WELCOME

WEEK 2 – CLASS 1
CONJUNCTIONS
 CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunctions connect words, phrases or clauses.

WORDS
We are having chicken, rice and
vegetables for dinner tonight.

PHRASES Do you want to go to Paris or to Rome?

CLAUSES I like Texas, so I moved to Dallas.

 CONJUNCTIONS TYPES

Coordinating Correlative Subordinating

Conjunctions Conjunctions Conjunctions

A coordinating A subordinating
conjunction joins conjunction is one of the
elements of equal Correlative kinds of conjunctions that
grammatical value conjunctions are links a dependent or
or rank. They can join pairs of subordinate clause to
two nouns, verbs, conjunctions an independent clause.
adjectives, independent connecting phrases or
clauses, and phrases. To words. We use them Business writers, academic
remember the seven writers, and other
to make our flow of
coordinating professional writers know
writing better and
conjunctions, just that simple sentences can
memorize the more concise. never start with a
acronym FANBOYS. subordinating conjunction.
 CONJUNCTIONS TYPES:
It joins elements of equal grammatical value or rank. They can join two nouns, verbs, adjectives,
Coordinating
independent clauses, and phrases. To remember the seven coordinating conjunctions, just memorize
Conjunction: the acronym FANBOYS.

Use for to connect to clauses. For can be used - We went on a picnic, for it was a nice day.
F For instead of the word because. - She is famous, for she is beautiful and talented.
Use and to connect information that is similar. We - You need flour, eggs, and sugar to make a cake.
A And also use and to add additional information. - She likes to swim and play tennis.
Use nor to to join two related negative main - Ceci did not speak to me yesterday, nor did she
N Nor clauses in a sentence. speak to me today.
Use but to show a contrast or difference between - She lived in Mexico for years, but she never
B But people, places, things or ideas. learned Spanish.
Use or to talk about choices or alternatives. - Do you want pie or fruit for dessert?
O Or - Tonight I´ll watch TV or go to the gym.
Use Yet to show that something unexpected or - He studied very hard, yet he failed the test.
Y Yet surprising happened. It is used in the same basic (=He studied very hard, but he failed the test.)
way as but.
S so Use so to show a result. So introduces a clause. It was raining hard, so I took the bus.
Do not so to connect words or phrases. cause result
 CONJUNCTIONS: USE OF COMMA

Do not use a comma before a conjunction

when it connects two words or phrases.
Tennis is fun but difficult.
I like to sleep on the bed or on the sofa.

Use a comma before a conjunction when it

connects two independent clauses.
Mother´s day is May 11 this year, and it is
my sister birthday.
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: EXERCISES
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: EXERCISES

, but

and

, so

, but
or

and

, so
 CONJUCTIONS TYPES

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions connecting

Correlative
phrases or words. We use them to make our flow of writing better and
Conjunctions more concise.

1. Both/and: implies a correlation between two subjects - We’ll both be leaving the party and taking one car.
that are performing the same action.
2. Either/or: connects two positive statements of equal - My brother is either working upstairs or slacking off
weight. downstairs.
3. Neither/nor: connects two negative statements of - I will neither watch the show nor read the book.
equal weight.
4. Whether/or: connects two possible actions of a - I was not sure whether you would show up or not.
subject.
5. Not only/but also: expresses two similar actions or - I’m not only hungry but also tired.
situations.
6. Rather/than: presents a subject’s preference for one - “I would rather have coffee than tea.
thing over another.
7. Such/that: connects two independent clauses in a way - Such is the pain of my headache that I cannot get out of
that applies a reason for an action. bed.
 TIPS FOR USING CORRELATIVE
CONJUNCTIONS

1. Mind your subject-verb agreement. Subjects

and verbs need to match when using correlative - Both the owner and his dogs run through the
conjunctions. Singular subjects must match singular park.
verbs, and plural subjects must match plural verbs. - Both the owner and his dogs runs through
If you have multiple subjects, match the verb to the the park
subject that is closest to the verb.

