LINEAR MOMENTUM

OFFICIAL EXAMS
GRADE 12 LS

Exercise 1 (2nd session 2001 LS):

Verification of Newton's Second Law

In order to verify Newton's second law G

O
related to the dynamics of a solid in
translation, we consider a puck of center 𝑬𝒑 = 𝟎
of inertia G and of mass M = 200g, a A B C D E F 𝒉
horizontal air table, a solid (S) of mass
O'
m = 50g, an inextensible string and a
pulley of negligible mass. We build the
set up represented in the adjacent figure. 𝒙
The part of the wire on the side of the puck
is taut horizontally and the other part to the (S)
side of (S) is vertical.
The horizontal plane passing through G is taken as the gravitational potential energy reference.
At the instant t = 0, G is at O and the center of mass of (S) is at O', at a distance h below the reference. We
release (S) without initial velocity, and, at the same time, the positions of G are recorded at successive instants
separated by a constant time interval τ = 50ms. At the instant t, G acquires a velocity 𝑉 and (S) is found at a
distance x below O'.
Neglect all frictions and take g = 10m/s2.

A-
1- Give the expression of the mechanical energy of the system (puck, string, (S), Earth) in terms of M, m,
x, h, V and g. This energy is conserved. Why?
2- Deduce the expression of the acceleration of (S) in terms of g, m and M and calculate its value.
3- Draw a diagram showing the forces acting on the puck and determine, using the relation 𝐹 = 𝑀𝑎, the
force 𝑇 exerted by the string on the puck.

B- By means of a convenient method, we determine the speed V of the puck. The results are tabulated as
shown below:
Point A B C D E
t in ms 50 100 150 200 250
V in cm/s 10 20 30 40 50
∆𝑃 𝑃𝐷 −𝑃𝐵
Determine, using the table, the linear momentums 𝑃𝐵 at B and 𝑃𝐷 at D and determine the ratio ∆𝑡 = .
∆𝑡
∆𝑃
C- Compare and 𝑇 . Is Newton's second law thus verified? Justify.
∆𝑡
Exercise 2 (1st session 2002 LS):
Conservation and non-conservation of the mechanical energy

Consider a material system (S) formed of an

O D
inextensible and massless string of length L = 0.45m,
having one of its ends O fixed while the other end 𝜽
carries a particle (P) of mass m = 0.1kg. B
Take g = 10 m/s2.
1- (S) is shifted from its equilibrium position by (P1) P
𝜶
𝜃𝑚 = 90°, while the string is under tension, and A F
then released without initial velocity.
Take the horizontal plane containing FA as a gravitational potential energy reference for the system
[(S), Earth]. We neglect friction on the axis through O and air resistance.
1.1- Calculate the initial mechanical energy of the system [(S), Earth] when (P) was at D.
1.2- Determine the expression of the mechanical energy of the system [(S), Earth] in terms of L, m, g, V
and θ, where V is the speed of (P) when the string passes through a position making an angle θ with
the vertical.
1.3- Determine the value of θ, (0o < θ < 90o), for which the kinetic energy of (P) is equal to the
gravitational potential energy of the system [(S), Earth].
1.4- Calculate the magnitude 𝑉0 of the velocity 𝑉0 of (P) as it passes through its equilibrium position.
2- Upon passing through the equilibrium position, the string is cut, and (P) enters in a head-on collision with a
stationary particle (P1) of mass ml = 0.2kg. As a result, (P1) is projected with a velocity 𝑉1 of
magnitude 𝑉1 = 2𝑚/𝑠. Determine the magnitude 𝑉 of the velocity 𝑉 of (P) right after impact knowing that
𝑉0 , 𝑉1 and 𝑉 are collinear.
Is the collision elastic? Justify your answer.
3- (P1), being projected with a speed V1 = 2m/s, moves along the frictionless horizontal track FA, and rises at
A with the speed V1, along the line of greatest slope of the inclined plane AB that makes an angle α = 30o
with the horizontal.
3.1- Suppose now that the friction along AB is negligible. Determine the position of the point M at which
(P1) turns back.
3.2- In fact, AB is not frictionless; (P1) reaches a point N and turns back, where AN = 20cm. Calculate the
variation in the mechanical energy of the system [(P1), Earth] between A and N, and then deduce the
magnitude of the force of friction (assumed constant) along AN.
Exercise 3 (2nd session 2002 LS):
Collision and the laws of conservation

5cm 𝑽𝑨
In order to study the collision Before 𝑽𝑩 = 𝟎 𝒊
between two bodies, we use a collision A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 B
horizontal air table that is equipped
with a launcher and two pucks (A) 𝑽′𝑨 𝑽′𝑩
After 1cm 4cm
𝒊
and (B) of respective masses collision
𝑚𝐴 = 0.2𝑘𝑔 and 𝑚𝐵 = 0.3𝑘𝑔. A'6 A'1 B'1 B'2 B'3 B'4 B'5 B'6

(A), thrown with the velocity 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐴 𝑖 , enters in a head-on collision with (B), initially at rest. (A) rebounds
with the velocity 𝑉𝐴′ = 𝑉𝐴′ 𝑖 , and (B) is projected with the velocity 𝑉𝐵′ = 𝑉𝐵′ 𝑖.
The figure below shows, in real dimensions, a part of the dot-prints, that register the positions of the centers of
masses of (A) and (B), obtained when the time interval separating two successive dots is τ = 20ms.

A) Law related to the linear momentum

1-
1.1- Show, using the above dot-prints, that the velocities 𝑉𝐴 , 𝑉𝐴′ and 𝑉𝐵′ are constant and calculate the
algebraic values 𝑉𝐴 , 𝑉𝐴′ and 𝑉𝐵′ .
1.2- Determine the linear momentums 𝑃𝐴 and 𝑃𝐴′ of the puck (A), before and after collision respectively
and that 𝑃𝐵′ of the puck (B) after collision.
1.3- Deduce the linear momentums, 𝑃 and 𝑃′, of the center of mass of the system [(A) and (B)] before
and after collision respectively.
1.4- Compare 𝑃 and 𝑃′ then conclude.
2-
2.1- Name the forces acting on the system [(A), (B)].
2.2- What is the value of the resultant of these forces?
2.3- This result agrees with the conclusion of (1.4). Why?

B) Law related to the kinetic energy

1- Calculate the kinetic energy of the system [(A), (B)] before and after collision.
2- Deduce the nature of this collision.
Exercise 4 (2nd session 2004 LS):
Determination of the speed of a bullet

A gun is used to shoot bullets, each of mass m = 20g, with a horizontal velocity 𝑉0 of value 𝑉0 .
In order to determine 𝑉0 , we consider a setup formed of a wooden block of mass M = 1kg, suspended from the
ends of two inextensible sting of negligible mass and of the same length (figure 1).
This setup can be taken as a block of wood suspended from the free end a string of length ℓ = 1𝑚, initially at
rest in the equilibrium position at G1.
A bullet having the velocity 𝑉0 hits the block and is embedded in at the level of the center of mass G of the
block.
Just after impact, the system (block, bullet) moves with a horizontal velocity 𝑉1 . The pendulum thus attains a
maximum angular deviation 𝛼 = 37°.
G1 and G2 are the respective positions of G in the equilibrium position and in the highest position.
Take the horizontal plane through G1 as a gravitational potential energy reference (figure 2).
Neglect friction with air and take g = 9.8m/s2.

