Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Project Management

Artificial Intelligence for Managers

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Award of the Degree of MBA 2021-2023

Submitted By:
Anmol Khullar
2128101195

BHARATI VIDYAPEETH (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

CENTER FOR DISTANCE AND ONLINE EDUCATION
Academic Study Center - BVIMR, New Delhi An
ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institute
NAAC Accredited Grade “A” University

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 1

 Student Undertaking Certificate of Originality

I Anmol Khullar (MBA-GEN, 4th SEM) would like to declare that the project
report entitled “Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Project Management”
Submitted to Bharati Vidyapeeth University Pune, School of Distance Education
Pune, Academic Study Centre BVIMR New Delhi in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree.

It is an original work carried out by me under the guidance of faculty member of

institute.

All respected guides, faculty members and other sources have been properly
acknowledged and the report contains no plagiarism.

To the best of my knowledge and belief the matter embodied in this project is a
genuine work done by me and it has been neither submitted for assessment to the
University nor to any other University for the fulfillment of the requirement of
the course of study.

Anmol Khullar
2128101195
(MBA-GEN, 4th SEM)

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 2

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my proud privilege to express our profound gratitude to the entire management of Bharati

Vidyapeeth University and teachers at the institute for providing me with the opportunity to avail

the excellent facilities and infrastructure. The knowledge and values inculcated have proved to be

of immense help at the very start of my career. Special thanks to Hon’ble Founder, Bharati

VidyapeethUniversity, for having provided us with an excellent infrastructure.

I am grateful to the Faculty Members, and Project Coordinator for their astute guidance,

constant encouragement, and sincere support for this project work. Sincere thanks to all my

family members, seniors and friends for their support and assistance throughout the project.

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 3

 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the business landscape, and project management
is no exception. AI has the potential to revolutionize the way projects are managed by enabling
project managers to make data-driven decisions, increasing efficiency, reducing risks, and
improving project outcomes. In this executive summary, we will explore the impact of AI on
project management and its potential benefits and challenges.

One of the main benefits of AI in project management is the ability to analyze vast amounts of data
and provide insights that can aid decision-making. AI-powered tools can help project managers to
identify risks, anticipate project delays, and optimize resources. AI can also automate routine tasks,
such as scheduling and data entry, freeing up time for project managers to focus on strategic tasks.

AI can also improve collaboration and communication among team members. AI-powered chatbots
can provide real-time assistance to team members and answer questions about project status and
next steps. Virtual assistants can also help with scheduling and facilitate meetings and discussions.

Despite its many benefits, AI also presents some challenges in project management. One of the
main challenges is the lack of understanding of AI and its potential applications. Project managers
need to be trained in AI and its use cases to fully realize its benefits. Another challenge is the
potential for bias in AI algorithms, which can lead to inaccurate results and decisions. Project
managers need to be aware of these potential biases and work to mitigate them.

In conclusion, AI has the potential to transform project management by enabling data-driven

decision-making, increasing efficiency, and improving collaboration. However, to fully realize
these benefits, project managers need to understand AI and its applications and work to mitigate
potential biases. As AI continues to evolve, it will undoubtedly play an increasingly important role
in project management, enabling organizations to deliver projects more effectively and efficiently.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Chapter 1 Introduction
 Introduction
 Impact of AI on Project Manager……………………………………... 07
 AI Tools and Techniques for the Project Manager role………………. 09
• A future review on Project Managers……………. 10
• Building on Project Management Skills…………. 11
 Predictive Analysis……………………………………………………. 12
 How does Predictive Analytics help Project Managers?........................ 13
 Objective
 Industries more amenable to implementing AI………………………... 14
 Impact of AI on Project Management day-to-day in these industries…. 15
 PMBOK processes & their susceptibility……………………………… 17
 Existing AI & Project Management methodologies…………………… 20
 Limitations of project
 Risks & limitations of AI in Project Management……………………... 24
 Literature review
 AI Evolution..…………………………………………………………... 28
 PMI-PMBOK Process Map…………………………………………….. 31
 AI and PM Meta-Tables………………………………………………... 32
2. Chapter 2 Research Methodology
 Research Design………………………………………………………... 35
 Collection of data……………………………………………………….. 35
 Instrument of Collection of data………………………………………... 36
• Questionnaire……………………………………… 36
 Approach/Methodology………………………………………………… 38
 Implementation…………………………………………………………. 39
• Main Controversies………………………………... 39
3. Chapter 3 Finding’s and Analysis
 Future of Project Management Office………….………………………. 39
 PMO roles and functions, and the impacts of AI………………………. 40
 Outlook for PMOs……………………………………………………… 42
4. Chapter 4 Conclusion……………………………………………………….. 43
5. Chapter 5 Recommend and Suggestions
 Some suggestions on the impact of AI on project management……….. 44
 Actors “for” change…………………………………………………….. 46
 Actors “against” change………………………………………………... 47
 Socio-Technical Diagram………………………………………………. 47
 Arguments “for” & “against……………………………………………. 48
6. Chapter 6 Limitations……………………………………………………..... 50
7. Glossary…………………………………………………………………….... 51
8. References………………………………………………………………….... 54
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 TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURES

 Fig 1.1 A Virtual Partnership…………………………………………08

 Fig 1.2 PMI pulse of profession………………………………………09
 Fig 1.3 PMI's Pulse of the Profession survey…………………………10
 Fig 1.4 Atlassian user review………………………………………….11
 Fig 1.5 PMI’s A Virtual Partnership Report…………………………..12
 Fig 1.6 PMI's Pulse of the Profession survey………………………….12
 Fig 1.7 PMI Pulse of Profession, 2018………………………………...13
 Fig 1.8 Areas where AI support can be used…………………………..20
 Fig 1.10 The architecture of an AI-powered project management…….22
 Fig 1.11 Core Element of CPMAI Methodology……………………...23
 Fig 1.12 Venn diagram representing AI and its subsets……………….28
 Fig 1.13 Venn diagram of Natural language processing………………29
 Fig 1.14 PMI Process Map…………………………………………….31
 Fig 1.15 AI-PM Integration……………………………………………48

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 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Thanks to AI, PMs will be able to devote more time to strategic and tactical thinking and judgment since
repetitive tasks and routines can be automated. This would mean that a PM will focus on more value-added
activities. As AI becomes more effective, project managers will rely on the decisions of the machines that:
Will advise future trends,
Automate time scheduling,
Respond to requests coming from superiors and staff.

Such frameworks integrate with common collaboration tools such as Slack, as well as project management
software such as JIRA to make it more effective when it comes to problem solving.

Studies have shown that project managers spend more than half of their time on administrative tasks such as
dealing with check-ins and managing updates.

The following include ways AI adds value to the role of a Project Manager:
AI frees up time for project managers to focus on strategic-level goals and planning.
AI may appear to be a threat to job security, but it may instead increase the value that project
management professionals can bring to the table.
AI helps companies achieve long-term objectives successfully by further solidifyingthe
significance of roles by adding value to them.

AI bots can step up and handle these fewer intensive tasks for the project manager with current systems
cutting time spent on busy work in half. This is a big time- saver, enabling project managers to:
Concentrate more on the dynamic processes behind their strategic management.
To focus more time on their employees, which in turn can help them empower their employees and
find further efficiencies.
Such managers will concentrate more on what matters to them with the time saved using AI-
enabled project management systems.
Make the work atmosphere more relaxed where workers feel valued and realize they have the
necessary resources in place.

When it comes to project management team leaders, a primary advantage for AI devices, at least for now, is
the fact that they can save time on busy work. A considerable amount of time is placed into record-keeping,
recording, and various other remedial activities for most of the employees. This also makes the entire process
more effective, which in effect will save time and budget expenses by allowing workers to concentrate on the
tasks that really matter.

Impact of AI on Project Managers

Considering that AI acts as a project management’s ‘virtual partner’; project leaders must have an innovative
mindset and customize their knowledge to drive this digital transformation forward. Having strong ‘digital
know-how’ and data science skills is key, alongside security and privacy knowledge. The legal and
regulatory knowledge of managing contracts is also important. AI and project managers will have to
collaborate in the digital era.

As awareness of the profession continues to increase, it is expected that a greater proportionof project work
will earn more distinct attribution for the profession itself, giving more recognition and appreciation to the
role of the project manager.

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 Fig 1.1 A Virtual Partnership

While many of the daily tasks project managers perform can be automated through the use of AI, the true
value behind Project Management Professionals lies in their ability to effectively mentor, guide, and
communicate with other stakeholders. These are the higher-level skills where human interaction, sound and
flexible judgment, empathy, and connection to teams and stakeholders need the “Humanness” in order to be
truly effective.
Robots and artificial intelligence may automate the tedious tasks that consume a smallpart of a project
manager’s time, such as taking information from multiple sources andputting together nice PowerPoint
decks, focusing on proper messaging to the appropriate audience, and/or normalizing project data from
incompatible systems. However, the most primary role of a project manager is leadership and
communication.[6]
As discussed in the previous sections, the “humanness” aspect to project management is one thing that AI
cannot seem to achieve currently. This means that the project manager’s role is here to stay or rather even
expand into newer areas that will be discussed in this section. According to interviews with PMO directors
and executive leaders for the 2018 PMI pulse of profession report, the following include possible roles the
role of the PM is expanding to:

Strategic Advisor: plans, executes, and delivers.

Innovator: acts as product owner and developer.
Communicator: is always clear and concise—no matter the audience.
Big Thinker: is adaptable, flexible, and emotionally intelligent and
Versatile Manager: has experience with all approaches—waterfall, Scrum, agile, lean, design
thinking.

According to PMI’s Job Growth and Talent Gap Report from 2018, by 2027, employers will need 87.7
million individuals working in project management-oriented roles, increasing the need for skilled and
experienced project and program managers. Organizations will continue.

