PHILIPPINE SOCIAL

REALITIES AND
SOCIAL WELFARE Presented by:

(SOCIAL PROBLEMS) KENJAY N. SALVALEON, RSW

SOCIAL PROBLEMS:

1. Social Problems
a. Concepts
b. Theories
Outline of Presentation

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SOCIAL PROBLEMS:

2. Problems of well-being
a. Physical and Mental Health Care
b. Alcohol and Other Drugs
c. Family Problems
Outline of Presentation

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SOCIAL PROBLEMS:
3. Problems of inequality
a. Economic Inequality, Wealth and Poverty
b. Work and Unemployment
c. Race and Ethnicity
d Gender Inequality and Sexual Orientation
Outline of Presentation

and the Struggle for Equality

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SOCIAL PROBLEMS:

4. Problems of globalization
a. Population Growth and Aging
b. Environmental Problems
Outline of Presentation

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SOCIAL WORK GENERALIST
FRAMEWORK

Social Work

• Casework, Groupwork, Community

♦ Philosophical Organizing
• Social Administration, Social
Knowledge Base
Base (Why)
Action/Reform Social Research (What)

• Philosophy •History
• Values •Social Welfare
• Belief about man Policies, Programs
and Services
• Principles Social Work •Human Behavior
• Ethics Practice (How) and Social
Environment
• Goals
• Functions
• Helping Process
• Models and Approaches,
Tools etc.
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“SOCIAL WORK IS A PROFESSION THAT IS
PRIMARILY CONCERNED WITH ORGANIZED
SOCIAL SERVICE ACTIVITY AIMED TO
FACILITATE AND STRENGTHEN BASIC
SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE MUTUAL
ADJUSTMENT BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS AND
THEIR SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT FOR THE
GOOD OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY,
AND BY THE USE OF SOCIAL WORK
METHODS.” – R.A. 4373, 1965
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“SOCIAL WORK IS THE PROFESSION WHICH
FOSTERS, FACILITATES, AND STRENGTHENS
BASIC SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS IN ORDER TO
ACHIEVE FULL DEVELOPMENT OF THE
INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY BY THE USE OF
SOCIAL WORK METHODS.” – PASWI, 1977

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“SOCIAL WORK IS A PRACTICE-BASED
PROFESSION AND ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE
THAT PROMOTES SOCIAL CHANGE AND
DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL COHESION AND
EMPOWERMENT AND LIBERATION OF
PEOPLE. PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL JUSTICE,
HUMAN RIGHTS, COLLECTIVE
RESPONSIBILITY AND RESPECT FOR
DIVERSITIES ARE CENTRAL TO SOCIAL
WORK… SOCIAL WORK ENGAGES PEOPLE
AND STRUCTURES TO ADDRESS LIFE
–
CHALLENGES AND ENHANCE WELLBEING.”WOODGROVE
IFSW & IASSW, 2014 BANK
 Clinical Model
(Psychotherapy)

Casework
Case

Micro
Management
Anti-Oppressive
Social
Justice

SWP

Groupwork

Family Therapy

Mezzo Brokerage
Rights
Human

Social Pedagogy
Social Work

Community
Social Research Organizing
Collective
GLOBAL SW FRAMEWORK

Conscientization
Responsibility

Social Action
Macro

Policy Study

Policy
Advocacy
Diversity
Respect for

Agency
Adminstration

Social
Development
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SOCIAL PROBLEM

• Social problem has two components:

a. Objective social condition – refers to
the existence of a social condition
b. Subjective interpretation – refers to
the belief that a particular social
condition is harmful to society or to a
segment of society and that it should
and can be changed.

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 TOP FIVE PROBLEMS IN THE WORLD, 2015

Regions Global Global ISIS Iran’s Cyberattacks

Climate economic Nuclear
instability Program
Middle East 35% 33% 54% 29% 22%
Europe 42% 40% 70% 42% 35%
Asia Pacific 41% 35% 45% 29% 35%
Latin America 61% 54% 33% 33% 33%
Africa 59% 50% 38% 29% 30%
US 42% 51% 68% 62% 59%

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ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Institution Social Groups

• Is an established and enduring • Institutions are made up of social

pattern of social relationships. group – two or more people who
• The five traditional institutions have a common identity, interact,
are: family, religion, politics, and form a social relationship.
economics, and education. • Can be classified as primary or
• Other social institutions: science secondary group
and technology, mass media,
medicine, sports and the military.

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ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Statuses Roles

• Just as institutions consist of • Set of rights, obligations, and

social groups, social group consist expectations associated with
of statuses. Status is a position status.
that a person occupies within a
social group.
• Ascribed status – is one that
society assigns to an individual on
the basis of factors over which the
individual has no control
• Achieved status – assigned on the
basis of some characteristics or
behavior over which individual
has some control WOODGROVE 14
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ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

Beliefs Values

• Refer to definitions and • Are social arrangements about

explanations about what is what is considered good and bad,
assumed to be true. right and wrong, desirable and
undersirable.

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ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

Norms and Sanctions Symbol

• Norms are socially defined rules • Is something that represents

of behavior. something else.
• Folkways – refer to the costums,
habits, and manners of society
• Laws – Norms that are formalized
and backed by political authority
• Mores – norms with a moral basis
• Sanctions – social consequences
for conforming to or violating
norms (may be formal or
informal)
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SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION – C. WRIGHT MILLS

• It refers to the ability to see the connections between our

personal lives and the social world in which we live.
• When we use our sociological imagination, we are able to
distinguish between “private troubles” and “public issues”
and to see connections between the events and conditions
of our lives and the social and historical context in which
we live.

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 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIAL
PROBLEMS
1. Structural-Functionalist Perspective
2. Conflict Perspective
3. Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective

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 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS
(STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE)

Proponents: Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Talcott

Parsons, and Robert Merton.

• According to structural functionalism, society is a system

of interconnected parts that work together in harmony to
maintain a state of balance and social equilibrium for the
whole.

