Friction CHAPTER OUTLINE 6/1 Introduction 6/5 Screws Section A Frictional Phenomena 6/6 Jounal Bearings 6/2. Types of Friction 6/7 Thrust Bearings; Disk Fiction 6/3. Dry Friction 6/8 Flexible Belts Section B Applications of Friction in Machines 6/9 Roling Resistance 6/4 Wedges 6/10 Chapter Review 6/1 Introduction In the preceding chapters we have usually assumed that the forces of action and reaction between contacting surfaces act normal to the surfaces. This assumption characterizes the interaction between smooth surfaces and was illustrated in Example 2 of Fig, 9/1. Although this ideal assumption often involves only a relatively small error, there are many problems in which we must consider the ability of contacting sur- faces to support tangential as well as normal forces. Tangential forees generated between contacting surfaces are called friction forces and ‘occur to some degree in the interaction between all real surfaces. When- ever a tendency exists for one contacting surface to slide along another surfaco, the friction forces developed are always in a direction to oppose this tendency. In some types of machines and processes we want to minimize the retarding effect of friction forces. Examples are bearings of all types, power screws, gears, the flow of fluids in pipes, and the propulsion of aircraft and missiles through the atmosphere. In other situations we wish to maximize the effects of friction, as in brakes, clutches, belt drives, and wedges. Wheeled vehicles depend on friction for both start- ing and stopping, and ordinary walking depends on friction between the shoe and the ground. 335336 Chapter 6 Friction Friction forees are present throughout nature and exist in all ma- chines no matter how accurately constructed or carefully lubricated. A machine or process in which friction is small enough to be neglected is, said to be ideal. When friction must be taken into account, the machine or process is termed real. In all cases where there is sliding motion be- tween parts, the friction forces result in a loss of energy which is dissi- pated in the form of heat. Wear is another effect of friction. SECTION A FRICTIONAL PHENOMENA 6/2 Types of Friction In this article we briefly discuss the types of frietional resistance en- countered in mechanics. The next artiele contains a more detailed ac- count of the most common type of friction, dry friction. (0) Dry Friction. Dry friction occurs when the unlubricated surfaces of two solids are in contact under a condition of sliding or a tendency to slide. A friction force tangent to the surfaces of contact occurs both dur- ing the interval leading up to impending slippage and while slippage takes place. The direction of this friction force always opposes the mo- tion or impending motion. This type of friction is also called Coulomb friction. The principles of dry or Coulomb friction were developed largely from the experiments of Coulomb in 1781 and from the work of ‘Morin from 1831 to 1834. Although we do not yet have a comprehensive theory of dry friction, in Art. 6/8 we describe an analytical model suffi- cient to handle the vast majority of problems involving dry friction, This model forms the basis for most of this chapter. (6) Fluid Friction. Fluid friction occurs when adjacent layers in a fluid (iquid or gas) are moving at different velocities. This motion causes frictional forees between fluid cloments, and these forces depend. on the relative velocity between layers. When there is no relative veloc- ity, there is no fluid friction, Fluid friction depends not only on the ve- locity gradients within the fluid but also on the viscosity of the fluid, which is a measure of its resistance to shearing action between fluid lay- ers. Fluid friction is treated in the study of fluid mechanics and will not be discussed further in this book. (9 Internal Friction. Internal friction occurs in all solid materials which are subjected to cyclical loading. For highly elastic materials the recovery from deformation occurs with very little loss of energy due to internal friction, For materials which have low limits of elasticity and which undergo appreciable plastic deformation during loading, a consid- erable amount of internal friction may