UTILIZATION OF BANANA (MUSA PARADISIACA) PSEUDO STEM WASTE AS

A POTENTIAL FABRIC SUBSTITUTE

A RESEARCH PAPER
Presented to the
Faculty of the Senior High School Department
HILONGOS NATIONAL VOCATIONAL SCHOOL
Hilongos, Leyte

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements of the subject Capstone in
ACADEMIC TRACK (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND
MATHEMATICS)

CYRELLE ROSE NAPOLES

ARA PEARL MARGARETTE MORALES
SARAH MAE SAMBAYON

REANGELICA BIABAS
HANNA BEE TORRENTE
HONEY JHE YARES
IRISH JEAN PARDILLO
April 2023
 APPROVAL SHEET

This research paper entitled, “UTILIZATION OF BANANA (MUSA PARADISIACA)

PSEUDO STEM WASTE AS A POTENTIAL FABRIC SUBSTITUTE” prepared and

submitted by NAPOLES ET. AL., in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the

subject Capstone is examined and recommended for acceptance and approval for

Oral Examination.

THESIS COMMITTEE

________________________
Chairperson

________________________ ____________________________
Member Member

____________________________ ____________________________
Member Member

ACCEPTED AND APPROVED in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the

subject CAPSTONE.
Design Hearing: ______
Approved by the committee on Oral Defense with a grade of _____

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

____________________________ ____________________________
Member Member

____________________________ ____________________________
Member Member

ZOSIMO R. CABUG-OS, PhD

Secondary School Principal IV

Date: _______________________.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The researchers would like to express their gratitude to the following persons

who contribute in this research.

To their beloved research advisers, Mr. Marjun P. Goron and Mr. Ric Ryan

Masendo for their unending guidance, support, and their patience for the researchers

who are undergoing this study.

To all the panelists, for helping the researchers clarify and help with the study.

To our co-researcher beloved grandmother, Mrs. Macaria Torrente, for letting us to

use their house in order to conduct our study and for our parents’ loving support and

understanding.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page
Title Page i
Acknowledgements ii
Table of Contents iii
Table of Tables iv
Abstract v

1 INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 3
Objectives 3
Conceptual Framework 4
Significance of the study 4
Scope and Limitations 5
Definition of Terms 6

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 7

Subtopic 1 7
Subtopic 2 7
And so on… 8

3 METHODOLOGY 13
Research Design 13
Research Locale 14
Research Materials and Equipment 14
Research Method 16
Data Analysis Procedure 17

4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND 19

INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Table #1 19
Table #2 20

5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND 21

RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary 21
Conclusion 21
Recommendations 22

LIST OF REFERENCES 23

CURRICULUM VITAE 24
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

1 The quality of Banana fabric in terms of Texture 19

2 The quality of Banana fabric in terms of Durability 20

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page No.

1 The Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Framework 4

2 Methodology Flowcharts 16
 ABSTRACT

This study focuses on how banana pseudo-stems can be utilized as potential

fabric substitutes. The goal of the study is to answer the following questions: Is there

any significant difference between fabric made from banana pseudo-stem and cotton

fabric in term of durability? Is there a noticeable difference between fabric produced

by machines and by manual labor? and What are the issues to be addressed to

make fabric from banana pseudo-stems viable? The research study takes place at

Brgy. Concepcion Hilongos, Leyte. The study was conducted through using

experimental research techniques as we aim to produce fabric out of banana

pseudo-stem without the use of machines but purely by hand only. Using the proper

materials needed the researchers gathered banana pseudo-stems, scraped them

into thin pieces, and extracted the fiber using a knife. Since the study did focus on

testing and comparing the quality of the fabric the researcher arranged the data

using the quantitative method and will be expressed through T-test to test variance

data and the relationship between the dependent and independent variables of the

banana fiber as a possible medium in producing fabric. In Table 1 it shows the

difference between commercial fabric and banana pseudo-stem fabric, where it

shows that they both have the same data but differ in weight; Table 2 shows that as

banana fabric constantly keeps contact with water, it will deteriorate and decrease its

durability. After the data was gathered and interpreted, the researchers proved that

banana pseudo-stem could be utilized as a potential fabric substitute.