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 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS
(STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE)

Two dominant theories of social problems grew out of the

structural-functionalist perspective:
• Social pathology – social problems result from some
“sickness” in society. (e.g. crime, violence, poverty, and
juvenile delinquency are often attributed to the breakdown
of the family institution; the decline of the religious
institution; and inadequacies in our economic, education,
and political institutions.
• Social disorganization – view social problems, social
change disrupts the norms in a society. When norms
become weak or are in conflict with each other, society is
in a state of anomie, or normlessness. WOODGROVE 20
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 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS
(CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE)

Proponents: Karl Marx

• View society as composed of different groups and

interests competing for power and resources.
• The division of society into two broad classes of people –
the haves and the have-notes – is beneficial to the owners
of the means of production. The workers, who may earn
only subsistence wages, are denied access to the many
resources available to the wealthy owners.

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 Market

Consumer
Producer

Commodity

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 MOP
M-C LP
P – Cp- Mp

SL
Social, Political, Cultural,
SV Spiritual Institutions

NL
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WEALTH AND INCOME INEQUALITY AS PRODUCT
OF CAPITALIST SYSTEM

1979-2012 % Growth
Lowest 20% -12.1%
20-40% -0.1%
40-60% +8.4%
60-80% +20.3%
Top 20% +48.8%
Top 5% +103.2%
Top 1% +184.9%
Top 0.1% +383.8%
Inequality.org/EPI.org WOODGROVE
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 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS
(CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE)

• Corporate violence – actual harm and/or risk of harm

inflicted on consumers, workers, and the general public as
a result of decision by corporate executives or managers.
• Corporate negligence, quest for profits at any cost and
willful vilations of heath, safety, and environmental laws.
• Alienation.

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 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS
(SYMBOLIC-INTERACTIONISM)

• Proponents: Max Weber, Georg Simmel, Charles Horton

Cooley, G.H. Mead, W.I. Thomas, Erving Goffman, and
Howard Becker.
• Emphasizes that human behavior is influenced by
definitions and meanings that are created and maintained
through symbolic interaction with others.

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 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS
(SYMBOLIC-INTERACTIONISM)

• The basic premise of symbolic interactionist theories of

social problems is that a condition must be defined or
recognized as a social problem for it to be a social
problem.
• Blumer’s Stages of a Social Problem
• Labeling Theory
• Social Constructionism

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 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS
(SYMBOLIC-INTERACTIONISM)

• Blumer’s Stages of a Social Problem

1. Societal recognition
2. Social legitimation
3. Mobilization for action
4. Development and implementation of an official plan

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 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS
(SYMBOLIC-INTERACTIONISM)

• Labeling theory
• Social condition or group is viewed is problematic if it is
labeled as such.
• Example: so as long as society define drinking alcohol as
“cool” and “fun, the will continue to abuse alcohol. So as
long as our society denies providing sex education and
contraceptives to teenagers as inappropriate or immoral
teenage pregnancy rate will continue to increase.

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 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS
(SYMBOLIC-INTERACTIONISM)

• Labeling theory
• Social condition or group is viewed is problematic if it is
labeled as such.
• Example: so as long as society define drinking alcohol as
“cool” and “fun, the will continue to abuse alcohol. So as
long as our society denies providing sex education and
contraceptives to teenagers as inappropriate or immoral
teenage pregnancy rate will continue to increase.

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 COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL
PERSPECTIVES
Structural Conflict Theory Symbolic
Functionalism Interactionism
Society Society is a set of Society is marked by Society is a network of
interrelated parts; power struggles over interlocking roles; social
cultural consensus exists scarce resources; order is constructed
and leads to social order; inequities result in through interaction as
natural state of society – conflict; social change is individuals, through
harmony and balance inevitable; natural state shared meaning, making
of society – imbalance sense out of their social
world.

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 COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL
PERSPECTIVES
Structural Conflict Theory Symbolic
Functionalism Interactionism
Individua Individuals are socialized People are inherently Humans are interpretive
ls by society’s institutions; good but are corrupted and interactive; they are
socialization is the by society and its constantly changing as
process by which social economic structure; their “social beings”
control is exerted; people institutions are controlled emerge and are molder
need society and its by groups with power; by changing
institutions “order” is part of the circumstances
illusion.

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 COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL
PERSPECTIVES
Structural Conflict Theory Symbolic
Functionalism Interactionism
Cause of Rapid social changel Inequality; the Different interpretation
social social disorganization dominance of groups of of roles; labeling
problems that disrupts the harmony people over other groups individuals, groups, or
and balance; inadequate of people; oppression behaviors as deviant
socialization and/or weak and exploitation; definition of an
institutions competition between objective condition as a
groups social problem
Solutions Repair weak institutions Minimize competition Reduce impact of
assure proper create an equitable labeling and associated
socialization; cultivate a system for the stigmatization; alter
strong collective sense of destruction of resources definitions of what is
right and wrong defined as a social
problem WOODGROVE 33
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DRILL

1. Definitions of social problems are clear and unambigous

A. True
B. False

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DRILL

2. The social structure of society contains:

A. Status and roles

B. Institutions and norms
C. Sanctions and social groups
D. Values and beliefs

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DRILL

3. The culture of society refers to its meaning and the ways of

life of its members
A. True
B. False

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DRILL

4. Alienation

A. Refers to a sense of normlessness

B. Is focused on by symbolic interactionist
C. Can be defined as the powerlessness and meaninglessness in
people’s lives
D. Is manifest function of soceity

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DRILL

5. Blumer’s stages of social problems begin with

A. Mobilization for action

B. Societal recognition
C. Social legitimation
D. Development and implementation of plan

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SOCIAL PROBLEMS:

2. Problems of well-being
a. Physical and Mental Health Care
b. Alcohol and Other Drugs
c. Family Problems
Outline of Presentation

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A. PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH CARE
• Health – state of complete physical, mental and
social well-being (WHO).
• Health provision is usally measured through the Life
Expectancy. In PH- 71. 53 years.