accompany this deformation, ‘The mechanism of internal friction is associated with the action of shear deformation, which is discussed in references on materials seience. Be- cause this book deals primarily with the external effects of forces, we will not discuss internal friction furtherArticle 6/3 Dry Friction 337 6/3 Dry Friction ‘The remainder of this chapter describes the effects of dry friction acting on the exterior surfaces of rigid bodies. We will now explain the mechanism of dry friction with the aid of a very simple experiment. Mechanism of Dry Friction Consider a solid block of mass m resting on a horizontal surface, as shown in Fig. 6/la. We assume that the contacting surfaces have some roughness. The experiment involves the application of a horizontal force P which continuously increases from zero to a value sufficient to move the block and give it an appreciable velocity. The free-body diagram of the block for any value of P is shown in Fig. 6/1b, where the tangential friction force exerted by the plane on the block is labeled F. ‘This friction force acting on the body will always be in a direction to oppose motion or the tendency toward motion of the body. There is also a normal force JV which in this case equals mg, and the total force I exerted by the sup- porting surface on the block is the resultant of N and F. ‘A magnified view of the irregularities of the mating surfaces, Fig. 6ile, helps us to visualize the mechanical action of friction. Support is necessarily intermittent and exists at the mating humps. The direction of each of the reactions on the block, Ry, Ra, Rs, ete. depends not only on the goometrie profile of the irregularities but also on the extent of local deformation at each contact point. The total normal foree N is the sum me mL» Y [+> « I fa) MS VR Impending ‘motion 1 Static | Kinetic | fein | fection (nometion) | ation) i Foe BNF aN -> 4a0 Yi ye! 4 ' WA Rr P © @ Figure 6/1338 Chapters Friction of the n-components of the R’s, and the total frictional force F is the sum of the f-components of the R’s, When the surfaces are in relative ‘motion, the contacts are more nearly along the tops of the humps, and the t-components of the R’s are smaller than when the surfaces are at rest relative to one another. This observation helps to explain the well- known fact that the force P necessary to maintain motion is generally less than that required to start the block when the irregularities are more nearly in mesh. Lf we perform the experiment and record the friction force F as a function of P, we obtain the relation shown in Fig. 6/ld. When P is zero, equilibrium requires that there be no friction force. As P is in- creased, the friction force must be equal and opposite to P as long as the block does not slip. During this period the block is in equilibrium, and all forces acting on the block must satisfy the equilibrium equa- tions. Finally, we reach a value of P which causes the block to slip and to move in the direction of the applied force. At this same time the friction force decreases slightly and abruptly. It then remains essen- tially constant for a time but then decreases still more as the velocity Static Friction ‘The region in Fig. 6/1d up to the point of slippage or impending mo- tion is called the range of static friction, and in this range the value of the friction force is determined by the equations of equilibrium. This friction force may have any value from zero up to and including the maximum value, For a given pair of mating surfaces the experiment, shows that this maximum value of static friction Frags is proportional to the normal force N. Thus, we may write Frag = eV wy where j1, is the proportionality constant, called the coefficient of static friction. Be aware that Eq. 6/1 describes only the limiting or maximum value of the static friction force and not any lesser value. Thus, the equation applies only to cases where motion is impending with the friction force at its peak value, For a condition of static equilibrium when motion is not impending, the static friction force is F Par ~ 4s): Clearly this condition is impossible, because the surfaces cannot support more force than the maximum ,NV. ‘The assumption of equilibrium is therefore