Contents

Abstract ..............................................................................3
Frida ....................................................................................4
Introduction ......................................................................4
Root Detection Bypass ........................................................4
Hooking different methods in java ......................................9
Explanation: .................................................................... 11
Hooking a defined method .............................................. 12
Hooking exit() method .................................................... 15
Hooking return value ...................................................... 17
SSLPinning Bypass ............................................................. 21
Hooking in Python ............................................................. 25
Let’s Play a Game! ............................................................. 26

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 Abstract

In this publication, we’ll explain the basics of Frida, how to create your own Frida script, hook it into
processes and perform various functions. Needless to say, there is no end to what a program can do,
therefore, there is no limit on frida’s applications, hence, this publication is only restricted to basics. If you
want an advanced look into Frida and reverse engineering,

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Frida
Introduction
Frida is a dynamic instrumentation toolkit that is used by researchers to perform android hooking
(intercepting IPC and modifying it to make a function perform the desired function). Frida uses javascript
to perform hooking since Android’s native code and javascript both run on JIT compilation techniques, it
can intercept its inter-process communication, add the code specified in a script and completely change
the function’s implementation. Some of its use cases in real life are:
 Spy on Crypto APIs
 Modify function’s output
 Bypass AES encryption
 Bypass SSLPinning and Root detection
 Trace private application code
 Bypass various software sided locks (like applock)

Root Detection Bypass

Application developers sometimes hard code a detection logic per which an application successfully
detects the presence of various SU binaries and stops execution of the application. One such example is
demonstrated below. As you can see the app gives a popup of restriction and exits as soon user hits ok.

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Now, we’ll try and remove this restriction using Frida. First, it is recommended you install a Frida server
in the device (Follow steps here). Next, we’ll launch the server onto the device.

adb connect 192.168.27.105

adb shell "/tmp/frida-server &"

Now, we’ll first install frida with the command:

pip install frida

pip install frida-tools

After a successful install, we can see all the running process in the device on which frida server is running
by the command:

frida-ps -U

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As you can see that our app is running here. We have to bypass root detection here. We can either try
and reverse engineer the jar files, create our own javascript code and bypass root detection or we can rely
on code already created by a large community of developers on codeshare frida repo.
Weblink to the site is: https://codeshare.frida.re/browse

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Here, we can see an antiroot script by dzonerzy. We’ll run it with the following command:

frida -U --codeshare dzonerzy/fridantiroot -f

in.<package company>.<package name>

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Now, press y to trust the project.

Now, all that’s left to do is press “%resume” to resume the execution with our hooked code!

And just like that, we can see that root detection has been successfully bypassed!

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Hooking different methods in java

Now, a class might have multiple methods and each of these methods have a specific purpose. For
example, the onCreate() method defines the implementation of activity as soon as the activity is created
(or launched). So, what is, we can hook this function and change the behavior of the activity when it is
created. For the demonstration purpose, I’ll just print some custom text in my console as soon as the
activity is called but the possibilities are limitless. Typically, you won’t have access to the source code,
hence, what we’ll do is extract the apk first and then decompile it to view source code. To pull the apk
we’ll first know it’s the path and then pull it.

adb shell pm path jakhar.aseem.diva

adb pull /data/app/jakhar.aseem.diva-dxAm4hRxYY4VgIq2X5zU6w==/base.apk

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Now, as explained in part 1 of this series (refer para 3 of the article here), we’ll decompile it using apktool
and then use dex2jar to convert it in jar format, and finally use jd-gui to view the decompiled source code
like below. Here is the MainActivity class decompiled.

Here we see the following things:

 We can see that onCreate has a Bundle parameter

 It’s creating a view of the main page
Now, below is an example of how to hook onCreate() method.

console.log("Script loaded!");
Java.perform(function(){

var mainapp = Java.use("jakhar.aseem.diva.MainActivity");

mainapp.onCreate.implementation = function(){

console.log("My script called!");

var ret =
this.onCreate.overload("android.os.Bundle").call(this);

};

send("Hooks installed");

});

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Explanation:

1. Any implementation of the hook is put inside perform(function(){ //<code>

2. The activity we want to hook (main activity) is put
inside use(“jakhar.aseem.diva.MainActivity”), and assign a variable to it. Here, mainapp
3. Now, onCreate.implementation sets a definition of the function.
4. Here, we can insert any code we can’t to run in the onCreate method. I just inserted log function
to output “My script called!” every time onCreate is called.
5. New variable ret calls this newly formed implementation function. overload method is used to
add this code to the existing piece of code. Here, “os.Bundle” is input as a parameter since in the
original function a bundle object is used.
6. Finally, the call method is used to call the current method using “this” pointer.
7. send() function outputs the text in double-quotes on the current frida command line.