Country Income Level Life Expectancy

High 81
Upper Middle 74
Lower Middle 67
Low 61
World 71

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A. PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH CARE
Leading Causes of Death, by Country Income Level
Low Income High Income
1. Respiratory Infections Heart Disease
2. HIV/AIDS Stroke and other cerebrovascular
disease
3. Diarrheal diseases Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers
4. Stroke Alzheimer's and other dementias
5. Hear Disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease
6. Malaria Respiratory infections
7. Preterm birth complications Colon and rectum cancer

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A. PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH CARE
Leading Causes of Death in PH

PH
1. Disease of Heart
2. Diseases of the vascular system
3. Pneumonias
4. Malignant neoplasms/cancers
5. All forms of tuberculosis
6. Accidents
7. diabetes mellitus

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A. PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH CARE
• Moratility among Infants and Children
• Infant mortality – death of live-born infants under 12
months of age
• Under-5 mortality – death of Children under age 5
• Both provide powerful indicators of the health
population (diarrhea, contaminated drinking water,
unavailability if toilets or other hygienic means)
• Maternal Mortality – death that results from
complications associated with pregnancy and
childbirth – is a leading cause of death.

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A. PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH CARE
Lifetime Risk of Maternal Mortality by Country Income

Low Income 1 in 40
Middle Income 1 in 220
High Income 1 in 6,000

• High maternal mortality rates are related to poor-quality and

inaccessible health care; most women give birth without the
assistance of trained personnel; malnutrition and poor
sanitation; pregnancy and childbearing at early ages

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A. PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH CARE
• Globalization – growing economic, political, and
social interconnectedness among societies
throughout the world.
• Globesity – international trade of caloric intake,
fastfood chains, and process food increase
worldwide rise of cancer, heart disease, stoke,
obesity, and diabetes.
• Medical tourism – internation trade in health
products and services (however in contribute to rise
case of illegal market for human organs)

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A. PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH CARE
• Mental Illness – the hidden epidemic- refers
collectively to all mental disorders, which are
characterized by sustained patterns of abnormal
thinking, mood, or behaviors that are accompanied
by significant distress and/or impairment of daily
functioning.
• Physical and mental health are connected and affect
each other.

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A. PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH CARE
• Socioeconomic Status and Health – Low
socioeconomic status is associated with less access
to quality healthcare, increased likelihood of habing
an unhealthy lifestyle, and higher exposure to
adverse living conditions, injury and disease (Cocker
harm, 2013)
• Gender and Health – Women live longer than men.
(4.6 years gap in 2016). However women are more
expose to domestic and sexual exploitation.

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A. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES IF ILLNESS AND
HEALTH CARE
• Structural-Functionalist Perspective
a. This perspective points to how failures in the health
care system affect not only the well-being of
individuals, but also the health of other social
institutions, such as the economy and the family.
b. Examines how changes in society affect health

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A. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES IF ILLNESS AND
HEALTH CARE
• Conflict Perspective
1. Focuses on how socioeconomic status, power, and
the profit motive influence illness and health care.
2. Criticizes the pharmaceutical and health care
industry for placing profits above people.

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A. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES IF ILLNESS AND
HEALTH CARE
• Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
1. Conceptions of health and illness are socially
constructed. Definitions of health and illness vary
over time and from society to society.
2. Symbolic interactionism draws attention to the
effects that meanings and labels have on health and
health risk behaviors

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 B. ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS

Drug – is any substance other than food that alters the structure or
functioning of living organism when it enter the bloodstream.
• Has a direct effect on users’ physical, psychological, and/or
intellectual functioning
• Has a potential to be abused
• Has adverse consequences for individuals and/or society.
• Drug abuse vs. Drug dependency – drug abuse occurs when
acceptable social standards of drug use are violated, resulting in
adverse physiological, psychological, and/or social consequences.
However, drug dependency refers to a condition in which drug use
is compulsive, i.e., users unable to stop because of dependency it
may be psychological or physical.

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 B. ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS

Dominant Drugs in the Philippine Market:

• Drug user profile indicates that majority of drug dependents in the
country are poly-drug users or users who use several types of illegal
drugs.
• More often than not, the abuse is done mainly for pleasure.
• Methamphetamine hydrochloride or shabu remains to be the most
abused drug in the country, followed by marijuana or cannabis
sativa and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy.
• Solvents and other inhalants are also a preference and are usually
abused by street children.

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 B. ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS

Personal and Societal Consequences of Drug Use:

• The cost to Children and family
• Crime and Drugs
• The excitement or high that results from the use of cocaine is
followed by a “crash”: a period of anxiety, fatigue, depression, and
an acute desire for more cocaine to alleviate these continued
feelings.
• Marijuana and alcohol interfere with motor control and are factors
in many automobile accidents.
• Users of hallucinogenic drugs may experience flashbacks, which
are unwanted recurrences of the drug’s effects weeks or months
after use. Sudden abstinence from certain drugs results in
withdrawal symptoms
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 B. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
ON ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS

• Structural-Functionalist Perspective
1. Drug abuse is a response to a weakening societal norms. As
society become more complex and as rapid social change occurs,
norms and values become unclear and ambiguous, resulting in
anomie – a state of normlessness.
2. Anomie produces inconsistencies in cultural norms regarding drug
use.

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 B. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
ON ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS

• Conflict Perspective
1. Drug use occurs as a response to the inequality perpetuated by a
capitalist system.
2. Societal members, alienated from work, friends, and family as
well as rom society and its institutions, turns to drugs as means of
escaping the oppression and frustration cause by inequality they
experience.
3. The most powerful members of society influence the definitions
of which drugs are illegal and the penalties associated with illegal
drug production, sales, and use.

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 B. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
ON ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS

• Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

1. If the initial drug use experience is defined as pleasurable, it is
likely to recur, and the individual may earn the label of “drug
user” over time. Of this definition is internalized so that the
individual assumes an identity of a drug user, the behavior will
probably continue and may even escalate.
2. Drug use is also learned through symbolic interaction in small
groups.