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to place a greater focus on project management performance improvement to stay competitive and relevant.
Champion organizations are already making greater investments in their talent through training, formal
processes, defined career paths, and knowledge transfer project and program managers as seen in the figure
below:

Fig 1.2 PMI pulse of profession

AI Tools and Techniques for the Project Manager role

The Future of AI tools and techniques affecting the Project Manager role:
A PMI report identified six AI technologies that are impacting organizations around the globe. The following
three are currently impacting the largest number of businesses, it found that project managers predict that in
the next three years, the impact of the following three AItechnologies will grow:

AI System Types Description

Knowledge-based systems Understands the context of the data being processed,

helping support human learning and decision making.

Decision management Creates an intelligent process or set of processes based

systems onrules and logic to automate decision making.[2]

Emulates and mimics human intelligence, skills or

behavior in a particular field, topic or skill. Artificial
Expert systems intelligence/expert systems (AI/ES) software can help
project managers capture their experiences of
managing projects so that they can share such
experiences with others. The software also offers the
field the opportunity to transmit key information such
as PMI's Project Management Body of Knowledge
(PMBOK).

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 Fig 1.3 PMI's Pulse of the Profession survey

 A future review on Project Managers

Current project management tools and software can assist program and project managersin optimizing their
efficacy and tracking key metrics against KPIs and project milestones. However, they cannot predict ‘what
if’ and future scenarios or proactively alert project managers before a major issue arises. In addition, current
tools provide information in ‘pull’ format and not ‘push’.

According to PwC’s Workforce of the Future Report, 2018, it is estimated that.

Demand is increasing for faster, more flexible, and easier-to-learn project management
methodologies and approaches.
The constantly-changing technical landscape— from social media to web-based tools, to learning
management systems—will present tremendous opportunities for exploration and experimentation.
The shift toward on-demand, customized, and problem-specific learning with the use of AI will
grow.
Innovations in learning will continue to make it possible for the new worker to learn anything,
anytime, and anywhere.
In the increasingly complex project management environments that we see today, the need for such
tools to proactively ‘think’ and ‘do’ on behalf of the project manager and provide on demand
information to support their efficiency and effectiveness is clear.

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 Fig 1.4 Atlassian user review

An organization’s future lies not only in its portfolio of projects, but also in the hands of those who bring
those projects—and the future—to life. With the right support from their organizations, project professionals
can take these ideas and turn them into a reality by:
Becoming leaders and true business partners in their organizations
Asking the right questions
Delivering the business benefits of the projects they manage.

 Building on Project Management Skills

When it comes to responding and reacting in this environment, it’s important for project managers to have
more than just technical skills. They will be better equipped to sense change when they are well informed
about an organization’s strategic objectives and how their projects align.
According to research commissioned by APM and undertaken by PwC (a study of the contribution of project
management and projects to the UK’s economy and society – ‘The Golden Thread’), the most important
skills are leadership and management skills, budgeting, and financial management, planning and monitoring,
along with strategic management, digital skills and risk/opportunity management. All of these were rated as
important by more than 80% of businesses.
Those who have leadership skills and strong business acumen—and deal well with ambiguity—can lead
strategic initiatives that drive change within their organizations. Improving Delivery practices will be a key
tool in the project manager’s toolbox as well.
It’s important for project managers to understand and be part of the technological trends that are going to
have the largest influence on demand for project work so that theycan participate in VALUE CREATION
since PM’s value goes beyond the functional aspectof project management.

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 Fig 1.5 PMI’s A Virtual Partnership Report

Organizations will continue to place emphasis on developing project leaders and upskilling them so that they
add value to their organizations and see through to the digital transformation phase.

Fig 1.6 PMI's Pulse of the Profession survey

As previously discussed in Chapter 3, tools and technologies such as RPA, Reinforcement learning, and
Machine Learning are the future of AI in project management. The above graphrepresents the technologies
that project managers use to help boost project management productivity.

Predictive Analytics
According to IBM experts, Predictive analytics is the use of advanced analytic techniques that leverage
historical data to uncover real-time insights and to predict future events. The useof predictive analytics is a
key milestone on your analytics journey — a point of confluence where classical statistical analysis meets
the new world of artificial intelligence (AI).
According to PMI’s Pulse of Profession 2018 report, most “Champions” (Organizations with 80% or more of
projects being completed on time, on budget, meeting business intent, and having high benefits realization
maturity) in the industry use Predictive Analytics for their projects such that their goals can be met, delivered
on time and within budget.

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 Fig 1.7 PMI Pulse of Profession, 2018

Today’s unprecedented combination of intuitive tools, new predictive techniques and hybrid cloud
deployment models makes predictive analytics and modelling accessible. Organizations now have the power
to extract value from previously unexplored “dark data”— including everything from raw text to
geolocational information. Project management is no exception, and a variety of machine learning algorithms
are applied specifically to anticipate cost overruns, forecast resource needs, and make time tracking
effortless.

 How does Predictive Analytics help Project Managers?

Project managers work in swamps of data – tasks, time estimates, priorities, milestones, capacity, workload,
costs, and other digitized variables. Data is valuable only if it’s broken down, analyzed, and refined. A
possible way to unlock the value of project data is to apply a predictive model to it.
Predictive Analytics helps project managers analyze their projects under variousscenarios and
create simulations out of their programs and portfolios.
It helps project managers answer a vast range of “what-if” questions that predict the possible
outcome of the project if something has to be changed.
Predictive Analytics that powers project forecasting software, will instantly help them investigate
chain reactions and make decisions backed up by data when project management is under concern.

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 OBJECTIVE

In this chapter, we start by discussing the industries that are more susceptible to implementing AI. Then we
shift our focus on how AI impacts project management in these particular industries. Next, we will analyze
the PMBOK phases and their susceptibility. And finally, we discuss the existing AI tools and how they
integrate to project management methodologies, as well as their risks and limitations.

Industries amenable to implementing AI.

AI has entered various industries over the past five years. With the enterprise adoption of machine learning
and deep learning algorithms, many existing sectors have witnessed widespread disruption by this new
technology. As of 2020, data collection and data storage has become the norm; and sectors which have
traditionally maintained well-established data banks, such as finance, healthcare, and logistics, will stand to
benefit the most from an AI solution.

From the societal acceptance perspective, the public will have to arrive at a consensus soon about how to
measure and regulate these advances. For instance, at what point do we say that we are letting AI take
over the diagnostics of a patient, or letting AIdrive while we sleep comfortably behind the wheel? From a
purely logical perspective, one expects that in case the frequency, rate, and fatality of errors when AI is in
charge is lower than what we measure when humans are in charge, then society should have no qualms in
handing the reins over to AI. However, from social epistemology, an emerging precept is that overall, the
public is going to be far less forgiving in case of an error if the decision making is not controlled by humans.
Let us proceed to take a brief look at some industries currently working towards AI integration.

1. AI in Healthcare:

The healthcare sector (as a whole) has been collecting accurate and relevant dataabout patients. This
makes AI a good fit for the data-rich world of healthcare.

AI can enable easier analysis of scan results through image recognition. This has already been used
to help doctors diagnose symptoms at a much higher rate, as AI can go through multiple scans much
faster than humans. Even though AI has higher diagnostic accuracy, it still must be monitored by
doctors to avoid false diagnosis.
AI can find a variety of use-cases in the healthcare sector. Predictive analytics is expected to save
25% of healthcare cost by 2023. Using the power of predictive analytics, especially machine
learning algorithms, AI can help doctors make proactive moves towards ensuring their patients’
health. This isa much better approach to healthcare than the reactive approach taken today.
By looking at the patient’s financial history, as of 2020, AI can accurately predict the likelihood of
an individual defaulting on a loan. This may lead to AI deciding who has access to treatment based
on their insurance.

2. AI in Transportation:

As of 2019, the transportation sector has evolved where vehicles can navigate and move without any human
assistance. AI in transportation helps the sector increase passenger safety, reduce traffic congestion and
accidents, lessen carbon emissions,and minimize the overall financial expenses.
Computer Vision (the precursor to autonomous navigation) is considered as one of the most
revolutionary uses of AI. According to studies the global market for AI in transportation is expected
to reach 3.5 billion dollars by 2023. Companies like Tesla or even Uber have already deployed
autonomous vehicles in the real world. This technology can be used to facilitate the delivery of
goods. An example is Tesla’s semi automobile. This truck has safety features that are made possible
by AI algorithms. In the future, this technology will be so advanced that humans will have to take

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 14

the position of a supervisor who will only be required to monitor the AI. Major challenges inthe
transportation industry like capacity problems, safety, reliability, environmental pollution, and
wasted energy are providing an opportunity for AI innovation.

Challenges such as flight delays in air transportation can be solved by AI. Leveraging repositories
of data (Data Lakes) and Computer Vision, the industry can offer exceptional service to passengers
in cutting down passenger’s wait times and enhancing their journey experience by processing real-
time flight data, historical records, and the weather information. This information can help the air
transportation industry glean useful insight to determine the cause of flight delays and cancellations.

3. AI in Finance/Banking/Insurance:

The focus in the industry is on customer experience. Technologies like AI chatbots for rapid customer
response and personalization of customer experience, RPA (Robotic process automation), Machine learning,
voice recognition and Natural language processing (NLP) will be at the core of the digital transformation of
the industry.
Compliance, IT, human resources, finance, and other back-office supporting functions in the
financial industry involve a lot of highly repetitive work, which is easily replaced by the application
of AI to various aspects thatinvolve risk testing, data analysis, documentary processing etc.
Financial services have recognized the potential of AI. Analysts and experts estimate that AI will
save the banking industry roughly $1 trillion by 2030. According to Narrative Science, 32% of the
participating banks in their 2018 report are already incorporating predictive analytics,
recommendation engines, voice recognition, and response times in their processes.

