https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/List_of_systems_of_the_human_body
 AIR M&E Electrical

Vertical transportation

New World
Daimaru
department
store in
Shanghai

• Switch board IR monitoring

• Fire Service monitoring system
• Communication monitoring
• Real-time Obstacle Detection for escalators
• Real-time elevator inspection

•
•
HVAC Monitoring
Indoor Environment Monitoring
Plumbing Sanitary
• Energy monitoring

“五通” – 5 supply
Video – boiler, HVAC,
通路 – Transportation
cooling tower &
供电 – electricity
electrical room 供水 – water
排水 – sewerage
通讯 - communication
• Water supply monitoring systems • Drainage monitoring systems
Common problems

MEP
Water supply

Damaged outdoor pipe Corroded galvanised pipes Scaling in Corroded pipe flange Leaky joints Cast iron cracked by water Broken pipe brace
Burst outdoor pipe
pipe hammer

Unlined cast iron water Pitting Microbiologically Burst pipe Ceiling damaged by Submersible pump thrust Pump with inadequate Dented pump impeller
pipe induced corrosion pipe leakage bearing ruined by water vibration damping
hammer causing wear-out of parts
Water Storage Tanks

Corroded tank body Corrosion products Contaminated water Water overflow Leaking due to corroded Safety locked cover Damaged strainer Dirty tank
bolt missing

Sanitary/sewerage Pipes

Choked kitchen waste pipe Choked kitchen waste pipe Toilet ceiling showing symptom Corroded cast iron drain Corroded cast iron drain Broken manhole cover Sewerage leaking can cause
of sewer line problem spreading of diseases
 Fig. 7.4. problems
Common Common defects in HVAC systems.
MEP HVAC - Air handling unit (AHU), fan coil unit (FCU), chiller plant and cooling tower

Broken belt Cracked belt Noisy fan motor Tape to mend insulation Tape to mend insulation Congested AHU piping Blocked FCU piping

Inadequate insulation Failed insulation Damp ceiling board by condensate Condensation on diffuser Damped ceiling board Biological growth Delamination of rendering

Choked filter Blue/grey formicary corrosion Slimy bio-film on coils Bent aluminium fin Corroded condenser surface Leakage of refrigerant Surging of chiller

Vibration and noise of chiller Poor housekeeping Condensation on chilled pipe Water leakage Condensate on chiller Condenser pipe leaking Biological fouling of CT

Missing insulation Air leakages Fallen duct Poor airflow Before and after cleaning
Dirty duct Corrosion of ducts
Common problems MEP Vertical transport system – escalators

Debris under escalator Rusty step chain A dislodged escalator step Damaged escalator handrails Escalator step snapping

Crushed escalator steps Gap between escalator step and skirt panel Gap between handrail and wall
Dislodged steps

Congestion near escalators

Damaged escalator steps

A damaged step Water logging

Gap between escalator steps

Only 1 escalator going up is in operation overly loading

passengers, while the other two escalators going down
with no commuters. A dislodged side panel Damaged comb plate A dislodged step Missing skirt deflector (brushes)
Common problems MEP Vertical transport system – elevator/ lifts

Resistor in burnt mark Wrong replacement of resistor Dirt & rust in traction machine Dirty detector Oil seal leaking
Burnt mark in control cable

Arching in brake contactor Corroded guide rail Worn rope Cardboard as wedge Level difference Dirty pit

Scratched Worn Exposed Fell Leaking

marks on lift Burns on Flooded
wiring in ceiling pit pit
safety drive travelling
controller panel cable
gears sheave

Door gap Burnt door lock switch Dirty fan on top of elevator car Broken suspension rope Damaged suspension rope Jammed door Laser/IR sensors
Rope not Oil
Uneven Oil contamination
Door protruding
spring leakage at on edge of Rusty
protective from
compression lift brake drum – ropes
device: sheave
Leading to machine reduce braking
Light indicating
uneven rope and drive power
curtain worn-out
tensioning system
sheave
MEP
Fig. 7.12.. Common defects in electrical systems.
Electrical

Burning of the power meter A burnt powerpoint due to the Burning of the ballast
Burning of air-con Burning of the water heater Burning of CB
use of a faulty appliance

Corroded metal conduit

Broken cables Burnt cables Worn insulation Hot connector Burning of conduit

Burnt fuse Overheated CB Corroded CB Wet closet Worn protective mat Loose connection

Burnt plug and powerpoint Overloading of a powerpoint Messy wiring behind Infrared thermography to spot Burnt fuse
a powerpoint overheating Burnt fuse

Transformer on fire Exposed raceway Corroded exposed Exposed grounding rod Bad housekeeping of
Corroded conductor generator room
busbar trunking
Common problems
MEP
Fire protection system

Low glass visibility Penetration of services A kitchen fire due to Extinguisher unreachable Combustible in smoke lobby Blocked fire door
Dusty detector
pipe penetration
Fire hydrant, hose and portable fire extinguisher

Broken hydrant Low accessibility Hydrant not visible Broken glass Corroded hydrant Illegible label Misplacement
Haphazard winding
Sprinkler system

Corroded sprinkler head Obstructed sprinkler Broken braces Dirty sprinkler head Corroded sprinkler pipe Corroded sprinkler frame
Combustible blocking DB
Fire escape