𝑽𝟎 𝑽𝟏 G2
𝑽𝟎
𝑷. 𝑬𝒈 = 𝟎
G1
Figure 1 Figure 2

1- During a collision, which one of the two physical quantities, the linear momentum or the kinetic energy of
the system does not remain always conserved?
2- Determine the expression of the value of 𝑉1 of the velocity 𝑉1 in terms of M, m and 𝑉0 .
3-
3.1- Determine, just after impact, the mechanical energy of the system (pendulum, Earth) in terms of 𝑉0 ,
M, and m.
3.2- Determine, in terms of M, m, g, ℓ and 𝛼, the mechanical energy of the system (pendulum, Earth) at
point G2.
3.3- Deduce the value of 𝑉0 .
4- Verify the answer of question (1).
Exercise 5 (1st session 2006 LS):
Verification of Newton’s second law

A puck (S) of mass M = 100g and of center of mass G, may slide along an inclined track that makes an angle 𝛼
with the horizontal so that sin 𝛼 = 0.40. Thus G moves along an axis 𝑥′𝑥 parallel to the track as shown in
document 1. Take g = 10 m/s2.
𝒙′
𝑷. 𝑬𝒈 = 𝟎
G0
𝒊 G
1
G2
(S)
G3
G4
G5
Doc.1 𝜶 𝒙

We release (S) without initial velocity at the instant t0 = 0 and at the end of each interval of time 𝜏 = 50𝑚𝑠,
some positions G0, G1, G2, … G5 of G are recorded at the instants t0 = 0 ,t1 , t2 , … t5 respectively.
The values of the abscissa 𝑥 of G 𝑥 = 𝐺0 𝐺 are given in the table below.
t 0 𝝉 𝟐𝝉 𝟑𝝉 𝟒𝝉 𝟓𝝉
x (cm) 0 G0G1= 0.50 G0G2= 2.00 G0G3 = 4.50 G0G4 = 8.00 G0G5 =12.50

1- Verify that the speed of the puck at the instants t2 = 2 and t4 = 4 are V2 = 0.40 m/s and V4 = 0.80 m/s
respectively.
2-
2.1- Calculate the mechanical energy of the system (puck-Earth) at the instants t0, t2 and t4 knowing that the
horizontal plane through G0 is taken as a gravitational potential energy reference.
2.2- Why can we suppose that the puck moves without friction along the rail?
3- Determine the variation in the linear momentum ∆𝑃 = 𝑃4 − 𝑃2 of (S) during ∆𝑡 = 𝑡4 − 𝑡2 .
4-
4.1- Name the forces acting on (S) during its motion.
4.2- Show that the resultant 𝐹 of these forces may be written as 𝐹 = 𝑀𝑔 sin 𝛼 𝑖.
∆𝑃 𝑑𝑃
5- Assuming that ∆𝑡 is very small, ∆𝑡 may be considered equal to 𝑑𝑡 . Show that Newton’s second law is
verified between the instants t2 and t4.
Exercise 6 (2nd session 2007 LS):
Mechanical interaction

The object of this exercise is to study some physical quantities of a

system whose parts are in mechanical interaction.
For that, we use two pucks (A) and (B), of respective masses mA = 100g
and mB = 120g, that may move without friction on a horizontal table.
Each puck is surrounded by an elastic steel shock ring of negligible
mass.
The two pucks are connected by a massless and inextensible taut thread
thus compressing the steel shock rings. The system (S) thus formed is at
rest. (Figure 1)
We burn the thread; the shock rings stretch and the pucks repel each Fig. 1
other. The system (S) thus formed of the two pucks and the shock rings
is said to “explode”.
The positions of the center of mass of each puck are registered at successive instants separated by a constant
time interval 𝜏 = 50 ms.
Figure (2) represents, on the axis x'x, the dot-prints of the positions of the centers of masses GA and GB of the
two pucks after the «explosion».

𝑽𝑨 𝑽𝑩

Dot-prints of the Dot-prints of the

x' 𝒊 positions of GA positions of GB x

24 cm 20 cm
Fig. 2

1- Using the document of figure (2), show that , after explosion:

1.1- The motion of each puck is uniform;
1.2- The speeds of (A) and (B) are VA = 1.2m/s and VB = 1m/s respectively.
2- Verify the conservation of the linear momentum of the system (S) during explosion.
𝑑𝑃
3- Applying Newton’s second law = 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 on each puck and assuming that the time interval of the
𝑑𝑡
∆𝑃 𝑑𝑃
explosion ∆𝑡 = 0.05𝑠 is so small that has the same value as ,
∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
3.1- Determine the forces 𝐹𝐴→𝐵 and 𝐹𝐵→𝐴 exerted respectively by (A) on (B) and by (B) on (A).
3.2- Verify the principle of interaction.
4- The system (S) possesses a certain energy before the explosion.
4.1- Specify the part of (S) storing this energy.
4.2- In what form is this energy stored?
4.3- Determine the value of this energy.
Exercise 7 (2nd session 2010 LS):
Resistive force on a car

A car of mass M = 1500kg moves on a straight horizontal road; its center of gravity G is moving on the
axis 𝑂; 𝑖 .
The car is acted upon by the forces:
- its weight;
- the normal reaction of the road;
- a constant motive force 𝐹𝑚 = 𝐹𝑚 𝑖 where Fm = 3500N;
- a resistive force 𝐹𝑓 = −𝐹𝑓 𝑖.
In order to determine 𝐹𝑓 , we measure the speed V of the car at different instants, separated by equal time
intervals each being τ = 1s.

A- Value of 𝑭𝒇 between the instants t0 = 0 and t5 = 5s

The results of the obtained recordings are tabulated as follows:
Instant t0 = 0 t1 = τ t2 = 2τ t3 = 3τ t4 = 4τ t5 = 5τ
Position O G1 G2 G3 G4 G5
V [m/s] 0 2 4 6 8 10
1- Using the scale below, draw the curve representing the variation of the speed V as a function of time.
 1cm on the axis of abscissas represents 1s;
 1cm on the axis of ordinates represents 2m/s.
2- Show that the relation between the velocity 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑖 at a time t has the form 𝑉 = 𝑏𝑡𝑖 where 𝑏 is a constant.
3-
3.1- the constant 𝑏 is a characteristic physical quantity of motion. Give its name.
3.2- Calculate its value.
4- Applying Newton’s second law,
4.1- show that 𝐹𝑓 is constant between t0 = 0 and t5 = 5s;
4.2- calculate the value 𝐹𝑓 of 𝐹𝑓 .

B- Variation of 𝑭𝒇 between the instants t5 = 5s and t = 140s

In reality, the measurement of the speed between the
V [m/s] N (107; 60)
instants t0 = 0 and t = 140s allows us to plot the graph of 60
the adjacent figure.
1- Show that the part of this graph between the instants 50
t0 = 0 and t5 = 5s is in agreement with the graph of P
part A. 40
2- We draw the tangent MN to the curve at the point P at (0; 33) M
the instant 𝑡𝑃 where 𝑉𝑃 = 45𝑚/𝑠. 30
2.1- Determine the value of the acceleration at the
instant 𝑡𝑃 . 20
2.2- Deduce the value of 𝐹𝑓 at the instant 𝑡𝑃 .
3- Starting from the instant 100s, V attains a limiting 10
t [s]
value of 𝑉ℓ = 50𝑚/𝑠. Calculate then the value of 𝐹𝑓 .
0
4- Indicate the time interval during which 𝐹𝑓 increases. 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Exercise 8 (2nd session 2012 LS):
Study of the motion of a skier

A skier (S), of mass m = 80 kg, is pulled by a boat using a rope parallel to the surface of water. He starts from
point A at the instant t0 = 0 without initial velocity.
The skier passes point B at the instant t = 60 s with a speed VB = 6 m/s, then he releases the rope. He continues
his motion along a board BD inclined by an angle of 30o with respect to the horizontal surface of water.
Suppose that during the passage from AB to BD the speed at point B does not change.
The skier arrives point D, situated at an altitude h = 1.6 m from the water surface, with a velocity VD, then he
leaves the board at point D to hit the water surface at point E (see figure below).

Given:
 the skier is considered as a particle;
 on the path AB, the force of traction 𝐹 exerted by the rope on the skier has a constant magnitude 𝐹 and the
whole forces of friction are equivalent to a single force 𝑓 opposite to the displacement, of magnitude
𝑓 = 100𝑁;
 friction is negligible along the path BDE;
 after leaving point D the motion of the skier takes place in the vertical plane Dxy containing 𝑉𝐷 ;
 the horizontal plane passing through AB is the reference level of the gravitational potential energy;
 g = 10m/s2.