Keywords: banana pseudo-stem, fabric, alternative

 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

In this chapter, the researchers will discuss the study's background,

significance, and objectives. The researcher will also discuss the parameters of the

study together with the research questions that will serve as the compass toward

where the study is directed.

1.1 Introduction

Farmers intentionally burn crop leftovers in a process known as stubble

burning. The cut stalks that were left on a field after cereal plant grains or sugarcane

stems were harvested are known as stumps. Burning stubble's causes the release of

gaseous and particle pollutants into the atmosphere, which have a detrimental effect

on both human health and the environment. However, in Asian countries like China,

the burning of stubble accounts for about 60% of the total biomass emissions. This is

one of the main causes of atmospheric pollution worldwide (Zhang et al., 2015). The

emissions are also caused by other biomass-burning activities like wildfires and the

use of wood for household cooking and municipal trash incineration in open fields.

One of the most significant food crops, bananas are typically grown in tropical

regions and have advantageous uses in the food business. Several by-products,

including leaves, inflorescences, pseudo stems, and rhizomes, are sources for

various industries. Most of these by-products could be used as discounted

commodities with little market potential and, in other cases, as agricultural waste.

Also, this provides the way for the utilization of a sizable amount of untapped

biomass and helps to address some environmental problems. Although the majority

of edible bananas are grown primarily for their fruits, banana plantations may

1
produce large amounts of waste and unusable byproducts. The focus of the current

review is on the use of by-products from bananas, including peels, leaves, pseudo

stems, pseudo stem juice, stalks, and inflorescence, in a variety of industries as

thickeners, alternative sources of renewable energy, nutraceuticals, livestock feed,

natural fibers, coloring agents, bio-active compounds, and bio-fertilizers. Banana

waste has the potential to be used in the creation of useful products, the

preservation of renewable resources, and the augmentation of agricultural

companies' income.

Banana natural fibers are renewable, non-abrasive, bio-degradable, have a

good calorific value, exhibit excellent mechanical properties, can be burned for

energy recovery, have low density, and are inexpensive. Since banana fiber is

currently a waste product of banana cultivation, these fibers can be obtained for

industrial uses without incurring any additional costs. The materials are highly well-

liked in technical markets like the automobile and aerospace industries due to their

excellent environmental friendliness. (Pothan et al.) studied the volume percentage

of the fiber has a significant impact on the mechanical properties of banana fiber-

reinforced polyester composites. This study aims to explore the potential of the

banana pseudo stem as a potential fabric substitute. Through a thorough review of

relevant literature, development of the conceptual framework, methodology, and

analysis of collected data, this study provides insights into the feasibility and

effectiveness of using the banana pseudo stem as a fabric, ultimately contributing to

the preservation of the environment.

2
1.2 Statement of the Problem

Due to banana plants being one-time-use plants, farmers are left with just one

option, which is to burn them or bury them on the ground. The researchers aim to

utilize the banana pseudo-stem in relation to helping the environment.

Thus, this study aims to answer the following questions:

1. Is there any significant difference between fabric made from banana pseudo-stem

and cotton fabric in terms of durability?

2. Is there a noticeable difference between fabric produced by machines and by

manual labor?

3. What are the issues to be addressed to produce fabric from banana pseudo stem

viable?

1.3 Objectives

● To determine if cotton fiber and banana fiber differ significantly from one

another.

● To create a fabric that is strong, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly.

● To provide a platform for other researchers who would like to venture into the

same topic of interest.

3
1.4 Conceptual Framework

INPUT
Process OUTPUT

Banana pseudo -banana harvesting

Usable banana
stems
- Data gathering fabric/textile/yarn

to employ as a

medium in making
Statement of the
handmade crafts

EVALUATION

Figure 1. The schematic diagram of the conceptual framework

This figure represents the two variables that are related on the study. The

independent variable is the banana pseudo stem as alternative in making fabric,

while the dependent variables are the different type fabric made through various

physical testing.

4
1.5 Significance of the Study

The study focused on the effectiveness of using banana pseudo-stem as a

natural fiber in producing fabric. Moreover, the results of the study will be beneficial

to the following:

Respondents. The respondents will have an awareness of the importance of

conducting an experiment that is beneficial to our environment.