Impact of AI on Project Management of the above Industries

Artificial Intelligence is a complex field consisting of numerous nuances, but at the sametime when
used correctly, technology can increase productivity and reduce errors drastically. One of the most
significant advantages of using such technology to minimize errors, especially in software development
projects, where you can find a variety of defects detected at any stage is an essential measure of the project
quality.

 Business Insights:
AI enables project management to provide more insights into possible outcomes, which will enhance the
quality of decision-making. By finding relationships and trends in data, the system will remove
unnecessary information leaving managementto focus on the most important information.

In the finance industry, organizations are at varying stages of incorporating it into their long-term
organizational strategies. As companies prepare for improving their processes and working
environments, it is imperative that theyrevisit their fundamentals goals, strengths, and weaknesses.
So, companies are suggested to take help from consultants in this field who can navigate business
strategy. McKinsey’s Quantum Black is an example of such a firm.

Project planning could be made more robust by enabling auto-scheduling by means of programmed logic and
rules. Example, based on the (2019) PwC report progress and task status can be tracked automatically and
alerting the project manager in the exception-based scenarios.

In the Healthcare industry, leaders can steer the next wave of progress in healthcare, by making use
of advancement in data science to generate valuable insights from the large, complex data sets
accruing in health systems. Machine learning algorithms can be used to provide estimates of the

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 15

duration andresource requirements for project activities based on expert knowledge and lessons
learned from previous projects.

We also have the analysis of patient data, and patient monitoring being enabled from a Machine Learning
standpoint where we have companies, such as Life Mesh AI, which are experimenting with population-
level data analysisto guide Public Health professionals using probabilistic modelling.

The rise of virtual assistants will help project managers to stay up to date on trends in their
industries and help them to recruit experts to bring even more value to projects. Recommendations
are a very important and useful aspect of AI. Machine learning algorithms can give
recommendations on prioritizing projects based on data from previous projects.

 Risk Management:
AI may not replace human judgment in the foreseeable future, but it is highly needed to support humans.

In the healthcare industry, for example, the execution phase of projects is quite unique. There are
more layers of stakeholders who need to sign off on every step of the process. Project management
in the healthcare industry involves a lot of people who could be taking care of one patient which
makes clear that human to human communication is indispensable.
To cite an example, a doctor relieving his duty should communicate the exact condition of a patient
to the incoming doctor which if not done properly might lead to a potentially negative outcome.
This is an area where AI cannot clearly come in and replace the humans involved.

In an industry where patients’ lives are at stake, projects cannot go overtime or over budget.
Machine-learning-based project management, which is a relatively new technology, can be used to
make project plans to be adapted and re-baselined in near-real-time based on historical team
performance and project progress.
In the transportation industry, the competitive threats revolve around companysize and innovative
capabilities. Gartner anticipates that AI will eliminate 80% of present manual project management
tasks by 2030.
Unlike traditional project management tools, AI can predict future issues based on previous data
more accurately thereby minimizing risk. This includes risks related to people, vendors, entities etc.
on the project. Cost assumptions and time constraints can be examined by combining current
project data with historic data to run multiple scenarios and generate, assess, and rank viable
outcomes.

 Resource Allocation:
AI can enhance Human Capital Optimization (a new form of HRMS) by calculating the best allocation of
resources, Identifying the right skill for the right job, pinpointingtraining needed for a specific employee,
predicting resources excess or shortage, providing feedback about the project manager’s behavior and
competency. This could be a solution to project failure which is mostly caused by team’s incapable of fully
grasping and/or executing a project’s main goals and objectives. This in principle can also be
extended to operational allocation as well, not just restricted to projects, if organizations maintain a detailed
RACI for their employees.

According to Scott Middleton, founder, and CEO of strategies’ article (3 ways AI will change project
management for the better, 2017): “AI is predicted to penetrate the project management field slowly and step
by step. Experts predict that AI will go through multiple generations before being fully involved in project
management. these generations are explained below:

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 16

(1st Gen) Narrow project assistants: Early project management AI will be a project assistant
focused on a narrow area of managing a project or team. By focusing on supporting a team in one
specific area rather than dealing with all the complexities involved in managing a project, project
management AI will be useful to teams sooner rather than later.
(2nd Gen) Expanding project understanding: As the assistants expand their understanding, new
metrics will be revealed that weren’t previously possible, such as quality, performance, learning,
change, and effort. With more data points about projects, predictions will become more reliable,
more appropriate, and easier for PMs. to understand.
(3rd Gen) Filling in the data gaps: With new meta-data, improved data suitability, and quality, as
well as a broad understanding of the various problems on projects, project management AI will be
able to deliver meaningful advice. “To help PMs.

 AI has the ability to do the following:

AI is an obvious asset from a business efficiency perspective, due to its ability to manage complex analytics.
It allows a program to track how a project progresses, and to make informed assumptions about the project's
future.
AI's ability to track human beings and make predictions based on the trends it sees is a more
nuanced capacity. It is capable of tracking budgets and scheduling and canlearn to recognize
possible impacts on them over time.
AI systems can observe projects and behavior of individual team members and can pick up certain
habits and nuances with team members that could otherwise beoverlooked.
AI can recognize when something is happening that is likely to lead to scheduling conflicts and
makes it possible to offer suggestions on alternate dates of completion if the scheduling is off
course.
Ensures that the program can help provide customized guidance based on acquired habits for
employees. Someday these systems could account for the conflicts with a remote employee working
in a different time zone and make educated adjustments based on that.
AI systems can go as far as identifying when someone is doing something out of compliance, which
opens them up to the possibility of recognizing potential instances of fraud and other types of issues
that could arise.

PMBOK Phases & Their Susceptibility

The ‘Initiating’ phase of the PMBOK version 6, of which sub-process 4.1 (Develop Project Charter) is a
major part, has its overall value in ensuring that there is a direct link between theproject and the strategic
objectives of the organization. Thereby ensuring that the project hasa high probability of success. This
brings up the all-important question of what exactly constitutes project success: are there specific project
objectives with related success criteria that are quantifiable? Enter AI.
As specified in the PMBOK, the most important tools at the core of most of theprocesses are expert
judgment, followed closely by data gathering and data analysis.

Fernández-Rodríguez and Martinez show two main flaws in Expert Judgement -

Requirement of high accuracy in complex projects leading to difficulty for applicationof expert
judgement.
Expert judgement itself being prone to human error, for e.g., Bias.

Similarly, data gathering is also susceptible to human input. For instance, “initial lack of experience
and knowledge when managing new projects that may have an unfamiliar scopeor unique
challenges will impact the quality of data”. This does not bode well for success and presents an
opening for potential remedies in AI.

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As alluded to in the previous section, AI is most notably already impacting project management in its ability
to remove project risk and uncertainty in project planning, and execution.[42] These are some of the key
areas where artificial intelligence will have the biggest impacts.

 Now we will go into individual processes/phases/subprocesses of the

PMBOK to ascertain specific impacts:
Project Integration Management (PMBOK v6, Chapter 4): At the heart of every PMBOK
project phase, aiming primarily to unify and coordinate the various processes and activities within
each process group, the bulk of activities that make up
the integration process revolves around collection and consolidation of data from other processes, analyzing
this data and outputting useful information and insights to inform decision making and activities. This
description is the hallmark of AI and DataScience; hence this is probably where we expect to see some of the
biggest and more immediate impacts of artificial intelligence.

Martínez and Fernández-Rodríguez demonstrated that AI can not only be extremely useful in identifying
critical success factors of a project but can go even further to predict its success (or failure) right from the
very early stages, through the application of specific AI algorithms. This is detailed in sub-section 3.4 of this
report. This means that better decisions can be made about whether to proceed with a project and what, if
any, changes need to be made if indeed a decision is made to proceed. While these are very promising
applications of machine learning, literature from PWC confirms currently only a few examples of the
successful integration of machine learning in project management exist. It goes on to suggest that all things
being equal, these applications should be more commonplace by the year 2030 and beyond.

Subprocess (Develop Project Management Plan) which unifies data input fromall other
planning processes to output a comprehensive plan, has already begun to see the valuable impacts
of AI through integration and automation technologies and AI chatbots.
Integration and automation technologies have enabled interaction between MS Project Online and Wunderlist
for task creation and scheduling, for instance. This is a good indicator of how AI will infiltrate all of the
integration sub-processes. These AI applications are already being adopted by and creating immense value
for many organizations, and we expect that they would be commonplace within the next 5 years.

Project Quality Management (PMBOK v6, Chapter 8): A project management Quality
Compliance Methodology PWC consisting of numerous checkpoints covering specific quality
compliance areas was developed and used to monitor and manage over 60 client projects, capturing
and storing the resultant data over 2 years. This methodology was subsequently automated using AI
& RPA, in the form of a virtual assistant robot, to check the compliance levels of a sample set
of projects. The results were:
The robot was successfully and accurately able to analyze this project data, evaluate each project’s
compliance levels, provide recommendations on improving quality, and redefine the scope for
subsequent compliance checks.
All these insights were presented in a comprehensive executive style dashboard report fully created
by the robot, which also autonomously shared these reports to the appropriate stakeholders
immediately via email, as well as through its own interface.

From the reference “the estimated time, based on the team’s experience, for a human to perform a
compliance check of similar size is around three days. These checks are naturally prone to human
error, and timely communication and reporting is always a challenge. The robot performed the
same task, accurately and effectively, in up to six minutes.”