A) Motion of the skier between A and B

1- What are the external forces acting on (S) along the path AB? Draw, not to scale, a diagram of these
forces.
𝑑𝑃
2- Applying Newton's second law 𝒅𝒕 = 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 on the skier, between the points A and B, express the
acceleration 𝑎 of the motion of the skier in terms of 𝐹, 𝑓 and m
3- Determine the expression of the speed 𝑉 of the skier in terms of 𝐹, 𝑓, m and the time t.
4- Deduce F.

B) Motion of the skier on the board BD

1- Why can we apply the principle of conservation of the mechanical of energy of system [(S), Earth] on
the path BD?
2- Deduce that VD = 2 m/s.

C) Motion of the skier between D and E

The skier leaves the board at point D, at an instant t0, taken as a new origin of time.
1- Apply Newton's second law on the skier to show that, at an instant t, the vertical component 𝑃𝑦 of the
linear momentum of the skier is of the form: 𝑃𝑦 = 800𝑡 − 80 (In SI unit).
2- Deduce the parametric equation 𝑦(𝑡) of the motion of the skier in the frame of reference Dxy.
3- Determine the duration taken by the skier to pass from D to E.
Exercise 9 (1st session 2015 LS):
Collision and interaction

In order to study the collision between two bodies, we consider a horizontal air table equipped with a launcher
and two pucks (A) and (B) of respective masses 𝑚𝐴 = 0.4𝑘𝑔 and 𝑚𝐵 = 0.6𝑘𝑔.
(A), launched with the velocity 𝑉1 = 0.5𝑖, collides with (B) initially at rest.
(A) rebounds with the velocity 𝑉2 = −0.1𝑖 and (B) moves with the velocity 𝑉3 = 0.4𝑖 (𝑉1 𝑉2 and 𝑉3 are
expressed in m/s). Neglect all frictional forces.
(A) (B)
𝑽𝟏
𝒊
𝒙

A- Linear momentum
1-
1.1- Determine the linear momentums:
1.1.1- 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 of (A), before and after collision respectively;
1.1.2- 𝑃3 of (B) after collision.
1.2- Deduce the linear momentums 𝑃 and 𝑃 ′ of the system [(A), (B)] before and after collision
respectively.
1.3- Compare 𝑃 and 𝑃 ′ . Conclude.
2-
2.1- Name the external forces acting on the system [(A), (B)].
2.2- Give the value of the resultant of these forces.
2.3- Is this resultant compatible with the conclusion in question (1.3)? Why?

B- Type of collision
1- Determine the kinetic energy of the system [(A), (B)] before and after collision.
2- Deduce the type of the collision.

C- Principle of interaction
∆𝑃 𝑑𝑃
The duration of collision is ∆𝑡 = 0.04𝑠; we can consider that ∆𝑡 ≈ 𝑑𝑡 .
1- Determine during ∆𝑡:
1.1- the variations ∆𝑃𝐴 and ∆𝑃𝐵 in the linear momentums of the pucks (A) and (B) respectively;
1.2- the forces 𝐹𝐴/𝐵 exerted by (A) on (B) and 𝐹𝐵/𝐴 exerted by (B) on (A).
2- Deduce that the principle of interaction is verified.
Exercise 10 (1st session 2016 LS):
Nature of a collision

The aim of this exercise is to determine the nature

of a collision between two objects. D
For this aim, an object (A), considered as a (A)
particle, of mass mA = 2kg, can slide without
friction on a path situated in a vertical plane and
formed of two parts: a circular part DN and a 𝒉𝑫 C
horizontal rectilinear part NM. (B)
𝒉𝑪
(A) is released, without initial velocity, from the 𝒊
point D situated at a height 𝑕𝐷 = 0.45𝑚 above 𝒙′ N M 𝒙
the horizontal part NM (Fig.1).
The horizontal plane passing through MN is taken
as the reference level of gravitational potential
energy. Take g = 10m/s2.
1- Calculate the mechanical energy of the system [(A), Earth] at the point D.
2- Deduce the speed V1A of (A) when it reaches the point N.
3- (A) reaches N and moves along NM with the same velocity 𝑉1𝐴 = 𝑉1𝐴 𝑖 . Another object (B), considered as a
particle, of mass mB = 4kg moves along the horizontal path from M toward N with the velocity 𝑉1𝐵 = −1𝑖
(V1B in m/s).
3.1- Determine the linear momentum 𝑃𝑠 of the system [(A), (B)] before collision.
3.2- Deduce the velocity 𝑉𝐺 of the center of inertia G of the system [(A), (B)].
4- After collision, (A) rebounds and attains a maximum height 𝑕𝐶 = 0.27𝑚.
4.1- Determine the mechanical energy of the system [(A), Earth] at the point C.
4.2- Deduce the speed V2A of (A) just after collision.
5- Determine, by applying the principle of the conservation of the linear momentum of the system [(A), (B)],
the velocity V2B of (B) just after collision.
6- Specify the nature of the collision.
Exercise 11 (2nd session 2021 LS):
Studying the motion of an object
Consider:
 a rail AOB located in a vertical plane composed of two straight parts: a horizontal part AO and aninclined part
OB making an angle α = 30o with the horizontal;
 two objects (S1) and (S2) taken as particles of same mass m = 80g;
 a massless spring (R), of force constant k = 200 N/m and natural length ℓ0 , fixed from one of its ends to a
support at A with the other end free.
Take:
 the horizontal plane containing O as the reference level forgravitational potential energy;
 g = 10m/s2.

1- Launching particle (S1)

In order to launch (S1), it is placed against the free end of the spring, the spring is compressed by a distance d,
and then the system [Spring - (S1)] is released from rest (Doc.3).
When the spring returns to its natural length ℓ0 , (S1) leaves the spring with a velocity 𝑉1 parallel to AO.
After launching, (S1) moving with the velocity V1 , collides head-on with (S2) which is placed initially at rest on
the rail AO.
Just after the collision, (S1) stops and (S2) moves with a velocity 𝑉2 parallel to AO and ofmagnitude V2 = 5m/s.
(S1) and (S2) move without friction on the rail AO.
x
B

ℓ d
(S2)
(S1) 300
A
O
ℓ0 Doc. 3

1.1- Apply the law of conservation of linear momentum to show that the magnitude of 𝑉1 is V1 = 5m/s.
1.2- Deduce that the collision between (S1) and (S2) is elastic.
1.3- Determine the value of d.

2- Motion of (S2) on the inclined part OB

At the instant t0 = 0, (S2) starts from O on the inclined part OB with a velocity 𝑉0 = 𝑉0 𝑖 = 5𝑖 (𝑚/𝑠), where 𝑖 is
the unit vector along the x-axis parallel to OB. On this part, (S2) is submitted to a friction force 𝑓 of constant
magnitude f and of direction opposite to its motion.
2.1- Name the external forces acting on (S2) during its motion along the track OB.
2.2- Show that the sum of the external forces acting on (S2) during its upward motion along OB is:
𝐹 = − 𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝛼 𝑖.
2.3- The expression of the linear momentum of (S2) during its upward motion along OB is:
𝑑𝑃
𝑃 = −0.9𝑡 + 0.4 𝑖 (𝑆𝐼). Knowing that = 𝐹 , determine f.
𝑑𝑡
Exercise 12 (1st session 2022 LS):
Verification of the principle of interaction

The aim of this exercise is to verify the principle of interaction between two blocks.
For this purpose, we consider two blocks (A) and (B) considered as particles of respective masses mA = 200g
and mB = 800g.
(A) and (B) can move without friction on a track CDE lying in a vertical plane.
This track is formed of two parts: the first one CD is straight and inclined by an angle α with respect to the
horizontal and the second one DE is straight and horizontal.
Block (A) is released without initial velocity from point C situated at a height hC = 0.2m above a horizontal x-
axis, confounded with DE, of unit vector 𝑖 (Doc.1).
Take:
 the horizontal plane containing the x-axis as a reference level for gravitational potential energy;
 g = 10 m/s2.