Farmers. It will help farmers to dispose of their garbage more sensibly instead

of burning the banana pseudo-stem, which emits more CO2 into the air that is

harmful to the environment.

Entrepreneurs. Banana fiber is a good alternative to all synthetic and natural

fibers and as bananas are abundant in the Philippines, many businessmen and

young entrepreneurs will have the opportunity to produce and manufacture high-

quality fabric which might persuade foreign corporations to adopt local goods.

Future Researchers. The findings of the study will serve as reference material

and a guide for future researchers who wish to conduct the same experimental study

or any study related to producing fabric out of natural fibers.

1.6 Scope and Limitations

This study will be primarily concerned with the utilization of banana pseudo stem as

a potential fabric. The pseudo stem of tossed bananas will be done through manual

labor by the researchers in Barangay Concepcion, Hilongos, Leyte [(10.32707,

124.79292 (10* 39’ North, 124* 79’ East)]. The researchers will perform several

methods and procedures to extract fabric from banana pseudo stems thrown by local

farmers in the specified location based on earlier studies from various authors.

5
1.7 Definition of Terms

Banana pseudo stem - is part of the banana plant that looks like a trunk, which

consists of a soft central core and tightly wrapped up to 25 leaf sheaths. (Asmanto

Subagyo and Achmad Chafidz, 2018)

Stubble burning - can be defined as the intentional incineration of stubbles by

farmers after crop harvest. (Muhammad Isa Abdurrahman, Sukalpaa Chaki, Gaurav

Saini 2020)

Tearing Test - measures the force required to tear a sample material such as woven

or non-woven fabrics and plastic film or sheeting. This test allows manufacturers to

determine the strength of the sample.

Tap water - is water supplied to a tap. Its uses include drinking, washing, cooking,

and flushing of toilets. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_water)

Plastic Tubs - It is a container made exclusively or partially of plastic.

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_container)

Strainer - is a form of sieve used to separate solids from liquid.

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve)

Soap - is a salt of fatty acid used in a variety of cleansing and lubricating products.

Knife - a tool with a cutting edge or blade attached to a handle.

6
 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter discusses related literature and studies relevant to the study that

may help in deepening the knowledge of researchers and readers as well. This

chapter also includes further information about the banana (musa paradisiaca)

pseudo stem and its feasibility and effectiveness in using it and how it will contribute

to the preservation of the environment.

Pollution and its effect on the environment

Since then, pollution has significantly harmed the environment. If there is

enough room for each person or even group, it was never thought to be a serious

issue. But as the population has grown over time, permanent settlements and other

developments have been made, which exacerbate the pollution problem, which has

persisted ever since (Saving Earth Encyclopedia Brittanica, nd). Pollution is largely

due to us. Our daily activities and lack of awareness of this issue seriously damaged

our environment. Disaster strikes; it might even be a natural disaster, but pollution

makes its effects much worse. So in order to prevent it we come up with the idea of

using different kinds of plant fibers to know how feasible and effective it is and how

they will contribute to preventing it.

Plant Fibers are used in making fibers.

Recently, synthetic and natural polymer fibers have been employed to create

functionalized textiles with smart and intelligent qualities. These modified materials

have a wide range of applications. Plant Fibers are composed of cellulose that is

7
often combined with other components such as lignin. Plant fibers have to go

through a process where they are separated from the parts of the plant that are not

used for the end product, usually through harvesting, separating from the chaff, and

cleaning. As time passes by, many people have taken interest in using plant fibers

as alternatives to plastics. This would also help lessen the pollution in our

environment. Some of the most well-known plant fibers are, Bastal fiber, or so-called

phloem fiber or skin fiber, a plant fiber that is collected from the phloem, fibers from

seeds and fruits of plants are often attached to hairs or fibers or encased in a husk

that may be fibrous such as cotton, coir, and kapok, wood fibers are sourced from

trees, grasses, and bamboo, and the other one is the leaf fiber. Leaf fibers are the

toughest plant fibers because of their increased lignin content. These are not

traditional leaves, but more fleshy leaf plants such as pineapple and agave, and

bananas. The pseudo-stem fiber from bananas is an example of this. Though the

pseudo stem is more elastic than any other plant fiber (Textile World, 2021).