Unlit exit Inadequate labelling Mismanaged fire door Obstructed fire door Inadequate ventilation
Blocked fire door Wedged fire door
 M&E Services Maintenance Specification
00 General Conditions and Prelims for Maintenance
01 Alarm Monitoring 30 Kilns and Other Pottery Plant Maintenance
02 CCTV Maintenance 31 Kitchen Equipment / Apparatus
03 Class Change Systems Maintenance 32 Laundry Equipment Maintenance
04 Door Access & Time Monitoring Systems Maintenance 33 Swimming Pool Plant & Associated Leisure Equipment
05 Electrical / Automatic Doors Maintenance 34 Workshop Machinery Testing
06 Intruder Alarm Maintenance 35 Drama and Stage Lighting Maintenance
07 Nurse / Staff Call Systems Maintenance 36 Emergency Lighting M/S
08 Public Address Systems Maintenance 37 Lightning Protection Systems
09 A/C & Comfort Cooling Systems Maintenance 38 Local Lighting Controls Maintenance
10 Automatic Control Systems Maintenance 39 Luminaire & Lamp Maintenance
11 Boiler Servicing & Maintenance 40 Periodic Testing of Fixed Electrical Installations
12 Chimney Inspections Maintenance 41 Portable Appliance Testing
13 Compressed Air Systems 42 Fire Alarm Maintenance/Servicing (incl. VESDA Systems)
14 Gas Fired Appliances (Drugasar etc) 43 Fire Extinguishing Systems (Gaseous)
15 Gas Tightness Testing 44 Fire Fighting Equipment (Fixed)(incl. Hose Reels, Dry Risers, etc)
16 Pressurisation Units 45 Fire Fighting Equipment (Portable)
17 Radiant Gas Heating 46 Fire Sprinkler Systems
18 Cabinet / Fan Convection Heaters 47 Legionella & Water Hygiene
19 Cleaning / Servicing of Ductwork 48 Thermostatic Mixing Valves
20A Dust Extraction Systems (Woodwork shops, etc) 49 Water Saving Controls Maintenance
Maintenance 50 Water Treatment Plant Maintenance
20B Dust Extraction Systems (Woodwork shops, etc.) Testing 51 Goods & Passenger Lift Maintenance Servicing
21 Fume Cupboards 52 Patient Lifting & Handling Apparatus (incl 'Arjo' Baths, etc)
22 General Ventilation Systems Maintenance 53 Stair Lifts
23 Kitchen Ventilation / Canopy Cleaning 54 Sewage Plant Maintenance
24 Storage Heaters Maintenance 55 Platform Lifts Maintenance
25 Vehicle Exhaust Systems (L.E.V.) 56 General Pipework Maintenance
26 C.H.P. Plant Servicing 57 Small Commercial & Domestic Systems Maintenance
27 Emergency Generator Servicing 58 Thorough Examination of Goods & Passenger Lifts
28 Service Generator Maintenance
29 Kitchen Deep Cleaning Maintenance CLAW (Consortium of Local Authorities in Wales)
http://claw.torfaen.gov.uk/m-e-services-maintenance-modular-specifications/
Contract specification

Example: Specification for Boiler Servicing

http://www.claw.gov.uk/index.php?id=121&L=0
Contract specification
Example: Specification for Cleaning & Servicing of Ductwork
BS EN 15780:2011
Ventilation for buildings. Ductwork. Cleanliness of ventilation
systems

SS 553 : 2016 – Code of practice for air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation

in buildings

TR 52 : 2016 – Technical Reference for fabric ducting air distribution system –

Textile based ventilation
Video – fabric ducting

Wet Film Thickness

Test (WFTT) grease
accumulation

Video – WFTT

Preferred Vacuum
Test (PVT)
Video – PVT

Deposit Thickness
Test (DTT)
Visual inspection
Video – DTT
http://www.claw.gov.uk/index.php?id=121&L=0
Contract specification

Example: Specification for Sprinkler Maintenance

http://www.claw.gov.uk/index.php?id=121&L=0
HVAC

HVAC - Air handling unit (AHU) & Fan coil unit (FCU) – 1/10

4 basic types of air-

conditioning systems :

• Variable air volume

(VAV)
• Constant Air Volume
(CAV)
• Fan Coil Unit (FCU)
• Unitary
HVAC

HVAC - Air handling unit (AHU) & Fan coil unit (FCU) – 2/10
Video - AHU

Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV)

HEPA - High Efficiency Particulate Air

An air handling unit; air flow is

from the right to left in this
case. Some AHU components
shown are :

1 – Supply duct
2 – Fan compartment
3 – Vibration isolator
('flex joint')
4 – Heating and/or
cooling coil
5 – Filter compartment
6 – Mixed (recirculated +
outside) air duct
Relative Size of Coronavirus. Source: abcdust
HVAC

HVAC - Air handling unit (AHU) & Fan coil unit (FCU) – 3/10
Royal Carribean

(1) HVAC system to have 100% fresh air to be continuously pulled in from
outside and supplied to all passenger and crew cabins as well as onboard.
The air is drawn from one side of the ship for cooling and ventilation, then
removed via exhaust on the opposite side of the ship. This ensures that no
recirculation of “used” air between cabins or within the ship.

(2) Compared to the standard air changes of 3 - 4 times an hour, Royal

Carribean had further increased the amount of air changes in staterooms
up to 12 times an hour and about 15 to 20 times an hour in large public
spaces.

(3) All of its fan coil units in public areas and cabins will continuously scrub
the air of pathogens using a high-grade MERV 13 filter which is capable of
capturing aerosols, ranging in 1.0 – 3.0 microns in size with 90% efficacy in
filtering out bacteria from colds, flu germs, and coronavirus. With the filter
installed, it also allows for incoming air to be double-filtered to remove salt
and other particles, making it cleaner than the air outside. Air filters and
cooling coils will also be also thoroughly checked, cleaned and replaced to
ensure healthy air quality. Hence, the chances of transmission of aerosol
particles between spaces will be lowered.

https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/covid-19-case-on-cruise-safety-rules-for-cruises-to-nowhere
HVAC

HVAC - Air handling unit (AHU) & Fan coil unit (FCU) – 4/10
AHU Maintenance Checklist – monthly
 HVAC - Air handling unit (AHU) & Fan coil unit (FCU) – 5/10
HVAC

Defects Probable causes for the defect

Fan belt emitting burnt • Loose fan belt rubs against the pulley and get very hot.
smell / noise • Slippage of loose belts.
• Fan belts are broken / cracked with wear and tear from aging. It
produces a squeak upon contact with the pulley. Not replaced as per
schedule.
• Wrong alignment of pulleys.
• Excessive vibration of loose belts passing over the pulleys. The
Fan belt emitting burnt smell / noise
intensity will increase or decrease with the speed of the drive. The
whole set should be tested for pressure, noise level etc.
Broken belt

Video – how aircon and heat

exchanger work

Cracked belt

Noisy fan motor • Insufficient lubrication of bearings.

