MODALS are types of auxiliary verbs performing specific functions.

They are used to express ability,

possibility, permission, obligation, futurity, or willingness. Modals are different from normal verbs:
1. They do not change their form (spelling)
2.They don't use an 's' for the third person singular.
3. They make questions by ('she go' becomes 'she go?')
4. They are followed directly by the infinitive of another (without 'to').
Here are the frequently used modals:
1.Should – used to express mild obligation, recommendation or advice to do or become something. It also expresses
past obligation, necessity, and expectation.
2. Must – used to express obligation, necessity, logical conclusion, or strong recommendation.
3. Might – used to express less or remote possibility. It is also used in reported speech for past time.

Read and analyze the following sentences:

1. You should eat more vegetables because they are healthy.
The modal should expresses necessity.
2. She looks tired; she must take some days off.
The modal must expresses strong recommendation.
3. I’m not sure but Jane might come to visit me this afternoon.
The modal might expresses less or remote possibility.

Here are other examples of modals:

Can – expresses ability, permission, or request
Examples: Heat waves can cause heat stress in both animals and plants.
My grandmother is eighty-five, but she can still read without glasses.
Could – expresses past ability, polite permission or request, suggestion, possibility
Examples: There was a time when I could stay up very late.
Could I use your phone please?
We could go to the new restaurant.
She could be at home.
Will – expresses simple futurity and willingness
Examples: I haven’t decided yet where I will spend my next holiday.
Will you take care of my dog for a day?
Would – expresses invitation, conditional, or past possibility.
Examples: He would ride his bike before he hurt his knee.
I would ride the bike at night, if it had a light.
Shall – indicates simple futurity, formal invitation, and obligation in legal documents
Examples: The defendant shall pay a fine of 200 dollars.
Shall we begin?
May – expresses future possibilities mixed with doubt and uncertainty. It also expresses permission or a wish.
Example: May I have a look at those shoes in the window, please?
Food may become more expensive as climate change mitigation efforts increase energy prices.
Take Note:
1.A modal does not change according to the number or person of the subject.
Examples: He can learn. I can learn. You can learn.
They can learn. We can learn.
2. A modal is always used with a verb in its basic form. The modal takes the tense
while the main verb remains in its dictionary form.
Examples: I can run. I may run.
I could run. I might run.
3. Modals can be used alone in response to a question.
Examples: Can you sing? I can.
Will you sing? I will.
Will you come? I may/I will.
4. Modals, when joined with ‘not’ to form a negative, can be contracted.
Examples: I cannot run. I can’t run.
I do not run. I don’t run.
I will not run. I won’t run.
5.We can also form the negative of each modal by adding the word “not” after each modal.
Example: He speaks many languages, but he cannot speak Chinese.
6. Modal Adverbs add a sense of possibility. They show how certain the speaker is about what they are saying. This is
called modality.
For example: I will definitely be there. (certain)
I will probably be there. (certain)
Practice Task 1.
A. Complete the sentences with one of the two choices.
1. You really ___________ watch tv this much. (shall / shouldn’t)
2. She ___________ be at work, she always works at this time. (must / could)
3. Speak up, I ___________ hear you! (can’t / couldn’t)
4. I ___________ hear a word he said. (can’t / couldn’t)
5. Andrew ___________ call his wife urgently. (must / shouldn’t)
B. Complete the blanks with must, can’t, or might:
1. Look at that guy's enormous muscles.
He ________________ work out a lot. MUST
2. Michelle ________________ want to participate in the festival - it seems like the type of thing she'd be
interested in.
Why don’t you ask her? MIGHT
 3. She goes camping every weekend.
She ________________ really love the outdoors. MUST
4. He worked hard on his report, then accidentally deleted the file from his computer.
He ________________ be upset. MUST
5. You ________________ be right - but I'm going to check to make sure. MIGHT
6. We're not sure if this painting is an original.
It ________________ be worth thousands of dollars. MIGHT

Practice Task 2. For each sentence, copy the appropriate modal from the pair inside the parentheses.
1. Today, few people (will/would) consider living without the conveniences they take for granted.
2. Americans (can/could) perform many daily tasks easily because tools to simplify life are widely available.
3. Financial tasks are just one example of personal responsibilities that (will/would) have been more difficult in the
years before home computers.
4. Now, people (can/could) use computers to view their accounts and pay their bills.
5. With the right computer software, people (may/might) do their own taxes rather than hire accountants to do it for
them.
6. Because tax laws are constantly changing, software (should/would) continue to become more sophisticated in
communicating these changes.
7. Chores around the house (can/could) also take longer if people didn’t have more efficient appliances.
8. What kitchen (will/would) be complete without a dishwasher or microwave?
9. Hand washing dishes (will/would) take more time and effort than using a dishwasher; furthermore, hand washing
dishes (might/may) use even more water than running a machine.
10.(Would/Will) people ever miss doing chores by hand?