Utilization of Banana (Musa Paradisiaca) Pseudo stem

Banana pseudo-stem must be processed before it can be used in food

products to maximize its value, which includes both nutritional and sensory qualities.

Bananas’ physical and chemical properties after undergoing several treatments,

including microwave drying, ultrasonication, and radiation (Jun et al., 2016) One of

the most well-known and practical plants in the world is the banana. It is possible to

use almost every component of this plant, including the fruit, leaves, flower buds,

trunk, and pseudo-stem. The fiber is obtained from the banana plant's pseudo-stem.

The manufacturing of banana pseudo-stem fiber is covered, including plantation,

8
harvesting, fiber extraction, retting, and degumming of the fiber. It also covers the

morphological, physical, mechanical, durability, biodegradability, thermal, chemical,

and antibacterial properties of the banana pseudo-stem fiber. (Asmanto Subagyo

and Achmad Chafidz, 2018)

One of the first crops to be grown by humans in recorded history is the

banana. This particular plant family's ancestors are found in Southeast Asia as well

as India and Papua New Guinea (Arvanitoyannis and Mavromatis 2009; De Lange et

al. 2009) The banana, Musa paradisiaca, is one of the most significant, ancient, and

widely grown fruit crops in Bangladesh. The banana pseudo stem is currently

considered hazardous waste in Bangladesh, despite the fact that it has been utilized

in other nations to create significant bio-products such as fiber used to make yarn,

fabric, apparel, fertilizer, fish feed, bio-chemicals, paper, handicrafts, pickles, and

candy, among others. (Md. Sanower Hossain, 2014

While researching the use of banana pseudo stem as a bioresource, including

the use of a biorefinery, many authors typically see the entire trunk as a uniform

material (Akpabio et al., 2012). The pseudo stem can, however, be divided into many

sheaths. The popular fruit crop known as the banana (Musa sapientum) is widely

produced in India. In reality, is the world's top banana producer. Huge amounts of

the pseudo stem, leaves, sucker, and other biomass wastes (between 60 and 80 t

ha-1) are left over as waste after the harvest of banana fruits. There is a huge

possibility for recovering fibers from the banana pseudo stem among these waste

materials. (Shambhu, 2016). Possible uses for the banana pseudo stem include

more prevalent in the food industry than in other industries (Tiroutchelvame et al.,

2019). Thus, in recent years, interest in using banana waste pseudo stems has

increased. The pseudo stem of the banana has been utilized for paper, furniture, and

9
forage. (Buragohain et al., 2010; Umaz et al., 2005). According to Bhaskar et al.

(2011), the pseudo stem has a low glycemic index and is beneficial for those with

diabetes due to its high dietary fiber and antioxidant content. One of the few items in

the world made of banana fabric. Creating textiles that can be used to make fire-

resistant clothing at an affordable price. It's difficult to imagine the banana stem

being as silky and pliable as silk. On the other hand, banana fibers are

straightforward to process and produce a fabric that resembles silk. Several

designers and manufacturers use banana cloth due to its shine, affordability, and

eco-friendliness. Sodhi et. al. (2022)

The waste product of bananas as a potential fabric substitute

Agricultural waste is a disposal issue as well as a source of biomass for the

synthesis of chemicals. Plants' lignocellulosic composition varies depending on

several variables, including physiological age and tissue function. Even though the

banana pseudo stem has a large biomass resource and is typically wasted, it

contains organic substances including cellulose and hemicellulose that can be used

as a source (Pereira et al., 2014) The banana plant produces textile fiber, or banana

fiber, in addition to the delectable fruit. It thrives in hot, tropical climates and spreads

fresh shoots easily as it matures. Banana plants of every variety contain a profusion

of fibers. These fibers, which belong to the category of bast fibers, are recovered

after the fruit is picked. The trunks or stems of banana trees are typically wasted

once the fruits are plucked. Every year, billions of tons of stems and leaves are

discarded. Such waste offers readily available sources of fibers, which reduces the

10
need for additional energy, fertilizer, and chemical inputs in the manufacture of other

natural and synthetic fibers.

Although most edible bananas are grown primarily for their fruits, banana

plantations may produce large amounts of waste and unusable byproducts. The

main topic of discussion in the current review is the use of banana byproducts like

peels, leaves, pseudo stem juice, stalks, and inflorescence as a thickening agent, an

alternative source of renewable energy, nutraceuticals, livestock feed, natural fibers,

coloring agents, bioactive compounds, and bio-fertilizers in a variety of industries.