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 18

Project Communications Management (PMBOK v6, Chapter 10): PWC describes how
“chatbots can take over menial tasks such as organizing meetings, planvs progress checks,
reminding project team members of scheduled activities” and go astep further by “listening to
meetings to assign tasks to people with target dates, send out actions and follow-up”.
They describe a few current real-life use cases which are summarized in table 3.1. While the communication
management transformation is in full progress with integration and automation technologies and chatbots
being implemented by many organizations, the impacts on quality management, with these arising from the
adoption of machine learning, are expected to fully materialize within the next 5-10 years.
AI Integration & Automation AI Chatbots

Using online templates and Fireflies.ai is an AI bot for Slack that

workflows, processesconversations within Slack and
e.g. in Slack or MS SharePoint, to recognizes tasks and assignments on this basis
reduce time and enhance the quality
ofdata

Sending alerts when potential Stratejos.ai sends team members reminders,

budgetingor scheduling issues are tracks their performance, and enables the
identified for the project project manager to recognize top contributors
based on measurables

AI chatbot, integration and automation use cases.

 Project Schedule Management; Project Cost Management; Project

Resource Management.

Project Risk Management (PMBOK v6, Chapters 6; 7; 9; 11): Artificial intelligence also promises huge
impacts on risk management, scheduling, budgeting, and resource management. As detailed in section 3.4 of
this report, predictive analysis and forecasting are two of the core capabilities enabled by artificial
intelligence - through machine learning algorithms precisely.

Stakeholder Management; Project Scope Management (PMBOK v6, Chapters 5;13): These
processes appear to be much less susceptible to AI for similar reasons.While the activities in sub-
processes 13.1 (identify stakeholders) and 13.4 (monitorstakeholder engagement), for instance, can
mostly be taken over by AI, those of subprocesses (planning and managing stakeholder engagement,
respectively) simply cannot. The human elements required to understandstakeholders’ interests, needs,
expectations, and issues - interpersonal skills, emotionalintelligence, active listening, among others -
cannot be replicated by machines.In the same vein, the skills required to effectively elicit requirements
from and negotiate scope with clients is something a machine does not possess yet. If at some
point in the future, technology advances to the level where this becomes possible, we would then be
ushering in the fourth phase of AI evolution inproject management not dissimilar to self-driving cars –
autonomous projectmanagement – requiring little intervention from humans. PWC literature explainsthat
“these AI systems would, therefore, have to be able to apply sentimental analysisalgorithms to crawl
through customer communications and understand stakeholdersatisfaction and commitment at any given
point in time.” In the same breath, however,they confirm that there are currently no real-life cases of this in
action, neither are any expected looking even 20 years ahead.

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 19

 Existing AI & PMI Methodology
Dam et al. (2018) envision that AI will transform (software) project management practice in many aspects,
from automating basic administration tasks to delivering analytics- driven risk predictions and estimation,
facilitating project planning and making actionable recommendations. Popular methodologies like Agile will
be without a doubt transformed in the way they are implemented.
According to a survey conducted among 56 project managers from different industries made by (BUTT,
2018 as cited in Elrajoubi, 2019), the following aspects of project management with the highest responses
can be supported by AI.

Fig 1.8 Areas where AI support can be used for project management.

Processes such as project planning are one of the most important tasks of the project manager. It consists of
planning and laying out the work breakdown structure (WBS) of the project. Machine learning algorithms
can be used to automatically convert the WBS into mind maps and further extract WBS tasks and the
relationship between them. We will discusssome of these areas below, while mapping onto the PMI
frameworks as much as possible.

Planning and Budgeting (Planning): Martínez, Fernández-Rodríguez (2015) used two models
based on neural networks and Support Vector Machines. As cost and schedule indicators have
important differences, the authors have developed two different models, one for each indicator.
For costing, the authors’ conclusion is that the best is SVM (Support Vector Machine) with an
accuracy of 92%, followed by Adaptive Boosting and finally Bootstrap Aggregating.
For scheduling, the results are slightly worse. With a rate of 80%corresponding to Adaptive
Boosting followed by SVMs and Bootstrap Aggregating.

Martínez, Fernández-Rodríguez (2015) mentioned that some of the reviewed models have weaknesses and
limitations that indicate project managers should still use expert judgement and compare artificial
intelligence results with traditional tools before deciding, so they can adjust themif necessary.

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Project Status Reporting (Monitoring and Controlling): Knowing if a project is well managed
and is going to be successful is every project team’s main prerogative and duty. We base the
following comments on Martínez, Fernández-Rodríguez (2015), who demonstrated the application
of AI algorithms to predict project success based on the traditional project success criteria - scope,
time, budget, and quality. These traditional success criteria, however, leave aside other qualitative
aspects of
project management, for example the stakeholders’ point of view. The paper also points out the following:
that a satisfactory definition of project success/failure has not been made, and they attribute this as
one of the main reasons why project status is much more challenging than one may intuitively
assume.
New key indicators proposed by various industry studies for measuring project success (see table
below).

TRADITIONAL PROPOSED CRITICAL

CRITICAL SUCCESS SUCCESS FACTORS
FACTORS

Triple constraints: scope, X X

time, budget

Stakeholder satisfaction X

Project safety X

Project performance X

Project impact on business X

Traditional CSFs against Proposed CSFs to predict project success rate.

They applied a Bayesian model to classify different metrics collected from a project's early state to make an
estimation on project success rate using statistical methods to improve the accuracy of results. The model
was fed with data from 28 software development projects. This requires explanation as to what precise
metrics are fed into a probabilistic model which can help in reporting, and that too specifically whenit
comes to reporting on the newly proposed CSF above.

Project Estimation (Planning): Evolutionary Project Success Prediction Model (EPSPM) fuses
several AI algorithms - genetic algorithms (GAs) for optimization, fuzzy logic (FL) for reasoning
and neural networks (NN) for mapping inputs and outputs.
EPSPM is integrated with the Continuous Assessment of Project Success tool. It is a technique that can be
applied to any kind of project and allows project teams to predict estimates by choosing specific critical
success factors related to the project lifecycle phase.

ALGORITHM STRENGTH WEAKNESS

GA (Genetic Algorithm): Best for generating high- Not suited for simpler
- based on Darwin’s theory of quality solutions for problems where the derivative
evolution optimization information is readily available

FL (Fuzzy Logic): Suitable for dealing with Requires a huge amount of

for reasoning, imprecise or inaccurate dataand very high
employed to handle the values mathematical expertise
concept of partial truth (where

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 21

the truth-value may range
between completely true
andcompletely false)

NN (Neural Networks) : Able to process huge Requires a huge amount of

based on the human brain, amount of data and find data and a high-level
to recognize a pattern in patterns without human infrastructure toperform
largesets of data, intervention compared to other deep
for mapping inputs and learning algorithms
outputs

Agile Methodologies: Dam et al. (2018) explain how Agile project management can be assisted
and how to increase the rate of successful projects with the use of an AI-based Agile project
assistant.
The core of this AI system is an analytics engine, a planning engine, and an optimization engine.
These machineries depend on the learning representation engine to learn and generate
representations of project data that are mathematically and computationally convenient to process.
This means that the system is designed to take raw, unstructured data of projects from the real
world and make the data readable to be fed to the algorithms that will bring new business value to
the project.
The product owner in charge of the backlog and items tracking will have less to do since the system
will be able to classify and prioritize items.
With NLP (Natural Language Processing) at the core and other machine learning and deep learning
techniques, the system can enhance the “Why” (Descriptive analytics), the “When” (Predictive
analytics) of an event and based on the descriptive and the predictive analysis, recommends
(Prescriptive Analytics) the best course of actions for agile teams in a specific situation.
Integrating such a system to current project management is not an easy task. However, this system
could take care of a lot of administrative and core aspects of a project.

Fig 1.10 The architecture of an AI-powered agile project management assistant

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The use of AI in project management is not only transforming the way projects are managed and
implemented. It also pushed professionals to develop a new methodology to correctly implement AI-based
projects.

Coanalytic has worked with dozens of organizations and through hundreds of real-world implementations to
develop a methodology optimized for the delivery of in-production, high value, low risk AI projects. CPMAI
extends the well-known CRISP-DM (Cross IndustryStandard Process for Data Mining) methodology with AI
and ML specific documents, processes, and tasks. The CPMAI methodology also incorporates the latest
practices in Agile Methodologies and adds additional DataOps activities that aim to make CPMAI data-first,
AI-relevant, highly iterative, and focused on the right tasks for operational success. The core elements of the
CPMAI methodology are as shown in figure 1.11.

Fig 1.11 Core Element of CPMAI Methodology

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 Limitations of the Project

 Risks & Limitations of AI in Project Management

Technology is increasingly improving productivity, profitability and business results, but there are also
certain barriers and limitations to be taken care of. (Russell 2017) have discussed the key dimensions of AI
risks, tabulated here:
Risk dimensions Description Impact on PM

Security AI technology may not follow the Depending on the desired

company’s security standards. output of the project, AI can
endanger the safety of human
beings.
Privacy AI cannot appropriately This can promote collecting
distinguish between approved and personal data, unauthorized
restricted dataand violates the recordings and making
right to privacy. unethical decisions.

Autonomy As AI dominates the environment, AI at a certain point becomes

it may make people feel like independent, which makes
‘slaves’ to the machine. Project Managers lose track of
how and when to stop AI [23].

Data Quality/ Incomplete and missing data reflects Managing a set of stakeholders
Availability the statistical power of a prediction and various unpredictable
and produces estimates leading to events, AI-led projects will
invalid conclusions. mostly fail toreact
appropriately to these
challenges.
Employment Repetitive and low skilled AI may not be competent to
jobsmight no longer be assign a task to the right
available. personas it lacks people and
social skills.