2. Ensure your pronoun agreement. Pronouns must

agree with their verbs when using correlative “Not just my sister but my friends were all
conjunctions. For example, “She plays tennis” is the
there as well.”
correct agreement between pronoun and verb rather
than “She play tennis.” This can be confusing when the
In this case, “were” matches the plurality of
pronoun’s antecedent is part of a correlative
conjunction pair, however, if there is more than one “friends” rather than matching it to the singular
subject, use the agreement for the closest noun or “sister.”
noun phrase.
 TIPS FOR USING CORRELATIVE
CONJUNCTIONS

“My mom not only likes to hike, but also is a fan of

3. Make sure your sentence has a parallel camping” and “My mom not only likes hiking but
structure. Parallelism is important in grammatical also camping.”
structure for tracking the subjects of your In the second phrase, “hiking” and “camping”
sentences. Parallel structure deals with the are parallel, while “to hike” and “camping” are
grammatical form of your sentences, such as when not parallel with each other in the first
discussing multiple items or making a list. sentence.

4. Watch out for double negatives. Neither/nor “I can’t neither see it nor hear it,” is not
indicates a negative connotation, so be sure your main correct because “can’t” already provides a
clause does not also contain a negative verb phrase on negative. The correct version would be:
top of that. “I can neither see it nor hear it.”
 CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS: EXERCISES

Either or

Not only But also

Both and

rather than

whether or
WELCOME
WEEK 2 – CLASS 2
 CONJUNCTIONS TYPES

Coordinating Correlative
Conjunctions Conjunctions
F For
A coordinating A And
conjunction joins
elements of equal Correlative
grammatical value N Nor conjunctions are
or rank. They can join pairs of
two nouns, verbs, B But conjunctions
adjectives, independent connecting phrases or
clauses, and phrases. To words. We use them
O Or
remember the seven to make our flow of
coordinating writing better and
conjunctions, just Y Yet
more concise.
memorize the
acronym FANBOYS. S so
 CONJUNCTIONS TYPES

Subordinating A subordinating conjunction is one of the kinds of conjunctions that links a dependent or
subordinate clause to an independent clause.
Conjunctions
A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the
relationship among the dependent clause(s) and the independent clause(s).

INDEPENDENT/ MAIN SUBORDINATING SUBORDINATE

CLAUSE CONJUNCTION CLAUSE

he told James he
Sam wasn't allowed in
because wouldn't wear a seat
the car anymore
belt.

The teacher reads to They have English

when
their students reading lessons.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
 SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Subordinating conjunctions join two clauses together: an independent clause (or main
clause) and a dependent clause (or subordinate clause).

 She went to the store after she finished her homework.

If the dependent clause comes first, then a comma is needed to connect it to the main
clause.

 After she finished her homework, she went to the store.

Subordinating conjunctions themselves do not change subject-verb agreement. Each clause

in a sentence must maintain proper subject-verb agreement within its respective clause.
The agreement can differ between clauses if the subjects are different in each clause.

 Although she was tired, she continued working on the project.

 SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION EXERCISES

Indication: Use subordinating conjunctions and add a comma when it is necessary.

1. He didn’t have lunch today. He was nervous for the audition. (even though/because)
He didn’t have lunch today because he was nervous for the audition.

2. I got a bonus. We can go on vacation over break. (Since/Although)

Since I got a bonus, we can go on vacation over break.

3. Reading is my favorite subject .I’m really good at math. (though/because)

Reading is my favorite subject though I’m really good at math.

4.You play those video games.You need to clean your room. (As soon as/Before)
Before you play those video games, you need to clean your room.

5. We’ll need to pick up some tools.You already have them. (unless/since)

We’ll need to pick up some tools unless you already have them.
 MORE ABOUT
CONJUNCTIONS
 AND + TOO/ SO

To show similarity in an affirmative statement

and avoid repetition, use:

And + subject + auxiliary verb + too Linda likes to swim, and Luc does too.

And + so+ auxiliary verb + subject Linda likes to swim, and so does Luc.

Use the same form for the auxiliary verb and the
main verb.

I went to work, and so did Dante.

Jackie eats meat, and I do too.
 AND + EITHER/ NEITHER

To show similarity in a negative statement and

avoid repetition, use:

Amy doesn’t eat fish, and Kim doesn’t

And + subject + auxiliary verb + either
either.
Amy doesn’t eat fish, and neither does
And + neither + auxiliary verb + subject
Kim.

Do not use a negative auxiliary verb with

neither.

I don’t play golf, and neither does my sister.

I don’t play golf, and neither doesn’t my sister.
AUXILIARY VERBS
 EXERCISES:

neither is

does not/doesn’t either

did too

so has

neither will
is too

neither has
WELCOME
WEEK 2- CLASS 3
ADVERB CLAUSES:
 CONCEPTS.