Banana waste acts as a possible source for the creation of valuable products,

maintains renewable resources, and gives additional cash to farming businesses.

(Sanjai Saxena, 2022) Banana fibers were a prized substitute for silk in Japan,

where they were traditionally woven into ceremonial garments for the wealthy. The

outermost sheaths of the banana plant were used to make cloth that was not

intended for use as clothing in both Nepal and Japan. (Avneet Kaur, 2015)

The banana industry generates large volumes of solid waste loss during its

production cycle, highlighting the rachis, pseudo stems, leaves, and banana peel,

which can be used in various processes, such as packaging products and other

bioplastic-based applications, thus contributing to the implementation of a circular

economy. (Molecules, 2021). The banana is cultivated all over the world and is eaten

when it is ripe or used in cooking. Between 18–33% of the total fruit is made up of

peels, which are discarded as waste. This study was conducted to assess the impact

of various extraction parameters on the antioxidant activities of the industrial by-

product of banana waste in order to utilize banana peel as a source of valuable

chemicals (peel). Toh P. Y., Leong F. S., Chang S. K., Khoo H. E., Yim H. S. (2016)

11
 Ganni is using banana trash for its most recent introduction, a three-piece

tracksuit set. If the fiber used to make it succeeds, it might provide a substitute for

synthetic fibers used in athleisure clothing, helping to reduce some of the carbon

emissions produced on banana farms. (Rachel Cernansky, 2022)

The Benefits and Disadvantage of Using Banana Pseudostem

Once the banana fruit harvest is complete, banana pseudo stems typically

decompose into biomass waste. Due to the volume of waste, its disposal has grown

to be a serious issue. Because of this, scientists have begun to separate the fibers

and other parts of the stem and use them to create a variety of products with added

value. Rope and cordage are two of the most frequently manufactured products

using banana pseudo-stem fiber. Banana pseudo stem has not always been on its

advantageous side. If we're not going to follow the right process it will surely fail.

Since banana fiber is much more in its high level of stiffness than cotton, hemp, or

flax. (Mavolu, 2018). Compared to synthetic fiber, the interfacial bond strength

between the fiber and matrix is weak (Ernest et al.,2022). But aside from this

problem, there is also an advantageous side wherein the seawater resistance of the

pseudo-stem fiber and its natural buoyancy characteristic has made a market for this

fiber in shipping cable manufacture (Subagyo et al., 2018).

12
 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter will present the research design, locale, instrument, and even the

procedures and methods of analysis that the researcher used for the successful

completion of this research study. This is composed of the materials and methods

needed to make an eco-friendly paper bag from banana stem fibers as an alternative

to plastic bags.

3.1 Research Design

This study will be conducted using experimental research techniques as it

aims to produce fabric out of banana pseudo-stem without the use of machines but

purely by hand only. The researcher chose experimental design as it employs

methods for efficiently planning, carrying out, and analyzing experiment results. The

researcher made an effort to find solutions to the aforementioned issue in order to

support and fulfill the study’s goals. It also tried to determine the various outcomes of

employing banana pseudo-stem fiber to produce fabric.

Experimental research is undertaken when a researcher wishes to trace

cause-and-effect relationships between defined variables. However, there are major

constraints on causal inference in experimental research, and the type of

experimental design chosen has a significant influence on the inferences that can be

13
validly drawn from experimental results. Within the information field, experimental

designs are much more common in information systems research than in library and

information management research. (Tanner, 2018)

3.2 Research Locale

The study will be carried out at Barangay Concepcion Hilongos, Leyte to

collect the main material of the study which is the banana pseudo stem as bananas

are abundant in Barangay San Isidro.

3.3. Research Materials and Equipment

These are the materials used to make fabric from the banana pseudo stem.

Quantity Materials Function or Description

3 pcs Banana Banana stems vary in size, averaging at least five

pseudo centimeters in diameter when sold in markets, and are

stem cylindrical to elongated in shape. The outer layer of the

stem is a fibrous, green sheath that is inedible and tough

to remove. Underneath this layer, the core is the edible

portion of the stem and is white to pale green-yellow with

a firm, dense consistency.