invalid, and motion ‘occurs. The friction force F is equal to 1,.V from Eq. 6/2. In the third type of problem, relative motion is known to exist between the contacting surfaces, and thus the kinetic coefficient of friction clearly applies. For this problem type, Eq. 6/2 always gives the kinetic friction force directly. The foregoing discussion applies to all dry contacting surfaces and, to a limitod extent, to moving surfaces which are partially lubricated,342 Chapter 6 Friction SAMPLE PROBLEM 6/1 Determine the maximum angle 6 which the adjustable incline ray have with the horizontal before the block of mass m begins to slip. The coefficient of atic friction between the block and the inclined surface is 1, Solution. ‘The free-body diagram of the block shows its weight W = mg, the normal force N, and the friction foree F exerted by the incline on the block. The friction force acts in the direction to oppose the slipping which would occur if no friction were present. ‘Equilibrium in the x- and y-direetions requires Dr, F mg sino - F mg sin 0 0.30, Thus, a value of mo will be required to maintain equilibrium.Article 6/3 _Dry Friction 343 SAMPLE PROBLEM 6/3 Determine the magnitude and direction of the friction force acting on the 100-kg block shown if, frst, P= 500 N and, second, P = 100 N. The coefficient of static friction is 0.20, and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.17. The forces are applied with the block initially at rest. Solution. There is no way of telling from the statement of the problem whether the block will remain in equilibrium or whether it will begin to slip following the application of P, It ia therefore necessary that we make an assumption, 50 we will take the friction force to be up the plane, as shown by the solid arrow. From the free-body diagram a balance of forces in both x- and y-directions gives IEF, = 0} P cos 20° + F ~ 981 sin 20° = 0 [eE, = 0) N ~ P sin 20° ~ 981 cos 20° = 0 Case l. P~500N Substitution into the first of the two equations gives F=-1343N ‘The negative sign tells us that if the block is in equilibrium, the frietion force acting on it is in the direction opposite to that assumed and therefore is down. the plane, as represented by the dashed arrow. We cannot reach a conclusion on the magnitude of F, however, until we verify that the surfaces are capable of supporting 134.3 N of friction foree. This may be done by substituting P ~ 500 N into the socond equation, which gives N= 1093 ‘The maximum stati friction force which the surfaces can support is then Upax = eV) Frnax = 0.20(1093) = 219 N ‘Since this force is greater than that required for equilibrium, we conclude that the assumption of equilibrium was correct. The answer is, then, F = 134.3 N down the plane Ans, Case sl, P-100N Substitution into the two equilibrium equations gives F-242N N~956N But the maximum possible static friction force is Wax = Hel] ‘eax ~ 0:20(956) = 191.2 I follows that 242 N of friction cannot be supported. Therefore, equilibrium cannot exist, and we obtain the correct value of the frietion force by using the kinetic coefli- cient of friction accompanying the motion down the plane. Hence, the answer is UF, = NI F = 0.171956) = 162.5 N up the plane Ans, x \ 1019.81) = 981 Helpful Hint © We should note that even though 2, ino longer equal to zero, equilibrium does exist in the y-direction, so that XE, = 0. Therefore, the normal force [Nin 956N whether or not the block is in equilibrium,344 Chapter 6 Friction SAMPLE PROBLEM 6/4 ‘The homogeneous rectangular block of mass m, width 6, and height H is placed on the horizontal surface and subjected to horizontal force P which ‘moves the block along the surface with a constant velocity. The coeflicient of ki- netic friction between the block and the surface is 4. Determine (a) the greatest value which h may have so that the block will slide without tipping over and (©) the location of a point C'on the bottom face of the block through which the resultant ofthe friction and normal forces acte if k ~ H2. Solution. (a) With the block on the verge of tipping, we see that the entire re- action between the plane and the block will necessarily be at A. he free-body diagram of the block shows this condition, Since slipping