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C. FAMILY PROBLEMS
• D SPEARS can threaten families

• D-Disintergration of family
• S-Substance Abuse
• P- Parental Absenteeism
• E-Economic Difficulties
• A-Absence of family goals and deteriorating values
• R-Rising incidence of early sexual involvement and teenage pregnancies
• S-Strong negative influence of media on the family

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C. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FAMILY
PROBLEMS
Structural-Functionalism Perspective

1. View family as a social institution that performs important functions for

society, including producing and socializing new members, regulating
sexual activity and procreation, and proving physical and emotional care
for members.
2. Views divorce and rising number of single-parent households as
constituting a “breakdown of family institution as “primary social
problem” which results to “secondary social problems” such as crime,
poverty, and substance abuse
3. Women perform the “expressive role” – managing the household taks
etc. while men perform “instrumental role – earning income and decision
making; families have been disrupted and weakened by the change in
gender roles. WOODGROVE 58
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C. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FAMILY
PROBLEMS
Conflict Perspective

1. Challenge false dichotomies

2. Rethink established knowledge
3. Examine different patterns of socialization
4. Deconstruct patriarchal hierarchies
5. Increase opportunities for empowerment
6. Value process orientation
7. Understand that personal is political
8. Respect diversity
9. Promote awareness

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C. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FAMILY
PROBLEMS
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

1. Emphasizes that interaction with family members, including parents,

grandparents, siblings, and spouses, has a powerful effect on our self-
concepts.
2. The symbolic interactionist perspective is useful in understanding the
dynamics of domestic violence.

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SOCIAL PROBLEMS:
3. Problems of inequality
a. Economic Inequality, Wealth and Poverty
b. Work and Unemployment
c. Race and Ethnicity
ed Gender Inequality and Sexual
Outline of Presentation

Orientation and the Struggle for Equality

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3A. PROBLEMS OF INEQUALITY
Poverty

• More than one in 10 people-10.7 percent of the world's population- are

extremely poor, living on less than $1.90 a day (World Bank 2017).
• Most of the world's poor—80 percent--live in sub-Saharan Africa or
South Asia (World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund 2015).
• The very poor suffer from a myriad of problems including malnutrition,
lack of access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate housing, lack of
education, and poor health- problems

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3A. PROBLEMS OF INEQUALITY
Poverty

• Since 2015, the richest 1 percent of adults (ages 20 and older) in the
world owned more wealth than the bottom 99 percent, which means that
the top percent own more than the rest of the population
• North America and Europe together contain only 18 percent of global
population, but account for 65 percent of total household wealth
• One-third of the world's billionaire wealth is wealth that was inherited.
• The eight richest men in the world own as much wealth as the poorest
half of theworld's population

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3A. PROBLEMS OF INEQUALITY

Sociological Theories

We are taught that we live in a meritocracy- a social system in which

individuals get ahead and earn rewards based on their individual efforts
and abilities (McNamee and Miller 2009)

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3A. PROBLEMS OF INEQUALITY

Sociological Theories – Structural Functionalism

Poverty results from institutional breakdown: economic institutions that

fail to provide sufficient jobs and pay, educational institutions that fail to
equip members of society with the skills they need for employment,
family institutions that do not provide two parents, and government
institutions that do not provide sufficient public support
• “The Positive Functions of Poverty," sociologist Herbert Gans (1972)
draws on the structural-functionalist perspective to identify ways in
which poverty can be viewed as functional for the nonpoor segments of
society
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3A. PROBLEMS OF INEQUALITY

Sociological Theories – Conflict Perspective

• Karl Marx (1818-1883) proposed that economic inequality results from

the domination of the bourgeoisie (owners of the factories, or "means
of production") over the proletariat.
• Modern conflict theorists recognize that the power to influence
economic outcomes arises not only from ownership of the means of
production but also from management position, interlocking board
memberships, control of media, financial contributions to politicians,
and lobbying

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3A. PROBLEMS OF INEQUALITY

Sociological Theories – Symbolic Interactionist

• Individuals who are poor are often viewed as undeserving of help or

sympathy; their poverty is viewed as due to laziness, immorality,
irresponsibility, lack of motivation, or personal deficiency (Katz 2013).
• Wealthy individuals, on the other hand, tend to be viewed as capable,
motivated, hardworking, and deserving of their wealth.

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3A. PROBLEMS OF INEQUALITY

Consequences of Economic Inequality and Poverty

• Health problems, Hunger, and Poverty

• Substandard Housing and Homelessness
• Legal Inequality
• Political Inequality and Alienation (plutocracy and alienation)
• Crime, Social Conflict, and War
• Marriage Opportunity Gap and Family Problems
• Intergenerational Poverty

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3B. WORK AND UNEMPLOYMENT

Overview

• The number of unemployed was at 2.93 million, down from 3.74

million in May 2021. Meantime, the number of employed came in at 46.08
million, up from 44.72 million the year before. The labor force participation
rate fell to 64.0 percent from 64.6 in May 2021.
• However, The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) reported that the
number of employed grew by 452,000 to 46.1 million in May 2022 from
45.6 million in April 2022.

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3B. WORK AND UNEMPLOYMENT

Sociological Theories – Structural Functionalism

• Davis and Moore (1945) argued that jobs differ in their pay so that workers
will be motivated to achieve higher levels of education and training, and
that jobs that offer higher rewards are those that are more important and
difficult.
• the inequality associated with salaries and wages is often considered
dysfunctional, rather than functional, for society.