Dimensions of AI risk

According to Scott Middleton, founder and CEO of strategies’ article (3 ways AI will change
project management for the better, 2017), here are some challenges AI will face while integrating in
Project management, as well as some recommended solutions for said challenges:

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Challenges faced by AI Solutions to overcome Challenges

The quality and suitability of the data

about project management tools. Encouraging better practice: AI can
Early, narrow project management AI gently encourage teams to improve the
tools rely on people to input data quality of the data they are inputting
correctly, updatetools in a timely manner, (such as chat apps). that cannot be
and make corrections. automated.
In any project management system or
toolset, there is missing data or messy, Machines may not be able to display a
unstructured data. human’s intuition, but AI is here to stay.
It’sgoing to inevitably change how we do
business today.

As with any other technology, there are limitations and AI is no exception. A big hindrance to AI adoption is
the skills deficit and the availability of experienced technical staff and trainingto deploy and operate AI
solutions.

Data inconsistency: exists where data sources conflict with each other at the data value level
because the same data exists in different formats in multiple tables. Well- designed and controlled
project management environment, missing or incomplete dataoccurs in almost all areas. Incomplete
data can reduce the statistical power of a prediction and produce estimates leading to invalid
conclusions.

Creativity: Machines simply lack the ability to be creative. Humans can think and feel; hence
decision making is creative and will benefit the output. AI can assist in terms of helping to
determine the sort of imagery with likely customer preference style and price. But a machine
cannot compete with the human brain yet when it comes to originality. AI can be coached on some
parameters of creativity which can develop its own sense of creativity.

Hiring and Retention: As the field is quite new in project management companies may have to
invest in upskilling their employees to meet the demands and challenges of this new mode of
Project management.

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AI
term/tool Function(s) Possible effect Example(s) Comments Horizon

NLP can be High maturity Now

usedto identify Significant
Natural AI technology to real- world Understand adoption &
language extract and items in the people’s industry
processing understand project backlog communication application
(NLP) humanlanguage. and styles and adapt
automatically to them
determine,
classify and
prioritize
items.
Automation Administrative Takes over Using online Mediummaturity 5-10 years
& project planning most repetitive templates and Significant
Integration processes. workflows adoption already
Integration Integrating data underway
activities from multiple
sources for task
creation and
scheduling

Chatbot PM support: Takes over AI bot Mediummaturity 5-10 years

Assistant monitoring most repetitive processes Significant
activities/ conversations adoption &
Communication processes. Recognizes and industry
communicates application
tasks on this already
basis underway

Machine Decision making Complements RPA bot Low maturity 10+ years
Learning- support PM’s other monitors Generally still
Based PM (monitoring, tools assesses and at PoC stage,
controlling & Supports PM reports on sporadic
execution processes/ project industry
support) activities quality, risks application
Data analysis Suggests
Scheduling action points
Risk for quality
management compliance,
risk mitigation

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Autonomou Complete Virtually Applying No noteworthy Not in
sPM project replaces sentimental applications foreseeable
management humanPM as analysis yet... future
Data gathering& is algorithms to
analysis crawl through
Stakeholder customer
management... communicatio
ns and
understand
stakeholder
satisfaction
and
commitment

Summary of AI impacts on Project Management (all entries in this table are from a highly reliable )

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 27

 Literature Review
AI & Project Management Overview
AI Evolution
AI initially started as being a pure sub-branch of computer science that aims at making computers and
machines intelligent; where intelligence is restricted in the short term to mean reasoning, knowledge
representation, planning, learning, natural language processing, vision, and perception. In the long-term
view, the ambition is to achieve AGI (Artificial General Intelligence), or Strong AI as it is sometimes
referred to, where the idea of intelligence involves a much more complex problematization of an
amalgamation of various scientific disciplines such as mathematics, psychology, engineering etc. For the
purposes of this report, we disregard AGI as the “singularity” (which is a precondition for AGI) is not
anywhere nearthe horizon based on the consensus amongst the global AI community.

Alan Turing, considered by many as the father of modern Computer Science, published in 1950 his popular
Turing test that consisted of a machine that can make conversation that is indistinguishable from a
conversation with a human being. If the machine passed the test, it would be labelled as “Intelligent”, as per
Turing. He dreamt of the day when humanity would make its Last and Final Invention. Since then,
advancements in Computer Science coupled with the revolution in technology pertaining to higher
processing power (thanks to Moore’s Law), has made it somewhat possible for these purely theoretical
musings to take some tangible shape and form.

AI has made incredible progress in the past few years. The AI of today can-do specific tasks such as driving
a car, booking meetings, or even talking on your behalf on an audio call. All these enhancements were
brought forth by AI’s subsets and techniques. The following Venn diagram depicts the layers of AI as it
stands today.

Fig 1.12 Venn diagram representing AI and its subsets.

 Artificial Intelligence: AI can be defined as a machine that inputs data from the real world,
processes it and makes specific decisions as a result in order to achieve a goal. Today’s
applications of AI include driving cars, chatbot, image/voice recognition, etc.

 Machine learning: ML is a subset of AI which focuses on developing software, mostly

algorithms that can learn to accomplish tasks by themselves without a developer explicitly
telling it how to. For ML to properly work it needs clean and relevant data.

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  Representation Learning: RL is a branch of ML which goes deeper than Traditional ML
which needs more human intervention. RL models take in huge amounts of data and learn
representations, also called features by themselves.

 ANNs: Artificial neural networks are the most popular RL technique. It was inspired by the
human brain. It is a collection of artificial neurons that are arranged in such a way that they
can send and receive information among them in order to produce the desired output.

 Deep learning: Deep learning is also an RL technique. It is made of five or more layers of
artificial neurons. A single input layer takes the data, three or few hidden layers that
processes the data and learn new features and a single output layer to show results.

 Machine vision: It is a branch of deep learning that focuses on object recognition. It is

used for self-driving cars algorithms, image recognition and any AI that needs to at some
point to recognize objects.

 NLP: Natural language processing is a machine learning technique that is used to teach the
machine to recognize characters and language. Deep learning for NLP is a much efficient
technique that allows AI to interact via natural languages (spoken or typed). The following
diagram shows that NLP sits at the intersection of the computer science, AI and linguistics
fields.

Fig 1.13 Venn diagram of Natural language processing

 Deep reinforcement learning: DRL is a reinforcement learning technique that involves

artificial neural networks. Reinforcement learning is good at taking theappropriate decision
among many options. DRL is better when it comes to processing a huge variety of data
coming from an external environment.

While AI is still in the early majority phase of adoption, Kathleen Walch, in her 2019 publication “The
Seven Patterns of AI”, reveals that probably many of the companies developing AI solutions are also the
ones applying and experimenting with AI approaches to their project management. We believe that leading
AI start-ups like those listed below from

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 29

CB Insight’s 2020 list of top 100 AI start-ups are the best place to look
for emerging practices in this field:

 Tesla: Tesla Motors was started by a group of Silicon Valley entrepreneurs and strives to
create a revolution and accelerate the world’s transition to electric mobility with a full range
of increasingly affordable electric self-driven cars using AI, ML and Deep learning
technologies.

 Aurora: Aurora works at the intersection of rigorous engineering and applied machine
learning to address one of the most challenging, important and interesting opportunities of
our generation: transforming the way people and goods move.

 Butterfly Network: It is a digital health company whose mission is to democratize

healthcare by making medical imaging universally accessible and affordable. They fused
semiconductor engineering, AI, and connected mobile software to achieve their vision.

 Recursion Pharmaceuticals: Recursion Pharmaceuticals is a biotechnology company. It

combines experimental biology, automation, and artificial intelligence ina massively
parallel system to identify treatments quickly and efficiently for any disease which can be
modelled at the cellular level.

 C3.ai: It is a leading enterprise AI software provider for accelerating digital transformation.

The C3 AI Suite supports the value chain in any industry with prebuilt, configurable, high-
value AI applications for predictive maintenance, fraud detection, sensor network health,
supply network optimization, energy management, anti-money laundering, and customer
engagement.

 Cognilytica: It is an analyst firm that provides real-world, industry and adoption focused
market research, intelligence, advisory, and training on cognitive technologies including
Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and related areas .

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 PMI-PMBOK Process Map
Figure 1.14 depicts the current ‘process map’ of how projects are currently managed asprescribed by PMI,
with the aim of simply refreshing the core ideas. Interested readers are invited to study the PMBoK v6 for
their detailed analysis.

Fig 1.14 PMI Process Map

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 AI and PM Meta-Tables
“From autonomous vehicles, predictive analytics applications, facial recognition, to chatbots,
virtual assistants, cognitive automation, and fraud detection, the use cases for AI are many.
However, regardless of the application of AI, there is commonality to all these applications. Those
who have implemented hundreds or even thousands of AI projects realize that despite all this
diversity in application, AI use cases fall into one or more of seven common patterns.”

The tables below illustrate how each of these commonalities relates to the application of artificial
intelligence in project management - specifically to the process map described.

Crosses AI as categorized by Forbes report and PMBOK view of phases

PMBOK PHASES
FORBES 7 Initiating Planning Executing Monitoring and Closing
PATTERNS OF controlling
AI
Hyper X X
Personalization
Autonomous X X X X X
systems
Predictive
analytics and X X
decision support
Conversational/hu X X X
man interactions
Patterns and X X X
anomalies
Recognition X X
systems
Goal-driven X X X
systems

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The table below depicts the relationship between 7 patterns of AI as described by Forbes and the PMBOK
phases. For example, is Hyper Personalization visible in the Scope Management phase.