occurs, the friction force is the limiting value j4N, and the angle 0 becomes 0 = tan=" ya. The resul- tant of Fy, and N passes through a point B through which P must also pass, since three coplanar forces in equilibrium are concurrent. Hence, from the geometry of the block. oz b tan 0 = 1g = 92 i Ans. Ith were greater than this value, moment equilibrium about A would not be satisfied, and the block would tip over. Alternatively, we may find h by combining the equilibrium requirements for the x- and y-directions with the moment-equilibrium equation about 4. Thus, (EE, = 0) N-mg=0 N=mg IEF, = 0) Fy-P=0 P= Fy~ N= sme The mee mgb__mgb 6 1M, 01 — Ph~mg 4-0 aa Ans. (©) With h = 11/2.we see from the free-body diagram for case (b) that the re- sultant of F, and N passes through a point C which is a distance x to the left of the vertical centerline through @. The angle 0is still 0 = ¢ = tan™* jy a8 long as the block is slipping. Thus, from the geometry of the figure we have Fert Ans. If we were to replace j, by the static coefficient 4, then our solutions would deseribe the conditions under which the block is (a) on the verge of tipping and (©) on the verge of slipping, both from a rest position. ‘Helpful Hints © Recall that the equilibrium equa tions apply to a body moving with a constant velocity (zero acceleration) just as well as to-a body at ret © Alternatively, we could equate the moments about G to zero, which ‘would give us FUL) ~ Nz = 0.Thus, with Fi = gl we gots = pHArticle 6/3 Dry Friction 345 SAMPLE PROBLEM 6/5 ‘The three flat blocks are positioned on the 30° incline as shown, and a force P parallel to the incline is applied to the middle block. The upper block is pre- vented from moving by a wire which attaches it to the fixed support. The coofli- cient of static friction for each of the three pairs of mating surfaces is shown. Determine the maximum value which P may have before any slipping takes place. Solution. ‘The free-body diagram of each block is drawn. The friction forces are assigned in the directions to oppose the relative motion which would occur if no friction were present, There are two possible conditions for impending mo- tion. Either the 50-kg block slips and the 40-kg block remains in place, or the 50- and 40-kg blocks move together with slipping occurring between the 40-kg block and the incline, ‘The normal forees, which are in the y-direction, may be determined without reference to the friction forces, which are all in the 2-direction. Thus, (EF, = 01 (@0-kg)_N ~ 3009.81) cos 30° = 0 Ny = 255. (60-kg) Na ~ 6019.81) cos 30° — 255-0 Ny = 680.N (40-kg) Ng ~ 40(9.81) cos 30°- 680-0 Ny ~ 1019 N We will assume arbitrarily that only the 60-kg block slips, so that the 40-kg block remains in place. Thus, for impending slippage at both surfaces of the 50-kg block, we have Urea = HeNI Fy = 0.80(255) = 76.5 "y= 0.40(680) = 272.N ‘The assumed equilibrium of forees at impending motion for the 50-kg block ives (SF, =0] P- 765-272 [email protected])sing0°=0 P= 1081N ‘We now check on the validity of our initial assumption, For the 40-kg block with F, = 272 N the friction force F would be given by (EF, = 0) 272 + 4019.81) sin 90° ~ F, = F,= 468 But the maximum possible value of F is F ~ Ng ~ 0.45(1019) = 459 N. Thus, 468 N cannot be supported and our initial assumption was wrong. We eonelude, therefore, that slipping occurs first between the 40-kg block and the incline. With the corrected value F, ~ 459 N, equilibrium of the 40-kg block for its im- pending motion requires [aR,= 0] Fy + 40(9.81) sin 90° — 459 = m= 263.N Equilibrium of the 50-kg block gives, finally, (EP, = 0) P + 50(9.81) sin 30° ~ 263 — 76.5, P 38N Ans. ‘Thus, with P = 93.8 N, motion impends for the 50-kg and 40-kg blocks as a unit. Helpful Hints © In the absence of friction the middle block, under the influence of P, would have a greater movement than the 40ckg block, and the frie tion force willbe in the direction to appore this motion aa shown, © We see now that Fy is less than HN = 272.346 Chapter6 Friction PROBLEMS Introductory Problems 6/1 The 85-1b force P is applied to the 200-Ib crate, which is stationary before the force is applied. De- termine the magnitude and direction of the friction force F exerted by the horizontal surface on the crate. ju, = 0.50 bes Problem 6/1 6/2 The 700-N force is applied to the 100-kg block, which is stationary hefore the force is applied. De- termine the magnitude and direction of the friction force F exerted by the horizontal surface on the block. 