(A) Doc. 1

hC = 0.2 m (B)
α 𝒊 x
D E

1- The mechanical energy of the system [(A), Track, Earth] is conserved between C and D. Why?
2- Deduce that the speed of (A) at point D is VA = 2m/s.
3- (A) continues its motion with a velocity 𝑉𝐴 = 2𝑖 (m/s) along track DE until it makes a head-on
elastic collision with (B) initially at rest.
Show that the velocities of (A) and (B) right after the collision are 𝑉𝐴′ = −1.2𝑖 (m/s) and 𝑉𝐵′ = 0.8𝑖 (m/s)
respectively.
∆𝑃 𝑑𝑃
4- The duration of the collision is ∆𝑡 = 0.1𝑠, so ∆𝑡 ≅ 𝑑𝑡 .
Apply, during ∆𝑡, Newton's second law:
4.1- on (B) to determine the force 𝐹𝐴/𝐵 exerted by (A) on (B);
4.2- on (A) to determine the force 𝐹𝐵/𝐴 exerted by (B) on (A).
5- Deduce that the principle of interaction is verified.
Exercise 13 (2nd session 2022 LS):
Motion of a hockey puck
The purpose of this exercise is to study the motion
of a hockey puck (M). Hockey Player
(M), taken as a particle of mass m = 170g, can Doc. 3
slide on a horizontal ice rink. A hockey player hits
puck (M) with his stickfrom at point A (Doc. 3). Stick
Take the horizontal plane passing through (M) as (M)
x 𝒊
a reference level for gravitational potential
energy. B A

1- The collision between (M) and the stick occurs in a very short time. Choose the correct sentence out
of the three following sentences.
Sentence 1: During this collision, the linear momentum and the kinetic energy of the system
[Stick, (M)] are necessarily conserved.
Sentence 2: During this collision, the linear momentum of the system [Stick, (M)] is conserved but
the kinetic energy of this system is not necessarily conserved.
Sentence 3: During this collision, the linear momentum of the system [Stick, (M)] is not necessarily
conserved but the kinetic energy of this system is necessarily conserved.

2- Just after the collision, (M) is launched from point A with a velocity 𝑉𝐴 = 18𝑖 (m/s). Puck (M)
moves on the ice rink along an x-axis, and it stops at point B after travelling a distance AB = 54m
during a time ∆𝑡 (Doc. 3).