The planning section of PMBOK vs FORBES AI 7 patterns

FORBES 7 Patterns of AI
Predictiv Conversat Patter
Hyper Autono e ional / ns and Recogni Goal-
Personn mous Analytics Human Anom tion Drive
alisation Systems and Interactio alies Systems n
Decision ns Syste
Support ms
Scope X X X X X
Management

Schedule X X X X X
Management

Cost X X X
Management

Quality X X X X
Management
P
Resource X X X
M Management
B
O Communicat
K ion X X X X X X
Management

Risk X X X X X X
Management

Procurement X X
Management

Stakeholder X X X X X X
Management

Integration X X X
Management

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Table below describes the applications of AI tools and functions in different PMBOK processes.The
planning section with AI tools and functions shows a more operational view.

Planning section of PMBOK vs AI tools and functions

AI tools and functions

Chatbot Deep Learning NLP

Scope
Management
Schedule 2A
Management
Cost Management 3C

Quality 4B 4C
Management
P Resource
M Management

B Communication 6A 6C
O Management
Risk Management
K

Procurement
Management
Stakeholder 9A 9C
Management
Integration
Management

2A - Can schedule a meeting and manage time.

6A - Chatbot can take over menial tasks such as organizing meetings, listening to meetings toassign tasks to
people with target dates, send out actions and follow-up.
9A - Collects details from meetings and keeps track of stakeholders.
4B - Analyzing component data may also help to predict which parts are likely to fail qualitycontrol.
4C - NLP can identify appropriate contents leading to quality output6C - NLP eliminates the communication
gap between humans and computer.
3C - Reduce costs associated with manual and repetitive tasks 9C - Understands customer language to
provide credible output

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 CHAPTER-2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A research design is simply a plan for study in collecting and analyzing the data. It helps the
researcher to conduct the study in an economical method and relevant to the problem. Research methodology
is a systematic way to solve a research problem. The methodology shouldcombine economy with
efficiency. I have used an analytical approach.
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) has become increasingly popular in various fields, including
project management. AI can improve project management by providing faster and more accurate
analysis of data, automating repetitive tasks, and enhancing decision-making capabilities. However,
the impact of AI on project management is still not fully understood. This research aims to
investigate the impact of AI on project management and the factors that influence its
implementation.

Research design
To achieve the objective of this research, a mixed-methods approach will be used. This approach
involves collecting and analyzing both quantitative and qualitative data to gain a comprehensive
understanding of the research topic. The research will begin with a literature review to identify the
current state of knowledge on the impact of AI on project management. The review will cover
academic articles, conference papers, and industry reports related to the research topic.

Following the literature review, a survey will be conducted to collect quantitative data on the use of
AI in project management. The survey will be distributed to project managers in various industries
to obtain their perspectives on the impact of AI on their projects. The survey questions will cover
the following areas:

The extent to which AI is currently used in project management.

The benefits and challenges of using AI in project management.
The impact of AI on project performance.
Factors that influence the implementation of AI in project management.

Collection of the data

There are two types of data.

Primary data – primary data is that data which is collected for the first time. These data are
basically, observed and collected by the researcher for the first time. I have used primary data formy
project work.

Secondary data – secondary data are those data which are primarily collected by the other person.
for his own purpose and now we use these for our purpose secondly.

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 35

 Instruments of Data Collection

We will use Questionnaire. The survey data will be analysed using descriptive and inferential
statistics to identify trends and relationships between variables.

In addition to the survey, interviews will be conducted with project managers to gather qualitative
data on their experiences with using AI in project management. The interviews will be semi-
structured and will cover the same areas as the survey questions. The interview data will be
analysed using thematic analysis to identify common themes and patterns in the responses.

Questionnaire

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

a) A computer program that can think like a human
b) A branch of computer science that focuses on creating intelligent machines
c) A type of software that automates repetitive tasks

Which of the following is an example of AI technology used in product

management?
a) Chatbots
b) Social media marketing
c) Email marketing

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using AI in product management?

a) Improved product recommendations
b) Increased customer engagement
c) Decreased data accuracy

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using AI in product management?

a) Reduced time spent on manual tasks
b) Increased data security risks
c) Improved customer satisfaction

How does AI help in product development?

a) By providing insights into customer behavior and preferences
b) By automating all aspects of product development
c) By decreasing the need for human input

Which of the following is an example of AI being used in product development?

a) Automated product pricing
b) Manual product testing
c) Manual customer surveys

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 36

How does AI help with product pricing?
a) By automating the process of setting prices
b) By providing insights into customer willingness to pay
c) By decreasing the need for human input

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using AI in product pricing?

a) Increased pricing accuracy
b) Increased competition
c) Decreased transparency

How does AI help with product marketing?

a) By providing insights into customer behavior and preferences
b) By automating all aspects of marketing
c) By decreasing the need for human input

Which of the following is an example of AI being used in product marketing?

a) Automated email campaigns
b) Manual product demonstrations
c) Manual customer support

How does AI help with customer support?

a) By automating all aspects of customer support
b) By providing insights into customer behavior and preferences
c) By decreasing the need for human input

Which of the following is an example of AI being used in customer support?

a) Automated chatbots
b) Manual customer surveys
c) Manual product demonstrations

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using AI in customer support?

a) Improved response time
b) Increased customer satisfaction
c) Decreased customer engagement

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using AI in customer support?

a) Reduced time spent on manual tasks
b) Increased data security risks
c) Reduced personal touch

How does AI help with supply chain management?

a) By automating all aspects of supply chain management
b) By providing insights into supplier behavior and preferences
c) By decreasing the need for human input

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Which of the following is an example of AI being used in supply chain management?
a) Automated inventory management
b) Manual supplier negotiations
c) Manual order tracking

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using AI in supply chain management?

a) Increased supply chain efficiency
b) Reduced costs
c) Increased human error

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using AI in supply chain management?

a) Reduced time spent on manual tasks
b) Increased data security risks
c) Decreased transparency

How does AI help with inventory management?

a) By automating all aspects of inventory management
b) By providing insights into inventory behavior and preferences
c) By decreasing the need for human input

Method of Data Collection

 Sampling unit/Target group
The respondents were Product Analyst, Product Managers, Developers, Testers, Delivery
Managers, Product Head.

 Sample size
As the name indicates, sample size refers to the number of respondents or the size of the sample,
which is to be surveyed. Here the sample size taken for the study was 40.

 Sampling procedure
It refers to the definite plan adopted by the research for obtaining the data from the respondents; the
technique adopted here is to gather data from sampling unit, questionnaire method and interview.

Approach / Methodology
The issues involved in the way in which artificial intelligence will impact the worlds of projects and project
management are so complex that it seemed to us that a good way of displaying the complexity could be
through the controversy actor network approach which we learned about earlier in the MoTIS year.

We will begin this controversy approach by presenting the main controversies we have identified, then we
will select one of them to apply the principle and the protocol on in order to make it clear to the reader. This
will include explaining the controversy, identifying whatis at stake, listing the key players involved
(advocates and opponents), presenting their corresponding arguments, showing how the controversy might
evolve over time through a series of phases, and finally presenting a two-dimensional map showing the
various positions of these players.

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 38

 Implementation
Main Controversies
Through the work we have done while writing this report, we have identified atleast four controversies which
we will list below.
AI will lead to a revolution (not just an evolution) in Project Management.
AI will replace Project Management related organizational configurations(functions and routines
currently used to manage projects).
AI will render current Project Management standards and methodologiesobsolete.
AI will replace the project manager.
Project-based thought will vanish in 10 years.

To elucidate, we select one amongst the controversies identified and try to draw out the actors and
their arguments. The controversy which we focus on is “AI will replace Project Management related
organizational configurations”.

Program | Anti-Program Analysis

In this section, we will discuss some of the elements/actors pushing for and against a radicalreplacement of
project management by AI as quickly as possible from a “Program | Anti-Program” perspective.
We will do this by introducing the human and non-human actors first, then visualizing their involvement in
the present and future steps of AI development adapted from (Scott Middleton, 3 ways AI will change
project management for the better, 2017).

Conclusion

This research methodology aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of AI on

project management. The mixed-methods approach will enable the collection and analysis of both
quantitative and qualitative data to gain a deeper insight into the research topic. The survey and
interviews will provide valuable insights into the current use of AI in project management and the
factors that influence its implementation. The findings of this research will contribute to the existing
body of knowledge on the use of AI in project management and provide insights for practitioners on
how to effectively implement AI in their projects.

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 39

 CHATPTER-3
FINDING AND ANALYSIS
 The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in project management is revolutionizing the
way projects are planned, executed, and delivered. AI technology has the potential to
streamline project management processes, enabling organizations to manage complex
projects more efficiently and effectively.

 One of the primary benefits of AI in project management is its ability to automate repetitive
and time-consuming tasks. AI-powered project management tools can help project managers
in creating project schedules, setting task dependencies, and identifying potential delays. By
automating these processes, project managers can save significant amounts of time and
focus on more strategic aspects of project management.

 AI technology can also help project managers in risk management. AI can be used to
analyze past project data and identify potential risks based on historical patterns. AI
algorithms can also detect anomalies in project data, which can help project managers
identify potential risks that may not be apparent to the human eye.

 In addition to risk management, AI can also assist project managers in resource

management. AI can analyze resource utilization data and identify potential resource
conflicts before they occur. This enables project managers to allocate resources more
effectively and optimize resource utilization across different projects.

 AI can also improve project communication and collaboration. AI-powered project

management tools can facilitate real-time communication and collaboration among team
members, regardless of their location. AI can also analyze team communication patterns and
provide insights to project managers on how to improve team collaboration.

 Overall, the impact of AI on project management is significant. AI-powered project

management tools can help organizations manage complex projects more efficiently, reduce
project risks, and improve communication and collaboration among team members. As AI
technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see more AI-powered project management
tools that can help organizations achieve their project management goals.