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3B. WORK AND UNEMPLOYMENT

Sociological Theories – Conflict Perspective

• The conflict perspective is critical of ways that the government caters to the
interests of big business at the expense of workers, consumers, and the
public interest. This system of government that serves the interests of
corporations--known as corporatocracy- -involves ties between government
and business
• The policies of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank
pressure developing countries to open their economies to foreign
corporations, promoting export production at the expense of local
consumption, encouraging the exploitation of labor as a means of attracting
foreign investment, and hastening the degradation of natural resources as
countries sell their forests and minerals to earn money to pay back loans
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3B. WORK AND UNEMPLOYMENT

Sociological Theories – Symbolic Interactionist

• According to symbolic interactionism, the work role is a

central part of a person's self- concept and social identity
• Symbolic interactionism emphasizes the fact that
attitudes and behavior are influenced by interaction with
others

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3B. WORK AND UNEMPLOYMENT

Causes of Unemployment

• Lack of available jobs

• Job Exportation (offshoring)
• Automation
• (Other factors mentioned in the previous slides)

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3B. WORK AND UNEMPLOYMENT

Other problems related to work and unemployment

• Child labor
• Job Stress
• Work/Life Conflict
• Alienation (e.g. McDonadlization)
• Labor Unions and the Struggle for Worker’s Rights

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3C. RACE AND ETHNICITY

Overview

• Race as a Biological Concept. As a biological concept, race refers to a

classification of people based on hereditary physical characteristics such as
skin color, hair texture, and the size and shape of the eyes, lips, and nose
• The social construction of race means that "the actual meaning of race lies
not in people's physical characteristics, but in the historical treatment of
different groups and the significance that society gives to what is believed to
differentiate so-called racial groups"

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3C. RACE AND ETHNICITY

Problems with Race and Ethinicity

• Expulsion occurs when a dominant group forces a subordinate group to

leave the country or to live only in designated areas of the country
• Segregation refers to the physical separation of two groups in
residence, workplace and it occurs when a dominant group forces a
subordinate group to have a differential access to all functional
domains.
• Acculturation refers to adopting the culture of a group different from the
person’s original identity and culture.
• Assimilation is the process by which formerly distinct and separate
groups merge and become integrated as one
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3C. RACE AND ETHNICITY

Problems with Race and Ethinicity

• Prejudice refers to a preconceived opinion or bias that could be negative or

positive. (e.g. Implicit prejudice and explicit prejudice)
• Racism is generally defined as the belief that race accounts for differences
in human character and ability and that a particular race is superior to others
(e.g. aversive racism and colorblind racism)

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3C. RACE AND ETHNICITY

Sociological Theories – Structural Functionalism

• Racial and ethnic inequality are functional in that keeping minority

groups in a disadvantaged position ensures that there are workers
who will do menial jobs for low pay. Most sociologists emphasize the
ways in which racial and ethnic inequality are dysfunctional- a society
that practices discrimination fails to develop and utilize the resources
of minority members (Williams and Morris 1993).

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3C. RACE AND ETHNICITY

Sociological Theories – Conflict Theory

The conflict perspective examines how competition over wealth, power,

and prestige relates to racial and ethnic group tensions.

The researchers posed three scenarios that might be perceived as

threatening: interracial marriage, minority in-migration (i.e., blacks
moving into one's neighborhood), and job competition (i.e.,competing
with a black person for a job)

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3C. RACE AND ETHNICITY

Sociological Theories – Symbolic Interactionism

People often interact with each other on the basis of their beliefs that
race reflects physical, intellectual, moral, or spiritual superiority or
inferiority…By acting on their beliefs about race, people create a society
in which individuals of one group have greater access to the goods of
society-such as high-status jobs, good schooling, good housing, and good
medical care--than do individuals of another group

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3D. Gender and Sexual
Orientation, Gender Identity and
Expression

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SEX

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HERMAPHRODITE: THE CASE OF NANCY NAVALTA

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CLITORIMEGALY

Note: This image is just an

example and does not belong to
the athlete

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THE MANGANANG SISTERS

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WOODGROVE
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WHY DO MEN HAVE NIPPLES?

a. Aesthetic purposes like a decoration?

b. For sexual purposes?
c. Evolutionary mistake?
Answer: Because X chromosomes
developed first before the Y
chromosome.

So… it is safe to say that we are

all females before we become
males?
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The Biological Basis of Sex are the
GENITALS.

THIS ARE SEXES NOT GENDER!

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DO WE NEED A DISTINCTION?

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WOODGROVE
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Orientation:
❑ each person’s capacity for
profound emotional, affectional
and sexual attraction to, and
intimate and sexual relations with
❑ Answers: “Who am I attracted
to? Who do I love?”

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ORIENTATION

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SEXUAL ORIENTATION VS. SEXUAL
PREFERENCE

sexual orientation is defined as an innate

feeling of attraction toward another individual
regardless of gender. Furthermore, sexual
orientation is defined as the erotic or romantic
attraction for sharing sexual expression with:

• Members of the opposite sex

(heterosexuality)
• Members of your own sex (homosexuality)
• Members of both sexes (bisexuality)

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SEXUAL PREFERENCE

Sexual preference is a term that is confused with sexual

orientation. Based on several literature, sexual
preference is somewhat the same with sexual
orientation. As a matter of fact, these terms could be
interchangeably used.

The term sexual preference largely overlaps with

sexual orientation, however, it is generally
distinguished in psychological research. For example a
person who identifies himself as bisexual may sexually
prefer one sex over the other. In other words, sexual
preference suggests a degree of voluntary
choice, whereas, the scientific consensus is that sexual
orientation is not a choice.

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Study the figure above. As you can see, the figure is not a step-by-step process,
meaning, there is no start nor beginning. It has to be remembered that most
individuals’ sexual orientation falls somewhere along this continuum.

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Gender Identity:
❑ refers to each person’s deeply
felt internal and individual
experience of gender, which may
or may not correspond with the
sex assigned at birth
❑Answers : “Who am I?”

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GENDER IDENTITY

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ALLY
• A person, regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity, who supports and stands up for
the human and civil rights of LGBTQ people. They believe in the dignity and respect of all
people, and are willing to stand up in that role.

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BI
• Slang term for people with a bisexual orientation and who self-identify as bisexual

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BIOLOGICAL SEX
• The biological state of having
1. Female or male genitalia
2. Female or male sex organs
3. Female or male sex hormones

**About one in 2000 babies is born with biological characteristics or BOTH sexes or neither sex
entirely**

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BISEXUAL/BISEXUALITY
• Feeling romantic, emotional or sexual attraction to both males and females

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CLOSET/CLOSTED
• The intentional concealment of an individual’s own sexual orientation or gender identity from
others at school, work, home or around friends.