(https://www.specialtyproduce.com/produce/

Banana_Stem_12571.php)

Tap water Tap water is water supplied to a tap. Its uses include

drinking, washing, cooking, and flushing of toilets.

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_water)

14
4 pcs Plastic It is a container made exclusively or partially of plastic.

Tubs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_container)

1 pc Strainer A strainer is a form of sieve used to separate solids from

liquid. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve)

Soap Soap is a salt of fatty acid used in a variety of cleansing

and lubricating products.

7 pcs Knife It is a tool with a cutting edge or blade attached to a

handle. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knife)

15
 3.4. Research Method

The extraction of fiber from the banana pseudo stem will be done manually.

The flow and process of making the product include stages as shown in the figure

below.

Gathering of Materials Slicing of Banana Pseudo Stem Preparation of Set-ups

Making of Set-ups

Set-up 1 Set-up 2 Set-up 3

The time of cleaning of the The amount of water will be The time in blending the cleaned
banana Fiber. used in cleaning the banana banana fiber.
fiber

Filtration of banana fiber

Drying of banana fiber

Data Gathering

Conclusion

Figure 2. Methodology Flowchart

16
3.5 Data Analysis Procedure

Using the data gathered, the data analysis procedure will focus on testing and

comparing the quality of the fabric and it will encompass a number of procedures

leading to the findings or the result of the study about the potentiality of using the

banana pseudo stem as a possible medium in producing fabric.

The fabric quality test includes as follows:

● Physical testing: When performing physical tests on textiles, quality experts look

at a fabric's physical properties. The goal of this testing is to gather as much

physical information on a textile sample as possible so that customers can be

confident in its composition and that it will be appropriate for its intended use.

Fibers are recognized and evaluated during physical testing for a variety of

factors, including stiffness, fabric count for woven materials, unit length of both

individual and bundled fibers and more.

● Tensile Testing – Determines the maximum force a fabric can withstand when

under constant, controlled tension. During this testing, researchers will

continually pull the fabric from different angles until there is a rupture. Tensile

testing helps determine a textile’s breaking point, how far it’s able to be stretched

and still return to form, its puncture strength, and more.

During the experiment, the researchers will record the data and their

observations. The recording methods will be in the form of pictures and videos.

On the other hand, after the experimentation, the necessary data gathered will

benefit the project.

17
 The researcher considers that this study will be conducted through an

experimental method that can be treated as a research instrument. The different

materials and proper sequential steps were prepared to experiment with the banana

fiber as a possible fabric.

In data processing, the researchers will use experimentation in gathering the

data. It will be used to observe whether banana fiber can be an alternative to

producing fabric. The data gathered will be arranged using the quantitative method

and will be expressed through T-test to test variance data and the relationship

between the dependent and independent variables of the banana fiber as a possible

medium in producing fabric. This will be used to compare the means between the

groups and determine whether any of those means are statistically different from

each other.

The researcher wanted to create an innovation that can significantly

contribute to the community and will help the environment. That is why, they wanted

to perform well in this experiment to meet the goals of the study.

18
 Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The researcher includes the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data

of the effectiveness of fabric made from banana pseudo-stem fiber. The data we

gathered from the respondents underwent in-depth examination and analyzation.

Table 1. The quality of Banana fabric in terms of Texture.

Category Fabric Count Weight Length

Commercial fabric 8 plies 1 gram 2m

Banana pseudo stem fabric 8 plies 0.5 grams 2m

Table 1 shows the difference of the fabric made from commercial fabric from banana

pseudo stem fabric. Commercial fabric had the same data to banana pseudo stem

fabric in terms of fabric count and length but significantly differ in weight.

Table 2. The quality of Banana fabric in terms of Durability.

Category Test used Results

Commercial Fabric Human strength Durable

Banana pseudo stem Human strength Durable if not in contact

fabric with water

19
Table 2 shows the quality of the banana fabric in terms of durability: it shows that

commercial yarn is durable to be used and banana pseudo stem fabric is not durable

if will get in contact with water through experimentation.

Chapter V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter reports the summary of findings, presents the conclusions drawn

from the findings, and outlines some recommendations for further research.