100 N 100 ks. Problem 6/2 6/3 ‘The designer of a ski resort wishes to have a portion of a beginner's slope on which the skier’s speed will remain fairly constant. Tests indicate the average coefficients of friction between skis and snow to be 4, =0.10 and j4, = 0.08. What should be the slope angle 0 of the constant-speed section? Problem 6/3. 614 65 ‘The coefficients of static and kinetic friction be- tween the 100-kg block and the inclined plane are 0.30 and 0.20, respectively. Determine (a) the fric~ tion foree F acting on the block when P is applied with a magnitude of 200 N to the block at rest, () the force P required to initiate motion up the in- cline from rest, and (e) the frietion force F acting on. the block if P = 600 N. Problem 6/4 ‘The magnitude of fore P is slowly increased. Dot the homogeneous box of mas m slip or tip first State the value of P which would cause each occur~ rence. Neglect any offect of the size of the small fet. —— Problem 6/5,Arjicle 6/3 Problems 347 6/6 Determine the magnitude and direction of the fric- tion force whieh the vertical wall exerts on the 100:1b block if (a) @ = 15° and 6) @ = 20% P=1201b Problem 6/6 6/7 Determine the minimum coefficient of static friction 2, which will allow the drum with fixed inner hub to be rolled up the 15" incline at a steady speed without, slipping, What are the corresponding values of the force P and the friction force F? Problem 6/7 6/8 The tongs are designed to handle hot steel tubes, which are being heat-treated in an oil bath. For a 20° jaw opening, what is the minimum coefficient of statie friction between the jaws and the tube which will enable the tongs to grip the tube with- cout slipping? Problem 6/8 6/9 ‘The light bar is used to support the 50-kg block in its vertical guides. If the coefficient of static fric- tion is 0.90 at the upper end of the bar and 0.40 at, the lower end of the bar, find the friction force act» ing at each end for x = 75 mm. Also find the maxi- maum value of x for which the bar will not alip, Problem 6/9 6/10 The semicircular 5-kg plate rotates about a fixed bearing at O that can exert a maximum frictional ‘moment of 1.2 N-m on the plate. The horizontal force P is applied to.a cord wrapped around the plate periphery and pinned at A. (a) With P = 0, deter- ‘mine the maximum angle 0 for which equilibrium is possible. () From the position determined in (a) calculate the force P required to rotate the body counterclockwise. Problem 6/10348 Chapter6 Friction 6/11 The homogeneous body with two small feet and two ideal wheels is at rest on the rough incline. (a) As- sume no slippage and determine the maximum value of the angle @ for which the body does not overturn about fect A. (6) If 4, = 0.40, determine the maxi- ‘mum value of the angle @ for which the body does not slip. (¢) If 4, ~ 0.40 and side C of the body now faces up the incline, determine the maximum value of the angle @ for which the body does not slip. Problem 6/11 6/12 ‘The strut AB of negligible mass is hinged to the hori- zontal surface at A and to the uniform 25-kg wheel at B. Determine the minimum couple M applied to the wheel which will use it to slip ifthe coofficiont of sta- tie friction between the wheel and the surface is 0.40, Problem 6/12 Representative Problems 6/13 ‘The 100-1b wheel rolls on its hub up the circular in- cline under the action of the 25-Ib weight attached to a cord around the rim. Determine the angle 9 at which the wheel comes to rest, assuming that frie. tion is sufficient to prevent slippage, What is the minimum coefficient of friction which will permit, ‘thia position to be reached with no slipping? Problem 6/13, 6/14 ‘The illustration shows the design of a cam-type Tocking device, which, in the presence of sufficient, friction, limits the movement of body B to be to the left only; rightward movement is prevented. The ‘surface of the cam near point D is eireular with eon- ter at C. Given the distance L, specify the