• Worn out bearings from mechanical wear and tear. Lack of
lubrication may cause accelerated aging.
• Impeller out-of-balance - manufacturing fault or careless servicing.
• Loose mounting from poor installation or maintenance.
• Vibration isolators – improper provision, worn out or rusted.
 HVAC - Air handling unit (AHU) & Fan coil unit (FCU) – 6/10
HVAC

With the permanent installation of

accelerometers (4 in this case),
vibration of the AHU fan are
monitored on regular basis and
compared with vibration readings
with that of ISO10816-3.
Fan

motor

Connection box on AHU for

ease of data collection
HVAC
HVAC - Air handling unit (AHU) & Fan coil unit (FCU) – 7/10
Corrosion / scaling of • AHU / FCU housing not sealed - constant contact with moist air and
cooling coil, filter etc dampness from environment.
• Over dosage of chemical during chemical cleaning of coil.
• Formicary corrosion (local micro-pitting) from unsuitable cleaning
agents. Steam cleaning may help (copper oxide (Field, 2002).
• Poor maintenance of the evaporator side of the chiller plant.
• Large volume of fresh water is added to replenish major leakage. The
undue additional mineral forms scale on the coil.
Blue/grey formicary corrosion
Fan belton Al-Cu
emitting cooling
burnt coil
smell / noise
Slimy bio-film or dust on • Inefficient cleaning - only the surface row but not the inner rows,
coils: reduces airflow where dust and water collects.
• Insufficient access or >8 rows of coil hindering maintenance.
• Due to mishandling filter are damaged (e.g. gaps between panels). It
allows dust or particles to enter and settle on cooling coil. During
maintenance should be combed or replaced if required.

Chilled water leakage • Weak welded joints - should be pressure tested.

• Wear and tear after a normal lifespan of 10–15 yrs.
HVAC

HVAC - Air handling unit (AHU) & Fan coil unit (FCU) – 8/10
Damaged parts: fins, filters • Accidental bending of parts especially fragile fins during installation
etc / maintenance of AHU. Should be combed to rectify.
• Unsuitable chemical cleaning makes aluminum fins brittle.

Fan belt emitting burnt smell / noise Video – coils leak

Bent aluminium fin

Video – coil fin

straightening

Gap between filters

Excessive airflow causing • Oversized fan can cause excessive air flow compared to the capacity
moisture carry over of the cooling coil.
• Improper spacing between coils to limit the flow to specified level.
HVAC

HVAC - Air handling unit (AHU) & Fan coil unit (FCU) – 9/10
Water retention & biofilm • Drain pipe or pan not laid into right gradient.
on drain pan • Inadequate/undersized designed drain trap performance.
• Inadequate cleaning & Drain pipe choked with biological agents.
• Sagging of drain-off piping from insufficient hanging brackets.

Fan belt emitting burnt smell / noise

Cond. water overflows

Condensation of drain-off • Not insulated at all due to cost cutting.

piping • Damaged insulation with time especially for pipes located near floor
which are prone to be stepped upon during maintenance.
Filter at fresh air inlet • Intake of dirty / polluted air if inlets are located near exhaust outlet
clogged: air pressure may or pollution source such as car parks and cooling towers.
drop • Inadequate maintenance or replacement of filters
• Insufficient access space for cleaning or easy replacement.
• Problem remains unnoticed if pressure gauge at inaccessible location
or above eye level or not calibrated.

Choked filter
HVAC
HVAC - Air handling unit (AHU) & Fan coil unit (FCU) – 10/10
Condensation on exterior of parts – AHU, • Insufficient insulation –poor specification.
actuator • Air tightness of room, door is checked. For e.g. gasket
around door is intact and door closing tightly.
• Seals, tapes insulation lose efficiency with time
making the housing leaky. E.g. door gaps, wall cracks
etc.

Tape to mend insulation

Chilled water leakage from actuator • Internal valve seals broken or damaged due to wear
and tear process. Should be checked from time to time
Poor access for maintenance • Cluttered and haphazard layout of piping and ducting
BTSC
• Components located at very high level or obstructed
by structure or services.
• Insufficient / wrong access panels to ceiling
components.
• AHU plant room used as store room, unsafe working
condition.

Congested AHU piping Blocked FCU piping

BTSC BTSC BTSC

 HVAC - Chiller plant – 1/6
HVAC

Video – chiller - 1

Video – chiller - 2

refrigerant

12o water

Video – Chiller Plant

Video – Chiller tube

6o water Kenny G - Spring Breeze 望春風
HVAC

HVAC - Chiller plant – 2/6

Chiller Maintenance Checklist – daily by site technician The readings obtained from the
display panel of each chiller are
checked and compared with the
standard list of normal
acceptable operating range to
ensure the best possible
performance and efficiency of a
chiller.

In addition to the above, chiller maintenance to be conducted by the

chiller supplier’s maintenance technician monthly on site.
HVAC

HVAC - Chiller plant – 3/6

Automatic tube cleaning system in
Sponge ball type. The balls shall be
replaced quarterly so that condition of
the condenser tube can always be well
maintained to reduce fouling and
Video – Balls
corrosion in the tube.

Ball recirculating
unit (BRU)
To also check - chiller oil level and oil heater
voltage and the amperage is within the safe
level.

Chiller oil level - in the chiller oil sump Oil heater voltage and the amperage
to be reflected on the sight glass with
the floating ball appearing. Else must
top up oil.
HVAC

HVAC - Chiller plant – 4/6

Scale on condenser: low • Open loop design of condenser water.
chiller efficiency • Inadequate maintenance and cleaning of condenser tubes or cooling
tower.
Corroded parts of condenser • Tubing material is not resistant to corrosion / pitting.
- face plate, tubes. • Paint protection lost during careless installation or harsh
maintenance.
• Harsh cleaning (hard brush, strong acid etc) cause thinning of copper
tube walls, leading to of pitting or formicary corrosion.