Future of Project Management Office

As the core of the PMOs functions is data-intensive, it is inevitable that adoption of artificial intelligence -
with its much higher capabilities in handling and processing data than humans - will bring about some major
disruptions.

PMO roles and functions, and the impacts of AI

Dsouza and Evaristo classify PMOs in two dimensions: administrative and knowledge-intensive;
they also segment the roles of PMOs into three levels: strategic, tactical, and operational, each
with differing functions see table below.

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 40

 Administrative Knowledge Intensive

FUNCTION /PMO TYPE Supporting Controlling Directing

(operational Level) (tactical level) (strategic
level)

Monitoring, Reporting & X X X

Communications

Knowledge Integration & X X X

Information Repositing

Project Evaluation Process X X X

(reviews, change requests)
Multi Project Coordination X X

Portfolio Oversight X X

Compliance Management X X

HR Responsibilities X

Strategic Management X
(organizational change
management)

Organizational Knowledge X
Management (capture, sharing,
transfer, reuse)

 Administrative PMO: serves a primarily administrative function and is not directly

responsible for project success. It is a passive PMO, providing services only on request.
These functions can mostly be replaced by AI. As detailed in this report, AI has been shown to be
effective in performing mundane administrative tasks, more effectively and efficiently, and less
error-prone than humans. “As organizations aggressively pursue digitalization, and projects
become more complex, future success for the PMOwill depend on the contribution and
participation of many people across the organization. A PMO that is fixated solely on
control - and a consistent, one-size-fits- all process - is already viewed as a barrier to
progress by many enterprises. In 2030, it will have no place.”

 Knowledge-intensive PMOs: are the central point of accountability for the successful
delivery of specific projects. They take an active role in managing best practices of project
management, learning from projects (both failures and successes), and improving the
maturity of project management at the organization.
The functions of the tactical PMO cannot be outrightly replaced by AI systems, as they
require a lot of the human element which machines simply cannot possess.
They can, however, be supported by AI, and stand to gain the benefits of beingfreed from
performing mundane tasks, thus, having more time to spend on the valuable ones.

Strategic level PMOs ensure projects are aligned with strategic objectives of the
organization. These functions will remain largely undisturbed by AI in the foreseeable

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 41

future, as these require purely human competencies that machines cannot replicate.
While AI can provide information to promote better decision making, it can neither assimilate this
information nor make these strategic decisions.

Outlook For PMOs

As smart machines increasingly assume and absorb aspects of work - and not only do what was
previously reserved for humans but also what was thought to be impossible for machines the
differentiating value of human beings will live in applying creativity, critical thinking, empathy and
innovation to new outcomes. With organizations demanding increasing value, PMOs will need to
focus more and more on strategy, innovation, agility, and stakeholder engagement.

Gartner projects the following for PMOs:

Much of the "work" of today's project management office (PMO) will be eliminatedas
artificial intelligence (AI) takes on traditional project management (PM) functions, and
reporting/supportive PMOs will disappear.
By 2030, the multitude of PMOs existing in organizations will have to amalgamate into one
function concerned with change, strategy, product evolution and organizational governance.
Most of today's PMOs are part of IT, and many Enterprise PMOs (EPMOs) are part of a
business unit. In the digital world, these distinctions will blur and become unimportant.
PMOs failing to adapt will be dissolved because no company will need process- heavy,
risk-averse compliance administrators.

PM
Function / Sector or area Comment Horizon
Activity of PM
Impacted

Supporting Administrative Virtually all 5-10 years

PMO project support activitiesto be
replaced by AI
Administrative
project support
Controllin Activities to be 5-10 years
gPMO Moderate largely
compliance complemented by AI
control

Will remain largely

Strategic unaffected by AI,
Directing project & barring AI-assisted Not in the foreseeable
PMO portfolio insights to inform future)
management decision making

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 42

 CHAPTER-4
CONCLUSION

 Artificial Intelligence (AI) has already transformed numerous industries and project
management is no exception. The impact of AI on project management has been significant,
with the potential to change the way projects are planned, executed, and monitored.

 AI-powered tools and techniques have the potential to revolutionize project management by
enabling project managers to make more informed decisions, optimize resources, and
minimize risk. AI can help project managers to identify patterns in data, predict potential
issues, and provide recommendations for remediation. This can lead to more accurate
project planning, greater project success rates, and increased efficiency in project
management.

 One of the major benefits of AI in project management is the ability to automate repetitive
tasks. This not only saves time but also reduces the risk of human error. AI-powered tools
can handle tasks such as data analysis, scheduling, and resource allocation, freeing up
project managers to focus on more strategic activities.

 AI can also improve communication and collaboration within project teams. Chatbots and
virtual assistants can be used to answer team members' questions and provide project
updates. AI can also analyze team communication and identify areas where communication
can be improved.

 While there are many potential benefits of AI in project management, there are also
challenges that need to be addressed. One of the main challenges is the need for skilled
professionals who can work with AI-powered tools. Project managers need to be trained in
AI techniques and understand how to leverage these tools effectively.

 Another challenge is the need to address ethical considerations in the use of AI in project
management. As AI becomes more advanced, it is important to ensure that it is used
ethically and responsibly. This includes addressing issues such as bias, privacy, and security.

 In conclusion, AI has the potential to transform project management by improving decision-

making, optimizing resources, and increasing efficiency. While there are challenges that
need to be addressed, the benefits of AI in project management are significant. Project
managers should consider how they can leverage AI to improve their projects and stay ahead
of the competition.

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 43

For further work, I would like to recommend the following 5 directions:

Identify and characterize the emerging firms which are positioning themselves asconsultants to
big companies and proposing AI process solutions.

Investigate how GAFAM and Tesla companies are using AI for their projects. They are the
forerunners.

Do a survey on the topic with MoTIS alumni.

Interview selected MoTIS and ESIEE alumni (Turing prize winner Yann LeCun who directs
the FB AI lab)

Investigate how the PM organizations like PMI and IPMA and even ISO are preparing for change.

When we started researching and working on the report we did not expect to find that the topic of AI & PM
was so mature and that so many AI solutions were already finding their way into PM processes. Nor that
large consultancies like Gartner, Accenture, PWC were taking it so seriously. The client was right to request
a study such as ours. Companies, existing and future project management practitioners should already be
raising their awareness of how AI will impact their future working environment.

Our findings are rather modest. We have tried to highlight significant information from the most interesting
studies and reports we encountered. Also to map out how the worlds of AI and PM will intersect and to show
which PM processes will be affected earliest and which ones will be difficult to automate. Clearly there will
be disruptions which will requireconsiderable change management and coaching for individuals and
organizations. Indeed thiscould be a future profession!

For further reading we recommend the:

PWC report
https://research.aimultiple.com/ai-consulting/

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 44

 CHAPTER-5
RECOMMENDATION / SUGGESTION

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an essential tool in various industries, including project
management. AI has the potential to transform the way project managers operate by providing real-
time data, automation of repetitive tasks, and improved decision-making. As AI continues to
develop, it is expected to have a profound impact on project management.

Here are some suggestions on the impact of AI on project management:

Automated Project Management: With the help of AI, project managers can automate various
tasks such as scheduling, budgeting, resource allocation, and risk analysis. This automation can help
reduce the workload of project managers, allowing them to focus on more strategic tasks.

Predictive Analysis: AI-powered algorithms can analyze project data to predict potential issues and
risks before they occur. This can help project managers make informed decisions and take
corrective actions before problems arise.

Real-Time Monitoring: AI can monitor project performance in real-time, providing project

managers with up-to-date information on progress, costs, and resource utilization. Real-time
monitoring can help project managers identify and address issues as they occur, improving project
outcomes.

Improved Resource Allocation: AI-powered algorithms can help project managers optimize
resource allocation by analyzing past data and predicting future needs. This can help reduce costs
and improve project outcomes.

Enhanced Collaboration: AI can facilitate communication and collaboration among project team
members by providing a centralized platform for sharing information and insights. This can help
improve teamwork, reduce errors, and improve project outcomes.

Quality Control: AI can analyze data from past projects to identify potential quality issues and
provide recommendations for improvement. This can help project managers ensure that projects are
delivered to the required standard, reducing the risk of rework and delays.

Improved Risk Management: AI can analyze project data to identify potential risks and provide
recommendations for mitigation. This can help project managers take proactive measures to reduce
the impact of risks on project outcomes.

Better Decision Making: AI can provide project managers with data-driven insights to support
decision-making. This can help project managers make informed decisions that are based on facts,
reducing the risk of errors and improving project outcomes.

Increased Efficiency: AI can automate repetitive tasks and provide real-time monitoring and
analysis, reducing the time and effort required for project management. This can help project
managers deliver projects faster and more efficiently.

Improved Customer Satisfaction: AI can help project managers deliver projects that meet or
exceed customer expectations. By optimizing resource allocation, improving quality control, and
reducing errors, AI can help project managers deliver high-quality projects that satisfy customers.

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 45

 Actors “for” change

Actor Role Reason why in favor

AI type Introduce and implement AI New prospects and opportunities in the

Management systems to project PM consultant field through increased
consultants management. demand.