2.1- Calculate the mechanical energy of the system [(M), Earth] at A and then at B.
2.2- Deduce that (M) is submitted to a friction force 𝑓 during its motion between A and B.
2.3- Given that the value 𝑓 of 𝑓 is constant. Deduce that 𝑓 = 0.51𝑁.
2.4- Name the external forces acting on (M) between A and B, and then draw, not to scale, a diagram for
these forces.
2.5- Show that the sum of these forces is 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 = −0.51𝑖 (N).
2.6- Determine the linear momenta of (M), « 𝑃𝐴 » at point A and « 𝑃𝐵 » at point B.
2.7- Deduce the variation ∆𝑃 of the linear momentum of (M) during ∆𝑡.
2.8- Calculate ∆𝑡 knowing that ∆𝑃 = 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 ∆𝑡.
Exercise 1:
Part Answer key Mark
A.1 𝑀. 𝐸 = 𝐾. 𝐸 + 𝐺. 𝑃. 𝐸 = 1 𝑀 + 𝑚 𝑉 2 − 𝑚𝑔 𝑕 + 𝑥 .
2
The non-conservative forces are neglected; then, the mechanical energy is conserved.
A.2 𝑀. 𝐸 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ⟹ 𝑑𝑀 .𝐸 = 0.
𝑑𝑡
1
𝑀 + 𝑚 2𝑉𝑉′ − 𝑚𝑔𝑥 ′ = 0 with 𝑉 = 𝑥′ and 𝑎 = 𝑉′.
2
𝑀 + 𝑚 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑚𝑔𝑉 = 0.
𝑉 𝑀 + 𝑚 𝑎 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0 with 𝑉 ≠ 0.
𝑚𝑔 0.05×10
𝑀 + 𝑚 𝑎 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0 ⟹ 𝑎 = 𝑀+𝑚 = 0.2+0.05 = 2𝑚/𝑠 2 .
A.3 Newton’s 2nd law: 𝐹 = 𝑀𝑎 ⟹ 𝑀𝑔 + 𝑁 + 𝑇 = 𝑀𝑎.
𝑀𝑔 + 𝑁 = 0 (No motion along y-axis).
𝑇 = 𝑀𝑎 = 0.2 × 2𝑖 = 0.4𝑖 𝑁 .
B 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑀𝑉𝐵 = 0.2 × 0.2𝑖 = 0.04𝑖 [𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠].
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑀𝑉𝐷 = 0.2 × 0.4 = 0.08𝑖 [𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠].
∆𝑃 𝑃𝐷 −𝑃𝐵 0.08𝑖 −0.04𝑖
= = = 0.4𝑖 𝑁 .
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 200−100 ×10 −3
C ∆𝑃
= 𝑇 = 0.4𝑖.
∆𝑡
∆𝑃
𝐹 = 𝑇 = ∆𝑡 .
Therefore, Newton’s 2nd law is verified.
Exercise 2:
Part Answer key Mark
1.1 𝑀. 𝐸𝐷 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝐷 + 𝐺. 𝑃. 𝐸𝐷 = 1 𝑚𝑉𝐷2 + 𝑚𝑔𝑕𝐷 with 𝑉𝐷 = 0 and 𝑕𝐷 = 𝐿.
2
𝑀. 𝐸𝐷 = 0 + 𝑚𝑔𝐿 = 0.1 × 10 × 0.45 = 0.45𝐽.
1.2 𝑀. 𝐸 = 𝐾. 𝐸 + 𝐺. 𝑃. 𝐸 = 1 𝑚𝑉 2 + 𝑚𝑔𝑕 with 𝑕 = 𝐿 1 − cos 𝜃 .
2
1
𝑀. 𝐸 = 2 𝑚𝑉 2 + 𝑚𝑔𝐿 1 − cos 𝜃 .
1.3 The non-conservative force (friction) is neglected; then, the mechanical energy is conserved.
Principle of conservation of mechanical energy: 𝑀. 𝐸 = 𝑀. 𝐸𝐷 = 0.45𝐽.
𝑀.𝐸
𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝐺. 𝑃. 𝐸 ⟹ 𝐺. 𝑃. 𝐸 = 2 .
𝑀.𝐸
𝑚𝑔𝐿 1 − cos 𝜃 = .
2
0.45
0.1 × 10 × 0.45 × 1 − cos 𝜃 = .
2
1 − cos 𝜃 = 0.5 ⟹ cos 𝜃 = 0.5 ⟹ 𝜃 = 60°.
1.4 Principle of conservation of mechanical energy: 𝑀. 𝐸𝐷 = 𝑀. 𝐸𝐹 .
𝑀. 𝐸𝐷 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝐹 + 𝐺. 𝑃. 𝐸𝐹 .
1
𝑀. 𝐸𝐷 = 2 𝑚𝑉02 + 0 with 𝑕𝐹 = 0𝑚.
1
0.45 = 2 × 0.1 × 𝑉02 ⟹ 𝑉0 = 3𝑚/𝑠.
2 During collision, the system [P; P1] is isolated.
𝑑𝑃𝑆
𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 = = 0 ⟹ 𝑃𝑆 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
𝑑𝑡
Principle of conservation of linear momentum: 𝑃𝑏𝑐 = 𝑃𝑎𝑐 .
𝑚𝑉0 + 0 = 𝑚𝑉 + 𝑚1 𝑉1 .
The velocities are collinear; then, the above equation can be written in its algebraic form:
𝑚𝑉0 = 𝑚𝑉 + 𝑚1 𝑉1 .
0.1 × 3 = 0.1 × 𝑉 + 0.2 × 2 ⟹ 𝑉 = −1𝑚/𝑠.
The magnitude of 𝑉 is 1m/s.
1 1
𝐾. 𝐸𝑏 = 2 𝑚𝑉02 + 0 = 2 × 0.1 × 32 = 0.45𝐽.
1 1 1 1
𝐾. 𝐸𝑎 = 2 𝑚𝑉 2 + 2 𝑚1 𝑉12 = 2 × 0.1 × 12 + 2 × 0.2 × 22 = 0.45𝐽.
𝐾. 𝐸𝑏 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝑎 ⟹ The kinetic energy of the system [P; P1] is conserved and the collision is
elastic.
3.1 Principle of conservation of mechanical energy:𝑀. 𝐸𝐴 = 𝑀. 𝐸𝑀 .
𝐾. 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐺. 𝑃. 𝐸𝐴 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝑀 + 𝐺. 𝑃. 𝐸𝑀 .
1
𝑚 𝑉 2 + 0 = 0 + 𝑚2 𝑔𝑕𝑀 with 𝑕𝐴 = 0, 𝑉𝑀 = 0 and 𝑕𝑀 = 𝐴𝑀 sin 𝛼.
2 2 1
1 𝑉2 22
𝑚 𝑉 2 = 𝑚2 𝑔𝐴𝑀 sin 𝛼 ⟹ 𝐴𝑀 = 2𝑔 sin
1
= 2×10×sin 30° = 0.4𝑚 = 40𝑐𝑚.
2 2 1 𝛼
3.2 1 1
𝑀. 𝐸𝐴 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐺. 𝑃. 𝐸𝐴 = 2 𝑚1 𝑉12 + 0 = 2 × 0.2 × 22 = 0.4𝐽.
𝑀. 𝐸𝑁 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝑁 + 𝐺. 𝑃. 𝐸𝑁 = 0 + 𝑚2 𝑔𝐴𝑁 sin 30° = 0.2 × 10 × 0.2 × sin 30° = 0.2𝐽.
∆𝑀. 𝐸 = 𝑀. 𝐸𝑁 − 𝑀. 𝐸𝐴 = 0.2 − 0.4 = −0.2𝐽.
∆𝑀. 𝐸 = 𝑊𝑓 ⟹ ∆𝑀. 𝐸 = −𝑓 × 𝐴𝑁.
−0.2 = −0.2𝑓 ⟹ 𝑓 = 1𝑁.
Exercise 3:
Part Answer key Mark
A.1.1 The distances covered by the pucks before and after the collision during successive and
equal intervals of time 𝜏 are equal.
Since 𝑉𝐴 , 𝑉𝐴′ and 𝑉𝐵′ are collinear or held by the same axis 𝑂; 𝑖 then these velocities are
constant.
𝐴1 𝐴6 5×10 −2
𝑉𝐴 = = 5×20×10 −3 = 0.5𝑚/𝑠.
5𝜏
𝐴′1 𝐴′6 1×10 −2
𝑉𝐴′ =− = − 5×20×10 −3 = −0.1𝑚/𝑠.
5𝜏
𝐵1′ 𝐵6′ 4×10 −2
𝑉𝐵′ = = 5×20×10 −3 = 0.4𝑚/𝑠.
5𝜏
A.1.2 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴 = 0.2 × 0.5𝑖 = 0.1𝑖 [𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠].
𝑃𝐴′ = 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴′ = 0.2 × −0.1𝑖 = −0.02𝑖.
𝑃𝐵′ = 𝑚𝐵 𝑉𝐵′ = 0.3 × 0.4𝑖 = 0.12𝑖 .
A.1.3 𝑃 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 = 0.1𝑖.
𝑃′ = 𝑃𝐴′ + 𝑃𝐵′ = −0.02𝑖 + 0.12𝑖 = 0.1𝑖.
A.1.4 𝑃 = 𝑃′ = 0.1𝑖 ⟹ 𝑃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
The linear momentum of the system [(A); (B)] is conserved.
A.2.1 The external forces acting of the system [(A); (B)] are:
𝑊𝐴 and 𝑊𝐵 : Weights of (A) and (B) respectively.
𝑁𝐴 and 𝑁𝐵 : Normal reaction of support forces acting on (A) and (B) respectively.
A.2.2 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑊𝐴 + 𝑁𝐴 + 𝑊𝐵 + 𝑁𝐵 = 0.
A.2.3 ∆𝑃 = 𝑃′ − 𝑃 = 0 and 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 0.
∆𝑃
𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 = = 0.
∆𝑡
B.1 1 1 1
𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐾. 𝐸𝐵 = 2 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴2 + 2 𝑚𝐵 𝑉𝐵2 = 2 × 0.2 × 0.52 = 0.025𝐽.
1 2 1 2 1 1
𝐾. 𝐸 ′ = 𝐾. 𝐸𝐴′ + 𝐾. 𝐸𝐵′ = 2 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴′ + 2 𝑚𝐵 𝑉𝐵′ = 2 × 0.2 × 0.12 + 2 × 0.3 × 0.42 = 0.025𝐽.
B.2 𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝐾. 𝐸′ ⟹ the kinetic energy is conserved and the collision is elastic.
Exercise 4:
Part Answer Mark
1 The kinetic energy of the system [M; m].
2 During collision, the system [M; m] is isolated.
𝑑𝑃𝑆
𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 = = 0 ⟹ 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
𝑑𝑡
Apply the principle of conservation of linear momentum: 𝑃𝑏 = 𝑃𝑎 ⟹ 𝑚𝑉0 = 𝑚 + 𝑀 𝑉1
The velocities are collinear; then, the above equation can be written in its algebraic form:
𝑚
𝑚𝑉0 = 𝑚 + 𝑀 𝑉1 ⟹ 𝑉1 = 𝑀+𝑚 𝑉0 .
3.1 1 1
𝑀. 𝐸1 = 𝐾. 𝐸1 + 𝑃. 𝐸𝑔1 = 2 𝑀 + 𝑚 𝑉12 + 0 = 2 𝑀 + 𝑚 𝑉12 .
1 𝑚 2 1 𝑚 2 𝑉02
𝑀. 𝐸1 = 2 𝑀 + 𝑚 𝑉 =2 .
𝑚 +𝑀 0 𝑀+𝑚
3.2 𝑀. 𝐸2 = 𝐾. 𝐸2 + 𝑃. 𝐸𝑔2 = 0 + 𝑀 + 𝑚 𝑔𝑕2 with 𝑕2 = ℓ − ℓ cos 𝜃 = ℓ 1 − cos 𝛼 .
𝑀. 𝐸2 = 𝑀 + 𝑚 𝑔ℓ 1 − cos 𝛼 .
3.3 The non-conservative force (friction) is neglected; then, the mechanical energy is conserved.
1 𝑚 2 𝑉02
𝑀. 𝐸1 = 𝑀. 𝐸2 ⟹ 2 = 𝑀 + 𝑚 𝑔ℓ 1 − cos 𝛼 .
𝑀+𝑚
2 𝑀+𝑚 2 𝑔ℓ 1−cos 𝛼 𝑀+𝑚
𝑉02 = ⟹ 𝑉0 = 2𝑔ℓ 1 − cos 𝛼 .
𝑚2 𝑚
1+0.02
𝑉0 = 2 × 9.8 × 1 × 1 − cos 37° = 101.3𝑚/𝑠.
0.02
4 1 1
𝐾. 𝐸𝑏 = 2 𝑚𝑉02 = 2 × 0.02 × 101.32 = 102.6𝐽.
1 1 𝑚 2 𝑉02 0.02 2 ×101.32
𝐾. 𝐸𝑎 = 𝑀 + 𝑚 𝑉12 = = = 2𝐽.
2 2 𝑀+𝑚 2 1+0.02
𝐾. 𝐸𝑏 ≠ 𝐾. 𝐸𝑎 ⟹ the kinetic energy is not conserved.
Exercise 5:
Part Answer Mark
1 𝐺1 𝐺3 𝐺 𝐺 −𝐺 𝐺 𝑥 −𝑥 4.5−0.5 ×10 −2
𝑉2 = 2𝜏 = 0 32𝜏 0 1 = 32𝜏 1 = = 0.4𝑚/𝑠.
0.1
𝐺 𝐺
3 5 𝐺 𝐺 −𝐺 𝐺 𝑥 −𝑥 12.5−4.5 ×10 −2
𝑉4 = 2𝜏 = 0 52𝜏 0 3 = 52𝜏 3 = = 0.8𝑚/𝑠.
0.1
2 𝑀. 𝐸 = 𝐾. 𝐸 + 𝑃. 𝐸𝑔 ;
𝑀. 𝐸0 = 𝐾. 𝐸0 + 𝑃. 𝐸𝑔 = 0 + 0 = 0 with 𝑉0 = 0 and 𝑕0 = 0.
0
1
𝑀. 𝐸2 = 𝐾. 𝐸2 + 𝑃. 𝐸𝑔 = 2 𝑀𝑉22 − 𝑀𝑔𝑕2 .
2

𝒙′
𝐏. 𝐄𝐠 = 𝟎 𝜶
G0 h2
h4
G2

G4
𝜶
𝒙

𝑕2 = 𝐺0 𝐺2 × sin 𝛼 = 2 × 0.4 = 0.8𝑐𝑚 = 0.008𝑚 ⟹ 𝑀. 𝐸2 = 0𝐽.