cam offset d so that the device will work if the coefficient of static frition p, is 0.20 or greater. Allowable riotion , No motion, Problem 6/14 6/15 The uniform slender bar has an ideal roller at its upper end A. Ifthe coefficient of static friction at B is, =0.25, determine the minimum angle 9 for ‘which equilibrium is possible. Repeat for , = 0.50. y= 0.25, 0.50 BS Problem 6/15Arjicle 6/3 Problems 349 66 ony ons ‘The upper end of the har of Prob. 6/15 is now leaned against a nonvertical wall. Determine the minimum. value of the angle @ for which equilibrium is possible for , = 0.25 and for y, = 0.50. Problem 6/16 A person (mass m,) who is kneeling on a plywood panel (mass m;) wishes to push himself and the panel away from the right-hand wall. Determine a condition on jzz which would allow him to do this, fas opposed to his slipping relative to a stationary panel. The two applicable coefficients of static frie- tion are jy and jy. Evaluate jz for m, = 80 kg, 0 kg, and yxy ~ 0.60. roblom 6/17 ‘The homogeneous rectangular block of mass m rests ‘on the inclined plane which is hinged about a hos zontal axis through O. If the coefficient of state fric- tion between the block and the plane is 4, specify ‘the conditions which determine whether the block ‘ips before it slips or slips before it tips as the angle 0 is gradually increased. 6ng 6/20 6/21 Problem 6/18 A loaded wheelbarrow is placed on a rough incline, ‘The combined weight of the wheelbarrow and its load acts at the center of gravity G. (@) Determine the ‘maximum angle @ for which the wheelbarrow will rot slip. (&) Repeat if the wheelbarrow faces uphill. ‘Neglect all friction associated with the front wheel B. Problem 6/19 ‘The force P is applied to (a) the 60-Ib block and (©) the 100-1 block. For each case, determine the ‘magnitude of P required to initiate motion. Problem 6/20 Calculate the magnitude of the clockwise couple M required to turn the 50-kg cylinder in the supporting block shown. The coefficient of kinetic frietion is 0.30, Problem 6/21350 6/22 6/23 Chapters Friction ‘The inverted track T with freely floating eylinder C comprise a aystem which is designed to hold paper or other thin materials P in place. The coefficient of static fiction is u for all interfaces. What minimum. value of ensures that the device will work no mat- ‘ter how heavy the supported material P is? P Problem 6/22 ‘Tho sliding glass door rolls on the two small lower ‘wheels A and B, Under normal conditions the upper wheels do not touch their horizontal guide. (a) Com- pute the force P required to slide the door at a steady speed if wheel A becomes “frozen” and does rot turn in its bearing. (6) Rework the problem if ‘wheel B becomes frozen instead of wheel A. The co- efficient of kinetic friction between a frozen wheel and the supporting surface is 0.20, and the center of ‘mass of the 140-Ib door is at its geometric center. Noglect the small diameter of the wheels. 6/24 A clockwise couple M is applied to the circular eylin- der as shown, Determine the value of M required to initiate motion for the conditions mp ~ 2ke, mg = 6 kg, (¥,)n = 0.50, (u,)o = 040, andr = 02 m. Friction between the eylinder C and the block B is negligible. me, Problem 6/24 6/25 Determine the range of weights W for which the 100-Ib block is in equilibrium. All wheels and pul leys have negligible friction. 1,-0.0 oh | Problem 6/25 6/26 A 100-kg roofer crouches on an 18-kg shoot of plywood as he is about to effect a shingle repair. Determine the friction force which the roof surface exerts on the plywood if the coefficients of static friction are (a) (1,); = 0.60 and (y,), = 0.50 and (©) (a), = 0.50 and (1,)p = 0.40. In all cases, the co- cfficient of kinetic friction is 75% of the static value. ree dw Gio ie Problem 6/26Arlicle 6/3 Problems 31 6127 6/28 Determine the distance s to which the 90-kx painter ‘can climb without causing the 4-m ladder to slip at its lower end A. The top of the 15-kg ladder has a ‘small roller, and at the ground the coefficient of sta- tie friction is 0.25, The mass center of the painter is directly above her feet. Problem 6/27 ‘The 1600-kg car is just beginning to negotiate the 16" ramp. If the car has rear-wheel drive, determine ‘the minimum