Summary

This study was conducted to develop banana pseudo stem (Musa

paradisiaca) as a potential paper bag. Banana pseudo stem can be used to make

commercial fabric that take longer than two days to extract the fiber. However, it

takes two days for the extracted fiber to dry out to.

The banana pseudo stem was collected and processed in Barangay San

Isidro, Hilongos, Leyte. Additionally, the thickness, quality, and texture of the banana

pseudo stem that we processed were all satisfactory, particularly on our third

experiment.

Conclusion

Following several trials and errors, it was discovered that banana pseudo

stem could be used in place of commercial fabric to make useful items. Banana

pseudo stem can be utilized as an alternative to commercial fabric, according to the

findings we gathered as follows:

20
 1.The researcher determined that there is as significant difference in durability

between fabric created from banana pseudo stem and cotton fabric in terms of

durability as banana pseudo stem deteriorates over time if constantly immersed in

water.

2. Commercial fabric is more durable and the fabric is relatively prone to

pilling, rips, and tears. This textile has relatively high tensile strength, and its natural

coloring is white or slightly yellowish. On the other hand, banana pseudo stem fabric

made through manual labor is stiffer and doesn’t absorb water that much, and its

natural coloring is more likely brownish beige. Nonetheless, cotton remains one of

the most popular and highly produced fabrics in the world.

3. First, it should be scraped in separate ways in order to dry the banana

pseudo stem fabric easily. Secondly, it should be completely dry out under the sun’s

heat until it looks crispy brown to separate the strings into yarn-like thickness.

Recommendation

The current research can be improvised by planning early ahead of time since it’s

time-consuming. Patience is important during the process since it will take a lot of

failures and trials along the way. Critical-thinking skills and coordination could be

used. For future researchers to think of possible ways to make it successful will be

easy.

Along with that, you should always prioritize the materials needed in conducting

the research. Physical strength is much of use during the conduction process. To

future researchers if you want to produce more and improvise it to make it a lot

better always remember to give time and effort to making it.

21
 To future researcher’s, this research could help you develop your skills in

making fabric made of the banana pseudo stem that could potentially be a source of

income. Since it’s not that expensive and, it’s very available for us since we could

see a lot of it around us. Banana pseudo stem could be seen as waste and not that

much in use for others, but it could be used to make a product that is much friendlier

and safer for all people.

To future researcher’s banana pseudo stem is very useful in many ways. You

could make lots of handicrafts using the fabric that you could extract from the stem

itself. You could use the final product as decorations or for personal use or you could

also sell it to make a profit.

To future researcher’s this study could be your guide to help you understand

the importance of being practical and use organic products that the commercialized

one. It is much safer and affordable especially for students. This could be a guide

also in showing your creativity in making things that could be a great use in the

future.

22
 REFERENCES

Gupta, Geetika & Baranwal, Manoj & Saxena, Sanjai & Reddy, Mondem. (2022).

Utilization of banana waste as a resource material for biofuels and other value-added

products. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 1-20. 10.1007/s13399-022-02306-6.

Subagyo, A., & Chafidz, A. (2020). Banana Pseudo-Stem Fiber: Preparation,

Characteristics, and Applications. IntechOpen. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.82204

Pratikhya Badanayak, Seiko Jose & Gautam Bose (2023) Banana pseudostem fiber:

A critical review on fiber extraction, characterization, and surface modification,

Journal of Natural Fibers, 20:1, DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2023.2168821

Sasha Alzate Acevedo, Álvaro José Díaz Carrillo, Edwin Flórez-López, & Carlos

David Grande-Tovar. (2021, August 31). Recovery of banana waste-loss from

production and processing: A contribution to a circular economy. MDPI.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/17/5282

23
Birdie Scott Padam, Hoe Seng Tin, Fook Yee Chye, & Mohd Ismail Abdullah. (2012,

October 3). Banana by-products: An under-utilized renewable food biomass with

great potential. PubMed Central (PMC).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4252442

CURRICULUM VITAE

CYRELLE ROSE V. NAPOLES

Address: Barangay Tejero, Hilongos, Leyte

Contact Number: 0970 089 1678
Email Address: [email protected]
Age: 18
Religion: Roman Catholic
Citizenship: Filipino
Date of birth: August 11, 2004
Place of birth: Hilongos, Leyte
Sex: Female
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Hilongos National Vocational School
Senior High School Department
Hilongos,Leyte
2021-2023
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Saint Teresa School of Hilongos
Junior High School Department
Hilongos,Leyte
2017-2021
ELEMENTARY