1
𝑀. 𝐸4 = 𝐾. 𝐸4 + 𝑃. 𝐸𝑔 = 2 𝑀𝑉42 − 𝑀𝑔𝑕4 ;
4
𝑕4 = 𝐺0 𝐺4 × sin 𝛼 = 8 × 0.4 = 3.2𝑐𝑚 = 0.032𝑚 ⟹ 𝑀. 𝐸4 = 0𝐽.
3.1 𝑀. 𝐸0 = 𝑀. 𝐸2 = 𝑀. 𝐸4 ⟹ The mechanical energy is conserved during motion ⟹ No friction.
3.2 ∆𝑃 = 𝑃4 − 𝑃2 = 𝑀𝑉4 − 𝑀𝑉2 = 𝑀 𝑉4 − 𝑉2 = 0.1 0.8𝑖 − 0.4𝑖 = 0.04𝑖.
4.1 The forces acting on (S):
The weight 𝑊 of (S) and the normal reaction 𝑁 of the path.
4.2 𝐹 = 𝑊 + 𝑁 = 𝑊𝑥 + 𝑊𝑦 + 𝑁 where: 𝑊𝑥 = 𝑀𝑔 sin 𝛼 𝑖, 𝑊𝑦 = −𝑀𝑔 cos 𝛼 𝑗 and 𝑁 = 𝑁𝑗.
𝑊𝑦 + 𝑁 = 0 (no motion along 𝑦′𝑦).
⟹ 𝐹 = 𝑊1 = 𝑀𝑔 sin 𝛼 𝑖.
𝒚

𝒙′ 𝑵

𝑾𝑥
𝑾𝑦
𝜶

𝒚′ 𝑾 𝜶 𝒙

5 The 2nd Law of is given by: 𝐹=

𝑑𝑃
=
∆𝑃
.
𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡
∆𝑃 0.04𝑖
We have: 𝐹 = 𝑀𝑔 sin 𝛼 𝑖 = 0.4𝑖 and = = 0.4𝑖.
∆𝑡 0.1
⟹ The 2nd law of Newton is thus verified.
Exercise 6:
Part Answer Mark
1.1 The distances covered during equal time intervals are equal.
1.2 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑑 = 𝑑 = 0.2 = 1𝑚/𝑠 and 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑑 = 𝑑 = 0.24 = 1.2𝑚/𝑠.
∆𝑡 4𝜏 4×0.05 ∆𝑡 4𝜏 4×0.05
2 𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 0; 𝑃𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑉𝐵 = 0.1 −1.2𝑖 + 0.12 𝑖 = 0.
⟹ 𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 𝑃𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 (The linear momentum is conserved for the system formed of the two
pucks).
3.1 Newton 2nd Law applied on A gives:
𝑑𝑃𝐴
= 𝑚𝐴 𝑔 + 𝑁𝐴 + 𝐹𝐵→𝐴 = 𝐹𝐵→𝐴 =
0.1 −1.2−0 𝑖
= −2.4𝑖.
𝑑𝑡 0.05
𝑑𝑃𝐵 0.12 1−0 𝑖
Newton 2nd Law applied on B gives: = 𝑚𝐵 𝑔 + 𝑁𝐵 + 𝐹𝐴→𝐵 = 𝐹𝐴→𝐵 = = 2.4𝑖.
𝑑𝑡 0.05
3.2 𝐹𝐵→𝐴 = −𝐹𝐴→𝐵 .
4.1 The deformed elastic shock ring.
4.2 Elastic potential energy.
4.3 The mechanical energy of the system is conserved because the system is isolated (The system
does not exchange energy with the surroundings); ( Elastic potential energy is transformed into
kinetic energy):
𝑀. 𝐸𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 𝑀. 𝐸𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 .
𝐾. 𝐸𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒 + 𝐸. 𝑃. 𝐸𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝐸. 𝑃. 𝐸𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 .
1 1
0 + 𝐸. 𝑃. 𝐸𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 2 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴2 + 2 𝑚𝐵 𝑉𝐵2 + 0 ⟹ 𝐸. 𝑃. 𝐸𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 0.132𝐽.
Exercise 7:
Part Answer Mark
A.1 V [m/s]
10

2
t [s]
0 1 2 3 4 5
A.2 The graph is a straight line passing through the origin, in agreement with the function 𝑉 = 𝑏𝑡𝑖
where b is a constant.
A.3.1 b the acceleration of the motion.
A.3.2 𝑎 = ∆𝑉 = 10−0 = 2𝑚/𝑠 2 .
∆𝑡 5−0
A.4.1 𝐹 =
𝑑𝑃
=𝑀 .
𝑑𝑉
𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉
𝑁 + 𝑊 + 𝐹𝑚 + 𝐹𝑓 = 𝑚 𝑑𝑡 .
𝑑𝑉
Projection along the direction of motion: 𝐹𝑚 − 𝐹𝑓 = 𝑀 𝑑𝑡 ⟹ 𝐹𝑓 = 𝐹𝑚 − 𝑀𝑏.
𝐹𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, M = constant and b = constant ⟹ 𝐹𝑓 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
A.4.2 𝐹𝑓 = 𝐹𝑚 − 𝑀𝑏 = 3500 − 1500 × 2 = 500𝑁.
B.1 For V < 10m/s, the part of the curve is a straight line.
B.2.1 𝑎 = 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡.
𝑑𝑡
60−33
𝑎 = 107−0 = 0.25𝑚/𝑠 2 .
B.2.2 𝐹𝑓 = 𝐹𝑚 − 𝑀𝑏 = 3500 − 1500 × 0.25 = 3125𝑁.
B.3 𝑎 = 0 ⟹ 𝐹𝑓 = 𝐹𝑚 = 3500𝑁.
B.4 5s < t < 100s.
Exercise 8:
Part Answer Mark
A.1 The forces acting on (S) are: the weight 𝑚𝑔,
the normal reaction of the water skateboard 𝑁,
𝐹 and 𝑓 .