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COMING OUT
• The process of becoming aware and open of one’s sexual orientation or gender identity.

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DRAG QUEEN/ DRAG KING
• Someone who dresses and acts like another gender for entertainment purpose, usually does NOT
self-identify as transgender

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FAGGOT
• A derogatory word for a gay male, or for any man, who projects the role, appearance, attitudes
and/or behaviours that a culture traditionally assigns to women.

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GAY
• A person who is emotionally, romantically or physically attracted to persons of the same sex.
Gay usually refers to males, but can include females. Gay is the most preferred by the LGBTQ
community when referring to homosexual males.

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“gender identity can be defined as the sameness, unity,
and persistence of one’s individuality as male, female, or
ambivalent….. Are sex and gender truly
separable?
Gender identity is the private experience of gender role,
and gender role is the public experience of gender
identity.”

Money & Ehrhardt (1972), p.4

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 Expression:

❑ the way in which a person

expresses their gender identity,
typically through their
appearance, dress, and behavior

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EXPRESSION

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 RESEARCH SUGGESTS FOLLOWING
SEQUENCE
Perceptual self-recognition (15 months)
Cognitive self-representation (18 months)
Linguistic self-description (23-24 months)
Motivational self-assertion (29-
46 months)
Emotional self-evaluation
(30 months)
Social
self-regulation

15 months 2 years 2 ½ years 3 years

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GENDER IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT: BASICS
(2)

gendered play develops

gender stereotypes harden

gender constancy begins to dev.

Infant recognises
male/female faces
Birth 9 months 1yr 2yrs 3yrs 4yrs Adult

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THE NATURE OF
OPPRESSION
• Oppression is perpetrated and
perpetuated by dominant groups and
is systematic and continuous in its
application
• Oppression occurs because it
benefits the dominant group
• Oppressed serves as a ready supply
of labor to carry out menial and
dangerous job and serves as
scapegoat during difficult times
• Most people do not consider
themselves as oppressor

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FORMS OF OPPRESSION

1. Exploitation – social process

whereby the dominant group
is able to accumulate and
maintain status, power and
assets from the energy and
labor expended by the
subordinate groups,
2. Marginalization – exclusion of
whole groups of people from
useful and meaningful
participation in society

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FORMS OF OPPRESSION
3. Powerlessness – consists of
inhibitions in the development of one’s
capacities, a lack of decision-making
power in one’s working life, and
exposure to disrespectful treatment
because of the status one has occupies.
4. Cultural Imperialism – It comes
about when the dominant group
universalizes its experience and
culture, and uses them as the norm.

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FORMS OF OPPRESSION

5. Violence – systematic violence

not only includes physical attack,
but harassment, ridicule, or
intimidation, which serves the
purpose of stigmatization. Also
includes the constant feat that
violence may occur, solely on the
basis of one’s group identity

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RESPONSES OF OPPRESSED PEOPLE
TO THEIR OPPRESSOR

1. Inferiorization – internalization of
oppression the cause oppressed people
to act in ways that affirm the dominant
group’s view of them as inferior and
consequently, will lead to a process of
inferiorized persons reproducing their
own oppression.

2. Mimesis – oppressed group mimic or

imitate behavior and attitude of the
dominant group in an attempt to gain a
slightly more privileged status

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RESPONSES OF OPPRESSED PEOPLE
TO THEIR OPPRESSOR

3. Escape from identity – neurotic

behavior that attempt to escape from
the “composite portrait” used by the
dominant group to define their
particular place in society.

4. Psychological withdrawal –
oppressed person may adopt a
cautious, low profile conservatism as a
way of decreasing their visibility and
compensating for a disfavored identity.

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RESPONSES OF OPPRESSED PEOPLE
TO THEIR OPPRESSOR

5. Guilt-expiation rituals – some

oppressed persons will see the
dominant order as sacred and
immutable, and to atone for the guilt of
being able to become fully pledged
members they will engage in certain
conscious or unwilling guild expiation
rituals.

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RESPONSES OF OPPRESSED PEOPLE
TO THEIR OPPRESSOR

6. Magical Ideologies – Internal blinders

shield the person from confronting the
real menace causing his or her
inferiorized situation and lead the
person on a search for a magical
solution

7. In-group hostility – “poor person’s

snobbery” that sets up a superior-
inferior relationship among oppressed
group similar to that between dominant
and subgroup

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RESPONSES OF OPPRESSED PEOPLE
TO THEIR OPPRESSOR

8. Social withdrawal – oppressed

person externalizes identity conflict
into the immediate social environment .
The oppressed person will develop
repertoires of behavior for different
audiences.

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GAY BASHING (BASHING/QUEER –BASHING)
• A physical or verbal attack directed at LGBTQ people, motivated by hatred for their sexual
orientation, gender identity/expression and/or sexual behaviour.

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HETEROSEXISM/HOMOPHOBIA
• Heterosexism refers to the assumption that all people are heterosexual and that heterosexuality is
superior and more desirable than homosexuality
• Homophobia is an irrational fear and hatred of homosexuals
• Both are negative stereotypes.

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WOODGROVE
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15 TYPES OF HOMOPHOBES IN THE PHILIPPINES
(PETER JONES DELA CRUZ)
• The loud and proud gay hater. We all know this one. And we all hate him. Yes, he is usually a
guy, that annoying straight-ish bully who picks on every queer fella he sees. Sometimes he’s with
equally annoying turds who mock quiet, innocent gay teens on the streets. They yell slurs like
“bayot,” “bakla,” or “mga bayot ipako sa krus.” Do I have to explain why these slurs are
homophobic?
• The irksome mimic. If you’re gay, you probably know a guy who mocks you in the corridors.
He attempts to imitate the flicking of your hands or the swaying of your hips. He imitates your
flamboyant speech. And he’s just downright annoying. You want him to stay away, but he
pursues you and taunts all along until he realizes you’re just ignoring him.