What is an
adverb?

What is a clause?
 ADVERB CLAUSE:

An adverb clause shows a relationship,

such as cause, time, or condition. It begins
with a conjunction, such as because, Since the weather was nice, we went to the park.
when or if.
Adverb clause (cause)

She is going to call us when her train arrives.

Adverb clauses are dependent clauses. Adverb clause (time)
They cannot stand alone as complete
sentences. Do not use an adverb clause If it is nice on Saturday, we´ll have a picnic.
without a main clause.
Adverb clause
(condition)
 ADVERB CLAUSE: C AUSE

An adverb clause of cause begins with the I stayed home because it was raining.
conjunction because or since. It tells why result cause
an action or event happened (its cause).
The main clause tells the result. Since it was raining, I stayed home.
cause result

Remember: An adverb clause can come

Because I didn’t know the answer, I asked Meg.
before or after the main clause. Use a
comma when the adverb clause comes at
Since the train was late, we took a taxi.
the beginning of the sentence.
 ADVERB CLAUSE: EXERCISES

R C

R C

C R

C R

R C

C R

R C
 Since my friend and I were in Sicily, we saw Mount Etna.

Mount Etna is interesting because it erupts frequently.

Because it was a hot day, we wore shorts and t-shirts.

Because the volcano was very high, we didn’t climb to the top

We had a wonderful view because it was a clear day

 ADVERB CLAUSE: CONTRAST

An adverb clause of contrast begins with

Although golf is a popular sport, I don’t like it.
the conjunctions although or even Adverb clause Main clause
though. It introduces a contrast that is
often surprising. The surprising information
I went swimming even though the water was very cold.
is in the main clause.
Main clause Adverb clause

Remember: An adverb clause can come

Even though I was sick, I went to work.
before or after the main clause. Use a
comma when the adverb clause comes at
Although I wanted to go out, I stayed home last night..
the beginning of the sentence.
EXERCISES:

Even though Erica looked everywhere, she couldn’t find her book.

Although I am tired, I’m going to go to the gym.

The book was useful even though it was very old.

Marsha likes her new apartment even though it’s very small.

Although I went to bed early last night, I’m tired today.

EXERCISES:

Mark didn’t pass his math test even though he studied hard.

Although the movie was exciting, a lot of people left early

 EXERCISES:

d
WELCOME
WEEK 2- CLASS 4
ADVERB CLAUSES:
 ADVERB CLAUSES: FUTURE CONDITIONAL

. If I go tomorrow, I´ll call you.

A future conditional Adverb clause Main clause
sentence includes an (possible condition) (result)
adverb clause of
condition or if-clause If you study hard, you will pass the test.
and a main clause. Adverb clause Main clause
(possible condition) (result)
The if-clause tells the
possible condition. The If she doesn’t pass the course, she won´t come back next year.
main clause tells the
Adverb clause Main clause
result. (possible condition) (result)
 ADVERB CLAUSES: FUTURE CONDITIONAL

If you need a ride, I will drive you.

In a future conditional sentence, use the
simple present in the if- clause. They won´t wait if you are late.
Use will or a form of be going to in If you don´t leave soon, you are going to
the main clause. miss the train.

Use a comma when an if-clause

comes at the beginning of the If she wants to go, we will wait for her.
sentence.
EXERCISES:
 EXERCISES:

have Will help

snows Won´t have

Doesn’t call Will be

goes Will stay

Will miss Don’t hurry

are Won´t go

want Will drive

EXERCISES:
 ADVERB CLAUSE: IF AND WHEN

RULES EXAMPLES

1. Use if in an adverb clause to talk about

 If dinner costs more than $50, I will
situations or events you think are
pay with my credit card.
possible, but you are not certain about.

2. Use when in an adverb clause to talk

 When the semester ends, I will go to
about situations or events you are
Miami.
certain will happen.

Remember: Use a comma when an if-

 When I go to the grocery store, I
or when- clause comes at the beginning
will get some coffee.
of the sentence.
EXERCISES:

When I see Ray,

if Noor leaves her job

when they go to Paris

When the lecture ends,

If it rains tomorrow

When my brother graduates,

EXERCISES
.If I do not/don’t work

If the weather is
If it is not/it’s not/it isn’t

When you get

if we do

If you see
if you make

if we go
 TASK 1

EVALAUTED ACTIVITY 1.