A.2 𝑑𝑃
= 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑚𝑔 + 𝑁 + 𝐹 + 𝑓 project along the direction of motion ⟹
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑃 𝐹−𝑓
= 𝐹 − 𝑓 ⟹ 𝑚𝑎 = 𝐹 − 𝑓 ⟹ 𝑎 = .
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
A.3 𝐹−𝑓
𝑉= 𝑎𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑉0 𝑉0 = 0 then 𝑉 = 𝑡.
𝑚
A.4 𝐹−100
𝑉 = 𝑉𝐵 = 6𝑚/𝑠 for t = 60s ⟹ 6 = 80 60 ⟹ 𝐹 = 108𝑁.
B.1 Since friction is negligible between B and D.
B.2 1 1
𝑀𝐸𝐵 = 𝑀𝐸𝐷 ⟹ 2 𝑚𝑉𝐵2 + 0 = 2 𝑚𝑉𝐷2 + 𝑚𝑔𝑕.
1 1
⟹ 2 80 36 = 2 80 𝑉𝐷2 + 80 × 10 × 1.6 ⟹ 𝑉𝐷 = 2𝑚/𝑠.
C.1 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃𝑦
= 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑚𝑔𝑗 ⟹ = 𝑚𝑔 ⟹ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑚𝑔𝑡 + 𝑃0𝑦 .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑃0𝑦 = 𝑚𝑉0𝑦 = 𝑚 −𝑉𝐷 sin 30° = −80 × 2 × 2 = −80𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠.
⟹ 𝑃𝑦 = 800𝑡 − 80.
C.2 𝑃𝑦
𝑉𝑦 = 𝑚 = 10𝑡 − 1 ⟹ 𝑦 = 5𝑡 2 − 𝑡 + 𝑦0 = 5𝑡 2 − 𝑡 (𝑦0 = 0).
C.3 1.6 = 5𝑡 2 − 𝑡 ⟹ 5𝑡 2 − 𝑡 − 1.6 = 0 ⟹ ∆= 1 + 32 = 33.
1± 33 1+ 33
𝑡= ⟹𝑡= = 0.67𝑠.
10 10
Exercise 9:
Part Answer Mark
(A) (B)
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒊 Before collision
𝑽=𝟎
𝒊
𝒙
(A) (B)
𝑽𝟐 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝒊 𝑽𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝒊 After collision
𝒊
𝒙
A.1.1.1 𝑃1 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑉1 = 0.4 × 0.5𝑖 = 0.2𝑖 (𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠).
𝑃2 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑉2 = 0.4 × −0.1𝑖 = −0.04𝑖 (𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠).
A.1.1.2 𝑃3 = 𝑚𝐵 𝑉3 = 0.6 × 0.4𝑖 = 0.24𝑖.
A.1.2 𝑃 = 𝑃1 + 0 = 0.2𝑖.
𝑃′ = 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 = −0.04𝑖 + 0.24𝑖 = 0.2𝑖.
A.1.3 𝑃 = 𝑃′.
Conclusion: the linear momentum of the system [(A), (B)] is conserved during collision.
A.2.1 The external forces acting on the system [(A); (B)] are:
The weight 𝑚𝐴 𝑔 and the normal reaction of the air table 𝑁𝐴 .
The weight 𝑚𝐵 𝑔 and the normal reaction of the air table 𝑁𝐵 .