Rust stain
Refrigerant • For positively pressured chillers, refrigerant leaks through joints (at
leakage gasket, piping, monitoring socket etc), which may be opened for
maintenance and later not tightened.
• No checking for system leakage and remedial measures taken.
Refrigerant contamination • Leakages of condenser tubes induce moisture to refrigerant.
• Incondensable gas (air, moisture) diffuse, leak or evaporate into
chiller through joints, cracks and gaps. Requires purging.
• Mixing of fines from metallic moving parts of compressor motor or
of lubricant. Selection of refrigerant is improper.
• Excessive oil added to refrigerant by faulty pump or its valve. As an
indicator, oil level should be checked from time to time.
HVAC
HVAC - Chiller plant – 5/6
Surging of the chiller
• Insufficient loading of the chiller, mismatch of capacity, operation under capacity
of less than 25% its handling capacity.
• Scaling in condenser tubes causing higher condenser pressure. Ch1
• Excessive amount of non-condensable present in refrigerant either due to leakage in
evaporator or irregular purging.

Excessive noise & vibration

• Inadequate or worn out spring isolators.
Fan belt emitting burnt smell / noise
• Inadequate acoustical insulation in the machine room.
• Mechanical failure of parts – should be tested from time to time.
• Compressor worn. Accelerated aging occurs if the chiller is constantly running or
frequent start-stop.
Poor access for maintenance
• No access rout planned for replacement of big components.
• Insufficient space of plant room for maintenance.
• Plant room used for storage hinders maintenance activity.

Plant room as store

Condenser pipes leaking

• Poor workmanship at joints. Should be tested.
• Harsh cleaning method makes pipe thin. Excessively thinned pipes should be
plugged or replaced.
HVAC

HVAC - Chiller plant -6/6

Condensation on chilled • Pipe surface become cold if insulation is inadequate.
water pipes • Insulation is damaged during careless maintenance of the
equipments.

Wet floor due to

condensation on
Fan belt emitting burnt smell / noise
chiller surface

Condensation

Water gushes /leaks out • Damaged mechanical seal of valve from wear and tear.
thru’ monitoring device • Not fitted properly after servicing, usually if access is difficult.
• Poor workmanship at the socket joint during installation.

Leaking of motor valve

 HVAC - Cooling tower 1/6
HVAC http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower

Video – Cooling
Tower

Video – chiller,
cooling tower and
AHU
HVAC

HVAC - Cooling tower – 2/6

When organic debris such as cottonwood seed, leaves, insects, pollen, grass, birds and their droppings, etc. get into the water and decompose, it along with
the relatively warm temperatures of the water create a nutrient rich environment for bacterial growth including Legionella.

The elevated water

temperatures and
Algae growth and the moisture at air-
corrosion of louver water surfaces
– SDE3 present ideal
conditions may
serve as a nutrient
source for
legionella growth.

NEA Code of Practice for

Legionella pneumophila Control of Legionella
bacteria. (Source: National
Guidelines for The Control of Bacteria in Cooling Towers,
Legionnelis in Ireland, 2009.) 2001, Fourth Edition
 http://site.airestec.com/main/3174/index.asp?pageid=148188&t=cooling-tower-de-contamination
HVAC

HVAC - Cooling tower 3/6

• Cooling towers use evaporation of water to reject heat from the system.
• Algal bio-films foul cooling tower distribution decks, fill and basins. Portions of
these may break loose and transport to other parts of the system, causing blockage
and accelerated bacterial and fungal growth.
• Once bacteria colonize surfaces and produce bio-films (jelly), numerous problems
arise including reduced heat transfer efficiency, fouling, corrosion and scale.
• The growth of algae, and other micro-organisms can reduce system efficiency and
maybe even contribute to potentially health hazards.

Cooling Tower Water Treatment

Weekly check by contractor :

 Dosing pump and monitoring panel,

valve and timer control

 Check make-up and cooling tower

Condenser water treatment system water – conductivity and pH

 Top up chemicals (water treatment)

e.g.:
Singapore Environmental Environmental Public
Public Health (Cooling Towers Health (Cooling Towers (1) 3DT288 - Phosphoric Acid
and Water Fountains) and Water Fountains)
(2) Nalco 7330 – non-oxidizing biocide for
bacteria control
Regulations - cooling towers/ Regulations - (3) Nalco 3430 – oxidizing biocide for
fountains shall be thoroughly https://sso.agc.gov.sg/SL/ bacteria control
cleaned and disinfected at least EPHA1987-RG7
(4) BR 06 – an indicator for the amount of
the Nalco 3430 remained in the water.
once every 6 months.
Measurement of conductivity and pH
HVAC

HVAC - Cooling tower 4/6

Cooling Tower Maintenance Checklist
HVAC

HVAC - Cooling tower 5/6

Defects Probable causes for the defect
Biological fouling • Design is not suitable to prevent dirt accumulation, stagnation.
• Inadequate cleaning of tower fill, basin, drift eliminators etc.
• Inefficient water treatment method used.

Video –
preventing
scale and
Bio-fouling
Algae / Dirt stain on cooling tower infills
scum
Corroded parts – louver, • Material is not corrosion resistant to counteract constant exposure to
collection basin the condenser water and external environment.
• Damaged protective layer on metallic surface during installation.
• Parts are not cleaned, lubricated or painted in time to prevent
corrosion and scaling.

Cooling tower filler is

the place where hot
cooling water meets
fresh air to exchange
heat. This picture
shows one type of
cooling tower filler.

Video – Cooling
Corroded basin & metal Tower Cleaning
louvers
HVAC

HVAC - Cooling tower – 6/6

Defects Probable causes for the defect
Foaming on condenser water • Too much chemical treatment added.
• Bacteria boom. Cleaning and application of biocide is not done.
• Inadequate access to reach all parts for cleaning.

Video – Cooling Tower

Cleaning – vacuum cleaner
Foaming cond. Water Foaming in cooling tower basin
Inadequate heat rejection • Obstructing structures above the cooling tower.
• Short-circuiting: cooling tower located near heat exhausts.
• Condenser water pump is over supplying - flow rate too high to reject heat properly & waterfall
effect.