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CONT.
• The delusional prey wannabe. So you have this guy who thinks he’s hot enough for gay men.
He thinks every gay guy who looks at him is out to unzip his fly and play with his prick. You
wonder whether his paranoia exists so because he thinks gay guys are looking at him the same
way he leers at girls. Of course, if he’s ugly, his delusions of being preyed on are twice cringe
worthy.
• The avoidant. Now there’s also a guy who you’re not sure whether he’s shy or scared of you. He
looks at you like you’re a gargantuan mumps virus, if he looks at you at all, but the disdain may
be subdued, controlled, or understated. He doesn’t talk too much, if he talks to you at all. He
makes you feel like you have a contagious disease or you’re the contagion. Next thing you know,
perhaps after 3 or so years, he’s on Grindr or some other place of that sort.

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CONT.
• The femmephobe. This could also be the previous, but this one is more specific. Basically, he’s
a discreet gay guy who thinks he can pass for a straight guy. He hates flamboyant and feminine
queer guys. He doesn’t hang out with them because he’s scared he’d be identified as one of them.
• The bitchy femme. Now this one is the enemy of the previous. He’s the out and proud finger
flicker, the boisterous sista who calls out and picks on gay lads who they deem aren’t queer
enough. They want every gay guy to be as feminine as they are. They don’t value diversity
within our queer community, and they like every gay boy to subscribe to their stereotype.

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CONT.
• The religious freak. You know that Leviticus fanatic who insists that God will burn you in the
fiery pit because you’re swooning over Brad Pitt? They’re everywhere. They’re proud of their
convictions. To them condemning homosexuality is a lifelong commitment to their homophobic
version of God. They take pride in pointing out that the gay lifestyle is immoral. Who knows
what the gay lifestyle is?
• The naturalist. They claim their aversion to homosexuality isn’t religion-based. They claim that
everyone was born straight, so they’re supposed to be straight. Men are supposed to be with
women for purposes of mating. Or so they maintain. They don’t like you being gay because
you’re supposed to be getting laid with a woman and making kids. To them you’re a breeding
machine designed to help spawn the future breeding progeny.

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SOME SCRIPTURES THAT SUBORDINATE WOMEN
• Ephesians 5:22-24 ...wives should submit to their husbands etc.
• 1 Timothy 2:11-15 A woman should learn in quietness and full submission. I do not permit a
woman to teach or to have authority over a man; she must be silent etc.
• 1 Corinthians 14:33-35 ...women should remain silent in the churches (and following).
• 1 Corinthians 11:3-16 Now I want you to realize that the head of every man is Christ, and the
head of the woman is man (and following).
• Colossians 3:18 Wives, submit to your husbands, as is fitting in the Lord.
• Peter 3:1-6 Wives in the same way be submissive to your husbands (and following).
• Titus 2: 4-5 Then they can train the younger women to love their husbands and children, to be
self controlled and pure, to be busy at home, to be kind, and to be subject to their husbands so
that no one will malign the word of God.

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BIBLE AND THE HOMOS
• Leviticus 18:22
"Do not practice homosexuality, having sex with another man as with a woman. It is a detestable
sin.“
• Leviticus 20:13
"If a man practices homosexuality, having sex with another man as with a woman, both men have
committed a detestable act. They must both be put to death, for they are guilty of a capital offense."

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CONT.
• The liar. She says she’s friends with gay guys and that she likes them, but her homophobia
becomes quite obvious during certain occasions. She doesn’t like them to date guys or have sex
with guys. She’s against same sex unions. So while she and her boyfriend can sleep on the same
bed, she doesn’t want her gay pals to enjoy the same benefit. You can’t claim you’re friends with
your gay stylist and swear that his identity is a lie from the devil.
• The hypocrite. This may well be number 7 guy, but the thing is, he can’t practice what he
preaches. He talks about morality and calls out gay people for being immoral, but you know, he
has illicit affairs. An equally funny thing is that he forgets or maybe doesn’t know that God
doesn’t like fornicators. Unlike the prudish number 7, this one is known for screwing his
girlfriends or having extra-marital affairs. So his anti-gay rants make him sound ridiculous.

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CONT.
• The converter. This one is most likely a religious pundit who insists that gay men can be cured
by prayers or by any other means they claim to be effective. Their source of reliable information?
• The pervert. This lewd guy can’t help but think of gay sex every time he sees gay couples. You
wonder how he knew much about fellatio or anal intercourse. He says everyone talks about it.
You can’t help but think maybe he watches gay porn. But supposing we give him the benefit of
the doubt, why then should we allow him to reduce gay relationships to mere gay sex? This guy
demonizes same-sex relationships as if they revolve around anal and oral sex.

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CONT.
• The petty whiner. The whiner plays the victim and reports they were once assaulted or ridiculed
by queer folks and so their aversion is valid. And because a few gay blokes wronged them before
thus invalidates the gay rights advocacy. These punks forgot that while they might have fallen
victim to such misbehavior, the bullying and injustice suffered by queer and transgender folks
from their side are much more severe.

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CONT.
• The denier. This may be any of the above as well, may be the same person as the liar, except that
they may not like queer folks. But they maintain they’re no homophobe because they’re not
scared of gay people. They just don’t like them. They love the sinner but hate the sin. They like
queer folks but don’t like their queerness. They like them but don’t want them to have “special”
rights. The idiocy and dishonesty are hilarious.
• The ignorant “know-it-all”. Occasionally, you come across an expert in queer studies. He
claims that gay men secretly want to be women because they want to take peckers up their asses.
They are men who want to have vaginas. Or so this type of homophobe misconceives. This is the
same moron who thinks transgender girls are gays. You can’t reason with them because they’re
self-proclaimed experts in biology and genetics.