𝑵𝑩
𝑵𝑨
(A) (B)
𝑭𝑩/𝑨 𝑭𝑨/𝑩
𝒊
𝒙

𝑾𝑨
𝑾𝑩
A.2.2 We have: 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑔 + 𝑁𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑔 + 𝑁𝐵 = 0.
The sum of the external forces acting on the system (A, B) is thus zero.
A.2.3 Yes, Since the system [(A), (B)] is isolated.
𝑑𝑃
𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡
= 0 ⟹ 𝑃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
B.1 1
𝐾. 𝐸𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 2 𝑚𝐴 𝑉12 + 0 = 0.05𝐽.
1 1
𝐾. 𝐸𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2 𝑚𝐴 𝑉22 + 2 𝑚𝐵 𝑉32 = 0.05𝐽.
B.2 𝐾. 𝐸𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 ⟹ The collision is elastic.
C.1.1 ∆𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = −0.24𝑖.
∆𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃3 − 0 = 0.24𝑖.
C.1.2 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 /𝐴 =
𝑑𝑃𝐴
.
𝑑𝑡
∆𝑃𝐴 ∆𝑃𝐴 −0.24𝑖
𝐹𝐵/𝐴 + 𝑊𝐴 + 𝑁𝐴 = ⟹ 𝐹𝐵/𝐴 = = = −6𝑖 (𝑁) with 𝑊𝐴 + 𝑁𝐴 = 0.
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 0.04
𝑑𝑃𝐵
𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 /𝐵 = .
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑃𝐴 ∆𝑃𝐵 0.24𝑖
𝐹𝐴/𝐵 + 𝑊𝐵 + 𝑁𝐵 = ⟹ 𝐹𝐴/𝐵 = = = 6𝑖 (𝑁).
𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡 0.04
C.2 𝐹𝐵/𝐴 = −𝐹𝐴/𝐵 ⟹ The principle of interaction is thus verified.
Exercise 10:
Part Answer Mark
1 𝑀. 𝐸𝐷 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝐷 + 𝐺. 𝑃. 𝐸𝐷 = 0 + 𝑚𝐴 𝑔𝑕𝐷 = 9𝐽.
2 No friction ⟹ the mechanical energy of the system [(A); Earth] is conserved:
𝑀. 𝐸𝐷 = 𝑀. 𝐸𝑁 ⟹ 𝐾. 𝐸𝐷 + 𝐺. 𝑃. 𝐸𝐷 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝑁 + 𝐺. 𝑃. 𝐸𝑁 .
1 2
0 + 𝑚𝐴 𝑔𝑕𝐷 = 2 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴1 + 0 ⟹ 𝑉𝐴1 = 2𝑔𝑕𝐷 = 2 × 10 × 0.45 = 3𝑚/𝑠.
3.1 Linear momentum of the system [(A), (B)] before collision:
𝑃𝑆 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴1 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑉𝐵1 = 2 × 3𝑖 + 4 × −𝑖 = 2𝑖 [𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠].
3.2 𝑃 = 𝑃 = 𝑚 + 𝑚 𝑉 ⟹ 𝑉 = 𝑃𝑆 = 2𝑖 = 1 𝑖 = 0.33𝑖 [𝑚/𝑠].
𝑆 𝐺 𝐴 𝐵 𝐺 𝐺 𝑚 𝐴 +𝑚 𝐵 2+4 3
4.1 𝑀. 𝐸𝐶 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝐶 + 𝐺. 𝑃. 𝐸𝐶 = 0 + 𝑚𝐴 𝑔𝑕𝐶 = 2 × 10 × 0.27 = 5.4 𝐽.
4.2 Conservation of the mechanical energy of the system [(A), Earth]:
1 2
0 + 𝑚𝐴 𝑔𝑕𝐶 = 2 𝑚𝑉𝐴2 + 0 ⟹ 𝑉𝐴2 = 2𝑔𝑕𝐶 = 2 × 10 × 0.27 = 2.33𝑚/𝑠.
5 Conservation of the linear momentum of the system [(A), (B)]:
𝑃𝑆 = 𝑃𝑆′ ⟹ 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴1 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑉𝐵1 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴2 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑉𝐵2 .
2 3𝑖 + 4 −𝑖 = 2 −2.33𝑖 + 4𝑉𝐵2 ⟹ 𝑉𝐵2 = 1.66𝑖 [𝑚/𝑠].
6 The kinetic energy of the system [(A), (B)] before collision:
1 2 1 2 1 1
𝐾. 𝐸𝐵.𝐶 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐾. 𝐸𝐵 = 2 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴1 + 2 𝑚𝐵 𝑉𝐵1 = 2 2 3 2 + 2 4 1 2 = 11𝐽 .
The kinetic energy of the system [(A), (B)] before collision:
1 1 1 1
𝐾. 𝐸𝐴𝐶 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝐴′ + 𝐾. 𝐸𝐵′ = 2 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴2 2 2
+ 2 𝑚𝐵 𝑉𝐵2 = 2 2 2.33 2 + 2 4 1.66 2 = 11𝐽.
𝐾. 𝐸𝐵𝐶 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝐴𝐶 (the kinetic energy of the system [(A); (B)] is conserved.
Therefore, the collision is elastic.
Exercise 11:
Part Answer Mark
1.1 𝑃𝐽 .𝐵.𝐶 = 𝑃𝐽 .𝐴.𝐶 ⟹ 𝑚𝑉1 + 0 = 0 + 𝑚𝑉2 ⟹ 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 .
Then, V1 = 5m/s.
1.2 System [(S1), (S2)].
The collision is elastic if 𝐾𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 𝐾𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 .
1 1
𝐾𝐸 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 𝐾𝐸 𝑆1 + 𝐾𝐸 𝑆2 = 𝑚𝑉12 2
+ 0 = 2 × 0.08 × 5 + 0 = 1𝐽.
2
1 1
𝐾𝐸 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐾𝐸 𝑆1 + 𝐾𝐸 𝑆2 = 0 + 2 𝑚𝑉22 = 0 + 2 × 0.08 × 52 = 1𝐽.
Therefore, the collision is elastic.
1.3 Apply the law of conservation of mechanical energy of the system [Oscillator-Earth]:
ME(R) is compressed by d = ME(R) is in its initial length,
(KE + GPE + EPE) (R) is compressed by d = (KE + GPE + EPE) (R) is in its initial length.
1 1 1 1
0 + 2 𝑘𝑑2 + 0 = 2 𝑚𝑉12 + 0 + 0 ⟹ 2 × 200 × 𝑑 2 = 2 × 0.08 × 52 then d = 0.1m = 10cm.
2.1 The forces acting on (S2) on OB are:
𝑚𝑔: its weight, 𝑁: Normal reaction and 𝑓 : friction.
2.2 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 + 𝑁 + 𝑓,
Component along the direction 𝑂𝑥: 𝐹 = −𝑚𝑔 sin 𝛼 𝑖 + 0𝑖 − 𝑓𝑖 = −(𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝛼)𝑖.
Or: 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 + 𝑁 + 𝑓 = −𝑚𝑔 sin 𝛼 𝑖 + 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝛼 𝑗 − 𝑁𝑗 − 𝑓𝑖.
But: 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝛼 𝑗 − 𝑁𝑗 = 0, then, 𝐹 = −(𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝛼)𝑖.
2.3 𝑑𝑃
= 𝐹.
𝑑𝑡
−0.9𝑖 = −(𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝛼)𝑖.
−0.9 = −𝑓 − 0.08 × 10 × 0.5.
Therefore, f = 0.5N.
Exercise 12:
Part Answer Mark
1 Friction is neglected or the sum of the works done by the non-conservative forces is zero,
therefore the mechanical energy is conserved.
2 ME is conserved, then 𝑀𝐸𝐶 = 𝑀𝐸𝐷 .
𝐾𝐸𝐶 + 𝐺𝑃𝐸𝐶 = 𝐾𝐸𝐷 + 𝐺𝑃𝐸𝐷 ; (𝑉𝐶 = 0, then 𝐾𝐸𝐶 = 0 and 𝑕𝐷 = 0, so 𝐺𝑃𝐸𝐷 = 0).
1
0 + 𝑚𝐴 𝑔𝑕𝐶 = 2 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴2 + 0, then 𝑉𝐴 = 2𝑔𝑕 = 2 × 10 × 0.2 = 2𝑚/𝑠.
3 During the collision, linear momentum is conserved: 𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 𝑃𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 .
𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴′ + 𝑚𝐵 𝑉𝐵′ .
This is a head-on collision, then the velocities are collinear, so we can write the equation in the
algebraic form:
𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴′ + 𝑚𝐵 𝑉𝐵′ .
𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐴′ = 𝑚𝐵 𝑉𝐵′ … (equation 1)
The collision is elastic, then the kinetic energy is conserved: 𝐾𝐸𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 𝐾𝐸𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 .
1 1 2 1 2 2 2
𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴2 = 2 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴′ + 2 𝑚𝐵 𝑉𝐵′ , then 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴2 − 𝑉𝐴′ = 𝑚𝐵 𝑉𝐵′ .
2
2
𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐴′ 𝑉𝐴 + 𝑉𝐴′ = 𝑚𝐵 𝑉𝐵′ … (equation 2)
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2
: 𝑉𝐴 + 𝑉𝐴′ = 𝑉𝐵′ … (equation 3)
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑛 1
Replace 𝑉𝐵′ in equation 1 by its expression in equation 2:
𝑚 −𝑚 0.2−0.8
𝑉𝐴′ = 𝑚 𝐴 +𝑚 𝐵 𝑉𝐴 = 0.2+0.8 × 2 = −1.2𝑚/𝑠, hence 𝑉𝐴′ = 𝑉𝐴′ 𝑖 = −1.2𝑖 (𝑚/𝑠).
𝐴 𝐵
Equation 3: 𝑉𝐵′ = 𝑉𝐴′ + 𝑉𝐴 = −1.2 + 2 = 0.8𝑚/𝑠, so 𝑉𝐵′ = 𝑉𝐵′ 𝑖 = 0.8𝑖 (𝑚/𝑠).
2𝑚 𝐴 2(0.2)
Or: 𝑉𝐵′ = 𝑚 +𝑚 𝑉𝐴 = 0.2 +0.8 × 2 = 0.8𝑚/𝑠, so 𝑉𝐵′ = 𝑉𝐵′ 𝑖 = 0.8𝑖 (𝑚/𝑠).
𝐴 𝐵
4.1
𝑵𝑩
𝑵𝑨
(A) (B)
𝑭𝑩/𝑨 𝑭𝑨/𝑩
xC
𝒊
𝒎𝑨 𝒈
𝒎𝑩 𝒈
nd
Newton’s 2 law on (B):
𝑑𝑃𝐵 𝛥𝑃𝐵
𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 = , then 𝑚𝐵 𝑔 + 𝑁𝐵 + 𝐹𝐴/𝐵 = ; 𝑚𝐵 𝑔 + 𝑁𝐵 = 0.
𝑑𝑡 𝛥𝑡
𝑚 𝐵 𝑉𝐵′ − 𝑚 𝐵 𝑉𝐵 0.8 0.8𝑖 −0
𝐹𝐴/𝐵 = = = 6.4𝑖 (𝑁).
𝛥𝑡 0.1
nd
4.2 Newton’s 2 law on (A):
𝑑𝑃𝐴 𝛥𝑃𝐴
𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 = , then 𝑚𝐴 𝑔 + 𝑁𝐴 + 𝐹𝐵/𝐴 = ; 𝑚𝐴 𝑔 + 𝑁𝐴 = 0.
𝑑𝑡 𝛥𝑡
𝑚 𝐴 𝑉𝐴′ − 𝑚 𝐴 𝑉𝐴 0.2 −1.2𝑖 −0.2 −2𝑖
𝐹𝐵/𝐴 = = = −6.4𝑖 (𝑁).
𝛥𝑡 0.1
5 𝐹𝐴/𝐵 = −𝐹𝐵/𝐴 , then the principle of interaction is verified.
Exercise 13:
Part Answer Mark
1 Sentence 2.
2.1 𝑀𝐸𝐴 = 𝐾𝐸𝐴 + 𝐺𝑃𝐸𝐴 = 1 𝑚VA2 + 𝑚𝑔𝑕𝐴 = 1 × 0.17 × 182 + 0 = 27.54𝐽.
2 2
1
𝑀𝐸𝐵 = 𝐾𝐸𝐵 + 𝐺𝑃𝐸𝐵 = 2 𝑚𝑉𝐵2 + 𝑚𝑔𝑕𝐵 = 0 + 0 = 0𝐽.
𝐺𝑃𝐸𝐴 = 𝐺𝑃𝐸𝐵 = 0 since (M) is at the reference level 𝑕𝐴 = 𝑕𝐵 = 0 .
𝐾𝐸𝐵 = 0 since (M) stops at point B (𝑉𝐵 = 0).
2.2 MEB < MEA; then, the mechanical energy of the system [(M); Earth] is not conserved.
Therefore, (M) is submitted to a friction force.
2.3 ∆𝑀𝐸 = 𝑊𝑓 = 𝑓 .𝐴𝐵 ; then, 𝑀𝐸𝐵 − 𝑀𝐸𝐴 = −𝑓 × 𝐴𝐵.
0 − 27.54 = −𝑓 × 54; hence, 𝑓 = 0.51𝑁.
2.4 Forces acting on (M): 𝑵
The weight 𝑚𝑔. x (M) 𝒊
The normal force 𝑁 exerted by the ice rink. B 𝒇 A
The friction force 𝑓 . 𝒎𝒈
2.5 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑚𝑔 + 𝑁 + 𝑓, but 𝑚𝑔 + 𝑁 = 0.
Then, 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑓 = −𝑓𝑖 = −0.51𝑖 (N).
2.6 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑚𝑉𝐴 = 0.17 × 18𝑖 = 3.06𝑖 (kgm/s).
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑚𝑉𝐵 = 𝑚 0 = 0.
2.7 ∆𝑃 = 𝑃𝐵 − 𝑃𝐴 = 0 − 3.06𝑖 = −3.06𝑖 (kgm/s).
2.8 ∆𝑡 =
𝛥𝑃 −3.06𝑖
= −0.51𝑖; then, ∆𝑡 = 6𝑠.
𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