Located near exhausts

Waterfall effect Scale and dirt build-up in fouled fills

Noise & vibration • Mounting on isolator is not levelled.
• Inadequate checking for condition of fan, motor or lack of lubrication.
HVAC

HVAC - Air distribution and terminal systems – 1/4

maintenance personnel in a clean room

HVAC

HVAC - Air distribution and terminal systems – 2/4

Defects Probable causes for the defect
Condensation on duct or • Insufficient or damaged insulation.
supply air diffuser • Leakage of air-duct. It can be trapped in the gaps between fibre
insulation and aluminium foil and condensate. Chances are higher if
there remains air gap between duct and insulation.
• Diffuser located near infiltration of external air or near entrance.
• Settings of the sensors such as dampers operators and velocity
controllers have drifted off, and needs recalibration.
• Inaccessible / access blocked for regular recalibration of sensors.
Air Leakage • Flanged joints are prone to air leakages.
• The aluminium foil surface is not cleaned before sticking it to the
duct tape. The dust works as bond breaker and the joint gets exposed
as soon as the foil gets detached.
Corrosion • Galvanized protection layer cracked or scratched during installation,
thus exposing the surface to air and moisture.
• Rainwater entry through fresh air inlet into the supply air duct and
this moisture is transported into the ducts.
• Moisture carry-over from AHU transported into supply air ducts.

Dirty ducts • Poor jointing of ducts, or rough finishes of plenum traps dusts
• Lack of cleaning of ducts – poor access / maintenance.
• Dirty or dusty air flow from damaged or poorly cleaned air filters in
AHU.

Video – Duct Cleaning Demo Video – Duct Cleaning

Mould growth in duct
HVAC

HVAC - Air distribution and terminal systems – 3/4

Noisy air flow • Turbulence inside under-sized ducts.
• Air not balanced in the ducting system. An opposed blade type
damper provides a better option.
• Insufficient or undersized diffusers resulting in high velocity air.
• Malfunctioning of air diffuser dampers. Depends on controls.
Poor airflow • Diffusers located near return air grille cause short-circuiting,
diffused air returns before it is circulated in room.
• Diffusers blocked by other installations, furniture layout, wrongly
chosen false ceiling.
• Diffuser v dirty, especially of difficult to access.
• Wrong choice of diffusers throws cold air directly at the user.

a . Blocked diffuser; b. High & dirty diffuser; c. Dumping of cold air

Faulty pneumatic control • Pneumatic hoses damaged or leaking pressurized air.
• Failure of air compressor unit – esp. open type.
• Dampers are jammed.
 https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/falling-ventilation-duct-incident-at-nex-maintenance-of-duct-not-subject-to-regulatory
HVAC

HVAC - Air distribution and terminal systems – 4/4

30 August 2020 - Nex shopping mall, a falling
ventilation duct at the Shaw Theatres
cinema injured two patrons.
SINGAPORE - The maintenance of air-conditioning mechanical ventilation
(ACMV) ducts within buildings is not subject to regulatory requirements,
said the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) in a statement on
Wednesday (Sept 2).
In response to queries by The Straits Times, a spokesman for BCA added that
"building owners are responsible for the maintenance of their buildings, by
ensuring that all parts of their buildings are maintained in a state of good and
serviceable condition".
This includes the "maintenance of interior fittings such as ACMV ducts".

Video – falling Duct

7 December 2021 - Ventilation duct at Nex mall fell due to accumulated water, says BCA after probe
SINGAPORE - The collapse of the ventilation duct in a Nex mall cinema was due to "a significant amount of water" accumulating in the insulation material surrounding the duct.

The investigation findings were released by the Building and Construction Authority in a statement on Monday (Dec 7), following the incident at a Shaw Theatres cinema hall on
Aug 30 that left two moviegoers injured.

The water accumulation was a result of "unforeseen excessive condensation over a sustained period", and its weight had overloaded the air-conditioning and mechanical
ventilation (ACMV) dropper duct.

This overloaded the brackets supporting the ACMV duct, causing it to give way.
The acoustic material surrounding the duct typically serves to regulate the surface temperature around the duct to prevent water from forming due to condensation, and to insulate the
noise caused by air travelling through the duct.
Checks on other cinemas' ACMV systems and ducts had found no such excessive condensation, said BCA
HVAC

Duct Cleaning Using Robots

Video – duct robot - 1 Video – duct robot - 2

Robot with Simple Flexible Fins and Lever Arm for Duct Cleaning

Vision Guided Belt Robot Manual duct Cleaning

HVAC

HVAC - Indoor environment

Defects Probable causes for the defect
Insensitive thermostat • Wrong location doesn’t allow it to sense the room temperature.
• Sensors are not recalibrated at regular interval. May be due to poor
accessibility or poor maintenance practises.
Fungal growth / stains on • Moisture entry from fresh air inlet.
walls or ceiling • Infiltration of external warm air – short circuiting.
• Moisture carry over from cooling coil.

Mould growth on ceiling

Excessive noise from • Location of AHU plant room within occupancy space.
machinery spaces • Poor acoustical insulation of the mechanical room.
• The installation on isolator is not levelled.
• Worn out isolator or lack of lubrication of AHU, FCU or chiller
plant equipment.

AHU near occupant space

User dissatisfied, sick (SBS) • Air from cooling tower gets sucked by air intakes. It may cause
legionella infection.
• Mould growth in return air plenum. Using ducts, grilles and regular
cleaning can prevent such problem.
• Dumping of cold air or malfunction of VAV terminal / FCU (often
poor access for maintenance).
Vertical Transport

Vertical Transport System - General

Detectable
warning
surface

Braille tactile
signage on a
handrail

Level difference
Vertical Transport

Escalators are, essentially, moving staircases, designed to transport passengers over short vertical distances. At the most basic
level, an escalator is a variation of the conveyor belt system. Each step is attached to a pair of rotating chain loops, called step
chains, which pulls the stairs in a constant cycle. The chains, in turn, are looped around two pairs of drive gears. A motor of around
100 horsepower rotate the drive gears, which, sequentially, gets the entire system rotating
Video – Mong Kok Escalator
accident - 2017

Escalator step, source: http://www.p-wholesale.com/cn-

pro/23/890to1/stainless-steel-step-of-escalator-toshiba-
805638.html

Escalator truss, source: Video – mechanism

http://www.repairsolutions.biz/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eskalator_Flora.jpg

accumulation of debris within the escalator interior

Steps trimmed with yellow demarcation line Skirt panel deflector
[1] Maloney, B. (2005). How escalators work. The Washington Post. Retrieved February 22, 2011 from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/metro/interactives/metrorail/escalatorsWorking.html

[2] Harris, T. (2001, December 12). How escalators work. Retrieved February 23, 2011 from http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/escalator.htm
Vertical Transport
Sche Description of Job Frequency
dule
No.