coefficient of static friction required at B. 6129 6/30 6131 Problem 6/28 Repeat Prob. 6/28, but now the car has front-wheel drive Repeat Prob. 6/28, but now the car has all-wheel drive. Assume that slipping occurs at A and B simultaneously. ‘The rectangular stoel yoke is used to prevent slip- age between the two boards under tensile loads P. If the coolficients of static friction between the yoke and the board surfaces and between the boards are all 0.80, determine the maximum value of h for Which there is no slipping. For P = 800 N, deter rine the corresponding normal force NV between the two boards if motion impends at all surfaces. 6/32 6/33 Problem 6/31 ‘The figure shows the design in section of a loaded bracket which is supported on the fixed shaft by the roller at B and by frietion at the corner A. The cvef- ficient of stati friction is 0.40, Neglect the weight of the bracket and show that the bracket as designed ‘ill remain in place. Find the friction foree F. Problem 6/32 ‘The homogeneous square body is positioned as shown, Ifthe coefficient of static friction at B is 0.40, determine the critical value of the angle @ below which slipping will occur. Negleet friction at A. Problem 6/33352 Chapters Friction 6/34 Determine the range of weights W of the uniform slender bar for which the system will be in equilib- rium, Neglect friction at all bearings. 6138 6136 Problem 6/34 ‘The uniform rod with center of mass at G is sup- ported by the pogs A and B, which are fixed in the ‘wheel. If the coefficient of friction between the rod and pegs is 4, determine the angle @ through which the wheel may be slowly turned about its horizontal axis through O, starting from the position shown, before the rod begins to slip. Neglect the diameter of ‘the rod compared with the other dimensions, Problem 6/35 ‘The solid semicylinder of mass m and radius r is rolled through an angle 0 by the horizontal force P. If the coefficient of static friction is 4,, determine the angle @ at which the eylinder begins to slip on the horizontal surface as P is gradually increased. ‘What value of 4, would permit @ to reach 90°? —>P Problem 6/36 6/37 The 10-kg solid cylinder is resting in the inclined V-block. If the coefficient of atatie frition between ‘the cylinder and the block is 0.50, determine (a) the friction force F acting on the cylinder at each side before force P is applied and (b) the value of P ‘required to start sliding the cylinder up the incline, Problem 6/37 6/38 The three identical rollers are stacked on a horizon- tal surface as shown. If the coefficient of static friction y, is the same for all pairs of contacting sur- faces, find the minimura value of , for which the rollers will not slip, Problem 6/38Arjicle 6/3 Problems 383 6/39 ‘The movable left-hand jaw of the bar clamp ean be slid along the frame to increase the capacity of ‘the clamp, To prevent slipping of the jaw on the frame when the clamp is under load, the dimension, x mauat exceed a certain minimum value, For given ‘values of a and 6 and a static friction coefficient 1,, specify this design minimum value of x to pee slipping of the jaw. hed Problem 6/39 6/40 The uniform slender bar of length I is placed in the ‘opening of width dat the 20° angle shown. For what range of J/d will the bar remain in static equilib- ium? The coefficient of statie friction at A and 2 is bm, = 0.40. b—a—4 Problem 6/40 6/41 Determine the maximum value of the angle 9 for Which the uniform slender rod will remain in equi- brium, The coefficient of static friction at A is 4, = 0.80, and friction associated with the small roller at B may be neglected. Problem 6/41 6/42 A uniform block of mass m is at rest on an incline 6, Determine the maximum force P which can be ap- plied to the block in the direction shown before slipping begins. The coefficient of static friction between the block and the incline is y,. Also deter- ‘ine the angle f botween the horizontal direction of P and the divection of initial movement of the block. Problem 6/42 6/43 The single-lever block brake prevents rotation of the flywheel under a counterclockwise torque M. Find the force P required to prevent rotation if the coofficiont of statie friction is u,. Explain what would happen ifthe geometry permitted b to equal 1. Problem 6/43354 Chapter Friction 6144 Determine the minimum value of @ for which equilib vium is possible if @) (y1,)4 = 0.60 and (,)p = 0.20 and (B) (1,)4 = 0.40-and (iy) ~ 0.10. 