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To launch this script we type in the following command:

frida -U -l mainactivityhook.js -f jakhar.aseem.diva

As you can see now, the hook is successfully installed, activity launches and our custom output is now
displayed and the hook is successfully installed

Hooking a defined method

Unlike the onCreate method that is present in the native libraries, some methods are custom created. For
example, if you inspect the code of diva, you’ll see a function startChallenge() that is launching challenges
in the application. I’m not putting the code in here but you can refer to the decompiled code in the above
step. Now, we’ll observe that startChallenge is launching activities present in the project. And since it is
launching an activity, it has an “android.view.VIEW” argument passed in its code. Now in the code below,
every time a user hits a button to start any challenge, we’ll just force him to call our hook and our defined
output would be displayed (that is MainActivity.startChallenge() is now started). Needless to say, we can
change this by any implementation we want.

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 console.log("Hooked startChallenge() function");
Java.perform(function(){
var newstart = Java.use("jakhar.aseem.diva.MainActivity");

newstart.startChallenge.overload("android.view.View").implementation
= function(v){

//enter any implementation of startChallenge you want

//for demo I'm just sending an alert on frida console

send("MainActivity.startChallenge() is now started");

var ret =
this.startChallenge.overload("android.view.View").call(this);

};

});

To call this script, without having to input %resume this time, we can type in the command with –no-
pause filter:

frida -U -l main_startchallenge.js -f jakhar.aseem.diva

And sure enough, every time a button is pressed, our custom input is displayed.

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Hooking exit() method
We can also tamper the exit method in android just like we tampered onCreate method. Here, I’m using
a demonstration application that I custom coded (link here). It has a button that is performing an exit
function. You can see a sample screenshot below:

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Now, here we see the exit button. As the name states, on pressing it, application exits.

We create a hook down below that will stop the exit. Here, “java.lang.System” is the package that has exit
function and so we’ll overload it using “sysexit.exit.overload().implementation.” Now, whenever a user
clicks on exit, our send method will be called and exit will be stopped.

console.log("Hooking on exit function");

Java.perform(function(){
var sysexit = Java.use("java.lang.System");

sysexit.exit.overload("int").implementation = function(var_0) {

send("I've stopped java.lang.System.exit() now!");

};

});

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Let’s fire this script up and sure enough, we can see that the process is not terminated when the exit
button is clicked. If it had been terminated frida must have thrown a process terminated error and closed
the console.

frida -U -l avoidexit.js -f com.example.harshitrajpal --no-pause

Hooking return value

We have hooked methods till now, but a return variable can also be hooked and its output be tampered
with. In article 3 of this series, I had already demonstrated this using Objection tool but today we’ll do this
using Frida and our manual code. In the application that I custom coded which is mentioned above, there
is a simple program to display output of 10 and 50. We’ll hook this return value and output 100. The code
to do this is pretty straightforward:

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 console.log(“Hook for implementation of method”);
Java.perform(function myFunc() {
var myClass =
Java.use(“com.example.harshitrajpal.MainActivity”);
myClass.returnValue.implementation = function(){
//we will manipulate the return value here
var ret = 100;
return ret;
}
});

Let’s first run the program without loading our hook. We can see that the program outputs 60 which is
the correct answer.

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Now, we’ll fire up our script and see what changes happen in the application now.

frida -U -l retValueHook.js -f com.example.harshitrajpal --no-pause

And sure enough, the output gets tampered and 100 is returned now!

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SSLPinning Bypass
Frida is most commonly used to bypass SSLPinning in android so that researchers and pen testers can
intercept its network calls and conduct a traffic analysis. For the demo of this attack, I downloaded an
application named “Certificate Pinning Demo”. For the demonstration of this attack, you must have your
burp suite configured with your device (follow point 3 of the article here). Now, when I pin the client and
send an HTTPS request, it throws an SSL error.

And sure enough, no communication is intercepted in burp suite as well.