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PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL
VIOLENCE
EXPERIENCED BY
WOMEN ARE MOSTLY
PERPETRATED BY
a.
________
Strangers
b. Peers
c. Intimate partners (husbands or partners

c. Intimate partners (husbands or partners)

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 GLOBALLY, ___ OF
WOMEN AND CHILDREN
STILL EXPERIENCE
PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL
ABUSES.
a. Less than 10%
b. More than 30%
c. About 50%

b. More than 30%

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A 2013 infographic produced by UN Women

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WOMEN WHO HAVE BEEN PHYSICALLY OR SEXUALLY
ABUSED…
• More than twice as likely to have an abortion,
• Almost twice as likely to experience depression,
• In some regions, 1.5 times more likely to acquire HIV
…as compared to women who have not experienced partner violence

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IN 2012 ,
• Women who were the victims of homicide globally, almost half were killed by intimate partners
or family members, compared to less than 6% of men killed in the same year

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 CHILD MARRIAGE IS
STILL RAMPANT
GLOBALLY.
a. True
b. False
c. No idea

a. True

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WORLDWIDE FIGURES REVEAL THAT…
• More than 700 million women alive today were married as children (below 18 years of age).
• Of those women, more than 1 in 3—or some 250 million—were married before 15.
• Child brides are often unable to effectively negotiate safe sex, leaving them vulnerable to early
pregnancy as well as sexually transmitted infections, including HIV

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 GLOBAL STATISTICS
SHOW THAT 10% OF
WOMEN HAVE HAD
FORCED FIRST
SEXUAL
ENCOUNTERS AT ANY a.
b.
True
False

POINT IN THEIR LIFE. c. No idea

a. True WOODGROVE
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WORLDWIDE FIGURES REVEAL THAT…
• Around 120 million girls (slightly more than 1 in 10) have experienced forced intercourse or
other forced sexual acts at some point in their lives.
• Most common perpetrators are current or former husbands, partners or boyfriends

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• An estimated 133 million girls and women have experienced some form of female genital
mutilation/cutting in the 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East
• High risk of prolonged bleeding, infection (including HIV), complications during childbirth,
infertility and death

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• Adult women account for almost half of all human trafficking victims detected globally.
• Women and girls together account for about 70% of trafficking victims

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HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOURS OF ABUSED WOMEN AND
CHILDREN
• Less than 40% of women who experience violence seek help of any sort.
• They approach family and friends for help and very few look to formal institutions and
mechanisms, such as police and health services.
• Less than 10% of those women seeking help do so BY APPEALING TO THE POLICE.

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MEASURES TO ADDRESS GBV…
• At least 119 countries have passed laws on domestic violence, 125 have laws on sexual
harassment and 52 have laws on marital rape.
• Even when laws exist, this does not mean they are always compliant with international standards
and recommendations or implemented.

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MEASURES TO ADDRESS GBV…
• Availability of data on violence against women has increased significantly in recent years.
• Since 1995, more than 100 countries have conducted at least one survey addressing the issue.
• 44 countries undertook a survey in the period between 1995 and 2004,
• 89 countries did so in the period between 2005 and 2014
• More than 40 countries conducted at least two surveys in the period between 1995 and 2014

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In the Philippine Context…

• 1 in 5 women aged 15-49 are physically abused

• 1 in 10 women aged 15-49 are sexually abused

• The perpetrators for 53 percent of women who have experienced sexual violence
are their current husbands or partners.

Source: National Demographic and Health Survey, 2008

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CULTURAL CHALLENGES: PRESERVATION OF
STATUS QUO?
• Culture of Silence
• Victim-blaming
• Family Value
• Stoical Filipino Woman
• Gender Streotypes
• Patriarchal Society and macho culture
• Purity and Conservatism
• Normalized violence

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SOCIAL PROBLEMS:

4. Problems of globalization
a. Population Growth and Aging
b. Environmental Problems
Outline of Presentation

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4A. POPULATION GROWTH AND AGING
Sociological Theories – Structural Functionalism

Demographic transition theory - traditional agricultural societies have

both high birthrates and high death rates. As a society becomes
industrialized and urbanized, improved sanitation, health, and
education lead to a decline in mortality. The increased survival rate of
infants and children along with the declining economic value of
children leads to a decline in birthrates.

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4A. POPULATION GROWTH AND AGING
Sociological Theories – Structural Functionalism

Demographic transition theory - traditional agricultural societies have

both high birthrates and high death rates. As a society becomes
industrialized and urbanized, improved sanitation, health, and
education lead to a decline in mortality. The increased survival rate of
infants and children along with the declining economic value of
children leads to a decline in birthrates.

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4A. POPULATION GROWTH AND AGING
Sociological Theories – Conflict Perspective

Thomas Malthus predicted that the population would grow faster than
the food supply and that masses of people were destined to be poor
and hungry. According to Malthusian theory, food shortages would
lead to war, disease, and starvation, which would eventually slow
population growth. However, conflict theorists argue that food
shortages result primarily from inequitable distribution of power and
resources (Livernash and Rodenburg 1998).

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4A. POPULATION GROWTH AND AGING
Sociological Theories – Symbolic Interactionist

Many societies are characterized by pronatalism-a cultural value that

promotes having children.

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4B. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Sociological Theories – Structural Functionalist

Humans are part of a larger ecosystem-which consists of all the organisms living in
a particular area, as well as all the nonliving, physical components of the
environment-such as air, water, soil, and sunlight--that interact to keep the whole
ecosystem functioning. Each living and nonliving part of the ecosystem plays a
vital role in maintaining the whole; disrupt or eliminate one element of the
ecosystem, and every other part could be affected

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4B. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Sociological Theories – Conflict Perspective

• The capitalistic pursuit of profit encouraged making money from industry

regardless of the damage done to the environment

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4B. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Sociological Theories – Conflict Perspective

Large corporations and industries that are environmentally damaging commonly

use marketing and public relations strategies to portray their corporation, industry,
or products as environmentally friendly--a practice known as greenwashing. For
example, some brands of household items such as toilet paper and dish soap are
advertised as "green,“ "all natural," or earth-friendly." Marketing companies know
that "green" sells, as con. summers are becoming more eco-minded. But how valid
are the environmental claims made on the labels of the products we buy

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 WOODGROVE
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THANK YOU

Kenjay N. Salvaleon, RSW