6145 6146 Problem 6/44 ‘The industrial truck is used to move the solid 1200- kg roll of paper up the 30° incline. Ifthe coefficients of static and kinetic friction between the roll and the vertical bauvier of the truck and between the roll and the incline are both 0.40, compute the required tractive force P between the tires of the truck and ‘the horizontal surface, 30° Problem 6/45 Heavy-duty plate clamps with wedging cams are designed to be used in pairs to lift and transport large steel plates, Aa each cam begins to take effect, the plate slips down slightly against the vertical sur- face of the clamp and, therefore, generates limiting static friction at that interface, If the coefficient of static frietion for all contacting surfaces is 0.90, calculate the force R supported by the pin at O for each of the two clamps symmetrically placed on the 900-kg plate, Problem 6/46 6/47 Two workers are carrying a 2-in-thick panel by ‘means of panel carriers, ono of which is shown in ‘the detail figures. The vertical panel is steadied by ‘equal horizontal forces applied by the left hands of ‘the workers, Determine the minitaum coefficient of static friction between the panel and the carviers for which there will be no slippage. The carrier grips at A,B, and C do not rotate on the carrier frame, Note that each worker must apply both a vertical and a horizontal force to the carrier handle. Assume that ‘each worker supports half the weight of the panel Problem 6/47Arjicle 6/3 Problems 385 6148 ‘The uniform slender rod is slowly lowered from the upright position (0 = 90°) by means of the cord at- ‘ached to its upper end and passing under the small fixed pulley. Ifthe rod is observed to slip at its lower end when 0 = 40°, determine the coefficient of static friction at the horizontal surface. 6149 a ‘A .woman pedals her bicycle up a S-pereent grade on a slippery road at a steady speed. The woman and bieyele have a combined mass of 82 kg with masa cen- tor at G. Ifthe rear wheel is on the verge of slipping, determine the coefficient of friction 14, between the rear tire and the road. If the coefficient of friction were doubled, what would be the frietion foros F acting on the rear wheel? (Why may we neglect fric- tion under the front wheel?) Problem 6/49 6/50 The pipe-clamp ends are designed to fit a standard Hin. tel water pip (outside diameter = 0.840 in), ‘The right-hand fitting slides loosely along the pipe when the lover C in held upto release ita contact arith che pipe, as can be seen from the expanded view, Under clamping load F, the right-hand t- Ting Contact the pipe at A and only as it lowe fit allows it to rotate slightly clockwise on the pipe Determine (a) the minimum coeficients of sate frelon py between the contacting aurfacea at A and Bo thatthe end fitting il ot slip under lad and (the force supported by the pin at O under a clamping fore F'= 800 1, The spring force under the ever projection i negligible Problem 6/50356 Chapteré Friction 6/51 A block of mass mp is placed between the vertical wall, and the upper ond A of the uniform slender bar of mass m. If the coefficient of static friction is 1, between the block and the wall and also between the ‘block and the bar, determine a general expression for ‘the minimum value Oj of the angle @ for which the block will remain in equilibrium. Evaluate your ex- pression for the conditions 1, ~ 0.50 and (@) B=oa, o a ala als of For each eaze, state the minimum coefficient of sta tie friction (u,)y necessary to prevent slippage at B. Problem 6/51 6/52 The double-block brake shown is applied to the flywheel by means of the action of the spring. To release the brake, a force P is applied to the control rod. In the operating position with P = 0, the spring is compressed 30 mm, Select a spring with fan appropriate constant (stiffness) & which will provide sullicient force to brake the flywheel under tthe torque M = 100 N-m if the applicable coefficient of friction for both brake shoes is 0.20. Neglect the dimensions of the shoes, Problem 6/52