1 a. Ride in escalator, observe whether the operation is normal. Check Daily

whether there is undue vibration.

b. Check the clearance between the steps and the skirt guard to Weekly
ensure adequate clearance

c. Inspect bearings of drums, pulleys and all moving parts. Lubricate. Weekly

d. Clean up the machine room as necessary Weekly

motor
e. Check for correct operation of all safety devices, for examples, skirt Bi-weekly
guard safety devices, handrail inlet safety switches, emergency stop
buttons, step chain safety switches, step roller switches, driving chain
safety switches, comb safety switches

2 a. Check and inspect the main drive system. Monthly

b. Check and lubricate the step rollers. Monthly

c. Check and inspect the handrail to ensure adequate tightness and Monthly
proper functioning. Clean the inside surface of handrail.

d. Check and inspect the control box Monthly

e. Check and record the braking efficiency. Monthly
step
3 a. Check the landing comb for cleanliness and completeness. Three monthly
Video – Instanbul – shocking moment
man falls into collapsed escalator - 2019 b. Check the lubricating pump to see if there is enough lubricating oil. Three monthly
Check the quality of lubricating oil.

Video – Rome – escalator speed up and c. Check and clean the motor gear box Three monthly
collapse - 2018 d. Check the lighting system Three monthly
4 a. Remove all steps and clean the rail Bi-yearly
Video – Escalator accident b. Check for correct operation of the current overload and safety Bi-yearly
switches and non-reversal switches.
Video – inside the escalator
5 a. Replacing all the lubricating oil. 5-yearly
Video – 吃人扶梯 Source: www.archsd.gov.hk/english/publications/publication_pdf/e48.pdf
Vertical Transport
Vertical transport system – escalators

Debris under escalator Rusty step chain A dislodged escalator step Damaged escalator handrails Escalator step snapping

Crushed escalator steps Gap between escalator step and skirt panel Gap between handrail and wall
Dislodged steps

Congestion near escalators

Damaged escalator steps

A damaged step Water logging

Gap between escalator steps

Only 1 escalator going up is in operation overly loading

passengers, while the other two escalators going down
with no commuters. A dislodged side panel Damaged comb plate A dislodged step Missing skirt deflector (brushes)
Vertical Transport

C. New Regulatory Regime for Maintenance of Escalators SS626

13. From 1 November 2016, all escalator owners are required to engage an escalator contractor who is registered with
BCA to maintain their escalators every month and in accordance with the requirements in the codes and standards as
specified in SS626. In addition, registered escalator contractors will have to maintain escalators according to ten
specific maintenance outcomes as shown in Table 2 below.

https://www.bca.gov.sg/newsroom/others/Release_LiftEscalator_Regulations_080716.pdf
Vertical Transport
Water Logging Water Logging
Outdoor Escalators

Rusty Step Chain Water logging

Vertical Transport

Vertical Transport (Elevator) System – Machine room – 1/3

Controller
Transformer noisy, dirty • Excess sparking and chattering.
• Oil leakage - foreign make (unsuitable for tropical temperature)
Overheated parts • Inverter cooling fan is dirty or dusty.
• Arc, spark, high resistance due to loose connection.

Burnt mark in controller cable

Resistor with burnt mark • Non-compatible resistor used; causing burnt. Especially happens
may cause intermittent fault due to patchwork type repair job.
or fire

Wrong resistor used for replacement.

Resistor with burnt mark • Careless installation or maintenance which may lead to partial
discharges between the various parts, ground failure etc.
• Dirt collected on the windings may damage insulation, reduce air
flow and result in a burn out, shorts or grounds (NEII, 2005).

SS 550 : 2020 - Code of Practice for Installation, Operation and

Maintenance of Electric Passenger and Goods Lift

Video – 1 How it works

Video -2
Burj Khalifah (1.30+)
Common problems MEP Vertical transport system – escalators & lifts

Resistor in burnt mark Wrong replacement of resistor Dirt & rust in traction machine Dirty detector Oil seal leaking
Burnt mark in control cable

Arching in brake contactor Corroded guide rail Worn rope Cardboard as wedge Level difference Dirty pit

Scratched Worn Exposed Fell Leaking

marks on lift Burns on Flooded
wiring in ceiling pit pit
safety drive travelling
controller panel cable
gears sheave

Door gap Burnt door lock switch Dirty fan on top of elevator car Broken suspension rope Damaged suspension rope Jammed door Laser/IR sensors
Rope not Oil
Uneven Oil contamination
Door protruding
spring leakage at on edge of Rusty
protective from
compression lift brake drum – ropes
device: sheave
Leading to machine reduce braking
Light indicating
uneven rope and drive power
curtain worn-out
tensioning system
sheave
Vertical Transport

Vertical Transport (Elevator) System – Machine room – 2/3

Dirt & rust in machine Oil seal leaking Arcing in brake contactor

Video -
machine room

"In a machine room, you can see everything (the

different lift parts). You can stand and move around
easily. For MRL lifts, you are in a restricted, confined
space. You have to be very careful," said Mr Tan. "A
machine room is definitely more convenient and
safer."
https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/housing/its-a-squeeze-
Dirty detector Typical Geared Machine for-lift-repair-with-tech-advances
 https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/housing/its-a-squeeze-for-lift-repair-with-tech-advances

Vertical Transport (Elevator) System – Machine room – 3/3

Machine room less elevators (usually

shortened to as M.R.L. or MRL) are a type of
either traction or hydraulic elevator which do
not require a machine room for the elevator.

Video - MRL

Toshiba - Machine-room-less (MRL) technology

Vertical Transport

Vertical Transport (Elevator) System – Elevator car

The lift’s design allows for a IR/Laser based

sensor module to be installed
Here’s a quick video as well: HDB Killer
Cardboard packing to stop No rail on car top Lifts – Why Didn’t the Door Safeties
Trigger?
excess movement
https://www.straitstimes.co
m/singapore/dog-killed-in-
lift-accident-after-leash-
gets-trapped-in-lift-door
Warning: The picture in
this link may be disturbing
to some viewers
Corroded guide rail

Video - maintenance Level difference

Vertical Transport
The basic components of an electric traction lift consist of machine room, counter weight, lift car, guide rails, safety gear and a roped system.