Business Ownership of projects and Cheaper and more productive project

sponsors authority to make financial management along with more efficient
decisions. documentation and progress reporting.
Solution Teams allocated to work on More productivity and efficiency
development projects full-time and report to throughAI assistance and AI-powered
teams a team leader/project manager. PM tools. easily accessible data and
automated analysis and progress
reporting.
Agile PMs who use the Agile More productivity and efficiency
practitioners iterative approach to managing throughAI assistance and AI-powered
software development projects PM tools. easily accessible data and
that focuses on continuous automated analysis and progress
releases and customer reporting.
feedback.
Budget (non- The amount of funds allocated Cheaper realization of project
human) for a certain project which objectivesthrough less human
usually limit spending to manpower or more productivity of the
within certain criteria solution development team with less
working hours.
Researchers Academic researchers who New opportunities and more funding
develop AI solutions for relocated towards research on new AI
project management. technologies that could be integrated in
project management.
AI-based To replace the entire existing The old system will soon be obsolete in
enterprise enterprise software systems an AI world.
software
system
(non-human)
AI-based To enable some or all projects Enables projects to be completed more
enterprise to be managed using AI successfully.
project project management systems
management which can be built up from
system modules.
(non-human)

AI-based To enable current PM Enables AI PM solutions to be

autonomous practitioners to benefit from introducedgradually.
project and try out AI based systems
related without upsetting existing
systems PM processes too much..
(non-human)
ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 46
 Actors “against” change
Actor Role Reason why against

Pre AI type they are the allies of the company and The old way is good. Anyway
Management & also provide PM labor we can adapt to include AI.
IS consultants We’ve been partners for 20
years. You know and trust us.

Assistant Apprentice or junior project Elimination of the need for

project managersthat are mainly responsible most human involvement in
managers for aiding the project manager on his organizational tasks and
duties. personalassistance for the PM.

Worker Unions An association of workers forming a Various jobs in the PM field

legal unit which acts as bargaining would be eliminated or
agent and legal representative for the replaced with the involvement
employees that were affected. of more efficient AI systems.
Prospective Project managers with entry level As a result of more efficient AI
project experience who are newly graduated systems’ involvement in the
managers or recently getting into the business. PM field, more specialized
background is required of
PMs and less opportunities for
rookie PMs are predicted to be
available.

Traditional IT Companies relying on traditional Competition will become more

and IS project management methods that intense with the increased
companies tend to be resistant to change. productivity and analytical
efficiency, and changing the
PM approach might be costly
and time-consuming.

Socio Technical diagram

This Program | Anti-Program visual representation will use the actors mentioned above, as well as the
different AI-PM integration phases according to Scott Middleton, founder and CEO of strategies’ article (3
ways AI will change project management for the better, 2017) mentioned in this report.

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 47

 Fig 1.15 AI-PM Integration

Arguments for and against

This section aims at showing the arguments for and against the use of AI in project management, as well as
the actors making them.

Arguments “for”
Argument Actor

AI enables project management to provide more insights into Management consultants

possible outcomes, which will enhance the quality of decision- Agile practitioners
making. By finding relationships and trends in data, the system will
remove not necessary information leaving management to focus on
the most important information.

AI transforms project management by changing the way human Solution

resources are managed. AI can enhance Human Capital developmentteams
Optimization (anew form of HRMS) by calculating the best Budget (Non-Human)
allocation of resources, Identifying the right skill for the right job, Business sponsors
Pinpointing training needed for a specific employee, Predicting
resources excess or shortage, Providing feedback about the project
manager’s behaviour andcompetency. This could be a solution to
project failure which is mostly caused by teams incapable of fully
grasping a project’s main goals and objectives.

Applying AI will assist the project managers by performing Project managers

administrative and repetitive tasks on their behalf, therefore
augmentingtheir skills.

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 48

Unlike traditional project management tools, AI can predict more Business sponsors
accurately future issues based on previous data. This includes risks
related to people, vendors, entities etc on the project. Cost
assumptions and time constraints can be examined by combining
current project data with historic data to run multiple scenarios
and generate, assess andrank viable outcomes.

Arguments “against”

Argument Actor

AI cannot appropriately distinguish between approved and Traditional IT andIS

restricted data and violates the right to privacy. This can promote companies
collectingpersonal data, unauthorized recordings and making
unethical decisions.
Incomplete and missing data reflects the statistical power of a Pre AI type
prediction and produces estimates leading to invalid conclusions. Management & IS
Managing a set of stakeholders and various unpredictable events, consultants
AI- led projects will mostly fail to react appropriately to these
challenges.
Repetitive and low skilled jobs might no longer be available. Worker Unions
Prospective project
managers
Assistant project
managers

Lack of explain ability of AI causes distrust. Most AI powered Traditional IT andIS

software’sand tools that exist as of today are Blackbox AI and not companies
explainable, i.e. the decisions and results they produce cannot be
easily understood or justified. One cannot trust a machine’s
product blindly.

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 49

 CHAPTER-6
LIMITATIONS

1. Time constraint is an unavoidable limitation of my study.

2. A financial problem is also there in completing this project in a proper way.

3. Inadequate disclosure of information is also the problem.

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 50

 GLOSSARY

TERM DEFINITION

AI AI can be defined as a machine that inputs (data) from the real

world, processes that input and makes specific decisions as a result
to achieve a goal

Adaptive Boosting The main difference with Bootstrap aggregating neural networks is
that adaptive boosting neural networks use weights that are
readjustedon every iteration giving less importance to those
solutions that have not been classified correctly. As a result,
classifiers focus on more complex samples obtaining a faster
solution each time.
AGI AGI can be considered as the Human-Level AI, AGI is the type of
AIwhich can mimic humans at almost all levels. Theoretically,
AGI canperform all types of tasks that humans do and even some
tasks that are hard for humans to accomplish.

Autonomous Systems Autonomous systems are physical and virtual software and
hardwaresystems that are able to accomplish a task, reach a goal,
interact withtheir surroundings, and achieve an objective with
minimal human involvement. The goal of autonomous systems is
to streamline thingswith as little human interaction as possible.

Bayesian Model A Bayesian model is a statistical model where you use probability
torepresent all uncertainty within the model, both the uncertainty
regarding the output but also the uncertainty regarding the input
(akaparameters) to the model.

Bootstrap Aggregation Bootstrap aggregating neural networks are a combination of

multiple artificial neural network classifiers. They use more than
one classifier based on ANNs so the final decision is taken from
each classifier by a voting system.

Conversational/Hum This is defined as machines and humans interacting with each

anInteractions other through conversational forms of interaction and content
across a variety of methods including voice, text, and image forms.
This includes machine to human, human to machine, and back and
forth human and machine interaction. The objective of this pattern
is enabling machines to interact with humans how humans interact
witheach other.

CRISP-DM Cross-industry standard process for data mining, known as

CRISP-DM, is an open standard process model that describes
common approaches used by data mining experts. It is the most
widely usedanalytics model.

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 51

CPMAI The Cognitive Project Management for AI is a methodology that
isoptimized for the delivery of in-production, high value, low
risk AIprojects.The CPMAI methodology also incorporates the
latest practices in Agile Methodologies.

Dark Data Dark data is data which is acquired through various computer
networkoperations but not used in any manner to derive insights or
for decision making. The ability of an organization to collect data
can exceed the throughput at which it can analyze the data. In some
cases,the organization may not even be aware that the data is being
collected.

Data Science Data science is an interdisciplinary field that uses scientific

methods, processes, algorithms and systems to extract knowledge
and insights from many structural and unstructured data.

Descriptive Analytics Descriptive analytics is a preliminary stage of data processing

that creates a summary of historical data to yield useful
information andpossibly prepare the data for further analysis.

Goal-driven Systems In this particular pattern, the challenge that machines address is
theneed to find the optimal solution to a problem. Regardless of
the specific need, the power that we’re looking for here is the
idea of learning through trial-and-error, and determining the best
way to solve something, even if it’s not the most obvious.

Hyper Personnalisation The hyper personnalisation pattern is defined as using machine

learning to develop a profile of each individual, and then having
that profile learn and adapt over time for a wide variety of
purposes including displaying relevant content, recommending
relevant products, providing personalized recommendations and
so on. The objective of this pattern is to treat each individual as an
individual.
IoT The Internet of things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing
devices, mechanical and digital machines provided with unique
identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network
without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction.
Patterns & Anomalies The goal of the Patterns and Anomalies pattern of AI is to use
machine learning and other cognitive approaches to learn patterns
in the data and learn higher order connections between data points
to see if it fits an existing pattern or if it is an outlier or anomaly.
The object of this pattern is to find what fits with existing data and
what doesn’t.
PMO A project management office is a group or department within a
business, government agency, or enterprise that defines and
maintainsstandards for project management within the
organization. The PMO strives to standardize and introduce
economies of repetition in the execution of projects.

Predictive Analysis This is defined as using machine learning and other cognitive
&Decision Support approaches to understand how past or existing behaviors can
help
ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 52
 predict future outcomes or help humans make decisions about
futureoutcomes based on these patterns. The objective of this
pattern is helping humans make better decisions.

Predictive Analytics Predictive analytics encompasses a variety of statistical

techniques from data mining, predictive modeling, and machine
learning, that analyze current and historical facts to make
predictions about futureor otherwise unknown events.

Prescriptive Analytics Prescriptive analytics makes use of machine learning to help

businesses decide a course of action based on a computer
program'spredictions. Prescriptive analytics works with
predictive analytics, which uses data to determine near-term
outcomes.
Recognition Systems The recognition pattern is defined as using machine learning and
other cognitive approaches to identify and determine objects or
otherdesired things to be identified within image, video, audio,
text, or other primarily unstructured data formarily. The objective
of this pattern is to have machines identify and understand things.

RPA Robotic process automation is a form of business process

automationtechnology based on metaphorical software robots or
on artificial intelligence /digital workers.

SVM Support Vector Machine, This is a new way of learning, which is

more powerful than
traditional learning tools. It is able to solve data
categorizationproblems and regression problems as well.

ANMOL KHULLAR (2128101195) 53

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 PWC (2019), A Virtual Partnership: How AI will disrupt Project Management and
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 IBM Predictive Analytics https://www.ibm.com/analytics/predictive-analytics

https://www.forbes.com/sites/cognitiveworld/2019/07/30/ai-in-project-
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