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Now, on the codeshare repository here, akabe1 has put a great script to perform SSLPinning bypass. We’ll
use this script to perform the attack. Note that applications might have different code of pinning, so these
codes need to be modified as and when required.

frida -U --codeshare akabe1/frida-multiple-unpinning -f

com.osfg.certificatepinning

Type %resume once the script gets loaded.

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And finally, when we now send a request to sslabs.com in pinned mode, we are able to get an HTTP 200
response code!

Surely, we are now able to intercept communication in burp suite as well.

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Hooking in Python

Python coders can customize a whole fridascript to run in python environment using the python’s frida
package and API. This would make performing multiple processes in hooks easier. Here, I’ll create a hook
on startChallenge function as above.

jscode = """
console.log("Hooked startChallenge() function");
Java.perform(function(){
var newstart = Java.use("jakhar.aseem.diva.MainActivity");
newstart.startChallenge.overload("android.view.View").implementation
= function(v){
//enter any implementation of startChallenge you want
//for demo I'm just sending an alert on console
send("MainActivity.startChallenge() is now started");
console.log("You clicked...but in vain!");
var ret =
this.startChallenge.overload("android.view.View").call(this);
};
});
"""
import frida,sys
process = frida.get_usb_device().attach("jakhar.aseem.diva")
script = process.create_script(jscode)
print("*** Running Hook on startChallenge() now!")
script.load()
sys.stdin.read()

Now, every time user clicks on any button to start the challenge, the execution stops and our custom
output is printed instead
.

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We, run this script using the command below:

python3 startChallenge.py

Let’s Play a Game!

All the examples demonstrated till now are very basic. There are advanced hooking techniques to perform
various different functions whose references I’ll mention at the end. One such challenge I found was on
11×256’s blog. In example #1, we have to intercept the APK, see what’s happening behind the white
screen, change its implementation and modify its behaviour. finally, we’ll check logcat to see if our hook
worked and the sum of our custom defined integers is thrown or not.
Follow the link here and download the sample apk.

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First, after running the application in the emulator we saw just a plain white screen. That means something
must probably be happening in the background.

We’ll use drozer to see activities here:

run app.activity.info -a com.example.a11x256.frida_test

As you can see, my_activity is present. This means this is the activity responsible for the full white front
screen.

Now, we’ll use objection to watch what this class is actually doing. (Full objection tutorial here.)

objection --gadget com.example.a11x256.frida_test explore

android hooking watch class com.example.a11x256.frida_test --dump-args
--dump-return --dump-backtrace

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Here, observe that fun() is being called. This has two int parameters, so, presumably, these two integers
are getting performed a mathematical operation on.
Now, we write a code in javascript:

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console.log("Script loaded successfully ");
Java.perform(function x() { //Silently fails without the sleep from the python
code
console.log("Inside java perform function");
//get a wrapper for our class
var my_class = Java.use("com.example.a11x256.frida_test.my_activity");
//replace the original implmenetation of the function `fun` with our custom
function
my_class.fun.implementation = function (x, y) {
//print the original arguments
console.log("original call: fun(" + x + ", " + y + ")");
//call the original implementation of `fun` with args (2,5)
var ret_value = this.fun(2, 5);
return ret_value;
}
});

This code does nothing but defines fun() function and specifies 2 and 5 as our own integers on which some
mathematical function will be performed. but before that, the script also intercepts and displays the
original call and obviously the original integers!

Let’s fire it up using frida:

frida -U -l 11x256.js -f com.example.a11x256.frida_test

As we can see, the original call had two integers namely, 50 and 30.

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Let’s quickly check logcat and see what is happening in the background.

adb logcat | grep frida_test

As we can see in the screenshot down below, a mathematical Sum of type Double is being repeatedly
called. This is similar to the behaviour of the app we just installed that was calling a method called fun
after every second. Hence, it is safe to conclude that fun() is adding two integers. Original numbers to be
added were 50 and 30, which we not only intercepted and dumped but also changed to 2 and 5 and the
sum of 2 and 5 is now being called as evident in logcat.

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If you want an advanced look into Frida and reverse engineering,In this publication, we’ll explain the
basics of Frida, how to create your own Frida script, hook it into processes and perform various
functions. Needless to say, there is no end to what a program can do, therefore, there is no limit on
frida’s applications, hence, this publication is only restricted to basics.

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