Video

SINGAPORE STANDARD
SS 550 : 2009
(ICS 91.140.90)

CODE OF PRACTICE
FOR
Installation, operation and
maintenance of electric
passenger and goods lifts
(Formerly CP 2)
Published
Principal Components of a
Traction Lift
The basic components of an electric
traction lift consist of machine room,
counter weight, lift car, guide rails, safety
gear and a roped system.
Vertical Transport
Video – Lift accident
On Oct 9 2015, Jurong resident xxx's left hand was severed by a
lift at her home in Block 322, Tah Ching Road, in Jurong.
27 Feb 2021 A technician dies after being trapped in lift shaft
during repair works in North Bridge Road.
The Bangladeshi worker was found
trapped in a narrow gap between a
lift carriage that was between the
second and third storeys of the
building and the metal support
structure of the lift.

The Ministry of Manpower (MOM)

said last night the technician was
conducting repair work on top of
the lift car when it ascended and
trapped him against the lift's guide
rail structure.

The woman's severed hand, which had fallen into the lift well, was later
retrieved and placed into a bag with ice
17 July 2021 SCDF rescues lift technician from
bottom of a lift shaft at Paragon Mall

53
Vertical Transport

B. New Regulatory Regime for Lifts

Monthly Maintenance
6. All lift owners are required to engage a lift contractor registered with
BCA to maintain their lifts monthly and in accordance with the
requirements in the codes and standards. In addition, registered lift
contractors will have to maintain lifts according to 20 specific
maintenance outcomes as shown in Table 1.

Annual examination, inspection and testing of lifts

8. The annual examination, inspection and testing of lifts must be
carried out by a registered lift contractor in the presence of an
independent Authorised Examiner (AE) who is not an associate,
partner, director or employee of the lift owner or lift contractor,
according to the requirements, codes and standards. This AE is a
professional engineer who is registered with the Ministry of
Manpower in the competency area of lifts and hoists.

New Permit-to-Operate system for lifts

9. Upon examination, inspection and testing by a registered lift
contractor in the presence of an independent AE, the AE will issue
a certificate to certify that the lift is in a good working condition.
The lift owner will need to apply to BCA for a Permit to Operate
(PTO) together with this certificate and other supporting
documents for the lift.

11.From 1 September 2017, lift owners are required to display the

PTOs in a prominent manner and in a conspicuous location in the
lifts.

https://www.bca.gov.sg/newsroom/others/Release_LiftEscalator_Regulations_080716.pdf
Vertical Transport
Vertical Transport (Elevator) System – Bubble Lifts

Owen Road Jurong East Pan Pacific

Outdoor Bubble Lifts in Residential Estates Far East Plaza’s Bubble Lift

Block 663 Zhujiao Centre

Infineon Headquarter Singapore Pan Pacific Hotel’s Bubble Lift
(Tekka Market)
Vertical Transport
Vertical Transport (Elevator) System – Bubble Lifts

Top View
of Pan Opening of Lift Pit
Pacific
Bubble Lift

Accumulation of excess
Burns are water in lift pit
observed on
the Travelling
Cables
Accumulation of Water
Fire Protection

Fire Protection – Detection and communication systems

Defects Probable causes for the defect
Under performance or false ● Flame detector is misaligned, damaged by shock (loosely
alarm of detector fitted).
● Wrong selection (exposed to usual but high heat / smoke / light
source).
● Function should be checked through simulation test after
installation and during regular maintenance.
● Obstructed, covered by paint– poor housekeeping.
● Dirty - especially for poorly accessible points.
Accessibility problem
Dirty detector

Manual call point faulty ● No power supply (unreliable power source, faulty wiring or
battery goes flat). Corrosion
Inaudible or unidentifiable ● Wrong selection of bells –not distinguishable from general
alarm clutter.
● Loose gong bolt or damaged alarm - blocked, corroded, spoilt
by extreme temperature fluctuation.
● Faulty alarm panel to indicate the exact alarm – no lucid
diagram, corresponding bulb blown off or battery goes flat.
Alarm panel – no signal, spoilt ● Proper connectivity to response centre is not provided. Damage hydrant
exterior ● Panel is tampered – lack of concern for safety or unsafe
location.
● Bulbs, buzzer etc can’t work if not reliable or battery goes flat.
● Bulbs blown off – not replaced.
● Exposed to excessive damp location, poor make corrode
cabinet.

Mimic panel glass dirty with paints

Haphazard winding
Obstructed sprinkler
Sanitary-plumbing

Sanitary-Plumbing System (1/9)

Singapore has a water demand of approximately 400 MGD
(Million Gallon per Day)
Since 1980, PUB has stopped the use of
unlined cast iron water pipes laid during
colonial times which were prone to
corrosion and leakages. Replacing them
were cement-lined, polyurethane–coated
ductile iron and steel pipes.

PUB maintains the water pipes up to the meter for landed properties, and the master meter for
residential and commercial blocks. The maintenance of the water supply system between these
meters and the sub-meters is managed by town councils for HDB homes and the building
management for condos and commercial buildings. Home owners are responsible for pipes in their
own premises and should get them checked yearly.
Sanitary-plumbing
Sanitary-Plumbing System (2/9) Factors contributing to pipe failure
Video
Cement lining of steel pipe
Pipe failure is a cumulative effect of various pipe-intrinsic (material, diameter, age), operational (corrosion, pressure) and environmental factors (rainfall, soil conditions and external
stresses) acting on them (Farmani, Kakoudakis, Behzadian, & Butler, 2017). Factors attributed to pipe failure can also be classified into hydraulic or non-hydraulic factors.

Since the 1980s, PUB has systematically replaced older, unlined iron pipes with cement-lined ductile iron and steel pipes. In addition,
the exterior of these pipes have coated with bitumen. With the pipes’ interiors lined with cement, the metal is shielded and thus reduces
the occurrence of internal corrosion. The fibreglass wraps are applied to the pipe enamel to produce a more uniform coating, allow a
thicker application of enamel, and enhance the coating strength. The bitumen coating with two layers of fibreglass wraps protects the
external surface of the pipe from corrosion.