Practice Task 3. Complete the following sentences using the appropriate modal.
1. She looks pretty sick. I think she ________ go to a doctor.
A. should B. can
2. You’ve been driving all day. You ________ be exhausted!
A. should B. must
3. You ________ smoke so much. It’s bad for your health.
A. can’t B. shouldn’t
4. Hey I’m lost. ________ you help me?
A. can B. should
5. You have such a beautiful voice. You ________ sing for us!
A. should B. can
6. I know he speaks five languages, but ________ he speaks Arabic?
A. should B. can
7. That looks very expensive. It ________ have cost a fortune!
A. should B. must
8. I ________ believe that you failed your test!
A. can’t B. shouldn’t
9. I’m on my way. I ________ be there in about 10 minutes.
A. should B. can
10.I ________ afford that.
A can’t B. shouldn’t

WRITING AN EXPOSITORY TEXT

A. EXPOSITION TEXT
Purpose: An exposition persuades a reader or listener by presenting one side of an argument by taking a point of view
and justifying it. We aim to convince others to see only that side of an issue. Some expositions speculate as to what
might be and persuade others as to what should be.

Structure of exposition texts: Exposition texts generally begin with an introductory statement of position giving the
author’s opinion or point of view. This previews the argument that will follow. The next section has a series of logical
arguments that convince the audience why this position has been taken. A conclusion ties it all together by reinforcing or
summarizing the author’s point of view.

Organizational pattern
1. Description -- The author describes a topic by listing characteristics, features, and examples.
Example:
The Olympic symbol consists of five interlocking rings. The rings represent the five continents - Africa,
Asia, Europe, North America and South America - from which athletes come to compete in the games. The
rings are colored black blue, green, red, and yellow. At least one of these colors is found in the flag of every
country sending athletes to compete in the Olympic games.
2. Sequence -- The author lists items or events in numerical or chronological order
Example;
The Olympic games began as athletic festivals to honor the Greek gods. The most important festival
was held in the valley of Olympia to honor Zeus, the king of the gods. It was this festival that became the
Olympic games in 776 B.C. These games were ended in A.D. 394 by the Roman Emperor who ruled Greece.
No Olympic games were held for more than 1,500 years. Then the modern Olympics began in 1896. Almost
300 male athletes competed in the first modern Olympics. In the games held in 1900, female athletes were
allowed to compete. The games have continued every four years since 1896 except during World War II, and
they will most likely continue for many years to come.
3. Comparison -- The author explains how two or more things are alike and/or how they are different.
Example:
 The modern Olympics is very unlike the ancient Olympic games. Individual events are different. While
there were no swimming races in the ancient games, for example, there were chariot races. There were no
female contestants and all athletes competed in the nude. Of course, the ancient and modern Olympics are also
alike in many ways. Some events, such as the javelin and discus throws, are the same. Some people say that
cheating, professionalism, and nationalism in the modern games are a disgrace to the Olympic tradition. But
according to the ancient Greek writers, there were many cases of cheating, nationalism, and professionalism in
their Olympics too.
4. Cause and Effect -- The author lists one or more causes and the resulting effect or effects.
Example:
There are several reasons why so many people attend the Olympic games or watch them on television.
One reason is tradition. The name Olympics and the torch and flame remind people of the ancient games.
People can escape the ordinariness of daily life by attending or watching the Olympics. They like to identify with
someone else's individual sacrifice and accomplishment. National pride is another reason, and an athlete's or a
team's hard-earned victory becomes a nation's victory. There are national medal counts and people keep track
of how many medals their country's athletes have won.
5. Problem and Solution -- The author states a problem and lists one or more solutions for the problem. A variation of
this pattern is the question- and-answer format in which the author poses a question and then answers it.
Example:
One problem with the modern Olympics is that it has become very big and expensive to operate. The
city or country that hosts the games often loses a lot of money. A stadium, pools, and playing fields must be
built for the athletic events and housing is needed for the athletes who come from around the world. And all of
these facilities are used for only 2 weeks! In 1984, Los Angeles solved these problems by charging a fee for
companies who wanted to be official sponsors of the games. Companies like McDonald's paid a lot of money to
be part of the Olympics. Many buildings that were already built in the Los Angeles area were also used. The
Coliseum where the 1932 games were held was used again and many colleges and universities in the area
became playing and living sites.
SPEECH # 1 SPEECH #2 SPEECH #3

I Am A Filipino
by Carlos P. Romulo
I am a Filipino— inheritor of a glorious past, hostage to the uncertain future. As such I must prove equal to a two-fold task-
the task of meeting my responsibility to the past, and the task of performing my obligation to the future. I sprung from a hardy race -
child of many generations removed of ancient Malayan pioneers. Across the centuries, the memory comes rushing back to me: of
brown-skinned men putting out to sea in ships that were as frail as their hearts were stout. Over the sea I see them come, borne upon
the billowing wave and the whistling wind, carried upon the mighty swell of hope- hope in the free abundance of new land that was
to be their home and their children's forever.

This is the land they sought and found. Every inch of shore that their eyes first set upon, every hill and mountain that beckoned to
them with a green and purple invitation, every mile of rolling plain that their view encompassed, every river and lake that promise a
plentiful living and the fruitfulness of commerce, is a hollowed spot to me.

By the strength of their hearts and hands, by every right of law, human and divine, this land and all the appurtenances thereof - the
black and fertile soil, the seas and lakes and rivers teeming with fish, the forests with their inexhaustible wealth in wild life and
timber, the mountains with their bowels swollen with minerals - the whole of this rich and happy land has been, for centuries
without number, the land of my fathers. This land I received in trust from them and in trust will pass it to my children, and so on
until the world no more.