CHEM1003 Lecture 1
Types of physical matter:
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
Differentiated by:
- Volume, shape
- Response to temperature
Solid:
Fixed volume and shape that does not respond to compression.
Molecules are close and arranged in a regular pattern.
Liquid:
Fixed volume and shape that does not respond to compression.
Variable shape: take the shape of container in which they are stored.
Molecules are close together but not tightly arranged.
Gas:
Easily compressible
Do not have a fixed volume.
Expand to fill the container in which they are stored and take their shape.
Molecules are far apart and free to move independently.
Each phase is sometimes called a phase.
Converting between states is a phase change.
- Condensed phase: solids and liquids
- Fluids: liquids and gases
Matter – anything with measurable mass and volume
Pure substance – matter made of a single chemical species
Elements – matter made of a single type of atom
Compounds – matter made of more than one type of atom
Mixtures – matter containing two or more chemical species
Homogenous – all chemical species are found in a single phase
Heterogeneous – chemical species are found in different phases
Molecule is neutral in charge
Ion has a charge (+/-)
Atoms:
- Discrete chemical species comprising a central positively charged nucleus surrounded by 1 or
more negatively charged electrons.
- Atoms are always electrically neutral: the number of electrons is equal to the number of
positive charged protons in the nucleus
Elements
- Collections of one type of atom only
- Currently 118 different elements
- Elements are arranged in the periodic table
Molecules
- Collections of atoms with a definite structure held together by covalent bonds
- Molecules are always electrically neutral
- Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between neighbouring atoms
Ions
- Chemical species that have either a positive or negative electric charge
- Cations are ions with a positive charge e.g. Na+
- Anions are ions with a negative charge e.g. Cl-
- Adding or removing electrons from atoms or molecules produces ions
Compounds
- Substances containing two or more elements in definite and unchanging proportion
- Compounds may be composed of molecules, ions or a covalently bonded network of atoms
- No individual ‘molecules’ of an ionic compound
Chemical speciation is vitally important to understanding how chemicals behave.
- The sodium element/atom will behave very differently t the sodium ion
CHEM1003 Lecture 2
Learning outcomes:
- Describe the differences between types of mixtures
- Describe the differences between a physical change and a chemical change
- Define some of the laws that are included in atomic theory
- Describe the structure of the atom
Pure substance
- Always have the same composition
- Either elements or compounds
- Eg. Pure water, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, gold
Mixtures
- Have variable composition
- Eg. Wood, wine, coffee
- Can be separated into pure substance: elements and/or compounds
- Mixture: two or more pure substances
Homogenous mixture
- Same throughout
- Have visibly indistinguishable parts
- A solution
- Does not vary in composition from one region to another
- Eg. Air around you, brass, table salt stirred into water
Heterogeneous mixtures
- Having visible distinguishable parts
- Contains regions that have different properties from those of other regions
o Oil and vinegar dressing
o Sand stirred into water
Mixtures can be separated based on different physical properties of the componesnts
Different physical property Technique
Boiling point Distillation
State of matter (s/l/g) Filtration
Adherence to a surface Chromatography
Volatility Evaporation
Interconverting matter:
1. Physical change:
a. Alters physical state, without changing the chemical composition
b. Most important is change between the solid, liquid and gaseous forms
c. Eg. Melting of ice to produce liquid water (phase change)
2. Chemical change:
a. Substance changing into a new chemical species due to a chemical reaction
b. All chemical species (atoms, molecules, etc) may be involved
c. Chemical transformation involves making and/or breaking chemical bonds
d. Difficult to reverse the reaction
The atomic theory:
Law of conversation of mass
- No detectable gain or loss of mass occurs in chemical reactions. Mass is conserved
Law of definite proportions
- In a given chemical compound, the elements are always combined in the same proportions
by mass
Dalton’s atomic theory
1. Matter consists of tiny particles
2. Atoms are indestructible, in chemical reactions, the atoms rearrange but they do not
themselves break apart
3. In any sample of a pure element, all atoms are identical in mass and other properties
4. The atoms of different elements differ in mass and other properties
5. When atoms of different element combine to form a given compound, the constituent
atoms in the compound are always present in the same fixed ratio
Chemical equations describe chemical reactions
Reactants ----Reacts to---> products
Chemical reactions must always be balanced
The structure of the atom:
- Atoms are comprised of a nucleus and surrounding electrons(s)
- The nucleus occupies les than 0.1% of the total atomic volume
- The nucleus is comprised of protons and neutrons
- The nucleus is small compared with the overall size of the atom, extremely dense; accounts
for almost all of the atom’s mass
o Electron mass = 1, charge = -1
o Proton mass = 1836, charge = 1
o Neutron mass = 1839, charge = 0
