal Halogens
Electronic Configuration Requires only one electron to have the
configuration of the nearest noble gas.
H+
H2
Isotopes of Hydrogen
Protium Deuterium Tritium
Representation Ordinary hydrogen Heavy hydrogen Radioactive
Neutrons
Occurrence 99.98% 0.16% 10–15%
The total number of isotopes of hydrogen and number of
Q. radioactive isotopes among them, respectively, are :
A 3 and 1
B 3 and 2
C 2 and 1
D 2 and 0
Hydrogen has three isotopes (A), (B) and (C). If the number of
Q. neutron(s) in (A), (B) and (C) respectively, are (x), (y) and (z), the
sum of (x), (y) and (z) is :
A 3
B 2
C 4
D 1
Preparation of H2
Active metals ( Na, K ) Na + H2O
Less active metals ( Ca, Zn Mg, Al ) Al + H2O
Reaction of NaOH with
NaOH(aq)
Sn, Al, Pb, Zn, B, Si
NaOH(aq)
Elements
M + NaOH
Gassing Reaction : Fe + H 2O
Bosch Process : Industrial Preparation
1270 K
C + H2O Syn gas : Methanol prepn
773 K
H2 + CO + H2O
Fe2O3.Cr2O3
Water gas shift reaction
CO2 gas is removed by sodium arsenite solution, and this process is called as scrubbing.
Preparation of pure hydrogen
(1) The electrolysis of a solution of Ba(OH)2 using Ni electrodes gives extra pure H2
(2) NaH + H2O
Types of Hydrides
Saline / Salt Hydride Covalent / Molecular Hydrides Interstitial Hydrides
Ionic Hydride P block ( Non-metal ) + H Metallic Hydrides
S block Metal & H HCl , H2O , CH4 , PH3 D block Metal & H
Crystalline solids Fe3H , VH0 .56 and TiH1.7
High M.P. & B.P. Less M.P. & B.P. High M.P. & B.P.
Good conductor of Poor conductor of Nonstoichiometric in
electricity. electricity. nature
T.S. : LiH > NaH > KH > RbH > CsH
H2O Vs D2O
D2O is extensively used as a moderator in nuclear reactors and in exchange reactions
for the study of reaction mechanisms.
H2O2
Laboratory Method
BaO2 8H2O + H2SO4
Industrial Method Auto oxidation of 2-Ethyl anthraquinol
Physical Properties of H2O2
Density
Viscosity
Boiling point
Dielectric constant
Not used as solvent
Aqueous solution is stored in plastic or wax-lined glass containers
Strength of hydrogen peroxide solution
Percentage strength :
20% aqueous solution (w/v) of H2O2 : 20g of hydrogen peroxide is present in 100 ml
of the solution
Volume strength : The volume (in ml) of oxygen liberated at N.T.P. by the
decomposition of 1 ml sample of hydrogen peroxide.
Molarity and Volume Strength : Molarity = Volume Strength / 11.2
Q. Calculate the volume strength of 8.9 M H2O2 solution at 273 K and 1 atm ?
Write the answer in nearest integer. (R = 0.0821 L atm K–1 mol–1)
The strength of 5.6 volume hydrogen peroxide (of density 1g/mL)
Q. in terms of mass percentage and molarity (M), respectively, are :
(molar mass of H2O2 : 34g /mol )
A 1.7 and 0.5
B 0.85 and 0.25
C 1.7 and 0.25
D 0.85 and 0.5
Hard water & Soft water
Hardness is due to presence of the bicarbonates, sulphates and chlorides of Ca and
Mg.
Temporary Hardness Bicarbonates of Ca and Mg
By Boiling Bicarbonates decompose in insoluble carbonates (ppt)
Ca(HCO3)2 Boil
Boil
Mg(HCO3)2
Clark’s Method It can be removed by addition of slaked lime
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2
Permanent Hardness Sulphates ,Chlorides of Ca , Mg
This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling or by the addition of slaked lime.
Water Softeners : Washing Soda
Calgon
Permutit
Ion Exchange Resins
It removes both the temporary and permanent hardness
Washing Soda
by converting soluble calcium and magnesium
compounds into insoluble carbonates.
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 Ca(HCO3)2 + Na2CO3
CaSO4 + Na2CO3
O O O O O O O
Permutit / Hydrated Zeolite Si Al Si Si Al Si
O OO O O O O O O O O O
Na2Al2Si2O8. xH2O + Ca2+
CaAl2Si2O8. xH2O + NaCl
Calgon Sodium Hexametaphosphate = Na2[Na4(PO3)6]
CaSO4 + Na2[Na4(PO3)6]
MgSO4 + Na2[Na4(PO3)6]
Ion Exchange Resins
Cation Exchange Resin Synthetic Substance Anion Exchange Resin
Insoluble organic acid resin having giant Giant organic molecules with basic
molecules with – SO3H or – COOH groups group derived from amines
R – H + Ca2+ R – NH3OH + Cl–
The one that is NOT suitable for the removal of permanent
Q. hardness of water is :
A Clark’s method
B Ion-exchange method
C Calgon’s method
D Treatment with sodium carbonate
Q. The temporary hardness of water is due to :
A Na2SO4
B NaCl
C Ca(HCO3)2
D CaCl2
Thank You !