24
Tejero Elementary School
Brgy. Tejero, Hilongos, Leyte
2011-2017

SARAH MAE T. SAMBAYON

Address: Barangay San Isidro Hilongos,Leyte

Contact Number: 0970 855 6436
Email Address: [email protected]
Age: 18
Religion: Roman Catholic
Citizenship: Filipino
Date of birth: March 31, 2005
Place of birth: Barangay Concepcion, Hilongos, Leyte
Sex: Female
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Hilongos National Vocational School
Senior High School Department
Hilongos,Leyte
2021-2023

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Hilongos National Vocational School
Junior High School Department
Hilongos,Leyte
2017-2021

25
ELEMENTARY
San Isidro Elementary School
Brgy. San Isidro, Hilongos, Leyte
2011-2017

ARA PEARL MARGARETTE P. MORALES

Address: Barangay Bagumbayan, Hilongos,Leyte

Contact Number: 0960 664 2880
Email Address: [email protected]
Age: 18
Religion: Roman Catholic
Citizenship: Filipino
Date of birth: November 1, 2004
Place of birth: Hilongos District Hospital
Sex: Female

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Hilongos National Vocational School
Senior High School Department
Hilongos,Leyte
2021-2023

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Grelina Osmena Christian College
Junior High School Department
2017-2021

26
ELEMENTARY
Bagumbayan Elementary School Grelina Osmena Christian College
Brgy. Bagumbayan, Hilongos, Leyte 2014-2017
2010-2013

HONEY JHE YARES

Address: Barangay Agutayan Hilongos,Leyte

Contact Number: 0951 911 6528
Email Address: [email protected]
Age: 18
Religion: Roman Catholic
Citizenship: Filipino
Date of birth: October 19, 2004
Place of birth: Barangay Punay, Aloguinsan, Cebu
Sex: Female

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Hilongos National Vocational School
Senior High School Department
Hilongos,Leyte
2021-2023

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Barangay Hitudpan National High School
Hilongos,Leyte
2017-2021

27
ELEMENTARY
San Isidro Elementary School
Brgy. San Isidro, Hilongos, Leyte
2011-2017

REANGELICA BIABAS

Address: Barangay Tejero, Hilongos, Leyte

Contact Number: 0930 082 8294
Email Address: [email protected]
Age: 18
Religion: Roman Catholic
Citizenship: Filipino
Date of birth: June 7, 2005
Place of birth: Valenzuela City
Sex: Female

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Hilongos National Vocational School
Senior High School Department
Hilongos,Leyte
2021-2023

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Hilongos National Vocational School
Junior High School Department
Hilongos,Leyte
2017-2021

28
ELEMENTARY
Tejero Elementary School
Brgy. Tejero, Hilongos, Leyte
2011-2017

IRISH JEAN PARDILLO

Address: Barangay Marangog, Hilongos, Leyte

Contact Number: 0907 362 5367
Email Address: [email protected]
Age: 17
Religion: Roman Catholic
Citizenship: Filipino
Date of birth: June 29, 2005
Place of birth: Muntinlupa City
Sex: Female

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Hilongos National Vocational School
Senior High School Department
Hilongos,Leyte
2021-2023

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Hilongos National Vocational School
Junior High School Department
Hilongos,Leyte
2017-2021

29
ELEMENTARY
Marangog Elementary School
Brgy. Marangog, Hilongos, Leyte
2011-2017

HANNA BEE F. TORRENTE

Address: Barangay Concepcion, Hilongos, Leyte

Contact Number: 0970 855 6489
Email Address: [email protected]
Age: 18
Religion: Roman Catholic
Citizenship: Filipino
Date of birth: June 12, 2004
Place of birth: Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu
Sex: Female

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Hilongos National Vocational School
Senior High School Department
Hilongos,Leyte
2021-2023

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Hilongos National Vocational School
Junior High School Department
Hilongos,Leyte
2017-2021

30
ELEMENTARY
Concepcion Central School
Brgy. Concepcion, Hilongos, Leyte
2011-2017

31