Pitting Microbiologically induced corrosion

Sanitary-plumbing
Sanitary-Plumbing System (3/9)

Domestic water supply system for Burj Khalifa

Video – water
Sanitary-plumbing
Sanitary-Plumbing System (4/9)

Video – GRP
water tank
problems

Components in HDB water tank

Typical FRP (Fibreglass Reinforced Plastics) or GRP

(Glass Reinforced Plastics) water tank in Singapore

FRP water tank at Rooftop in Woodlands A newly installed steel water tank FRP in HDB block
https://www.pub.gov.sg/Documents/Fittings%20and%20Standards%20for%20Water%20Service.pdf
Sanitary-plumbing

Sanitary-Plumbing System (5/9)

Water inspection testing Water inspection testing Water inspection testing

Video:
(1)Dark water
(2)Water test (
3)Security (4)

Corrosion on the external water tank Dirty water tank in Woodlands

Sanitary-plumbing

Sanitary-Plumbing System (6/9) 食水含鉛 – HK - 2017

• Lead is a toxic metal that could cause extensive health problems. Children are particularly vulnerable to its poisonous effects as they take in five times as
much lead as adults, and “even relatively low levels of exposure” could cause “serious and irreversible” damage.

• Director of Water Supplies Enoch Lam Tin-sing said that the plumbing of the estate was contracted to Ho Biu Kei Construction & Engineering Company,
and that the entire project was overseen by the company’s director Lam Tak-shum.

• Concerns were also raised at four other estates – Lung Yat Estate in Tuen Mun, Cheung Sha Wan Estate in Sham Shui Po, Shui Chuen O Estate in Sha Tin,
and Kwai Luen Estate in Kwai Chung – as Lam was charged with installing the pipes. The four estates house around 42,500 combined. Lam was found to
be responsible for a Chinese University dormitory as well as the Kowloon City Government Offices.

The purity of Hong Kong’s water can be affected when it reaches the pipes in a residential bloc - older buildings with unlined pipes to replace them with
galvanised pipes, copper pipes, stainless steel pipes or polyethylene pipes.

Suppliers, retailers and installers are required to provide water fittings that
comply with the standards and requirements stipulated by PUB,. as well as
ensuring that installation and use of the water fittings in drinking water service
installations conform to the Public Utilities (Water Supply) Regulations and
the Singapore Standard SS 636: Code of Practice for Water Services

Stipulation of Standards & Requirements for Water Fittings for Use in

Potable Water Service Installations :
https://www.pub.gov.sg/Documents/PUB_Stipulated_Standards_Requirements_for_Water
_Fittings.pdf

Lam Tak-shum, head of plumbing company Ho Biu Kei. Photo: Apple Daily.
Sanitary-plumbing
Sanitary-Plumbing System (7/9)

Leaky joint wetting the floor

Sanitary-plumbing

Fixtures
Sanitary-Plumbing System (8/9)

Clogged floor trap Water ponding Slow discharge Damaged flush

Pumps

Corrosion & scaling No vibration isolator Worn rubber coupling

Sewage disposal

Broken manhole cover Corroded iron pipe

Video - JEM
Sanitary-plumbing
Sanitary-Plumbing System (9/9)

Kitchen Waste Pipe

Choke and Corroded
Changi Airport smelly water
leaking into the Gate Hold
Rooms (areas where
passengers wait to board their
flight after scanning their bags)
caused by a badly corroded S
trap made of cast iron material
installed in 2008, connected to
an Airline Lounge Kitchen
where it is connected to the
floor traps, kitchen sinks etc.
Pipe had to be replaced during
off peak period.
Electrical

Electrical (1/3)

COMPONENT OF
ELECTRICAL
SYSTEM

Transformer Cable & Wiring Lighting Control Gears Emergency Plant & Equipment Earthing &
oMachine o Cables/ o Lamps o Relay Power Supply o HT switch board Lightning
oFeeders conductor o Starters o Circuit breakers o Generator o Distribution Protection
oTransformer oCable conduit/ o Ballast o Fuses o General lighting switchgears o Conductor/rod
room trunking o Perimeter o Contactors o Exit sign lights o Motors o Joints/test
oPlastic oCable tray/ lights o Starters o Battery packs o LV switch board clamp
protection busway o Interlocks o Battery charges o Distribution o Electrode/end
mat oBusbar o Limit switch panels plate
oBusbar trunking o Ground fault o Receptacles o Earth pit
oIntermediate/ circuit o Equipment room/ chamber/
terminal devices interpreter closet inspection
oConnectors (GFCI) chamber
Electrical

Electrical (2/3)

Ventilation Fan auto

transformer burnt
Electrical
Electrical (3/3)
Waster Management

Waste Collection System (1/5)

Despite being a small country with a population of 5.1 million people, Singapore generates an average
of 6.11 million tons of waste per year according to Singapore Waste 2009 Statistics. The Yearbook of
Statistics Singapore (2010) has revealed that Singapore produced 2.63 million tons of waste that are to
be disposed and 3.48 million tons of waste that can be recycled in 2009.
Waster Management

Waste Collection System (2/5)

Hopper in the individual unit

Collection bins at the bottom of a rubbish chute
Bottom of a refuse chute

A bin center with a mechanized compactor to Carts transported to the bin center
reduce the volume of a refuse
Emptying bins into a cart
Waster Management

Waste Collection System (3/5)

Recyclables are collected from home using recycling bins Recyclables are transferred by trucks Recyclables are emptied out at Material
Recovery Facility (MRF)

Video – ballistic separator

Baled Paper Baled Plastic

Crushed Glass Baled Used Cans

At the Material Recovery Facility (MRF)
Waster Management

Waste Collection System (4/5)

Individual Refuse Chute System

Pneumatic Waste Collection System (PWCS)

Waster Management
Video – pwcs - 1
SS 642 : 2019 Code of Practice for Waste Collection System (5/5)
Pneumatic Waste Conveyance System Video – pwcs - 2
(PWCS)

Pneumatic Refuse Collection System - Choa Chu Kang Ave 4

The piston valve open and close the opening to the chute to
start the suction of waste to the main Bin Collection Centre.

Bin collection

Air inlet valve

Refuse Chute in Choa Chu Refuse Collection Centre of Piston valve
Kang HDB blocks each block
End